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THE STUDENT'S 

MEDICAL DICTIONARY 

GOULD 



RECOMMENDATIONS AND PRESS NOTICES 



OF PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF 



GOULD'S STUDENT'S MEDICAL 

DICTIONARY 



" One pleasing feature of the book is that the reader can almost invariably find the definition 
under the word he looks for, without being referred from one place to another, as is too com- 
monly the case in medical dictionaries. The tables of the bacilli, micrococci, leucomains and 
ptomains are excellent, and contain a large amount of information in a limited space. The 
anatomical tables are also concise and clear. . . . We should unhesitatingly recommend 
this dictionary to our readers, feeling sure that it will prove of much value to them." — American 
Journal of Medical Science. 

" Again and again we have submitted the book to tests, and we have found it reliable and 
full, every page giving proof of careful editing and research. It is sufficiently large to meet the 
requirements of any ordinary practitioner. Of course, the bespectacled, polysyllabic, home-from- 
Berlin young man could not take pleasure or feel satisfied in anything short of a multi-volumi- 
nous work ; but, like the Heathen, he is a law unto himself, and may safely be left out of 
calculation in practical therapeutics. In addition to the dictionary proper we have elaborate 
tables of bacilli, micrococci, leucomains and ptomains, and all such infinitesimal creatures as 
we to-day build laboratories to hatch ; tables with analyses of American mineral waters, some 
of which waters will soon, we believe, be found in our midst ; and tables of vital statistics. 
All this great mass of information is excellently arranged, so that the reader has no difficulty 
in at once finding what he wants, and the type is beautifully clear, there being no blurring, so 
that reading is a pleasure. As we turn over the pages we are grateful for the free-trade system 
that admits, free of duty, such a useful and desirable book." — The Dublin Journal of Medical 
Science. 

" We know of no work in which so many important and yet isolated facts may be obtained 
without great expenditure of time. The tables of muscles, nerves, arteries, etc., seem to be 
very complete, and in looking through the dictionary, we were struck by the good presswork, 
clear type, and handsome paper, while no one of the many words which it occurred to us to look 
for have been found absent." — Therapeutic Gazette. 

" As a handy, concise and accurate, and complete medical dictionary it decidedly claims a 
very high place among works of this description. In fact, taking handiness and cheapness into 
account, we certainly think this is the general practitioner's model dictionary, and we cordially 
recommend it to our readers. The definitions are for the most part terse and accurate, and the 
derivations up to modern lights." — British Medical Journal. 

"I find it an excellent work, doing credit to the learning and discrimination of the 
author." — Dr. J. M. Da Costa, Prof, of Practice of Aledicine, Jefferson Medical College. 

" In gynecology, ophthalmology, otology, and laryngology ; in biology, embryology, physi- 
ology, and pathology ; in electro-therapeutics, and in the newly-developed fields of bac- 
teriology, ptomains and leucomains, the aim has been evidently to issue an authoritative text-book, 
one that should be ample in its vocabulary, concise in its definitions, compact in its arrangement, 
and convenient of size for the everyday use of busy practitioners and as a handbook for 
medical students. The author, in this respect, is to be congratulated upon his success, and so 
far as a careful examination enables us to judge, it faithfully represents the medical literature of 
to-day. " — Journal of American Medical Association. 

" The work of Dr. Gould claims to be essentially a new work, all definitions being framed 
'by the direct aid of new, standard, and authoritative text-books.' It certainly bears very little 
resemblance to previous works of the kind, in nearly all of which a great deal of space is 
devoted to obsolete terms. . . . More complete and more up to date than any other medi- 
cal dictionary of similar dimensions in our own, or, indeed, as far as we know, in any other 
language." — London Lancet. 



THE STUDENT'S 



MEDICAL DICTIONARY 



INCLUDING ALL THE WORDS AND PHRASES GENERALLY 
USED IN MEDICINE, WITH THEIR PROPER PRO- 
NUNCIATION AND DEFINITIONS 



BASED ON RECENT MEDICAL LITERATURE 

GEORGE M. GOULD, A.M., M.D. 

AUTHOR OF "AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, AND ALLIED SCIENCES," " 12,000 

MEDICAL WORDS PRONOUNCED AND DEFINED," "THE MEANING AND THE METHOD OF LIFE," 

"BORDERLAND STUDIES;" FORMERLY EDITOR OF " THE MEDICAL NEWS;" 

PRESIDENT, 1893-1894, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF MEDICINE 



WITH ELABORATE TABLES OF THE BACILLI, MICROCOCCI, LEUCOMAINS, PTOMAINS, 

ETC.; OF THE ARTERIES, GANGLIA, MUSCLES, AND NERVES; OF WEIGHTS 

AND MEASURES, ANALYSES OF THE WATERS OF THE MINERAL 

SPRINGS OF THE UNITED STATES, ETC., ETC. 



TENTH EDITION, REWRITTEN ANP ENLARGED 

/v. • -r 

iUN 5 1896 

PHILADELPHIA l<tf QV 

P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO. 

1012 WALNUT STREET 
l8 9 6 



9 kl 



Copyrighted, 1896, by P. Blakiston, Son & Co. 



WM. F. FELL & CO., 

ELECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS, 

1220-24 SANSOM STREET, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



PREFACE TO TENTH EDITION. 



The present volume is an entirely new one and is designed to take the 
place of the New Medical Dictionary and the Student's Medical 
Dictionary, the plates of which have been destroyed. Despite their 
popularity, the older editions were unsatisfactory to me, and I determined to 
replace them by one that should more perfectly represent the recent rapid 
progress in medical science, and that would more adequately meet the 
ordinary lexicographic demands of the student and practicing physician. 
The Illustrated Medical Dictionary issued in 1894 (the third edition 
in 1896) is more encyclopedic in character than the forelying volume, has 
many new and large tables or groupings of systematized medical facts, such 
as those of Stains, Parasites, Pigments, Tests, etc., etc., that could not 
be included in the present book. The prominent feature of illustrations 
is also here omitted. Thus to the larger work one is referred for the more 
complete information desired by the physician, the' educated layman, lawyer, 
and the student of the more highly specialized branches of medicine. 

This, the Student's Medical Dictionary, is especially adapted to 
the wants of medical students. It cannot be used as a substitute for, but 
rather as an introduction to, " The Illustrated," or for a brief suggestion of a 
more extended or half-forgotten definition. In it one will find correct and 
succinct definitions of all the more common words liable to be found in the 
usual text-books, compends, lectures, etc., of those engaged in the study of 
medicine or in the early years of practice. 

Much care has been given to the difficult subject of pronunciation, and 
what has seemed as the most commendable method of pronouncing each word 
has been sought, and a simple, easily-understood manner of expressing the 



- PRE FACE 7 1 I I MH EDITI 1 3 

same has been adopted, that does away with all diacritic marks and bother- 

f:::e ii — el", as i:u':::ul means, s: :m: ■■ he ~h: rani ziay read." 

A vireryas endeavcr has been niade :: kee: :be vz'ji—t -riz'iLz. rde lini: 
of a "handy" size, and the cordial cooperation of both publisher and 
printer has in this respe:: resulted in success, although there is here perhaps 
twice the amount of matter contained in the old editions. 

I am unable to express my gratitude to Dr. David Riesman, who has 
unreservedly devcrei :: :de ~;rk a s-zzz'-zrs'ziz and a zz\z.;:z:v.z.z ::.nscien- 
ricnsness z: — "ni:- every line dears e"-die~:e. Z aiso — v- :d a -:kn:— ledre 
my indebtedness to Dr. Clarence W. Lincoln, Dr. W. A. NL Dorland, and 
Dr. Emma Billstein for valuable assistance. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN GENERAL MEDICINE. 



aa . . 
A. c. . 

Abdom. 



ana 

Ante cibum . 
Abdomen . . 



Abs. feb. . Absente febre 



Abstr. 
Ad. . . 

Ad lib. 



Abstractum 
Adde . . . 

Ad libitum 

Admoveatur 



. Of each. 
. Before meals. 
. The belly. 
(When fever is ab- 
( sent. 
. Abstract. 
.Add. 

(At pleasure, as de- 
\ sired. 
Let it be applied. 



Ad pondus omni- (To the weight of 
\ the whole. 
. Against. 

f While fever is com- 
t ing on. 
. Aluminum. 
. Every other day. 
Every other hour. 
The bowels being 
confined. 
/ The intestinal evac- 
( uations. 

Anatomy. 

Aqua Water. 



urn, 
Adversum . . 
' Aggrediente 

febre, 
Aluminum . . 
Alterius diebus 
Alterius horis . 

Alvo adstricto 
Alvi dejectiones, 



• 



Aqua astricta 
Aqua bulliens . . 
Aqua communis 
Aqua destillata . 
Aqua fervens . . 
Aqua fontana . . 
Aqua marina . . 
Aqua pura . . . 



Balneum arenae, 
Balsamum . . . 



Ice. 

Boiling water. 

Common water. 

Distilled water. 

Hot water. 

Spring water. 

Ocean water. 

Pure water. 

Arsenic. 

Atomic weight. 

Avoirdupois. 

Boron. 

Barium. 

Sand bath. 

Balsam. 

Beryllium. 

Bismuth. 

Drink. 



Ca. 

Cap. 

c.c. 

Cd. 

Ce. 

Cel. 



Bibe . . . 

Bis in die Twice daily. 

Biology. 

Balneum maris . . Sea-water bath. 
Bolus A large pill. 

Boiling-point. 

Bromin. 

Bulliat Let it boil. 

Balneum vaporis . Vapor-bath. 

f Carbon; Cubic; a 

-< Gallon (Congius); 

( Centigrade. 

Calcium. 

Capiat Let him take. 

Cubic centimeter. 

Cadmium. 

Cerium. 

Celsius. 



Cent. 
Cg. • 
Cm. 



Cras mane 



...{ 



C. m. 



Cras mane su- 

mendus, 
Cras nocte . . 

Cochleare . . 

Cochleare am- 
plum, 

Cochleare in- 
fantis, 

Cochleare mag- 
num, 

Cochleare me- 
dium, 

Cochleare par- 
vum, 

Cola 

Colatus .... 

Coletur .... 

Coloretur . . . 

Compositus . . 

Congius . . . 

Conserva . . . 

Coque .... 

Cortex .... 

Crastinus . . . 



C. v. 



Cyath. . . 
D. . . . 
Decub. . . 
De d. in d. 
Deg. . . . 

DeR. . . 



Cuprum . . . 
Cujus 

Cras vespere . 

Cyathus . . . 
Dosis; Da . . 
Decubitus . . 
De die in diem 



Destil. . . 
Det. . . . 
Dieb. alt. . 

" tert. 
Dil. . . . 
Dilut. . . 
Dim. . . . 
D.inp. / 

aeq. \ 
Div. . 
Ejusd. 

Elec. . 

Enem. 
Exhib. 
Ext. . 



Destilla .... 

Detur 

Diebus alterius 
" tertius 

Dilue 

Dilutus .... 
Dimidius . . . 
Divide in partes 

sequales, 
Divide . . . 
Ejusdem . 

Electuarium 



Exhibeatur 
Extractum 



Centigrade. 

Centigram. 

To-morrow morn- 
ing. 

Centimeter, 
f To be taken to-mor- 
\ row morning. 
. To-morrow night. 
. Cobalt. 
. Spoonful. 

-j A tablespoonful. 
I A teaspoonful. 

A tablespoonful. 

A dessertspoonful. 

A teaspoonful. 

Strain. 

Strained. 

Let it be strained. 

Let it be colored. 

Compound. 

A gallon. 

Keep. 

Boil. 

Bark. 

For to-morrow. 

Crystal. 

Cesium. 

Copper. 

Of which. 

To - morrow even- 
ing. 

A glassful. . 

A dose ; Give. 

Lying down. 

From day to day. 

Degree. 

Reaction of degen- 
eration. 

Distil. 

Let it be given. 

On alternate days. 

Every third day. 

Let it be dissolved. 

Dilute. 

One-half. 

Divide into equal 
parts. 

Divide. 

Of the same. 

' An electuary ; Elec- 
tricity. 

Enema. 

Let it be given. 

Extract. 



Vll 



Vlll 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



t- f Fahrenheit ; Fluo- 

F \ rin. 

Far Faradic. 

Fe Ferrum ...... Iron. 

Feb. dur. . Febre durante . { T1 ? n e g fever C ° ntitlU - 

F., Ft. . . Fac, Fiat Make. 

Filt. . . . Filtra Filter. 

Fid. . . . Fluidus Fluid. 

Flor. . . . Flores Flowers. 

F. m. . . . Fiat mistura . . . Make a mixture. 

Fol. . . . Folia Leaves. 

F. p. . . . Fiat potio Make a potion. 

F. pil. . . Fiat pilulae .... Make pills. 

Galv Galvanic. 

Gl Glucinum. 

Gm Gram. 

Gr Granum Grain. 

Gtt. . . . Guttae Drops. 

Guttat. . . Guttatim By drops. 

H Hydrogen. 

Hg Hydrargyrum . .Mercury. 

HI ... . Hectoliter. 

Hm Hectometer. 

de'cub I Hora decubitus . . At bed-time. 
H. s. . . . Hora somni ... At bed-time. 

I Iodum Iodin. 

In Indium. 

In d. ... In die Daily. 

Inf Infunde Pour in. 

Ir Iridium. 

K Kalium Potassium. 

K.-j., K.J Knee-jerk. 

Kl Kiloliter. 

Km Kilometer. 

L Liter. 

Li Lithium. 

Liq Liquor. 

M. . . . . Meridies ; Misce . Noon ; Mix. 

Mac. . . . Macera Macerate. 

Mass. pil. Massa pilularum . Pill-mass. 

M.ft.. . .Mistura fiat. . . { L « a J e m[xture be 

M (Magnesium; Milli- 

s \ gram. 

Ml Milliliter. 

Mm Millimeter. 

Mol. wt Molecular weight. 

Muc. . . . Mucilago Mucilage. 

Myg Myriagram. 

Myl Myrialiter. 

Mym Myriameter. 

N Nitrogen. 

Na Natrium Sodium. 

Ni Nickel. 

No Numero Number. 

Noct. . . . Nocte By night. 

O Octarius A pint. 

Ol. . . . . Oleum Oil. 

O. m. . . . Omni mane .... Every morning. 
Omn.bih., Omni bihora . . . Every two hours. 
Omn. hor., Omni hora . . . . Every hour. 

° noct { ° mni nocte • • • • Every night. 

Os Osmium. 

Ov Ovum An egg. 

Oz Uncia Ounce. 



Part. aeq. 
Pb. . . . 
P. c. . . 



P. C. 



Partes aequales 
Plumbum . . . 
Post cibum . 

Pondus civile 



Pd 

Phar. . . 

Pil 

Pocul. . . 
Pond. . . 
Pot. . . . 
Ppt. . . . 
P. rat. f 
aetat., | 
P. r. n. . . 

Pt 

Pulv. . . . 
Q. d. . . . 

Q. 1. ... 

Q. p. . . . 

Q. s. . . . 

Qt- . 
Q.v. 



•'{ 



Pilula . . 
Poculum 
Pondere 
Potio . . 



Pro rata setatis 
Pro re nata . . 



Pulvis 

Quater in die . . . 

Quantum libet . -j 

Quantum placeat . 

Quantum sufficit, j 



Quantum vis . . -j 



Jt*. . 

Rad. 
Rb. . 

R.D. 



Recipe 
Radix 



Rect. . 
Rep. . 
S. . . 
S. . . 
S. a. . 
Sb. . . 
Scr. . 
Sig. . 
Sing. . 
Solv. . 
Sp. gr. 
Sp., or 
Spir., 
Ss. . . 
Su. . . 
S. v. . 

S. v. r. 
S. v. t. 



Syr. 

T 

T. d. . . . 
Tr.,Tinct., 
Ung. . . . 

Ur 

Vesic. . . 
Wt. . . . 

m 

S 

3 

5 



Rectificatus . . . 
Repetatur . . . 

Semis 

Signa 

Secundum artem 

Stibium 

Scrupulum . . . 
Signa, Signetur . 
Singulorum . . . 
Solve 



Spiritus . . . . 

Semi, semissis 
Sumet . . . . 
Spiritus vini . 
Spiritus vini 

rectificatus, 
Spiritus vini 

tenuis, 
Syrupus . . . 



Ter in die . 
Tinctura . . 
Unguentum . 



Vesicatorum . . 



Minimum . 
Drachma . 
Scrupulum 
Uncia . . . 



Phosphorus, Pulse, 
Pharmacopeia. 

Equal parts. 

Lead. 

After meals. 

Avoirdupois 
weight. 

Palladium. 

Pharmacopeia. 

Pill. 

A cup. 

By weight. 

Potion ; Potassa. 

Precipitate. 

In proportion to 
age. 

When required. 

Pint. 

Powder. 

Four times a day. 

According as re- 
quired. 

At will. 

A sufficient quanti- 
ty. . 

Quart. 

As much as you 
wish. 

Reaumur's ther- 
mometer; Respir- 
ation. 

Take. 

Root. 

Rubidium. 

Reaction of degen- 
eration. 

Rectified. 

Let it be repeated. 

Half; Sulphur. 

Label. 

According to art. 

Antimony. 

Scruple. 

Let it be labeled. 

Of each. 

Dissolve. 

Specific gravity. 

Spirit. 

One-half. 
Let him take. 
Alcoholic spirit. 
Rectified spirit of 

wine. 
Dilute alcohol, 

proof-spirit. 
Syrup. 

Temperature. 
Three times a day. 
Tincture. 
Ointment. 
Urine. 
A blister. 
Weight. 
Minim. 
Dram. 
Scruple. 
Ounce. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN OPHTHALMOLOGY. 



Ace Accommodation. 

Ah Hyperopic Astigmatism. 

Am Myopic Astigmatism. 

As Astigmatism. 

Ax Axis. 

B. D Base (of prism) down. 

B. I " " " in. 

B. O. . '. . . . " " " out. 



B. U Base (of prism) up. 

Cyl Cylinder; Cylindric Lens. 

D Diopter. 

E Emmetropia ; Emmetropic. 

F Formula. 

H Hyperopia; Hyperopic; Horizontal. 

L. E Left Eye. 

M Myopia; Myopic. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



IX 



mm Millimeter. 

O. D Oculus dexter— Right Eye. 

O. S Oculus sinister — Left Eye. 

P. p Punctum proximum — Near Point. 

P. r Punctum remotum— Far Point. 

R. E Right Eye. 

Sph Spheric ; Spheric Lens. 



Sym Symmetric. 

V Vision ; Visual Acuity ; Vertical. 

+ , — , = . . . Plus j Minus; Equal to. 

oo Infinity, 20 ft. distance. 

C Combined with. 

Degree. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN OTOLOGY. 



a. . . 

A. C. 
A. D. 
A. S. 



/Applied to or in contact with Au- 

\ ricle. 

. Air-conduction. 

. Auris dextra— Right Ear. 

. Auris sinistra — Left Ear. 

B. C Bone-conduction. 

c Contact. 

d Dentes — applied to Teeth. 

F Tuning-fork. 

gl. Glabella— applied to Forehead. 

h Hearing Power. 

L Left Ear. 

. Applied to Mastoid. 

>■ External Auditory Meatus. 

[ Internal Auditory Meatus. 

f Membrana fiaccida ; Shrapnell's 
\ Membrane. 
. Membrana tympani. 
/Complete Lack of Perception of 

\ Sound. 

ot. ext. ac. . . Otitis externa acuta. 



m 

Meat. Aud. 

Ext.; M.E 
Meat. Aud. 

Int.; M. I. 

M. fiac. . . . 
M.T.; Mt. 



ot. ext. chron. Otitis externa chronica. 
ot. ext. diff. . Otitis externa diffusa. 

° ac" 6 ' SU * 5 ' l < - )t i^ s media suppurativa acuta. 

° chron SU ^' 1 Otit* 3 media suppurativa chronica. 

Pol Politzer's. 

Pol. Ac. . . . Politzer's Acoumeter. 

R Right Ear. 

S Susurrus — a Whisper. 

t Applied to Temple. 

Tymp Tympanum. 

ub Ubique — when applied at all points. 

v Voice. 

V Applied to Vertex. 

vib Vibration. 

z Applied to Zygoma. 

' Foot. 

" Inches. 

Tjo" Heard, but Not Understood. 

-f R Rinn£'s Test Positive. 

— R Rinne's Test Negative. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN ELECTROTHERAPEUTICS. 



A., or An. . . Anode. 

Amp Ampere. 

A. C Anodal Closing. 

A. C. C. ... Anodal Closure Contraction. 
A. C. O. ... Anodal Closing Odor. 
A. C. P. ... Anodal Closing Picture. 
A. C. S. ... Anodal Closing Sound. 

A. D Anodal Duration. 

A. D. C. ... Anodal Duration Contraction. 

A. M Ampere-meter. 

A. O Anodal Opening. 

A. O. C. ... Anodal Opening Contraction. 
A. O. O. ... Anodal Opening Odor. 
A. O. P. ... Anodal Opening Picture. 

A. O. S. ... Anodal Opening Sound. 
B Magnetic Induction. 

B. A. U. ... British Association Unit. 

C Centigrade ; Current ; Cathode. 

C. C Cathodal Closure. 

C. C. C Cathodal Closure Contraction. 

C. C C." . . . Various Degrees of Contraction. 

C. C. T Cathodal Closing Tetanus. 

C. G. S. Units . Centimeter-gram-second Units. 

CO Cathodal Opening. 

C. O. C Cathodal Opening Contraction. 

C. S Current-strength. 

D Duration ; Density. 

De. R Reaction of Degeneration. 

E Earth ; Electromotive Force. 

E M D P -[ Electromotive Difference of Poten- 

E. M. F. ... Electromotive Force. 

F. M Field Magnet. 

( Horizontal Intensity of the Earth's 

H -i Magnetism; One Unit of Sett- 
le induction. 

H Intensity of Magnetic Force. 

I Intensity of Magnetism. 

J Joule. 

K Electrostatic Capacity. 

K Kathode. 



Kl Klang (sound). 

K. C Kathodal Closing. 

K. C. C Kathodal Closing Contraction. 

K. C. T. ... Kathodal Closing Tetanus 

v tj /Kathodal Duration (or Period of 

*" u t Closure of Circuit). 

K. D. C. ... Kathodal Duration Contraction. 
K. D. T. ... Kathodal Duration Tetanus. 

K. W Kilo-watt. 

T /Inductance (Coefficient of); 

u I Length. 

M Strength of Pole. 

Ma Milliampere. 

Mfd Microfarad. 

O Opening of Circuit. 

P. D Potential Difference. 

Q Electric Quantity. 

R Ohmic Resistance. 

T Time. 

Te Tetanic Contraction. 

U Unit. 

V Volume; Velocity. 

v Volt. 

V. A Voltaic Alternative. 

V. M Volt-meter. 

W Work ; Weight ; Watt. 

Z Contraction (Zuckung). 

Z Z ' Z " i Increasing Strengths of Contrac- 
• • • \ tion. 

k Magnetic Susceptibility. 

/* Magnetic Permeability. 

oj Ohm. 

p Specific Resistance. 

/ Megohm (one-millionth part of an 

" I ohm). 

HIH Battery. 

+ Anode or Positive Pole. 

— Kathode or Negative Pole. 

> Greater than, as K > A. 

< Less than. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES USED IN CHEMISTRY. 



Am- indicates the group NH;. 

Azo-, diazo-, and hydrazo- indicate compounds 
in which nitrogen atoms are linked in various 
ways. 

Di- is applied as a prefix to signify two. 

Im- indicates the group NH. 

Ket- indicates the molecule CO in certain'structu- 
ral relations. 

Mon- is employed as a prefix to signify one. 

Nitro- indicates the group NO;. 

Pent- is applied as a prefix to signify fiae. 

per- denotes in a rather vague sense an indefinitely 
large amount of the body to which it is pre- 
fixed, or to which it is referred. 

Sesqui- indicates the proportion of two to three. 

Sub- is employed in a rather vague sense to indi- 
cate deficiency of the body to which it is 
prefixed. 

Tetr- is applied as a prefix to signify four. 

Thio- indicates sulphur, especially replacing oxy- 
gen. 

Tri- (sometimes " ter-") is applied as a prefix to 
signify three. 

-al indicates aldehydic structure. 

-an is applied to a class of bodies related to the 
starch and sugar group. 

-ane indicates a saturated hydrocarbon. 

-ase indicates an enzyme, or nonorganized fer- 
ment, e. g., diastase. This termination is at 
present restricted generally to enzymes of 
vegetable origin, but it should also be used 
with animal enzymes — which, however, usu- 
ally end in " in." It would thus be better to 
say pepsase and trypsase, rather than pepsin 
and trypsin. 

-ate. A sumx to nouns in chemistry signifying 
any salt formed by an acid acting on a base ; 
e. g., sulphate, phosphate. 

-ic denotes the higher of two valencies assumed by 
an element, and incidentally in many cases a 
larger amount of oxygen. 



-in is of no precise significance, and is mostly ap- 
plied to bodies the structure of which is not 
yet known. 

-yl, -ene, -enyl, and -ine indicate hydrocarbons. 
According to the American system of orthog 
raphy, the only case in which " ine" is used 
is as a termination for a series of hydrocar- 
bons, beginning with Ethine, C S H ; . Eng- 
lish writers and some American chemists use 
it to signify basic properties, regarding -in as 
the proper term for nonbasic bodies. They 
thus distinguish between salicin. which forms 
no salts with acids, and morphin (which 
under such system is spelled "morphine"'), 
which does. It must be noted that such 
methods are not in accordance with the ten- 
dency of modern chemic nomenclature, which 
seeks to express structure, not properties. 
The organic bases or alkaloids are not all of 
the same type, and when their structure is 
elucidated systematic names will be found for 
them. Until then there is no particular gain 
in indicating them as a group. 

-id is similar to " in." 

-ol indicates alcoholic structure, i. e., presence of 
the group HO (hydroxyl), e. g., alcohol, gly- 
cerol, phenol. 

-one is applied to bodies related to the starches 
and sugars. It is, however, not used with 
this significance in *' peptone,'' which word 
is not formed according to any established 
system. 

-ose indicates a carbohydrate, e. g., glucose, al- 
though it is also occasionally applied to the 
results of digestion of proteids, e.g., album- 
ose. 

-ous denotes the lower of two degrees of valency 
assumed by an element and incidentally indi- 
cates, in many cases, a small amount of oxy- 
gen. 

The word sulphonic indicates the group HSO3. 



SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS. 



Am American. 

Arab Arabic. 

A. S Anglo-Saxon. 

Beng Bengalese. 

B. P., Br. P. . British Pharmacopeia. 
B. Ph., Br. Ph. 

Bret Breton. 

Celt Celtic. 

Comp Comparative. 

D., Du Dutch. 

Dim Diminutive. 

Elec Electricity. 

Eng English. 

F.. Fern. . . . Feminine. 

Fr French. 

Gael Gaelic. 

Ger German. 

G. Ph German Pharmacopeia. 

Gr Greek. 

Heb Hebrew. 

Icel Icelandic. 

It Italian. 

Jav., Javanese. 

L., or Lat. . . Latin. 



Masc Masculine. 

ME Middle English. 

Med Medicine; Medical. 

Neg Negative. 

N. F National Formulary. 

Obs Obsolete. 

O. D.. O. Du . Old Dutch. 

O. Fr Old French. 

O. L. G. ... Old Low German. 

Ophth Ophthalmology ; Ophthalmologic. 

Pers Persian. 

Peruv Peruvian. 

Pg Portuguese. 

pi Plural. 

priv Privative. 

Sax Saxon. 

Scand Scandinavian. 

Skt. Sanskrit. 

Sp Spanish. 

Superl Superlative. 

Surg Surgery; Surgical. 

Teut Teutonic. 

Unof Unofficial. 

U. S. Ph., U. S. P. . United States Pharmacopeia. 



VALUES OF LETTERS USED IN PRONUNCIATION. xi 

MATHEMATIC MEMORANDA. 

To reduce grams lo grains, multiply by 15.432. To reduce grains to grams, multiply by 0.0648. To reduce 
kilograms to pounds, multiply by 2.2046. To reduce ounces to grams, multiply by 28.349. To 
reduce inches to meters, multiply by 0.0254. To reduce inches to centimeters, multiply by 2.540. 
To reduce centimeters to inches, multiply by 0.3937. To reduce pints to cubic centimeters, multiply 
by 567.936. To reduce liters to gallons, multiply by 0.22. To reduce gallons to liters, multiply by 
4.548. 1 grain = 0.064799 gram. 1 gram = 15.43235 grains. 1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch. 1 liter 
= 1.76077 pints. 1 minim = 0.91 grain of water. 1 line = ^5 inch. 1 /u. = one-thousandth of a milli- 
meter, 1 micron, or 1 micromillimeter, or 0.001 mm. 1 oz. {Avoirdupois) = 28.34954 grams. 1 oz. 
(Troy) = 31.10349 grams. 1 cc. of water at 4 C. = 1 gram. 30 in. (barometer) = 761.986 millimeters. 



VALUES OF LETTERS USED IN PRONUNCIATION. 

In giving the pronunciation, the word has been divided into syllables according to the 
following plan : When a vowel is long and is followed by a consonant, the latter is considered 
as belonging to the succeeding syllable; e. g., pet-n/-le-um. When the vowel is short the 
consonant is considered as of the syllable containing the vowel ; e. g. , man-?^-u-la / -shun. 

The vowels have then the following values : a, e, i, o, u, when immediately followed by a 
hyphen or at the end of a word, are long — a = ay in may ; e = ee in feel ; i = i in mine ; 
o -= ow in flow ; u = ew in new. When followed by a consonant and not marked with a 
- above, a = a in cat ; e = e in met ; i = i in sit ; o=:oin not ; u = u in but ; 00 = 00 in 
boot. Consonants : ch = ch in cherry ; g = g in get; j ==J in joy ; n(g) = ng in gong. 



INDEX OF TABLES. 



Acids, 24 

Anesthetics, 55 

Arteries, 79 

Bacteria, 103 

Baths 137 

Batteries, Electric, 139 

Breath-sounds 154 

Canals, 164 

Convolutions of Brain, 205 

Craniometric Points 210 

Diseases, Eponymic, ■ 230 

Elements, Chemic, 252 

Exanthemata, . . 266 

Fissures, 276 

Foramina, 278 

Ganglia, 286 

Laws, 355 

Leukomains, 358 

Ligaments, 360 

Lines or Lineae, 362 

Membranes, 383 

Metric System, 391 

Monstrosities, 399 

Murmurs, 405, 406 

Muscles, 407 

Nerves, 432 

Nuclei, . 449 

Operations, Eponymic .... 456 

Pelves, 482 

Points, 506 

Poisons, 507 

Positions, 515 

Pregnancy, Duration of, 519 

Processes, 521 

Ptomains, 531 

Rales, 543 

Reflexes, 547 

Respiration, .... 552 

Signs and Symptoms of Diseases, 576 

Sinuses, 583 

Sutures, 608 

Triangles, 631 

Tumors, 637 

Units, 642 

Veins 650 

Weights and Measures, 659 

Appendix : — 

Mineral Springs of the United States, . - . 669 



Xll 



THE NEW STUDENTS' 

MEDICAL DICTIONARY. 



A [d, av, or a//, without] . I . The Greek letter 
alpha, called alpha privative, equivalent to 
the prefix un or in. It denotes absence or 
want of the thing or quality expressed by 
the root of the word. 2. Symbol of Argon. 
Aa [avd, of each]. An abbreviation, written 
aa, used in prescriptions to denote repetition 
of the same quantity for each item. 
Ab [ad, from]. A Latin preposition signi- 
fying from. 
Abaca {ab f -ak-ah, Sp. pron. ah-vah-kah') . 
Manilla hemp. See Hemp. Also Musa 
textilis, the plant which produces it. 
Abadie's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, 

Table of. 
Abaptiston {ah-bap-tis' '-ton) [a priv. ; fia-n- 
tlgtoq, immersed]. A trephine so shaped 
that penetration of the brain is impossible. 
Abarthrosis {ab-ar-thro' '-sis) [ab, from; ar- 
throsis, a joint]. Same as Diarthrosis, or 
Abarticidation . 

Abarticular (ab-ar-tih'-tt-lar) [ab, from; 
articulus, joint]. Not connected with or not 
situated near a joint. 
Abarticulation {ab-ar-tik-u-la' '-shun) [ab, 
from; articulatio, joint]. I. Same as Di- 
arthrosis; sometimes also a synonym of 
Synarthrosis. 2. A luxation. 
Abasia [ah-ba f -ze-ah) [d priv. ; j3doig, a 
step]. Motor incoordination in walking. 
See Astasia. 
Abasic (ah-ba'-sik) [a priv. ; fiaoLQ, a step]. 

Pertaining to, or affected with, abasia. 
Abattoir [ah-bat-war') [Fr.]. A slaughter- 
house or establishment for the killing and 
dressing of animals. 
Abaxial [ab-ak'-se-al) [ab, from; axis, an 
axle]. Not situated in the line of the 
axis. 
Abbe's Catgut Rings, rings composed of 
eight or ten turns of heavy catgut in the shape 
2 



of an oval, with inside diameter of two inches, 
for use in intestinal anastomosis. A. Con- 
denser. See Illuminator, Abbe. A. Illumi- 
nator. See Illuminator. 
Abdomen {ab-do' '- ?nen) [abdere, to hide]. 
The large inferior cavity of the trunk, ex- 
tending from the pelvic cavity to the dia- 
phragm, and bounded in front and at the 
sides by the lower ribs and abdominal mus- 
cles, and behind by the vertebral column, 
the psoas and the quadratus lumborum 
muscles. It is artificially divided into nine 
regions by two circular lines, the upper 
parallel with the cartilages of the ninth ribs, 
the lower with the iliac crests, and by two 
lines from the cartilages of the eighth rib to 
the center of Poupart's ligament. The 
regions thus formed are, above, the right 
hypochondriac, the epigastric, and the left 
hypochondriac ; in the middle, the right lum- 
bar, umbilical, and left lumbar ; and below, 
the right inguinal, the hypogastric, and the 
left inguinal. A., Pendulous, a relaxed 
condition of the abdominal walls in which the 
latter hang down over the pubis. 
Abdominal (ab-dom' -in-al) [abdere, to hide]. 
Pertaining to or connected with the abdomen. 
A. Aneurysm. See Aneurysm. A. Aorta, 
the part of the aorta below the diaphragm. 
A. Aponeurosis. See Aponeurosis. A. 
Bandage. See A. Binder. A. Binder, 
a broad bandage of muslin or flannel ap- 
plied to the abdomen for making pressure 
after delivery or after an operation. Some- 
times a many-tailed bandage is used. A. 
Brain, the solar plexus. A. Breathing. See 
A. Respiration. A. Compress, a form of 
local pack, made by forming folds of a coarse 
linen towel of sufficient breadth to reach from 
the ensiform cartilage to the pubis ; one of the 
folds is then wrung out of cold water, applied, 



17 



ABDOMINO- ANTERIOR 



18 



ABIETITE 



and the remainder is rolled around the body 
so as to retain it in position. A. Dropsy, 
ascites. A. Gestation. See Pregnancy, 
Extra-uterine. A. Hysteria, an hysteric 
condition simulating peritonitis, in which the 
abdomen becomes extremely painful to the 
touch, swollen, and distended with gas. A. 
Line, the linea alba. A. Muscles, the 
internal and external obliques, the trans- 
versalis, rectus, pyramidalis, and quadratus 
lumborum. A. Press. See Prelum Abdo- 
minale. A. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. 
A. Regions. See Abdomen. A. Respira- 
tion, R. carried on chiefly by the diaphragm 
and abdominal muscles. A. Ring, Ex- 
ternal, a triangular opening in the fibers of 
the aponeurosis of the external oblique 
muscle transmitting the spermatic cord of the 
male and the round ligament of the female. 
A. Ring, Internal, an oval aperture in the 
fascia transversalis that transmits the sper- 
matic cord of the male and the round liga- 
ment of the female. A. Section. See Celi- 
otomy. A. Surgery, the branch of surgery 
that deals with the lesions of the abdom- 
inal viscera and the operations performed 
upon them through incisions in the abdom- 
inal walls. A. Typhus, Enteric Fever. 

Abdomino-anterior {ab-dom' ' -in-o-an-te' '-re- 
or). Having the belly forward (used of the 
fetus in utero). 

Abdomino -genital {ab-dom* '-in-o-jen' '-it-al) . 
Relating to the abdomen and the genitalia. 
A. Nerve, Inferior, the ilio-inguinal nerve. 
A. Nerve, Superior, the ilio-hypogastric 
nerve. 

Abdomino-posterior {ab-dom' -in-o-pos-te' - 
re-or). Having the belly toward the mother's 
back (used of the fetus in utero). 

Abdomino-scrotal {ab-dom' '-in-o-skro'-tal). 
Relating to the abdomen and the scrotum. 
A. Muscle, the cremaster muscle. 

Abdominothoracic {ab-dom' -in- o-tho-ras'- 
ik). Relating to the abdomen and thorax. 

Abdomino- vesical {ab-dom' -in-o-ves' -ik-al) . 
Relating to the abdomen and the urinary 
bladder. A. Pouch, a fold of the perito- 
neum in which are comprised the urachal 
foss3e. 

Abducens {ab-du'-senz) [L., " leading 
away "]. A term applied to certain muscles, 
or their nerves, that draw the related part 
from .the median line of the body. Also, 
the sixth pair of nerves supplying the exter- 
nal recti of the eyes. A. oculi, the external 
rectus muscle of the eye. 

Abducent {ab-du'-sent). Abducting. 

Abduct {ab-dukf) [abducere\ To draw 
away from the median line, as to abduct a 
limb. 

Abduction {ab-duk'-shun) [ab, from ; ducere, 
to lead]. I. The withdrawal of a part from 



the axis of the body. 2. The recession or 
separation from each other of the parts of a 
fractured bone. 

Abductor {ab-duk'-tor). Same as Abducens. 
A. Auris. See Mtiscles, Table of. 

Aberrant {ab-er'-ant) [ab, from ; errare, to 
wander]. Deviating from the normal or 
regular type, in appearance, structure, course, 
etc. , as the aberrant duct of the testis or liver, 
aberrant arteries, etc. 

Aberration {ab-er-a' -shun) [ab, from ; errare, 
to wander] . Deviation from the normal ; 
mental derangement ; fetal malformation ; 
vicarious menstruation ; escape of the fluids 
of the body by an unnatural channel. In op- 
tics, any imperfection of focalization or re- 
fraction of a lens. A., Chromatic, the 
dispersion arising from unequal refraction of 
light of different parts of the spectrum. The 
violet rays, being more refrangible than the 
red rays, are brought to a focus nearer the 
lens, and the image is surrounded by a halo 
of colors. A., Mental, a degree of paranoia 
that may or may not amount to insanity. A., 
Spheric, the excess of refraction of the peri- 
pheral part of a convex lens over the central 
part, producing an imperfect focus and a 
blurred image. 

Abies {a'-be-ez) [L.]. A genus of coniferous 
plants, including the fir, hemlock, and spruce. 
A. balsamea, Silver Fir, Balsam Fir, or Balm 
of Gilead, a tree of the nat. ord. Conifera, 
from which is derived the Terebinthina 
Canadensis. A. canadensis, Hemlock 
Spruce ; bark of the Canadian Fir-tree. It 
is used as an astringent in various local and 
internal conditions. It yields Pix Canaden- 
sis. A. excelsa, Norway Spruce. It yields 
Pix Burgundica. A. pectinata, the European 
Silver Fir. Its buds are resinous^, balsamic, 
and sudorific. Unof. A. Preparations, 
Extractum Abietis Canadensis Liquidum (B. 
P.). Dose TTlxv-Ix (1-4). Glycerinum 
Abietis (B. P.). Dose gj-ij (4.0-8.0). 
Geddes' Fluid-Extract of Hemlock Bark. 
Dose TT^v-x (0.3-0.6). 

Abietene {a-bi'-et-en), C T H 16 . A hydrocar- 
bon, obtained from the Pinus sabiniana, a 
California nut pine. It is an aromatic, vola- 
tile liquid, agreeing in composition with nor- 
mal heptane. It is extensively used as a 
popular remedy ; called, also, Erasene. Unof. 

Abietic, Abietinic {ab-i-et'-ik, ab-i-et-in' -ik) 
[Abies~\. Pertaining to the genus Abies, as 
Abietic Acid, C 44 H 6i 5 or C 20 H 30 O 2 , occur- 
ring in the resin of Abies excelsa and Larix 
europea. 

Abietin {a-bi'-et-in) [Abies']. A resinous 
principle obtained from the turpentine of 
various species of pine and fir. A. Anhy- 
drid, C 44 H 62 4 , the main constituent of Resin. 

Abietite (ab'-i-el-it), C 4 H 8 3 . A sugar re- 



ABIOGENESIS 



19 



sembling mannite, found in the needles of the 
European Silver Fir, Abies pectinata. 
Abiogenesis {ab-i-o-jen'-es-is) [a priv.; (3(.6g, 
life, and genesis]. "The (theoretic) produc- 
tion of living by non-living matter. The 
older term was Spontaneous Generation. 
Abirritant {ab-ir' -it-ant) [ab, from; irritare, 
to irritate]. I. Tending to diminish irrita- 
tion ; soothing. 2. Relating to diminished 
sensitiveness. 3. A remedy or agent that 
allavs irritation. 
Abirritation {ab-ir-it-a'-shun) \_ab, from ; 
irritare, to irritate]. Diminished tissue- 
irritability ; atony or asthenia. 
Ablactation {ab-lak-ta' -shun) [ab, from ; 
lactare, to give suck]. The weaning of a 
child. The end of the suckling period. 
Ablate {ab-late') [ab, from; latum, from 
ferre, to bear] . To remove, to cut off. 
Ablation {ab-la' -shun) [ab, from; latum, 
from ferre, to bear]. Removal of a part, 
as a tumor, by amputation, excision, etc. 
Ablatio retinae {ab-la' -she- ret-in' -e). De- 
tachment of the retina. 
Ablepharia {ah-blef-a'-re-ah) [a priv.; (3te- 
<papov, the eyelid]. The condition of the 
absence of the eyelids. 
Ablepharon {ah-blef -ar-on) [a priv.; file- 
cpapov, the eyelid] . Absence of the eyelids. 
Ablepharous (a/i-blef-ar-us) [a priv.; fiM- 
<papov, the eyelid]. Without eyelids. 
Ablepsia {ah-blep' '-se-ah) [a$Aei\>i,a, without 
sight]. 1. Blindness. 2. Dulness of per- 
ception. 
Abluent {ab'-lu-ent) [abluere, to wash away]. 
Detergent. That which cleanses or washes 
away. 
Ablution {ab-lu'-shun) [abluere, to wash 
away]. Washing or cleansing the body. 
Separation of chemic impurities by washing. 
Abnormal {ab-nor' '-mal) [ab, away from; 
norma, a law]. Not normal ; not conform- 
able with nature or with the general rule. 
Abnormality {ab-nor-mal' -it-e) [ab, away 
from ; norma, a law]. The quality of being 
abnormal ; a deformity or malformation. 
Abnormity [ab-nor* '-mit-e) . Same as Abnor- 
mality. 
Abomasum (ab-o-ma' '-sum) [ab, away ; oma- 
sum, paunch]. The reed or proper digestive 
stomach of ruminating mammals. Also 
called " fourth," or " true," stomach. 
Aboral {ab-o'-ral) [ab, away from; os, the 
mouth]. Opposite to, or remote from, the 
mouth. 
Abort {ab-orf) [ab, from; ortus, from oriri, 
to grow] . I . To miscarry ; to expel the 
fetus before it is viable. 2. To prevent 
the full development, as of a disease. 3. 
To come short of full development. 
Abortient {ab-or' -shent) [ab, from; oriri, 
to grow]. Abortive; abortifacient. 



ABRUS 

Abortifacient {ab-or-te-fa' '-shent) [abortus ; 
/(Z««, to make], I. Causing abortion. 2. 
A drug or agent inducing the expulsion of 
the fetus. 
Abortion {ab-or' -shun) [abortus, a miscar- 
riage]. The expulsion of the ovum before 
the child is viable, that is, occurring any time 
before the end of the sixth month. By 
some authors expulsion of the ovum during 
the first three months is termed abortion; 
from this time to viability it is termed imma- 
ture delivery, or miscarriage , and from the 
period of viability to that of maturity, prema- 
ture delivery. A., Accidental. See A., 
Spontaneous. A., Artificial, that produced 
intentionally. A., Criminal, when not de- 
manded for therapeutic reasons. A., Habi- 
tual, repeated A. in successive pregnancies, 
usually due to syphilis. A., Incomplete, 
when the membranes or the placenta is re- 
tained. A., Induced. See A., Artificial. 
A., Inevitable, when the embryo or fetus is 
dead, or when there is an extensive detach- 
ment or rupture of the ovum. A., Missed, 
the death of the fetus and not followed within 
two weeks by its expulsion. A., Sponta- 
neous, that not induced by artificial means. 
Abortionist {ab-or' '-shun-ist) [abortus, a 
miscarriage] . One who criminally produces 

abortions; especially one who follows the 

business of producing abortions. 
Abortive {ab-or' -tiv) [abortus, a miscarriage]. 

Prematurely born ; coming to an untimely 

end ; incompletely developed ; cutting short 

the course of a disease ; abortifacient. 
Abortus {ab-or' -tus) [L.]. An aborted fetus ; 

abortion. 
Aboulia {ah-boo' -le-ah). See Abulia. 
Aboulomania {ah-boo- lo-ma'-ne-ah). See 

Abulomania. 
Abrachia {ah-bra' -ke-ah) [a priv. ; ftpaxiuv, 

arm] . The condition of an armless monster. 
Abrachiocephalia {ah-bra-ke-o-sef-a' -le-ah) 

[a priv.; ppax'cov, arm; ne^alrj, head]. 

Absence of the head and arms. 
Abrachius {ah-bra' -ke-us) . A monster with- 
out arms. See Abrachia. 
Abrasio (ab-ra'-ze-o) [L.]. An abrasion. 

A. corneas, a scraping off of the superficial 

epithelium of the cornea. 
Abrasion {ab-ra'-zhun) [ab, from; radere, 

to rub] . The rubbing off of the cutaneous 

or mucous surface by an injury. 
Abrin {a'-brin). The chemic ferment or 

poisonous principle of jequirity. It has been 

employed in the study of immunity. 
Abrotanum {ab-rof -an-um) [aftporovov, an 

aromatic plant]. The plant called Southern 

Wood, Artemisia abrotanum. 
Abrus {a'-brus) [aflpog, pretty]. Jequirity; 

Indian Licorice. The seeds of A.precatorius, 

or Wild Licorice. Its properties are thought 



ABSCESS 



20 



ACACIA 



to be due to the presence of certain ferments. 
See Abrin. Infusions applied to the conjunc- 
tiva or to any mucous surface induce violent 
purulent inflammation with growth of false 
membrane. It is used in producing artifi- 
cial conjunctivitis. 

Abscess {ab r -ses\ \_abscessus, a departure or 
separation]. A localized collection of pus 
surrounded by a wall of lymph. According 
to location, abscesses are named Dorsal, Iliac, 
Mammary , Tschio-rectal, Perityphlitic, Retro- 
pharyngeal, Urethral, etc. A., Alveolar, 
abscess in the gum or alveolus. A., Athero- 
matous, an area of softening in the wall of a 
vessel the result of sclerotic endarteritis. A., 
Bursal, abscess in the bursae. A., Canali- 
cular, mammary abscess that communicates 
with a milk duct. A., Chronic, or Cold 
Abscess, one of slow and apparently non-in- 
flammatory development, generally about a 
bone, joint, or gland. It is usually tubercu- 
lous and contains cheesy material. A., Cold. 
See A. Chronic. A., Congestive, the pus 
appears at a point distant from where it is 
formed. A., Embolic, formed at the seat 
of a septic embolus. A., Metastatic. See 
A. Embolic. A., Miliary, a small embolic 
abscess. A., Primary, one formed at the 
seat of pyogenic infection. A., Psoas, 
one arising from disease of the lumbar or 
lower dorsal vertebrae, the pus descending in 
the sheath of the psoas muscle, and usually 
pointing beneath Poupart's ligament. A., 
Pyemic. See Pyemia. A., Residual, 
one formed in or about the residues of former 
inflammation. A., Tuberculous. Same 
as A., Chronic. 

Abscissae (ab-sis / -se) \ab, away ; scindere, to 
cut]. The transverse lines cutting vertical 
ones at right angles, to show by a diagram 
the relations of two series of facts, as, e. g., 
the number of pulse-beats, or the temperature 
record in given periods of time. 

Abscission (ab-sish' '-un) \ab, from ; scindere, 
to cut] . Removal of a part by cutting. 

Absinthe {ab'sinth). See Absinthium. 

Absinthin {ab-sin f -thhi) [absinthium~\. A 
bitter crystalline principle obtainable from 
wormwood. See Absinthium. 

Absinthism {absinth' -izni). A disease simi- 
lar to alcoholism, the result of the excessive 
use of absinthe. It is characterized by gen- 
eral muscular debility and mental disturb- 
ances, that may proceed to convulsions, 
acute mania, or general paralysis. 

Absinthium {absinth' -e-uni) [L.]. Worm- 
wood. The leaves and tops of Artemisia ab- 
sinthium. A. contains a volatile oil and an in- 
tensely bitter principle, Absinthin, C 20 H 28 O 4 , 
which is a narcotic poison. A. increases 
cardiac action, produces tremor and epilepti- 
form convulsions. Dose gr. xx-xl (1.3-2.6), 



in infusion. It is used as a stomachic tonic. 
Absinthe, a French liquor, is an alcoholic 
solution of the oil exhibited with oils of anise, 
marjoram, and other aromatic oils. 

Absinthol {absinth' -ol), C 10 H 16 O. The prin- 
cipal constituent of oil of wormwood; it is 
isomeric with ordinary camphor. 

Absorb {absorb') \ab, from ; sorbere, to suck 
up]. To suck up or imbibe ; to take within 
one's self. 

Absorbent {absor'-bent) \absorbere, to suck 
in]. I. Absorbing, capable of absorbing. 
2. An organ or part that absorbs. 3. A term 
applied to the Lacteals and Lymphatics. 
4. In materia medica, a drug or medicine 
that produces absorption of diseased tissue. 
A. Glands. See Lymphatics. A. System, 
the lacteals and lymphatics, with their asso- 
ciated glands. 

Absorptiometer {absorp-te-om f -et-er) [ab- 
sorption; fierpov, measure]. A device for 
measuring the thickness of the layer of liquid 
that is taken up between two glass plates by 
capillary attraction. Used in conjunction 
with a spectro-photometer, it serves as a 
hematoscope. 

Absorption {ab-sorp' shmt) \_absorbere, to 
suck in]. The permeation or imbibition of 
one body by another. A. Lines or Bands, 
dark lines of the spectrum, called Fraun- 
hofer's lines, caused by the arrest or absorp- 
tion of the ethereal waves of certain lengths 
and rapidities, mainly by vapors of the sun's 
atmosphere. A., Interstitial, the removal 
by the absorbent system of effete matters. 

Absorptive {absorp' '-tiv) \absorbere, to suck 
in] . Having the power or function of absorb- 
ing. 

Abstergent {ab-ster' -jent) \_abs, from ; tergere, 
to cleanse]. Cleansing, detergent. See 
Detergent. 

Abstersive {ab-ster'siv) \abstersivus\ Ab- 
stergent. 

Abstract {ab f strakt) \abstrahere, to draw 
away] . In pharmacy, a solid preparation in 
which two parts of the drug are represented 
by one part of the abstract (which is com- 
pounded with milk-sugar). Abstracts are 
double the strength of the fluid extracts. 

Abterminal {ab-ter'-min-al) \_ab, from; ter- 
minus, end]. Passing from tendinous into 
muscular tissue (used of electric currents). 

Abulia {ah-bu'-le-ah) [a priv. ; fiovAr], will]. 
Loss or defect of will-power. 

Abulic {ah-bu'-lik) [a priv. ; fiovArj, will]. 
Characterized by or affected with abulia. 

Abulomania {ah-bu-lo-ma f '-ne-ah) [a priv. ; 
(3ovAr/, will ; fiavla, madness]. A disease of 
the mind characterized by imperfect or lost 
will-power. 

Acacia {ah-ka' 'she- ah) [L.]. I. A large 
genus of leguminous trees, shrubs, and 



ACALYPHA 



21 



ACCOMMODATION 



nerbs, many of them Australian or African. 
A number of the species are medicinal, and 
some are poisonous. The bark is usually 
very astringent. Gum arabic is produced by 
various species. 2. A. anthelmintica. See 
Mussanin. A. catechu. See Catechu. A. 
lebbek, A. nilotica, A. vera, and A. verek, are 
among the species that furnish gum arabic. 
3. Gum Arabic. A nearly white, transparent 
gum, exuding from Acacia Senegal. Soluble 
in water. It is used in the manufacture of 
mucilage, and contains Arabin, C 12 H 22 O u , 
identical in composition with cane sugar. A., 
Mucilago, acacia 34, water, to make 100 
parts ; incompatible with alcoholic tinctures. 
A., Syrup., mucilage 25, syrup, simp. 75 . It 
is used in various mixtures as a demulcent 
and to suspend insoluble powders. 
Acalypha (ah-kal'-if-ah) [d/caAv<^c, un- 
veiled]. A genus of euphorbiaceous plants. 
A., Ext. Liq. Dose Tu, x-jj (0.6-4.0). A. 
fruticosa, of India, is useful in dyspepsia and 
diarrhea, and is tonic and alterant/ A. hispida 
has similar uses. A. indica, a euphorbiace- 
ous plant, common in India. The leaves are 
expectorant, emetic, laxative. A., Succus. 
Dose for an infant £j (4.0). Unof. A. vir- 
ginica, of North America, is diuretic and ex- 
pectorant. 

Acanthia lectularia {ak-an' '-the-ah lek-chu- 
la'-re-ah) [L.]. The common bedbug. 
Acanthial {ak-an' '-the-al) [anavdiov, a little 

thorn] . Pertaining to the acanthion. 
Acanthion (ak-an' -the-on) [dudvdiov, a little 
thorn]. A point at the base of the nasal 
spine. 
Acanthoma (ak-an-tho'-mah) [anavda, a 
spine]. A localized excessive growth in any 
part of the prickle-cell layer of the skin. 
Acanthosis [ak-an-tho' -sis) [aicavda, thorn]. 
Any skin disease marked by abnormalities in 
the prickle-cell layer. A. nigricans, a gen- 
eral pigmentation of the skin, with papillary, 
mole-like growths ; a rare condition. 
Acardia (ah-kar'-de-ah) [a priv. ; napdia, 

heart] . Congenital absence of the heart. 
Acariasis (ak-ar-i'-as-is) [a priv.; neipetv, to 

cut]. See Alange. 
Acarid, Acaridan (ak'-ar-id, ak-ar' -id-ari) 
[daap/jc, small, tiny]. Pertaining to Acarus. 
Acarinosis (ak-ar-in-o'-sis) [acarus, a mite]. 
Any disease, as the itch, produced by a mite, 
or acarid. 
Acarodermatitis [ak -ar-o- der- mat- i'- tis) 
[acarus, a mite; dermatitis']. Dermatitis 
caused by acari, or mites. 
Acaroid (ak'-ar-oid) [Acarus, a mite]. Mite- 
like. A. Gum, Botany Bay Gum; Resina 
lutea. An aromatic resin used in Australia 
as a remedy for gastric troubles, intestinal 
catarrhs, diarrheas, etc. Dose grs. viij-xyj, 
(0.5-1.0), in alcoholic solution. Unof. A. 



Resin, Black Boy Gum. The resin of vari- 
ous species of Xanthorrhea. Benzoic acid is 
prepared from it, and it is said to have the 
properties of storax, and balsam of Peru. 
Acarus {ak f -ar-tis) [a priv.; neipeiv, to cut 
(because so small)]. The mite, or tick, a 
parasite of man and animals. 
Acataphasia [ah-kat-af-a' -ze-ah) [a priv. ; 
Kara, after; cpaaic, utterance]. A disorder 
in the syntactical arrangement of uttered 
speech, due to some central lesion. 
Acathectic (ak-ah-thek'-tik) [anadenTOQ, unre- 
tained]. A term applied by Liebermeister, 
to that form of icterus caused by pathologic 
changes in the liver cells through which they 
become unable to retain their secretion. 
Acaudal, Acaudate (ah-kaw'-dal, ah-kaw'- 
ddt) [d priv.; cauda, a tail]. Tailless. 
Acceleration (ak-sel-er-a'-shun) [accelerare, 
to hasten]. Quickening, as of the rate of 
the pulse, or of the respiration. 
Accelerator {ak-seV -er-a-tor) [L.]. That 
which accelerates. A. Nerves, nervespassing 
from the medulla to the heart and conducting 
stimuli that cause acceleration of the heart's 
action. A. Urinae, a muscle of the penis the 
function of which is to expel the last drops in 
urination, to expel the semen, and to assist 
erection. The sphincter vaginae is its 
analogue in the female. 
Accentuation {ak-sen-tu-a' '-shun) [accentu- 

are~\. Increased loudness or distinctness. 
Accessory (ak'-ses-o-re, or ak-ses'-o-re) [ac- 
cessorius~\ . A term applied to certain glands, 
muscles, ducts, nerves, arteries, etc., that 
are auxiliary in function, course, etc., to the 
principal. Certain small muscles, as the 
lumbricales, are regarded as accessory to 
more important muscles. 
Accidental (ak-se-denf '-al) [accidentals']. 
I. Due to, or caused by, an accident. 2. 
Intercurrent ; having no essential connection 
with other conditions or symptoms. 
Accipiter (ak-sip'-it-er) [L. , a hawk]. A 
facial bandage with tails radiating like the 
claws of a hawk. 
Acclimatation, Acclimation, Acclimatiz- 
ation (ak-kli-mat-a' '-shun, ak-lim-a'-shzin, 
ak-kli-mat-iz-a' -shuri) [ad, to ; clima, cli- 
mate]. The process of becoming accus- 
tomed to the climate, soil, water, etc., of a 
country to which a plant, animal, person, or 
a people has removed. 
Accommodation (ak-om-o-da' -shun) [accom- 
modare, to adjust]. Adaptation or adjust- 
ment, particularly the adjustment of the eye for 
different distances. A., Absolute, the ac- 
commodation of either eye separately. _ A., 
Histologic, the occurrence of changes in the 
morphology and function of cells following 
changed conditions. A., Negative, the con- 
dition of the eye at rest. A. of the Eye, that 



ACCOUCHEMENT 



22 



ACETAL 



function of the ciliary muscle and lens 
whereby objects at different distances are 
clearly seen. It depends upon the inherent 
elasticity of the lens, which when the ciliary 
muscle of an emmetropic eye is at rest, is 
adapted to the proper focalization of theoret- 
ically parallel rays of light. Objects nearer, 
to be clearly seen, require a greater refracting 
power on the part of the eye because the 
rays from such objects are more divergent. 
This additional refracting power is gained by 
an increased antero-posterior diameter of the 
lens, brought about by the contraction of the 
ciliary muscle, which occasions a loosening 
of the suspensory ligament and a thicken- 
ing of the lens by its own elasticity. A. 
Phosphenes, the peripheral light-streak 
seen in the dark aiter the act of accommoda- 
tion. A., Range of, the distance between 
the nearest point of distinct vision, and the 
most distant point. 

Accouchement (ak-koosh-monig')) [Fr.]. 
The French terrn for childbirth. A. Force, 
rapid and forcible delivery with the hand. 

Accoucheur (ak-koo-shtcr / ) [Fr.]. A male 
midwife. 

Accoucheuse (ak-koo-shu{r)z') [Fr.]. A 
wife. 

Accretion (ak-re' -shun) [ad, to ; crescere, to 
increase]. A term denoting the manner by 
which crystalline and certain organic forms 
increase their material substance. Also, the 
adherence of parts normally separate. 

Accumulator (ak-u' '-mu-la-tor) [accumu- 
lare, to heap up]. An apparatus to store 
electricity. 

A. C. E. Mixture. An anesthetic mixture 
composed of alcohol I part, chloroform 2 
parts, ether 3 parts. See Anesthetic. 

Acentric (ah-sen' '-trik) [a priv. ; aevrpov, 
center]. Not eccentric ; not originating in, 
or pertaining to, a nerve center ; peripheric. 

Acephalia {ah-sef-a' '-le-ah) [d priv. ; KE<pa/iy, 
head]. The absence of the head. 

Acephalism (ah-sef '-al-izm) [a priv ; ke^o/jj, 
head]. See Acephalia. 

Acephalobrachia {ah-sef- al-o-bra' '-ke-ah) [a 
priv.; necpaAr], head; ppaxicov, arm]. Ab- 
sence of the head and arms. 

Acephalobrachius (ah-sefal-o-bra' '-ke-us) 
[d ; KE<ba?j ; fipa%iuv']. A monster with 
neither head nor arms. 

Acephalocardia (ah-sefal-o-kar' '-de-ah) [d 
priv. ; Ksya/iy , head ; mpdia, heart]. Absence 
of the head and heart. 

Acephalocardius {ah-sef-al-o-kar' -de-us) [d ; 
KEoa/i]; napdia]. A monster with neither 
head nor heart. 

Acephalochiria (ah-sef al-o-ki f -re-ah) [d 
priv.; KE<pa?\.rj, head ; x £l P> hand]. Absence 
of the head and hands. 

Acephalochirus (ah-sefal-o-ki' '-rus) [see 



Acephalochiria]. A monster with neither 
head nor hands. 

Acephalocyst [ah-sef -al-o-sisi) [d priv. ; 
K£(paA.i), head ; Kvarig, a bladder]. The blad- 
der-worm. A headless, sterile hydatid, 
found in the liver and other organs. A. 
racemosa, the hydatid mole of the uterus. 

Acephalogaster (ah-sefal-o-gas' '-ter) [d/ce0- 
a/,6g, headless; yaoriip, belly]. A monster 
with neither head nor stomach. 

Acephalogasteria (ah-sef-al-o-gas-te' -re-ah) . 
Absence of the head and stomach. See 
A ceph a log aster. 

Acephalopodia (ah-sefal-o-po' '-de-ah) [d 
priv. ; ke^o/.j], head; ttovq, foot]. Absence 
of the head and feet. 

Acephalopodius (ah-sef al-o-po' '-de-us). A 
monster with neither head nor feet. See 
Acephalopodia. 

Acephalorrhachia (ah-sefal-or-a' -ke-ali) [d 
priv. ; Kscpa/.q, head ; p&xic, spine] . Absence 
of the head and vertebral column. 

Acephalostomia (ah-sefal-o-sto' -?ne-ah) \a 
priv. ; keqclAt], head ; aropa, mouth]. Ab- 
sence of the head, with a mouth-like opening 
on the superior aspect. 

Acephalostomus (ah-sefal-os f -to-mus) [d 
priv. ; keqcuji ; oro/za]. A monster without 
a head, but with a mouth-like aperture. 

Acephalous (ah-sef -al-us) [a.K£<pa/.6c, head- 
less]. Headless. 

Acephalus [ah-sef -al-us) [d priv. ; keoo.7.7], 
head]. I. A species of omphalositic mon- 
sters characterized by complete absence of 
the head and usually of the upper extremi- 
ties. It is the commonest condition among the 
omphalosites. 2. A variety of the foregoing 
species marked by the highest form of de- 
velopment. The head is absent, but there 
is at least one superior extremity, and the 
thorax is generally fairly well-developed. 

Acervulus, or Acervulus cerebri [as-er f - 
vu-lus ser'-e-bri) . Concretionary matter near 
the base of the pineal gland, consisting of 
alkaline phosphates and carbonates, with 
amyloid matter ; brain-sand. 

Acescence (as-es f -ens) \_acescere, to grow 
sour]. I. The process of becoming sour ; 
the quality of being somewhat sour. 2. A 
disease of wines, whereby they become sour 
owing to the agency of Mycoderma aceti. 

Acetabular [as-et-ab' '-u-lar) [acetabulum, 
a cup]. Pertaining to the acetabulum. 

Acetabulum (as - et - ab f - u - hem) [acetabu- 
lum, a small cup]. A cup-shaped depres- 
sion on the outer aspect of the innominate 
bone for the reception of the head of the femur. 

Acetal (as f -et-al)\acetum, vinegar], C 6 H u 2 . 
Ethidene diethylate, a colorless, liquid, with 
an ethereal odor, produced by the imperfect 
oxidation of alcohol under the influence of 
platinum black. It is sparingly soluble in 



ACETALDEIIYD 



23 



water; boils ati04°C; sp.gr. at 20 is 0.8304. 

Its action is that of a soporific. Dose 3 j (4 o) . 

Acetaldehyd {as-et-aP '-de-hid). The normal 

aldehyd ; ethaldehyd. See Aldehyd. 
Acetamid {as-eP-am-ui), C 2 H 5 NO. A white 
crystalline solid produced by distilling am- 
monium acetate, or by heating ethyl acetate 
with strong aqueous ammonia. It combines 
with both acids and metals to form unstable 
compounds. 
Acetanilid (as-et-an'-il-id), C 8 H 9 NO. Phe- 
nylacetamid. A white, crystalline solid, 
produced by boiling anilin and glacial acetic 
acid together for several hours, the crystal- 
line mass being then distilled. It melts at 
II4 and boils at 295 . It is soluble in hot 
water, alcohol, and ether. Under the name 
antifebrin it is prescribed as an antipyretic. 
Dose gr. ij-x (0.13-0.65), not exceeding 
gr. xxx (2.0) in the 24 hours. 
Acetate (as'-et-at) [acetum, vinegar]. Any 

salt of acetic acid. 
Acetic [as-e'-tik) [acetum, vinegar]. Per- 
taining to acetum or vinegar ; sour. See 
Acid, Acetic. A. Fermentation, the devel- 
opment of acetic acid by the activity of the 
Mycoderma aceti. 
Acetin {as'-et-in) [acetum, vinegar], C 3 H 5 - 
(C 2 H 3 2 ) 3 . A chemic compound formed by 
the union of glycerol and acetic acid. 
Aceto-acetic Acid. See Acid, Diacetic. ^ 
Acetometer (as-et-om' -et-er) [acetum, vine- 
gar ; fierpov, measure]. An instrument used 
in the quantitive determination of acetic acid. 
Acetone (as'-et-on)[acetuwymega.r'], C 3 H 6 0. 
Dimethyl ketone. A colorless, mobile liquid, 
of peculiar odor and burning taste, present 
in crude wood-spirit ; it occurs in small 
quantities in the blood and in normal urine, 
and in considerable quantities at times in the 
urine of diabetic patients. It is miscible 
with ether, alcohol, and water. 
Acetonemia [as-et-o-ne f -me-ah) [acetone; 
at via, blood]. The presence of acetone in 
the blood. 
Acetones (as'-et-onz). A class of compounds 
that may be regarded as consisting of two 
alcoholic radicals united by the group CO, 
or as aldehyds in which hydrogen of the 
group COH has been replaced by an alco- 
holic radicle. 
Acetonitril (as-et-o - ni f - tril), CH 3 CN. 

Methyl cyanid. It is a colorless liquid. 
Acetono-resorcin. A combination of two 
molecules of resorcin and one molecule of 
acetone, obtained by heating together 15 gm. 
resorcin, 100 gm. acetone, and 5° g m - con- 
centrated hydrochloric acid. It appears as 
small, anhydrous, prismatic crystals, insolu- 
ble in water, alcohol, ether, or chloroform, 
but readily soluble in alkalies. 
Acetonuria {as-et-on-u'-re-ah) [acetone; ov- 



ACHEIROUS 

pov, urine]. The presence of acetone in the 
urine. 
Acetophenone (as - et- -fe / - non) , C 6 H.- 
(CO)(CH 3 ). " Hypnone ; " an hypnotic and 
antiseptic. It results from the action of zinc 
methyl upon benzoyl chlorid and crystallizes 
in large plates, melts at 20. 5 , and boils at 
202 . It is without satisfactory action. 
Dose mjv-xv (0.26-1.0). 
Acetous (as-e'-tits) [acetum, vinegar]. Re- 
sembling vinegar ; pertaining to, or charged 
with vinegar or acetic acid. 
Acetphenetidin (cis-et-fe-net f -id-iri). See 

Phenacetin. 
Acet-toluide (as-et-toV-ti-ed), C,H,NH.- 
C 2 H 3 0. Aceto-orthotoluide. An antipy- 
retic resembling acetanilid. The dose is not 
accurately determined. 
Acetum [as-e f -tujn)[gen. , Aceti : pi. , Aceta\ 
[L.]. Vinegar. An impure, dilute acetic 
acid produced by acetous fermentation of 
wine, cider, or other fruit-juice. In phar- 
macy, a solution of the active principles 
of certain drugs in dilute acetic acid. 
A. aromaticum (N. F. ) ["aromatic 
vinegar"], a mixture of alcohol, water, and 
acetic acid, aromatized with the oils of 
rosemary, lavender, juniper, peppermint, 
cassia, lemon, and cloves. A. britannicum, 
an aromatic vinegar consisting of glacial 
acetic acid 600.0, camphor 60.0, oil of cloves 
2.0, oil of cinnamon I.o, oil of lavender 0.5. 
Acetyl (as'-et-il) [acetum, vinegar], C 2 H 3 0. 
A univalent radicle supposed to exist in acetic 
acid and its derivatives. Aldehyd may be 
regarded as the hydrid and acetic acid as the 
hydrate, of acetyl. A. Chlorid, C 2 H 3 0C1, 
a colorless liquid, used as a reagent. A. 
Peroxid, (C 2 H 3 0) 2 2 , a thick liquid, insol- 
uble in water, but readily dissolved by ether 
and alcohol. It is a powerful oxidizing 
agent. It is decomposed in sunlight and 
explodes violently when heated. 
Acetylene (as-et f -il-en) [acetu?n, vinegar], 
C 2 H 2 . A colorless gas, with a characteristic, 
unpleasant odor, burning with a luminous, 
smoky flame. It is formed by the imperfect 
combustion of illuminating gas and other 
hydrocarbons. The acetylene series of hy- 
drocarbons has the general formula, C n H 2I1 _ 2 . 
Acetylphenylhydrazin (as-et-il-fe-nil-/ti v - 
dra-zin), C 6 H 5 N 2 H 2 C 2 H 8 0. See Pyrodin. 
Ache (ak) [A.S., acan, to ache]. Any 

continuous or throbbing pain. 
Acheilia (ah-ki'-le-ah) [a priv. ; x e ~^°S> a 

lip]. The congenital absence of lips. 
Acheilous (ah-ki'-lus) [a priv. ; x el " Ao £> a 
lip] . Without lips. 
Acheiria (ah-ki'-re-ah) [a priv. ; x £ <P, a 
hand]. The congenital absence of hands. 
Acheirous (ah-ki f -rus) [a priv. ; ^e<>, a 
hand]. Affected with acheiria. 



ACHILIA 



24 



ACID 



Achilia [ah-ki'-le-ah). See Acheiiia. 

Ach.\\\&3.[ak-il-e / -ah)\_Achilles, its reputed dis- 
coverer] . Milfoil , Yarrow. The herb A . ?nille- 
folium. Its properties are due to a bitter, aro- 
matic, astringent, tonic extractive, achillein, 
and a volatile oil. It has long been used as 
a vulnerary, and has been highly recom- 
mended for intermittent and low exan- 
thematous fevers. Dose §j-Oj, infusion ad- 
lib.; of the extractive, ^j-iij (3.0-12.0); 
of the volatile oil, gtt. v— xv (0.3-1.0). Unof*. 
To the genus Achillea belong various other 
unofficial medicinal plants, as A. ?noschata, 
of the Alps, used in preparing cordials and a 
diaphoretic medicine, and A. ptarmica, or 
sneezewort, a strong sialagogue. 

Achillein [ak-il f -e-in). An extractive from 

• Achillea millifolium. 

Achilles Tendon [ak-il'-ez ten'-dori). The 
tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus mus- 
cles, inserted into the back of the heel. 

Achillodynia [ak-il-o-din' '-e-ali) [Achilles; 
odvvTj, pain]. Pain referred to the insertion 
of the tendo Achillis. 

Achlorhydria (a-klor-hi'-dri-a) [d priv. ; 
X^cjpog, green ; vdup, water]. Absence of free 
hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice. 

Achloropsia [ah-klo-rop' 'se-ah) [d priv. ; 
X?iop6g, green ; dibtg, vision]. Green-blind- 
ness. 

Acholia [ah-ko f -le-ah) [d priv. ; %0/j, bile]. 
Absence of biliary secretion. 

Achorion [a-ko f -re-on) [dim. of ajwp, chaff]. 
A genus of fungous organisms including 
several species (possibly modified forms of 
Penicillium glaucum), found in the skin, 
especially the hair follicles. A. kerato- 
phagus, the form causing Onychomycosis. 
A. lebertii, the parasite of Tinea tonsurans . 
A. Schonleinii, the species occurring in 
ringworm, or Tinea favosa. 

Achroma [ah-kro' '-mah) [d priv. ; xP^ ua -> 
color]. Absence of color. A., Congeni- 
tal. See Albinism. A. Cutis. See Leu- 
koderma. 

Achromatic [ah-kro-maf '-ik) [d priv. ; 
Xpuua, color]. Without color. A. Lens, 
one the dispersing power of which is exactly 
neutralized by another lens with the same 
curvature but having a different refractive 
index. 

Achromatin [ah-kro f -mat-in) [d priv. ; 
XfMua, color]. The groundwork of the 
nucleus of a cell ; it is so called 
because it is not readily stained by coloring 
agents. 

Achromatism [ah-kro 1 '-mat-izm) [d priv. ; 
Xptiua, color]. Absence of chromatic aber- 
ration. 

Achromatopsia {ah-ki'o-mat-op' -se-ah) [d 
priv. ; xP^} ia i color; dipig, eyesight]. Color- 
blindness; Daltonism. 



Achromatosis (ah-kro-mat-o / -sis) [d priv. ; 
Xpuua, color]. Any disease characterized 
by deficiency of pigmentation in the integu- 
mentary tissues. 

Achromia [ah-kro* '-me-ah) [d priv. ; xpuua., 
color]. Albinism; achroma. 

Achromodermia [ah-kro-mo-der' '-me-ah) [d 
priv.; xpuua, color; dipua, skin]. An al- 
binotic, or colorless state of the skin. 

Achromotrichia [ah-kro-mo-trik' -e-ah) [d 
priv.; xpuua, color; dpi!;, hair]. Absence 
of pigment from the hair. 

Achroodextrin [ah-kro-o-deks / -trin) [axpoog, 
colorless ; dexter, right]. A reducing dex- 
trin formed by the action of the diastatic fer- 
ment of saliva upon starch. It is a modifica- 
tion of dextrin and may be precipitated by 
alcohol ; it is not converted into sugar by 
ptyalin, nor colored by iodin. 

Achylia [ah-ki f -le-ah) [d priv. ; ^'i/df, juice]. 
Absence of chyle. 

Achylosis [ah-ki-lo f -sis). Syn. of Achylia. 

Achylous [ah-ki f -hcs) [d priv.; ^i/.dc, juice]. 
Deficient in chyle. 

Achymosis [ah-ki-?no f -sis) [d priv. ; ^i-udo, 
chyme]. Deficient formation of chyme. 

Acicular [as-ik' ' -u-lar) \ctciis, a needle]. 
Needle-like. 

Acid (as / -id) [acere, to be sour]. I. A 
name applied to any substance having a 
sour taste. 2. A compound of an electro- 
negative element with one or more atoms 
of hydrogen which can be replaced by elec- 
tro-positive or basic atoms. The majority 
of acids contain oxygen, and are known as 
oxyacids ; those not containing oxygen are 
termed hydrogen acids. Acids vary in their 
terminations according to the quantity of 
oxygen or other electro-negative constituent. 
Those having the maximum of oxygen end 
in -ic ; those of a lower degree in -otts. 
When there are more than two combinations 
the preposition hyper- is prefixed to the high- 
est, and hypo- to the lowest. Acids that end 
in -ic, as sulphunV acid, form salts terminat- 
ing in -ate ; those ending in -ous form salts 
terminating in -ite. A., Abietic. See 
Abietic. A., Abric, C 12 H 24 N 3 0, a crystal- 
lizable acid, said to exist in jequirity. A., 
Acetic, an acid solution composed of 36 
parts of absolute acetic acid, C 2 H 4 2 , and 64 
parts of water. It has strongly acid proper- 
ties. A., Acetic, Dilute, contains six per 
cent, of absolute acid. Dose 3 j-ij (4.0-8.0). 
An impure form obtained by the destructive 
distillation of wood is known as wood vine- 
gar, or pyroligneous acid. A., Acetic, Gla- 
cial, the absolute acid occurring in crystals 
melting at 22. 5 C. It is an escharotic. A., 
Aconitic, C 6 H 6 6 , occurs in different plants, 
as Aconittim napellus, sugar cane, and beet- 
roots. It crystallizes in small plates, that 



ACID 



25 



ACID 



dissolve readily in alcohol, ether, and water, 
and melt at iS6°-7°. A., Adipic, C 6 H 10 O 4 , 
obtained by oxidizing fats with nitric acid. It 
crystallizes in shining leaflets, or prisms ; is 
soluble in thirteen parts of cold water ; melts 
at 148 . It is dibasic. A., Agaric or 
Agaricic, C 16 H 30 O 5 -\- H. 2 0, a resin acid 
obtained from the fungus Polyponts officinalis, 
growing on larch trees. The acid has been 
recommended for the checking of night- 
sweats. It also checks the other excretions 
and diminishes thirst. It is mildly cathartic. 
Unof. A., Aldepalmitic, C 16 H 30 O 2 , the 
chief component of the butter of the cow.. 
A., Alloxanic, C 4 H 2 N 2 4 , a crystalline 
acid, obtained by treating alloxan with 
alkalies. A., Amido-acetic. See Glycin. 
A., Amido-benzoic, C 7 H T N0 2 , occasionally 
found in the urine. A., Amido-succina- 
mic, same as Asparagin. A., Angelic, 
C 5 H 8 2 , a crystalline monobasic acid. It 
exists free along with valeric and acetic acids 
in the roots of Angelica archangelica, and as 
butyl and amyl esters in Roman oil of cumin . 
It crystallizes in shining prisms, melts at 45 °, 
and boils at 185 . It has a peculiar smell 
and taste. A., Anisic, C s H 8 3 , obtained by 
oxidizing anisol and anethol with HN0 3 , 
and from aniseed by the action of oxidizing 
substances. A., Anticylic, a white, fragrant 
powder with pleasant, acid taste, readily 
soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerol ; it is 
used as an antipyretic. Dose gr. T ^ (.0006) . 
A., Arabic. See Arabin. A., Aromatic, a 
name applied to certain organic acids occur- 
ring in the balsams, resins, and other odori- 
ferous principles. Also, in pharmacy, a 
dilute mineral acid reinforced by aromatic 
substances in order to modify its flavor. A., 
Arsenic, and Arsenous. See Arsenic. A., 
Aspartic, C 4 H 7 NO + , occurs in the vinasse 
obtained from the beet root, and is procured 
from albuminous bodies in various reactions. 
It is prepared by boiling asparagin with 
alkalies and acids, crystallizes in rhombic 
dibasic prisms, or leaflets, and dissolves with 
difficulty in water. A., Auric, Au(OH) 3 , 
gold trihydroxid. A., Benzoic, C-H 6 2 , 
occurs free in some resins, chiefly in gum 
benzoin, and in coal tar. It crystallizes in 
white, shining needles, or leaflets, melts at 
120 , and distils at 25 o°. It volatilizes 
readily, its vapor possessing a peculiar 
odor. A., Boracic, or Boric. See Boron. 
A., Butyric, C 4 H 8 2 , an acid having a 
viscid appearance and rancid smell. It is 
obtained commercially by the fermentation 
of a mixture of sugar and butter or cheese 
in the presence of an alkaline carbonate, but 
occurs in various plants, in cod-liver oil, in 
the juice of meats, and in the perspiration. 
Combined with glycerol as glyceryl butyrate, 



it is essentially butter. A., Caffeic, C 9 H 8 4 , 
obtained when the tannin of coffee is boiled 
with potassium hydroxid. A., Camphoric, 
C 10 H 16 O 4 , a dibasic acid, obtained by boiling 
camphor with HN0 3 ; it crystallizes from hot 
water in colorless leaflets ; melts at 178 , and 
decomposes into water and its anhydrid, 
C 8 H u (CO) 2 0. It is used in night-sweats of 
phthisis. Dose gr. x-xxx (0.65-2.0). A., 
Capric, C 9 H ]9 CO.OH, occurs in small quan- 
tity, as a glycerid in cow's butter. It 
crystallizes in fine needles, melting at 30 
C, and is very insoluble in boiling water. 
A., Caproic, C 6 H 12 2 , the sixth in the 
series of fatty acids ; a clear, mobile oil, 
colorless, inflammable, and with a very 
acid and penetrating taste. A., Caprylic, 
C 7 H 15 CO.OH, an acid combined with gly- 
cerol, forming a glycerid existing in various 
animal fats ; it is liquid at ordinary tem- 
peratures. A., Carbamic, H 2 N.CO.OH, 
carbonic acid in which NH 2 replaces OH ; 
it is not known in the free state ; its ammo- 
nium salt is contained in commercial ammo- 
nium carbonate. The esters of carbamic acid 
are called urethanes. A., Carbazotic. See^4 , 
Picric. A., Carbolic, C 6 H 5 OH, phenol, — 
the correct designation of this substance — is 
procured from coal tar by fractional distilla- 
tion. It has a very peculiar and characteristic 
odor, a burning taste, is poisonous, and has 
antiseptic properties. The sp. gr. at o° is 
1 .084 ; it crystallizes in colorless rhombic nee- 
dles that melt at 42. 2°, boiling at 180 , and it 
is not decomposed upon distillation. At ordi- 
nary temperatures it dissolves in water with 
difficulty (i : 15), but is soluble in alcohol, 
ether, glacial acetic acid, and glycerol, in all 
proportions. It unites with bases to form 
salts, known as Carbolates. Upon exposure 
to light and air it deliquesces and acquires a 
pinkish color. It is used in the manufacture 
of many of the artificial coloring matters, 
e. g., picric acid. It is a powerful antiseptic 
and germicide. Internally it is useful in 
vomiting, fermentation in the stomach, and 
as an intestinal antiseptic ; locally, as a 
caustic. Dose, internally, gr. J^-ij (0.03- 
0.13). A. Carb., Aqua, contains 10 drams 
of the glycerite to I pint of water. Dose gj— 
^ss (4.0-16.0). A. Carb., Gargarisma, 
grs. ij- ^ j (o. 13-32.0) for fetid sore throat. A. 
Carb., Glyceritum, contains acid 1, glycerol 
4 parts. A. Carb., Liquefactum (B. P.). 
Dose tt\j-ij (0.06-0.13). A., Carb., Solu- 
tions, vary from I to 5 per cent, in water. 
A. Carb., Suppos. cum Sapone (B. P.), 
each contains gr. j (0.06) of carbolic acid. 
A. Carb., Unguent., contains acid 10, 
ointment 90 parts. A. Carbol., Injectio 
Hypoderm., 2-5 percent. , for anthrax and 
erysipelas. A., Carbonic, C0 2 , carbon 



ACID 

dioxid ; an ultimate product of the combustion 
of carbon compounds ; a colorless, odorless 
gas, heavier than air, incapable of sustain- 
ing respiration. A., Carminic, C ]7 H 18 O 10 , 
a coloring matter found in the buds of certain 
plants and especially in cochineal, an insect 
inhabiting different varieties of cactus. It is 
an amorphous purple-red mass, readily solu- 
ble in water and alcohol, and yields red salts 
with the alkalies. A., Cathartic, or Cathar- 
tinic, an active principle from several species 
of Cassia. A., Cerotic, C 27 H 5+ 2 , a fatty 
acid, existing in beeswax and in Chinese 
wax. A., Chloracetic {chlorin and acetic'], 
an acid, called also monochloracetic acid, 
produced by the substitution of chlorin for 
the hydrogen of the radicle in acetic acid. 
It is sometimes used as a caustic. A., 
Chloric, HCIO3, an ac id known only in its 
compounds {chlorates) and its aqueous solu- 
tion. _ A., Cholalic. See A., Cholic. A., 
Cholic, C 24 H 42 5 , Cholalic Acid, from gly- 
cocholic and taurocholic acids ; it crystal- 
lizes from hot water in small anhydrous 
prisms, sparingly soluble in water, and melt- 
ing at 195 . A., Chromic, strictly the 
compound H 2 Cr0 4 ; it forms salts called 
chromates. In most books the chromium 
trioxid, Cr0 3 , is called by this name. It is 
crystalline solid ; escharotic. A., Chryso- 
phanic, C 15 H 10 O 4 , Rheinic Acid, exists in 
the lichen, Parmelia parietina, in senna 
leaves, and in the rhubarb root. It crystallizes 
in golden yellow needles or prisms, melting 
at 162 . See Chrysarobin. A., Cinnamic, 
C 9 H 8 2 , occurs in Peru and Tolu balsams, in 
storax, and in some benzoin resins. It has 
been used in tuberculosis, both internally and 
externally. Dose TT\j-x (0.06-0.65) hypo- 
dermatically. A., Citric, C 6 H 8 7 , occurs 
free in lemons, black currants, bilberry, beets, 
and in various other acid fruits. It crystal- 
lizes with one molecule of water in large 
rhombic prisms, that melt at ioo°, are color- 
less, inodorous, and extremely sharp in taste. 
It is refrigerant, antiseptic, and diuretic. 
A., Cresolsulphuric, C 7 H 7 O.S0 2 .OH, ex- 
ists in the urine in small traces. A., 
Cresylic. See CresoL A., Cyanic, CONH, 
obtained by heating polymeric cyanuric acid. 
A., Cyanuric. See A., Tricyanic. A., 
Diacetic, C 4 H 6 3 , an acid present in the 
urine in certain stages of diabetes and other 
diseased conditions. A., Fatty, a mono- 
basic acid formed by the oxidation of a 
primary alcohol. The fatty acids have a 
general formula of C n H 2tl 2 . A., Fluoric, 
HF, gaseous and soluble in water ; a strong 
escharotic. A., Formic, CH 2 2 , an acid 
obtained from a fluid emitted by ants when 
irritated ; it is also found in stinging net- 
tles, in shoots of the pine, and in various 



26 ACID 

animal secretions. It is prepared by heating 
oxalic acid and glycerol. It is a colorless, 
mobile fluid, with a pungent odor, and vesi- 
cates the skin. A., Gallic, C 7 H 6 5 , occurs 
free in nutgalls, in tea, and in the fruit of 
various other plants. It is obtained from 
ordinary tannic acid by boiling it with dilute 
acids. It crystallizes in fine, silky needles, 
containing one molecule of water. It dis- 
solves slowly in water and readily in alco- 
hol and ether; has a faintly acid, astringent 
taste; melts near 220 . It is astringent 
and disinfectant; useful in night sweats, 
diabetes, and chronic diarrhea. A. Gallici, 
Unguent., benzoated lard 90, gallic acid 
10. A., Glycocholic, C 26 H 4? N0 61 , a mono- 
basic acid found in bile ; sparingly soluble in 
water, and crystallizing in minute needles. 
A., Glycuronic, C 6 H ip 7 . This acid has 
been found in urine ; it probably does not 
exist there normally, but appears after taking 
certain drugs, as benzol, indol, nitro-benzol, 
and the quinin derivatives. A., Hippuric, 
C9H9NO3, Benzoyl Glycocoll, occurs in con- 
siderable amount in the urine of herbivorous 
animals, sometimes in that of man. It 
crystallizes in rhombic prisms, and dissolves 
readily in hot water and alcohol. A., Hy- 
dr iodic, HI, Acidum Hydriodictan ; a gase- 
ous acid. Its solution and a syrup prepared 
from it, Syrtipus acidi hydriodici (U. S. 
Ph.), are used as alteratives, with the gen- 
eral effects of iodin. Dose of the syrup, 
f 3H v (4.0-16.0). A., Hydrobromic, 
HBr ; the dilute acid, which is the chief 
form used, consists of 10 parts acid and 90 
parts water. It is a solvent for quinin, is 
useful in hysteria, congestive headaches, and 
neuralgia, and is recommended as a substitute 
for potassium and sodium bromids. Dose 
TT l xx -3 i J (1.3-8.0). A., Hydrochloric, 
Muriatic Acid, HC1, a liquid consisting of 
31.9 per cent, by weight of HC1 gas in 68.1 
per cent, of water. It is colorless, pungent, 
and intensely acid. A., Hydrochloric, 
Dilute, a ten per cent, solution of absolute 
acid in water. Valuable as an aid to diges- 
tion. Dose TTLiij-x (0.19-0.65). A., Hy- 
drocyanic, Dilute, HCN, Prussic Acid, 
a liquid consisting of two per cent, of the 
acid with 98 per cent, of water and alcohol. 
It possesses an odor like that of bitter 
almonds. Prussic acid is found in the bit- 
ter almond, the leaves of the peach, and in 
the cherry laurel, from the leaves of which 
it is distilled. It is one of the most active 
poisons known, death from complete as- 
phyxia being almost instantaneous. It is 
valuable for its sedative effects in vomiting, 
whooping-cough, and spasmodic affections. 
Dose Ti\j-iij (0.06-0.2). A., Hydrocyanic, 
Vapor, I part of dilute acid in 4-6 parts 



ACID 



27 



ACID 



of water, wanned, and the vapor inhaled to 
relieve irritable coughs. A., Hydrofluoric, 
HF, an aqueous solution of hydrofluoric 
gas, powerfully corrosive, used for etching 
on glass. A., Hydrosulphuric, H 2 S, a 
eras formed during the putrefaction of albu- 
minous substances ; it occurs in sulphur min- 
eral waters, and is produced by the action of 
mineral acids on metallic sulphids. It has 
the odor of rotten eggs. It is also called Hy- 
drogen Sulphid, Sulphuretted Hydrogen, and 
Sulphydric Acid. A., Hypochlorous, 
HCIO, an unstable compound, important 
as a disinfecting and bleaching agent. A., 
Hypophosphorous, H 3 P0 2 , its salts (hy- 
pophosphites), also the dilute acid, and a 
syrup prepared from it, are used as remedial 
agents. (See Calcii Hypophospkis, Ferri 
Hypophosphis, Sodii Hypophospkis, Potassii 
Hypophosphis .) A., Indoxylsulphuric, an 
acid that, combined with potassium, occurs 
in the urine asindican. A., Iodic, HI0 3 , 
a monobasic acid. Its solution (two per 
cent.) has been recommended as an alter- 
ative by subcutaneous injection. A., Lactic, 
HC 3 H 5 3 , a liquid containing 75 per cent, 
of absolute acid in 25 per cent, of water, 
produced in the fermentation of milk. 
It is useful in aiding digestion, in dia- 
betes, in tuberculosis of the larynx, and as 
a solvent of false membrane in diphtheria. 
Dose ^ss-^ss (2.0-16.0) in the 24 hours. 
A., Lactic, Dil. (B. P.). Dose 3 ss-ij 
(2.0-8.0). A., Linoleic, C 16 H 28 2 , occurs 
as glycerid in drying oils, such as linseed oil, 
hemp oil, poppy oil, and nut oil. A., Malic, 
C 4 H 6 5 , a bibasic acid, occurring free or 
in the form of salts in many plant juices, in 
unripe apples, in grapes, and in mountain- 
ash berries. It forms deliquescent crystals, 
that dissolve readily in alcohol, slightly in 
ether, and melt at ioo ; it has a pleasant acid 
taste. A., Malonic, C 3 H 4 4 , occurs in 
the deposit found in the vacuum pans em- 
ployed in the beet- sugar manufacture ; it may 
be obtained by the oxidation of malic acid 
with chromic acid. A., Meconic, C 7 H 4 7 , a 
tribasic acid, occurring in opium in union with 
m >rphin. It crystallizes with 3H 2 in white 
lamina. A., Metaphosphoric, HP0 3 , a 
glassy solid, freely soluble in cold water, and 
converted by boiling into orthophosphoric 
acid. It is used as a test for albumin 
in the urine. A., Muriatic. See A., Hy- 
drochloric. A., Myronic, C 10 H 19 NS 2 O 10 , an 
acid that occurs as a potassium salt in the 
seeds of black mustard. A., Nitric, HN0 3 , 
a liquid consisting of 68 per cent, absolute 
acid in 32 per cent, of water. The pure 
acid is colorless, fuming, and highly caustic. 
It is used in cauterization of chancres and 
phagedenic ulcers and as a reagent. A., 



Nitric, Dilute, contains 10 per cent, absolute 
acid. It is used internally to aid digestion ; 
to stimulate the hepatic function, etc. Dose 
TTyij-xv (0.2-I.0), well diluted. A. Nitro- 
hydrochloric, A., Nitromuriatic, Aqua 
Regia, a golden-yellow, fuming mixture of 
4 parts of nitric and 15 of hydrochloric acid. 
It is a solvent of gold, and is valuable in affec- 
tions of the liver. Dose ™J-vij (0.06-0.45), 
very dilute. A., Nitrohydrochloric, Di- 
lute, consists of 4 parts nitric and 18 hydro- 
chloric acid, and 78 parts water. Dose 
tt\v-xx (0.3-1.3), well diluted. A. Oleic, 
C 18 H 34 2 , an acid present in many fats and 
oils. It is a colorless oil, crystallizing on 
cooling, soluble in alcohol, benzol, and the 
essential oils ; insoluble in water. It saponi- 
fies when heated with alkaline bases. It is 
used in making the oleates. A., Organic, 
an acid characterized by the presence of the 
carboxyl group, CO. OH. A., Orthophos- 
phoric, H 3 P0 4 , ordinary phosphoric acid, as 
distinguished from metaphosphoric and pyro- 
phosphoric acids. A., Osmic, Os0 4 , the 
oxid of osmium, one of the rarer elements ; 
it occurs as yellow, acrid, burning crystals, 
yielding an intensely irritating vapor ; it has 
been recommended for hypodermatic use in 
sciatica, strumous glands, and cancer. It is 
used in histology as a fixing agent and as a 
stain for fat. A., Oxalic, C 2 H 2 4 , a colorless 
crystalline solid obtained by treating sawdust 
with caustic soda and potash. It occurs in 
many plants chiefly as potassium oxalate ; 
with two parts of water it crystallizes in 
fine transparent monoclinic prisms. It is 
soluble in nine parts of water at moderate 
temperature and quite easily in alcohol. 
It has been recommended in amenorrhea. 
Dose gr. yi-% (0.032-0.048). In large 
doses it is a violent poison. A., Palmitic, 
C 16 H 32 2 , an acid existing as a glycerin 
ether in palm-oil and in most of the 
solid fats. A., Phosphoric, H 3 P0 4 , 
O?'thophosphoric Acid, contains 50 per 
cent, each of acid and water; it is ob- 
tained from bones or by oxidation of phos- 
phorus. A., Phosphoric, Dilute, contains 
10 per cent, of absolute acid. It is em- 
ployed in digestive disturbances, in stru- 
mous diseases, and to dissolve phosphatic 
deposits. Dose n\v-xxx (0.32-2.0). A., 
Phosphorous, H 3 P0 3 , a tribasic oxyacid 
of phosphorus, containing one atom of 
oxygen less than phosphoric acid. A., 
Picric, C 6 H 2 (N0 2 ) 3 OH, Carbazotic Acid, 
Trinitrophenol, obtained by the nitration of 
phenol. It crystallizes from hot water and 
alcohol in yellow leaflets or prisms which 
possess a very bitter taste. It is readily 
soluble in hot water, its solution imparting a 
beautiful yellow color to silk and wool. It 



ACID 



28 



ACID-ALBUMIN 



is recommended as an antiperiodic and an- 
thelmintic. It is used as a test for albumin 
and sugar. Dose gr. v-xv (0.32-1.0) per 
diem. A., Prussic. See A., Hydro- 
cyanic. A., Pyrogallic, CgH 6 3 , pyro- 
gallol, formed by heating gallic acid with 
water to 210 . It forms white leaflets 
or needles, is readily soluble in water, 
less so in alcohol and ether. It is use- 
ful in the treatment of certain skin dis- 
eases, but is poisonous, and must be used 
with caution. A., Pyroligneous, the crude 
acid obtained in the destructive distillation 
of wood. It is a clear liquid of reddish- 
brown color and strong acid taste, with a 
peculiar penetrating odor described as em- 
pyreumatic, due largely to the furfurol it 
contains. It contains from four to seven 
per cent, of real acetic acid. A., Pyro- 
phosphoric, the dihydric phosphate, 2H.,- 
0-P 2 5 , one °f tne forms of phosphorfc 
acid. It is poisonous. Its iron salt is used in 
medicine. The pure acid is a soft, glassy mass. 
A., Salicylic, C 7 H 6 3 , Ortho- oxybenzoic 
Acid, occurs in the buds of Sph'cea Ulmaria, 
in the oil of wintergreen, and other varieties 
of gaultheria. It consists of four-sided 
prisms and crystallizes readily from hot 
water in long needles. It is soluble in water 
and in chloroform, and is antiseptic ; it is 
used in the treatment of acute articular 
rheumatism and myalgia. Dose grs. v-xx 
(o^-M), not exceeding £j (4.0), daily. 
A., Sarcolactic, C 3 H 6 3 , occurs in blood 
and in muscles, to which it gives their acid 
reaction, especially after the muscles have 
been in a state of activity. It is also found 
in urine in phosphorus poisoning. A., Scle- 
rotinic, an acid found in ergot, of which it 
is one of the active principles. A., Stearic, 
C 16 H 36 2 , associated with palmitic and oleic 
acids as a mixed ether, in solid animal fats, 
the tallows. A., Succinic, C 4 H 6 4 , an acid 
obtained in the distillation of amber, and 
also prepared artificially. A., Sulphanilic, 
C 6 H 4 (XH 2 ).S0 3 H, obtained by heating 
anilin ( I part) with fuming H 2 S0 4 (2 parts) 
to 180 until S0 2 appears. Itcrystallizes in 
rhombic plates which effloresce in the air. 
It is used as a reagent. A., Sulphocarbolic, 
C 6 H 5 HS0 4 , phenyl bisulphate, formed by the 
union of carbolic and sulphuric acids. Its 
salts, the sulphocarbolates, are used in med- 
icine as intestinal antiseptics, etc. A., 
Sulphuric, H 2 SO^, Oil of Vitriol, a heavy, 
oily, corrosive acid, consisting of not less 
than 92.5 per cent, sulphuric anhydrid and 
7. 5 per cent, of water. It is used as a reagent 
and as a caustic. A., Sulph., Aromatic, 
contains 20 per cent, acid, diluted with alco- 
hol and flavored with cinnamon and ginger. 
It is used as an astringent in diarrhea and in 



night-sweats ; also in hemoptysis. Dose 
TT\v-xv (0.32-1. o). A., Sulph., Dilute, 
contains 10 per cent, strong acid to 90 of 
water. It is used as an astringent. Dose VC[x- 
xv (0.65-1.0), well diluted. A., Sulphur- 
ous, H 2 S0 3 , a colorless acid containing about 
6.4 per cent, of sulphurous anhydrid in 93.6 
per cent, of water. The gas, S0 2 , is a val- 
uable disinfectant. The acid is used as a 
spray or lotion in diphtheria, stomatitis, and 
as a wash for indolent and syphilitic ulcers. 
The various hyposulphites are mainly valua- 
ble in that they decompose and give off 
sulphur dioxid. Dose V\\~Z) (0.32-4.0V 
A., Sulphydric. See A., Hydrosulphuric 
A., Tannic, C u H 10 O 9 , Tannin, an astringent 
acid obtained from nutgalls, and occurring in 
yellowish, scaly crystals. It is soluble in 
water and alcohol. It is an antidote in 
poisoning by alkaloids and tartar emetic, and 
is used as an astringent in catarrh of mucous 
membranes, and externally in many skin 
diseases. Dose gr. j-xx (0.065-1.3). A., 
Tann., Glyceritum, one part tannin in four 
of glycerol. A., Tann., Suppositories, one 
part of tannin to five of butter of cacao. 
A., Tann., Troches, each contains ]f, 
gr. (0.032) of tannic acid. A., Tann.", 
Unguent, a ten per cent, ointment of the 
acid incorporated with benzoated lard. A., 
Tartaric, C u H ]Q 9 , an astringent acid 
widely distributed in the vegetable world, oc- 
curring principally in the juice of the grape, 
from which it deposits after fermentation in 
the form of acid potassium tartrate (argol). It 
is chiefly employed in refrigerant drinks and 
in baking powders ; 20 grains neutralize 27 
of potassium dicarbonate, 22 of sodium di- 
carbonate, and 15^ of ammonium carbonate. 
Dose gr. x-xxx (0.65-1.3). A., Tauro- 
cholic, C 24 H, 5 XOS T , occurs in bile; it is very 
soluble in water and alcohol and crystallizes 
in fine needles. A., Trichloracetic, HC 2 - 
C1 3 2 , an acid formed from acetic acid, three 
atoms of the hydrogen of which are (in the 
new acid) replaced by chlorin. It is used as 
a reagent for the detection of albumin in the 
urine, and as a caustic. A., Uric, C 5 H 4 - 
X 4 3 , an acid found in the urine of all ani- 
mals, especially man and the carnivora — 
rarely in the herbivora — abundantly in the 
excrement of birds, reptiles, and molluscs. 
It exists usually in combination with the 
metals of the alkaline group. It is separated 
from urine by adding hydrochloric acid and 
allowing the crystals to settle. A., Valeric, 
C 5 H ]0 O 2 , is formed by oxidizing normal amyl 
alcohol. It is a mobile liquid with caustic 
acid taste and the pungent smell of old cheese. 
Acid- Albumin {as f -id-al-bu' -miri) . A pro- 
teid acted upon or dissolved in the stronger 
acids, and yielding an acid reaction. 



ACIDIFIABLE 



29 



ACONITUM 



Acidifiable [as-id f -if-i-a-bl) [acidum, acid; 
fieri, to become]. Capable of becoming an 
acid, or of becoming sour. 

Acidification (as-id-ifik-a' 'shun) [acidum, 
acid ; facere, to make] . Conversion into an 
acid ; the process of becoming sour. 

Acidimeter [as-id-im' '-et-er) [acidum, acid ; 
fikrpov, a measure]. An instrument for per- 
forming acidimetry. 

Acidimetry (as-id-im' -ct-re) [acidum, acid; 
fierpov, a measure]. Determination of the 
free acid in a solution by an acidimeter, or 
by chemic reactions. 

Acidity (as-id f -il-e) [acidum, acid]. The 
quality of being acid ; sourness ; excess of 
acid. 

Acidulated (as-id '-u-la-ted) [acidulare, to 
make sour]. Somewhat sour or acid. 

Acidulous {as-id' '-u-lus) [acidulare, to make 
sour]. Moderately sour. 

Acidum (as'-id-um) [L.]. See Acid. 

Acinesia (as-in-e'-ze-ah) [a priv.; Kivqacq, 
motion] . Motor paralysis. 

Acinetic (as-in-et'-ik) [aKivrjrog, motionless]. 
Relating to, or affected with, acinesia. 

Aciniform (as-in'-iform) [acinus, a grape]. 
Grape-like. 

Acinus (as / -i?t-us) [acinus, a grape: //., 
Acini]. Anyone of the smallest lobules of 
a compound gland, as an acinus of the liver. 

Acme (ak r -me) [aKfir], a point]. The highest 
point of anything. The critical stage of a 
disease ; the crisis. 

Acmon (ak'-mon) [aKfiuv, an anvil]. The 
incus. 

Acne (ak f -ne) [ax v V> a point]. Acne vul- 
garis ; Varus ; a common, usually chronic, 
inflammatory disease of the sebaceous 
glands, occurring mostly about the face, 
chest, and back. The lesions may be papu- 
lar, pustular, or tubercular. It occurs usually 
between the ages of puberty and twenty- 
four years, is generally worse in winter, 
and is associated with menstrual and gastro- 
intestinal troubles. The individual lesions 
consist of minute pink, acuminate papules 
or pimples, in the center of which is a black- 
topped comedo (A. punctata, A. papulosa). 
A., Adenoid. See Lupus, Disseminated 
Follicular. A. adolescentium. Synonym 
of A. vulgaris. A. albida. Synonym of 
Milium. A. artificialis, that form that dis- 
appears when the cause is removed. A. 
atrophica. Synonym of A. varioliformis. 
A. cachecticorum, a form occurring in 
starved or debilitated persons after long 
wasting diseases, as phthisis. A. ciliaris, 
acne at the edges of the eyelids. A. dissem- 
inata. Synonym of A. vulgaris. A. ery- 
thematosa. Synonym of A. rosacea. A. 
frontalis. Synonym of A. varioliformis. 
A. generalis, acne that has become general 



over the surface of the body. A. hypertro- 

phica, a stage of A. rosacea in which there is 
a permanent, intensely red, non-inflammatory, 
nodulated thickening of the tips and sides of 
the nose, expanding it, both laterally and 
longitudinally. A. indurata, a variety of 
A. vulgaris, characterized by chronic, livid 
indurations, the result of extensive perifolli- 
cular infiltration. It is especially seen in 
strumous subjects. A. keratosa, a rare 
form of acne in which a horny plug takes 
the place of the comedo, and by its presence 
excites inflammation. A. mentagra. See 
Sycosis. A. necrotica. Synonym of A. 
varioliformis. A. papulosa. See Acne. 
A. picealis, Tar Acne ; a form of dermatitis 
common in fiber-dressers who work with par- 
affin and in persons otherwise brought in 
contact with tar or its vapor. It involves 
chiefly the extensor surfaces of the limbs. 
A. punctata, a variety of A. vulgaris. 
A. pustulosa, a variety of A. vulgaris, 
characterized by abscesses. A. rodens. 
Synonym of A. variolifort?iis. A. rosacea. 
Rosacea; Telangiectasis faciei; Ncevus 
araneus ; Brandy Nose; Whisky Nose; 
Spider Nevus ; Spider Cancer. A chronic, 
hyperemic, or inflammatory affection of the 
skin, situated usually upon the face, espe- 
cially the nose, cheeks, forehead, and chin. 
A. scrofulosa, a variety of A. cachectico- 
rum, occurring in strumous children. A. 
sebacea. Synonym of Seborrhea. A. sim- 
plex, a variety of A. vulgaris. A. sycosi- 
formis. Same as Sycosis non-par asitica. 
A. tarsi, an inflammatory affection of the 
large sebaceous glands of the eye-lashes 
(Meibomian glands). A. varioliformis, a 
rather rare disease, situated chiefly about the 
forehead, at the junction with the hairy scalp, 
and extending into the hair. The pustules 
appear in groups. Its etiology is unknown. 
A. vulgaris. See Acne. 

Aconite (ak'-on-lt). See Aconitum. 

Aconitic Acid (ak-on-if '-ik). See Acid. 

Aconitum (ak-on-V '-turn) [L.]. The root 
of Aconihim napellus. It possesses a bitter, 
pungent taste, and produces numbness and 
persistent tingling in the tongue and lips. It 
is very poisonous. It depresses the heart, 
respiration, circulation, and paralyzes the sen- 
sory nerves. It is antipyretic, diaphoretic, 
and diuretic. The active principle is Aconi- 
tin. As a diaphoretic and depressant to the 
circulation, it is highly beneficial in fevers, 
acute throat affections, and inflammation of 
the respiratory organs. Dose gr. ss-ij (0.03- 
0.13). A., Abstractum, has double the 
strength of the powdered drug, or its fluid ex- 
tract. Dose gr. %-) (0.016-0.065). A. 
Extractum. Dose gr. l /6-}i (0.01 1-0.022). 
A., Ext. Fid., has a strength of one drop 



ACOREA 



30 



ACROMIOCLAVICULAR 



to the grain of powdered drug. Dose V^j4~ 
ij (0.032-0.13). A., Liniment. (B. P.), 
aconite root, camphor, and rectified spirit. 
A., Tinct., contains, aconite 35, alcohol and 
water, each q. s. to make 100 parts. Dose 
rr\,^-iv (0.032-0.26). The following are 
unofficial : Aconitina, C 33 H 43 N0 12 (acon- 
itum), an amorphous solid. Dose gr-^o - 
■fa (0.0003-0.0013). A., Injectio Hypo- 
dermica, one grain in )4 ounce. Dose TT|J- 
iv (0.065-0.26). A. Oleatum, a two per 
cent, solution of aconite in oleic acid. A., 
Ung. (B. P.). eight grains to the ounce. 

Acorea [ah-ko'-re-ah) [a priv.; Koprj, pupil] . 
Absence of the pupil. 

Acoria {ah-ko-re f -ah) [d priv.; nopog, satis- 
faction]. A greedy or insatiable appetite. 

Acormus {ah-kor' '-mus) [d priv.; nop/nog, the 
trunk] . A monster without a trunk or body. 

Acorus {ak f -o-riis) [d priv.; nop?], the 
pupil]. See Calamus. 

Acoumeter, Acouometer {ah-koo' '-met-er, 
ah-koo-om'-et-er) [aiwveiv, to hear ; /uerpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
acuteness of hearing. 

Acoustic iah-koos' ' -tik or ah-kowz-tik) [a/covcr- 
77/v6c]. Relating to the ear or sense of hear- 
ing. A. Duct, the external meatus of the 
ear. A. Nerve, the eighth cranial nerve. 
A. Tetanus, the rapidity of the induction 
shocks in a frog's nerve-muscle preparation, 
as measured by the pitch of a vibrating 
rod. A. Tubercle, a rounded elevation on 
either side of the floor of the fourth ventricle. 

Acoustics [ah-koos'-tiks or a-kows' ' -tiks) 
[cuwvGTiKog] . The science of sound. 

Acquired (ak-iui'-erd) \acqucerere, to ac- 
quire]. Obtained; especially obtained after 
birth, not inherited. 

Acraconitin [ah-kra-con'-it-in). See Pseudo- 
conitin. 

Acrania [ah-kra f -ne-ah) [d priv.; upaviov, 
skull]. The condition of a monster with 
partial or complete absence of the cranium. 

Acranial (ah-kra' '-ne-al) [d priv.; upaviov, 
skull]. Without cranium. 

Acraturesis [ah-krat-u-re* 'sis) [d/cpdrf/a, 
lack of strength ; ovprjag, micturition]. 
Inability to micturate, from atony of the 
bladder. 

Acrid (ok' -rid) \acer, acris, sharp]. Pun- 
gent, irritating. 

Acridin [ak' '-rid-in) \acer, acrid], C 13 H 9 N. 
A substance produced by heating anilin and 
salicylic aldehyd to 260 with ZnCl 2 . It 
dissolves in dilute acids with a beautiful green 
fluorescence, and has a very pungent odor. 

Acritical (ah-krit'-ik-al) [d priv.; npiaig, a 
crisis]. Without a crisis ; not relating to a 
crisis. 

Acrosesthesia [ak-ro-es-the 1 '-ze-ah). See 
Acroesthesia. 



Acroanesthesia [ak -ro-an-es- the' - ze - ak) 
[htipov, extremity; avataQriaia, want of feel- 
ing]. Anesthesia of the extremities. 

Acroasphyxia {ak-ro-as-fiks' '-e-ah) [anpov, 
extremity ; d priv.; a<j>v^ig, pulse]. Asphyxia 
of the extremities, the so-called phenomena 
of Raynaud. 

Acrocephalia [ak-ro-sef-a' '-le-ah) [d/cpov, a 
point; necpaXq, the head]. A deformity of 
the head in which the vertical diameter is 
increased and the top is more or less pointed. 

Acrocephalic, Acrocephalous {ak-ro-sef- 
al-ik, ak-ro-sef -al-us) \h\ipov, a point; 
Kt^>a?iT], the head]. Characterized by acro- 
cephalia ; having the top of the head unusu- 
ally high. 

Acrocinesis (ak-ro-sin-e'-sis) [d/cpoc, ex- 
treme ; nivrjoig, movement]. Excessive mo- 
tility ; abnormal freedom of movement, as 
seen in certain cases of hysteria. 

Acrocinetic {ak-ro-sin-ef '-ik) \_anpog, extreme ; 
KLvr/aig, movement]. Characterized by acro- 
cinesis. 

Acrodynia (ak-ro-din'-e-ah) [d/cpoc, an ex- 
tremity; bdvvT], pain]. Epidemic erythema; 
a disease closely allied to pellagra. It is 
characterized principally by pricking pains in 
the palm and soles, hyperesthesia followed 
by anesthesia of these parts, and an erythe- 
matous eruption preceded by bullae, chiefly 
on the hands and feet. This is followed by 
exfoliation and dark-brown or black pig- 
mentation. 

Acroesthesia [ak-ro-es-the' '-ze-ah) \h.Kpbg, 
extreme ; aiadrjaLg, sensation] . Exaggerated 
sensitiveness, or sensibility. 

Acrolein [ak-ro'-le-in) \_acer, sharp ; oleum, 
oil], C 3 H + 0. Acrylic aldehyd. A volatile 
liquid derived from the decomposition of 
glycerol. 

Acromania {ak-ro-ma 1 '-ne-ah) [anpog, ex- 
treme ; fiavia, madness]. Incurable or ex- 
treme insanity. 

Acromastitis [ak-ro-mas-ti'-tis) [d/cpoc, ex- 
treme ; fiaarog, nipple; itis, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the nipple. 

Acromegalia, Akromegaly [ak-ro-meg-a' '-le- 
ak, ak-ro-meg' '-al-e) [d/cpoc ; jueydl?j, large]. 
A disease characterized by an overgrowth 
of the extremities and of the face, including 
the bony as well as the soft parts. The 
etiology is unknown. In a number of cases 
the pituitary body has been enlarged ; dis- 
ease of the thyroid gland has also been found 
in some instances. 

Acromial [ak-ro' '-me-al) [d/cpoc, the summit ; 
ufiog, the shoulder]. Relating to the acro- 
mion. 

Acromio-clavicular [ak-ro' ' -me-o-kla-vik' '-u- 
lar) [anpog, the summit ; tifiog, the shoulder ; 
clavus, a key]. Relating to the acromion 
and the clavicle. 



ACPOMIO-HUMERAL 



31 



ACUPUNCTURE 



Acromio-humeral (ak-ro' -me-o-hid -mer-al) 
[anpov, the summit ; uuoq, the shoulder ; hu- 
merus]. Relating to the acromion and the 
humerus. A. Muscle, the deltoid. 

Acromion (akro f -me-on) [d/cpov, the summit ; 
&fioc, the shoulder]. The triangular-shaped 
process at the summit of the scapula. 

Acromio- thoracic (ak-ro' ' -me-o-tho-ra' '-sik) 
[acromion; Oupaz, thorax]. Relating to 
the shoulder and thorax. 

Acromphalus (ak-ro?n' -fal-us) [anpov, ex- 
tremity ; duda/og, the navel]. I. The cen- 
ter of the umbilicus, to which the cord is at- 
tached. 2. The first stage of umbilical her- 
nia, marked by a pouting of the navel. 

Acronarcotic (ak-ro-nar-kot'-ik) \acer, 
sharp; vapnovv, to benumb]. Both acrid 
and narcotic. 

Acroneurosis (ak-ro-nu-ro' 'sis) [anpov, an 
extremity; vevpov, a nerve]. Any neurosis 
manifesting itself in the extremities. 

Acronyx (ak'-ro-nix) \hnpov, an extremity; 
bwz, a nail]. The ingrowing of the nail. 

Acroparalysis (ak-ro-par-al' '-is-is) \_anpov, 
an extreme; irapa, by; "kveiv, to loose]. 
Paralysis of the extremities. 

Acroparesthesia (ak-ro-par-es-the f - ze-aJi) 
\atipov, extremity ; irapa, around ; alaQrjatc, , 
sensation]. Abnormal or perverted sensation 
in the extremities. 

Acropathology (ak-ro-path-oV -o-je) [anpov, 
an extremity ; ttclOoq, disease ; Xoyoq, treat- 
ise]. The pathology of the extremities. 

Acropathy [ak-rop' '-a-the) [d/cpov, an extrem- 
ity ; irddog, suffering]. Any disease of the 
extremities. 

Acrophobia (ak-ro-fo' '-be-ah) \_anpov, a 
height; <po{3oc, fear]. Morbid dread of be- 
ing at a great height. 

Acrotarsium (ak-ro-tar'-se-tim) [anpov, the 
summit ; rapooq, the tarsus]. The instep. 

Acrotic (ak-rot f -ik) [d priv.; uporog, a 
striking]. Relating to acrotism. 

Acrotism (ah f -krot-izm) [d priv.; uporog, 
a striking] . Any defective beating of the 
pulse ; failure of the pulse. 

Acrylaldehyd (ak-ril-al'-de-hld) \acer, 
sharp ; aldehyd~\ , C 3 H 4 0. Acrolein, the al- 
dehyd of the allyl series ; a colorless, mo- 
bile liquid, of a pungent odor. 

Actea, or Actaea (ak-te'-ah) [atcri}, the 
elder]. A genus of ranunculaceous plants 
having active medicinal qualities. A. alba, 
the white cohosh, has much the same quali- 
ties as A. spicata. A. cimicifuga is more 
important. See Cimicifuga. A. racemosa. 
See Cimicifuga. A. rubra, red cohosh, and 
A. spicata are purgative and emetic. 

Actinic (ak-tin'-ifc) [d/cr/c, a ray]. Refer- 
ring to those rays of the spectrum capable 
of producing chemic changes ; they occur in 
the violet and ultra-violet. 



Actinism (ak f -tin-izm) [d/cr/c, a ray]. The 
chemic quality of light. 

Actinomyces [ak-tin-o-mV '-sez) \aKriq, a ray ; 
fivK7]q, fungus]. A vegetable parasite, 
the cause of the disease actinomycosis. It 
is also called the Ray Fungus. It prob- 
ably belongs to the Cladothrix group of 
Schizomycetes. As seen in tissues it presents 
itself in the form of a rosette of fine fila- 
ments clubbed at their outer ends ; in the 
center are numerous coccus-like bodies, the 
spores of the organism. 

Actinomycosis (ak-tin-o-mi-co' '-sis) [d/cr/c, a 
ray; fivKrjc, a fungus]. A parasitic, infectious, 
inoculable disease first observed in cattle, and 
also occurring in man, and characterized by 
the manifestations of chronic inflammation, 
with or without suppuration, often resulting 
in the formation of granulation tumors, espe- 
cially about the jaws. The disease is due to 
the presence of a parasite, the ray fungus, or 
actinomyces. The disease is often called 
lumpy-jaw, holdfast, or wooden tongue. 

Actinomycotic {ak-tin-o-mi-kof '-ik) [d/cr/c, 
ray ; hvhtjc-, fungus]. Pertaining to or affected 
with actinomycosis. 

Action {aW -shun) \_agere, to do, or perform]. 
A doing, a working; especially the perform- 
ance of a function. A., Reflex, an in- 
voluntary movement of part of the body re- 
sulting from an impression carried by a sen- 
sory or afferent nerve to a center, and then 
sent back by an efferent nerve to the part, 
usually at or near the source of irritation. 

Active (ak'-tiv) \agere, to do or perform]. 
I. Energetic; decisive; as A. treatment. 2. 
Due to an intrinsic force as distinguished 
from passive, as A. hyperemia. 

Actual {ak' '-chu-al) \agere, to do]. Real, 
effective. A. Cautery. See Cautery. 

Actuation {ak-chu-a f -shun) \agere, to do or 
perform]. The mental function that is ex- 
ercised between the impulse of volition and 
its performance. 

Acuity (ak-td-it-e) \_acuitas ; acuere, to 
sharpen]. Acuteness or clearness, as acuity 
of vision. 

Acumeter (ah-oo'-met-er) \_anoveiv, to hear ; 
/uerpov, a measure]. An instrument for testing 
hearing. 

Acuminate (ak - u f - mitt - at) [acuminatus, 
pointed, acute] . Sharp-pointed. 

Acupressure (ak' ' -zi-presh-ur)\acus ,& needle ; 
premere, to press]. An operation to stop 
hemorrhage by compressing the artery with 
a needle inserted into the tissues upon either 
side. 

Acupuncture [ak f -u-punk-chur) \acus, a 
needle ; pungere, to prick]. Puncture of 
the skin or tissue by one or more needles for 
the relief of pain, the exit of fluid, the coag- 
ulation of blood in an aneurysm, etc, 



ACUTE 



32 



ADENOMALACIA 



Acute {ak-ut f )\_acutus, sharp]. Sharp, sharp- 
pointed, keen ; of diseases, having a rapid 
onset, a short course, and pronounced symp- 
toms and termination. 

Acuteness [ak-uf '-nes) \acutus, sharp]. The 
quality of being acute. 

Acutorsion (ak-ti-tor' -shun) \_acus, a needle ; 
torsion~\. The twisting of an artery with 
a needle as a means of controlling hemor- 
rhage. 

Acyesis {ah-si-e' '-sis) [dpriv. ; nvijatg, preg- 
nancy], I. Sterility of the female. 2. 
The absence of pregnancy. 

Ad \ad, to]. A Latin preposition, signifying 
to, toward, at, etc. Ad deliquium, to faint- 
ing. Ad libitum, at pleasure, or according 
to discretion. 

Adactylism {ah-dak' ' -til-izm) [d priv. ; 
d&KTvXog, a finger]. The absence of the 
digits. 

Adactylous {ah-dak f -til-us) [d priv.; Jd/c- 
rvAog, finger] . Without fingers or toes. 

Adam's Apple (ad'-amz ap'-fil). See Po- 
mum Adat?ii. 

Adansonia digitata [ad-an-so' '-ne-ah dij-it- 
a / -tah). The Baobab tree, a native of 
Africa. The bark is used in the form of an 
infusion, ^j to Oj, as a remedy for inter- 
mittent fever. Unof. 

Addison's Disease. Melasma suprarenale, 
dermatomelasma suprarenale, or cutis aerea 
(" bronzed skin "), a disease of the supra- 
renal capsules, first described by Addison, 
and characterized by tuberculous infiltration 
of the capsules, discoloration of the skin, 
progressive anemia, and asthenia, ending in 
death from exhaustion. Bronzed skin can 
occur without disease of the suprarenal cap- 
sules, and the latter have been the seat of 
morbid processes without an accompanying 
change in the skin. See Diseases, Table of. 
A. Keloid. See Diseases, Table of. 

Adducens (ad-du'-senz) \adducere, to bring 
toward]. An adductor, a term applied to 
certain muscles. A. Oculi, the internal 
rectus muscle of the eye. 

Adducent (ad-di/ -sent) \_addticere, to bring 
toward]. Performing adduction. 

Adduction (ad-duk f -shun) \adducere, to 
bring toward]. Any movement whereby a 
part is brought toward another or toward 
the median line of the body. 

Adductor [ad-duk' -tor) \adducere, to bring 
toward]. Any muscle effecting adduction. 

Adelomorphous {ad-el-o-mor' ' fus) \a6ifkoc, 
not evident; fJ-optpij, form]. Not clearly de- 
fined ; not having a determinate form (a term 
applied to certain cells in the gastric glands). 

Adenia [ad-e f -ne-ah) [o.6tjv, gland]. A hyper- 
plasia of the tissue of lymphatic glands lead- 
ing to the formation of tumors. A., Leu- 
kemic, adenia associated with a leukemic 



condition of the blood. A., Simple, a syno- 
nym of Hodgkin's Disease. 

Adeniform [ad-en' '-e-form) [adrjv, gland ; 
forma, resemblance]. Of the shape of a 
gland ; gland-like. 

Adenin {ad / -en-in) [adrjv, a gland — first dis- i 
covered in the pancreas], C 5 H.N 5 . The 
simplest member of the uric acid group of 
leukomains, apparently formed by polymeri- 
zation of hydrocyanic acid. It occurs, with 
other bases, as a decomposition product of 
nuclein, and may be obtained from all ani- j 
mal and vegetable tissues rich in nucleated 
cells. It crystallizes in leaflets with pearly 
luster. It exists abundantly in the liver and 
urine of leukocythemic patients. Adenin is 
not poisonous. 

Adenitis (ad-en-i'-tis) \_adrjv, gland ; trig, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of a gland. 

Adeno- [adijv, gland]. A prefix denoting 
relation to glands. 

Adenocarcinoma {ad-en-o-kar-sin-o' '-mah) 
\hdr]v, gland; napiuvog, a cancer]. Adenoma 
blended with carcinoma. 

Adenocele [ad'-en-o-sel, or ad-en-o-se / -le) 
[dd^v, gland ; Krpirj, a tumor] . A cystic 
tumor containing adenomatous elements. 

Adenocystoma {ad-en-o-sis-to' '-mah) \hdi]v, 
gland; avong, tumor; oma, tumor], A cys- 
tic adenoma. 

Adenofibroma (ad-en-o-fi-bro' '-mah) \a6rjv, 
gland; fibra, fiber]. A combination of 
adenoma and fibroma. 

Adenography [ad-en-og / -ra-fe) \a5r]v, a 
gland ; ypatyeiv, to write]. A treatise on the 
glandular system. 

Adenoid (ad / -en-oid) \_adip, gland ; e'L6og, 
resemblance]. Resembling a gland. A. 
Acne. See Lupus, Disseminated Follicular. 
A. Body, the prostate gland. A. Disease. 
Synonym of Hodgkhi' 's Disease. A. Tis- 
sue. Lymphadenoid tissue. A. Tumor. 
See Adenoma. A. Vegetations, a term 
applied to an hypertrophy of the adenoid 
tissue that normally exists in the naso-phar- 
ynx. 

Adenology {ad-en-ol f -o-je) \a6ijv, gland ; 
/.oyog, a discourse]. The science of the 
glandular system. 

Adenoma [ad-en-o 1 '-mah) [clStjv, gland ; oma, 
tumor] . An epithelial tumor constructed after 
the type of a secreting gland. A. des- 
truens, a destructive form of adenoma. 
A., Malignant, an adenomatous carcinoma. 
A., Racemose, an adenoma after the type 
of a racemose gland. A. Simplex, a tumor- 
like hyperplasia of a gland. A., Tubular, 
an adenoma after the type of a tubular 
gland. 

Adenomalacia [ad- en - o-mal- a f - she - ah) 
[adijv, a gland; fiajjuua, softening]. Ab- 
normal softening of a gland. 



ADENOMYOMA 



33 



ADONIS AESTIVALIS 



Adenomyoma (ad-en-o-vii-o f -mah) [adqv, a 
gland; //i\, a muscle; oma, tumor]. A tumor 
composed of glandular and muscular tissues. 

Adenomyxoma (ad- en - o - miks - o / - mail) 
Tudfyv, a gland ; ///'fa, mucus ; oma, tumor]. 
A growth having the characters of adenoma 
and myxoma. 

Adenopathy {ad-en-op' '-a-the) [adijv, a gland ; 
-a6og, disease]. Any disease of a gland. 

Adenopharyngitis (ad -en - o -far- in -ji f - Hi) 
[nih'/v, a gland ; (jxipvy^, the throat ; trig, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the tonsils 
and pharynx. 

Adenophthalmia (ad - en -off- thai'- me - ah) 
[adqv, gland; btpOal/uog, the eye]. Inflam- 
mation of the Meibomian glands. 

Adenosarcoma (ad-en-o-sar-ko' '-mall) [aS/jv, 
a gland ; cap!-, flesh ; oma, a tumor]. A 
tumor with the characters of adenoma and 
sarcoma. 

Adeps (ad'-eps) [L., gen., Adipis]. Lard. 
The fat obtained from the abdomen of the 
hog, composed of 38 per cent, stearin and 
margarin, and 62 per cent, olein. It forms 
70 per cent, of ceratum and 80 of unguentum. 
A. anserinus, goose grease. A. benzoi- 
natus, contains two per cent, of benzoin. 
A. lanae, lanolin. A. lanae hydrosus, hy- 
drous wool fat, the purified fat of the wool 
of the sheep. A. ovillus, mutton suet. 
Adipis, Oleum, a fixed oil expressed from 
lard. A. preparatus (B. P.), purified fat 
of the hog. Unguentum Simplex, con- 
tains white wax, benzoated lard, and almond 
oil. A. suillus, hog's lard; adeps. 

Adermia (ah-der' '-me-ali) [a priv. ; depfia, 
skin]. Absence of the skin. 

Adhesion (ad-he' '-zhun) [adhczrere, to stick 
to]. I. The attractive force between two 
dissimilar bodies that are in contact. 2. Ab- 
normal union of two surfaces as a result of 
inflammation, etc. A., Primary, called also 
Healing by First Intention and by Immediate 
Union, a method of healing of wounds by the 
production of lymph, followed by the vascu- 
larization and cicatrization of the exudate. 
A., Secondary, or Healing by Second Inten- 
tion, or by Granulation, is that mode of heal- 
ing attended by the production of pus and the 
formation of granulations. A., Plaster. See 
Emplastrum. 

Adhesive (ad-he' 'siv) [adh&rere, to adhere]. 
Sticky, tenacious. A. Inflammation, in- 
flammation accompanied by plastic exuda- 
tion, and tending to the union of apposed 
surfaces. A. Plaster. See Resin and 
Emplastrum. 

Adiantum (ad-e-an' '-turn) [a priv. ; diavrSg, 
wettable] . A genus of ferns ; the maiden- 
hair. A. capillus Veneris and A. pedatum, 
of N. America, are serviceable in coughs and 
as demulcents. 



Adipic (ad-ip'-ik) [adeps, lard]. Of or be- 
longing to fat. A. Acid. See Acid. 

Adipocere (ad' ' -ip-o-ser) [adeps, fat ; cera, 
wax]. A wax-like substance formed by the 
exposure of fleshy tissue to moisture, with 
the exclusion of air, i. e., in the earth or un- 
der water. It consists of the fatty acids 
in combination with the alkaline earths and 
ammonium. Human bodies in moist burial 
places often undergo this change. 

Adipoma (ad-ip-o f -tnah) [adeps, fat ; oma, a 
tumor: pi., Adipomatd\. A fatty tumor; 
lipoma. 

Adipose (ad'-ip-os) \_adeps, fat]. Fatty. A. 
Tissue, fatty tissue, which is distributed 
extensively through the body. It consists 
of areolar connective tissue, the cells of 
which contain fat globules. 

Adiposis (ad-ip-o' '-sis) [adeps, fat]. Cor- 
pulence ; fatty infiltration. A. dolorosa, 
a disease characterized by the formation of 
soft nodules throughout the connective tissue 
of the body, accompanied by neuralgic pains. 
A. hepatica, fatty degeneration or infiltra- 
tion of the liver. 

Adipositas (ad-ip-os / -it-as) [L.]. Fatness ; 
corpulency. 

Adiposity (ad-ip-os f -it-e). Fatness ; corpu- 
lency. 

Adipsia (ah-dip / -se-ah) [a priv.; diipa, 
thirst]. Absence of thirst. 

Aditus (ad'-it-us) [ad, to; ire, to go]. In 
anatomy, an entrance. A. laryngis, the 
entrance to the larynx. 

Adjuster (ad-jus'-ter) [Fr. , adjuster, to ad- 
just]. I. He who or that which adjusts. 2. 
A device formerly used for the forcible re- 
duction of dislocations. 

Adjustment, Coarse. The rack and pinion 
for raising or lowering the tube of a micro- 
scope a considerable distance. A., Fine, the 
micrometer screw generally at the top of the 
column of a microscope for raising or lower- 
ing the tube slowly through a short distance. 

Adjuvant (aj f -u-vant) [adjuvare, to assist]. 
A medicine that assists the action of another 
to which it is added. 

Adnex3L(ad-nehs / -ah) [ad, to ; nectere, to join]. 
Adjunct parts, as the adnexa of the uterus. A. 
bulbi, the appendages of the bulb of the eye. 

Adolescence (ad-o-les' '-ens) [adolescere, to 
grow] . Youth , or the period between puberty 
and maturity, usually reckoned as extending 
in males from about 14 to 25 years, and in 
females from 12 to 21 years. 

Adonidin (ad-on f -id-in) [Adonis']. A glu- 
cosid derived from Adonis vernalis, a plant 
indigenous in Europe andAsia. It is recom- 
mended in cardiac dropsy. Dose gr. ]/%-% 
(0.0075-0.015). Unof. 

Adonis aestivalis (ad-o'-nis es-tiv-a'-lis). 
A plant much used in Italy as a cardiac tonic. 



ADRENAL 



34 



AERTERIVERTER 



Similar properties are possessed by A. ver- 
nalis. Dose of fid. ext. TT\j-ij (0.06-0. 13). 
A., Tinctura, dose n\x-xxx (0.65-2.0). 

Adrenal {ad-re'-nal) [ad, near to; ren, the 
kidney]. I. Adjacent to the kidney. 2. 
The suprarenal capsule. 

Adrue {ad-ru'-e). Antiemetic root. The 
root of Cyperus articulatus ; it is anthel- 
mintic, aromatic, stomachic. Dose of the fid. 
ext. gtt. xx-xxx (1.3-2.) Unof. 

Advancement {ad - vans r - ment ) [Fr. 
avancer, to advance]. The act of bringing 
or going forward. Specifically, an operation 
to remedy strabismus, generally in conjunc- 
tion with tenotomy, whereby the opposite 
tendon from the over-acting one, having been 
cut, is brought forward, so that, growing fast 
in a more advanced position, it shall have 
more power to act upon the globe of the 
eye. 

Adventitia [ad-ven-tish' '-e-ah) \adventitius, 
foreign]. The external coat of a blood- 
vessel. 

Adynamia {ah-din-a* -me-ah) [d priv. ; 6b- 
va.jj.iQ, power]. Deficiency or loss of vital 
or muscular power ; prostration. 

Adynamic {ah-din-am' '-ik) [d priv. ; dvva- 
fiig, power]. Pertaining to or characterized 
by adynamia. 

JE-. See E-. 

/Egophony (e-goff'-o-ne). See Egophony. 

/Equator. See Equator. 

Aer (a'-er). See Air. 

Aerated (a'-er-a-ted) \hr/p, the atmosphere]. 
Impregnated or charged with carbon dioxid 
or air. 

Aeration {a-er-a ; -shun) [af]p, air]. The pro- 
cess of supplying or charging with air or 
with some gas, such as carbon dioxid; the 
state of being supplied with air or gas. 

Aerial {a-e f -re-al). Pertaining to the air; 
conveyed by the air, as A. conduction of 
sound waves. 

Aeriform {a-e f -re-form) \_arjp, air; forma, 
form]. Resembling air or gas. 

Aerobic [a-er-ob' '-ik) \arjp, air; j3log, life]. 
Requiring oxygen (air) in order to live. 
A term applied to those bacteria requiring 
free oxygen. Those that do not grow in 
its presence are called anaerobic. Between 
these extremes there are forms that are able 
to grow without oxygen under favorable 
conditions, though they make use of it when 
present ; others that may grow in its pres- 
ence, though flourishing best in its absence ; 
these are called respectively facultative aero- 
bic or facultative anaerobic, in distinction 
from those first mentioned, which are called 
obligatory aerobic or obligatory anaerobic. 

Aerobiotic [a-er-o-bi-of '-ik) \_arjp, air; /3luti- 
koq, pertaining to life] . Thriving only in the 
presence of air. 



Aerodynamics {a-er-o-di-nam' '-ics) [arjp, 
air ; dvvapig, power]. The branch of phys- 
ics that deals with gases in motion. 

Aerography (a-er-og' -ra-fe) \_arjp, air ; ypafyrj, 
a writing]. The description of the air and 
its qualities. 

Aerology {a-er-oV-o-je) [arjp, air; 7i6yog, 
treatise]. The science of the air and its 
qualities. 

Aerometer {a-er-om' '-et-er)\arjp, air; perpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for ascertaining 
the density of gases. 

Aerophobia [a-er-o-fo' ' -be-ah) [d^p, air ; 
<p6j3oc, fear]. Dread of a current of air. 

Aerophone (a' -er-o-fon) [a.7]p, air ; (purr?, 
sound]. An instrument for increasing the 
amplitude of sound-waves. 

Aerophore {a f -er-o-for) \_ai]p, air ; (popelv, 
to carry]. I. A device for the inflation of 
the lungs of a still-born child with air. 2. 
A breathing apparatus to be used by firemen 
and others, to prevent the inhalation of nox- 
ious gases. 

Aeroplethysmograph [a-er-o-pleth-iz' '-mo- 
graf) \_af]p, air ; 7r/.f/dog, fulness ; ypatyetv, to 
write]. An apparatus for registering graph- 
ically the expired air ; the latter raises a very 
light and carefully equipoised box placed 
over water, and this moves a writing-style. 

Aeroscope {a'-er-o-skop) \avp, air; okottsiv, 
to observe]. An instrument for estimating 
the purity of the air. 

Aeroscopy {a-er-os' -ko-pe)\hrip , air ; gkoiteIv, 
to observe], The investigation of atmos- 
pheric conditions. 

Aerostatics {a-er-o-staP '-iks) \_arjp, air ; ora- 
riKor, standing]. The branch of physics that 
treats of the properties of gases at rest. 

Aerotherapeutics, Aerotherapy (a-e-ro- 
ther-a-pu' ' -tiks, a-er-o-ther' '-a-pe) \hrip, air ; 
6epa.TT£V£iv, to heal]. A mode of treating 
disease by compressed or rarefied air or by 
other gases. 

Aerothorax {a-er-o-tho' '-raks) [o-rjp, air ; 
dupaf;, the chest]. See Pneumothorax. 

Aerotonometer {a-er-o-ton-o?n f -et-er) \_arjp, 
air ; rovdg, tension ; perpov, measure]. An 
instrument for estimating the tension of gases 
in the blood. 

Aerourethroscopy (a-er-o-u-re-thros' -ko-pe) 
\_arjp, air; ovprjdpa, urethra ; ckotteIv, to ex- 
amine]. Urethroscopy conjoined with infla- 
tion of the urethra with air. 

Aerteriversion [a-er-ter-iv-er' 'shun) [arjp, 
air; rrjpeeLv, to hold; vertere, to turn]. A 
method of arresting hemorrhage by everting 
the cut end of an artery, invaginating the 
vessel in itself, and fixing the parts by a 
needle. 

Aerteriverter {a-er-ter-iv-er' '-ter) [aijp, air ; 
TTjpeELv, to hold ; vertere, to turn]. An in- 
strument used in performing aerteriversion. 



.ERUGO 



35 



AGARIC 



iErugo (e-ru'-go) [L., gen. yEruginis\ I. 
Rust of a metal. 2. Subacetate of copper. 
JE. Ferri, the subcarbonate of iron. JE. 
Plumbi, lead carbonate, or subcarbonate. 

/Esculin (es'-ku-lin). See Esculin. 

JEsculus hippocastanum (es'-ku-lus hip-o- 
kas-ta'-num) [L.]. Horse-chestnut. The 
fruit of the common "buckeye," or horse- 
chestnut. It is recommended in hemorrhoids. 
Dose gr. iij (0.20). Unof. 

^Estates {es-ta'-tez) [L.,//.]. Freckles, or 
sunburn. 

/Esthesio- (es-the'-ze-o). For all com- 
pounds of this word see Esthesio-. 

iEsthesis (es-the' -sis). See Esthesis. 

JEsthesodic (es-the-sod'-ik). See Esthesodic. 

iEstival (es'-tiv-al). See Estiva/. 

./Estivation {es-Hv-a/ -shuri). See Estivation. 

/Etas (e'-tas) [L.]. Age; a period of life. 
See Age. 

/Ether (e'-ther). See Ether. 

/Ethyl (eth'-il). See Ethyl. 

Etiology (e-te-ol'-o-je). See Etiology. 

Afebrile {ah-feb' '-ril) [a priv.; febrilis, fever- 
ish]. Without fever. 

Affection (af-ek'-shun) \afficere, to affect]. 
Disease. 

Affective {af-ek f -tiv) \affcere, to affect]. 
Exciting emotion. A. Faculties, the emo- 
tions and propensities — especially those pe- 
culiar to man. A. Insanity, emotional or 
impulsive insanity. 

Afferent {af'-er-ent) \afferens, carrying to]. 
Carrying toward the center. Of nerves: 
conveying impulses toward the central nerv- 
ous system ; sensory, centripetal. Of blood- 
vessels : those, as the arteries, conveying 
blood to the tissues. Of lymphatics : those 
conveying lymph to a lymphatic gland. 

Afferentia, or Vasa afferentia (va'-sah af- 
er- en' -she- ah) [L.]. I. The lymphatic ves- 
sels. 2. Any vessels carrying blood or 
lymph to an organ. 

Affiliation {afil-e-a f -shun) [ad, to ; Jilius, 
son]. In medical jurisprudence, the act of 
imputing or affixing the paternity of a child 
in order to provide for its maintenance. 

Affinity [af-iri ' -it-e) [affinis, akin to]. Re- 
lationship. Attraction. A., Chemic, the 
force, exerted at inappreciable distances, 
that unites atoms of different substances. 
A., Elective, the preference of one substance 
for another. 
Afflux {af'-lux) \affluere, affluxus, to flow 
toward]. The flow of the blood or other 
liquid to a part. 
Affusion [af-u'-zhun) \_affundere, to pour 
upon] . The pouring of water upon an object, 
as upon the body in fever, to reduce temper- 
ature and calm nervous symptoms. 
African {af'-rik-an) \_Africa\ Pertaining 
to Africa. A. Arrow poison. See Stro- 



phanthus. A. Fever. Synonym of Dengue. 
A. Gum, gum arabic. A. Lethargy, or 
Nelavan, a "sleeping sickness" affecting 
negroes of the West African coast. Increas- 
ing somnolence is the characteristic symptom. 
It is very fatal. Death from exhaustion 
follows in from three to six months. 
After (af-ter) [A. S., after, back]. I. The 
anus. The buttocks. 2. Next in succession. 
A. -Action, the negative variation in an elec- 
tric current continuing for a short time in 
a tetanized muscle. A. -Birth, the popular 
designation of the placenta, cord, and mem- 
branes. A. -Brain. See Hindbrain and 
Metencephalon. A. - Cataract, Cataracta 
Secundaria ; an opacity of the media of the 
eye after operation for cataract due to opaci- 
fication of the capsule or to non-absorp- 
tion of the remains of the lens-substance. 
A. -Hearing, a condition in which sounds 
are heard after the wave-motion that pro- 
duces them has ceased. A. -Images, con- 
tinued retinal impressions after the stimulus 
of the light or image has ceased to act. 
A positive after-image is a simple prolonga- 
tion of the sensation ; a negative after-image 
is the appearance of the image in comple- 
mentary colors. A. -Pains. See Pains. 
A. -Perception, the perception of a sensa- 
tion after the stimulus has passed away. A.- 
Sensation, a sensation lasting longer than 
the stimulus producing it. A. -Taste, a 
gustatory sensation produced some time after 
the stimulus has been removed. 
Agalactia [ah-gal-ak'-te-ah) [a priv.; ydla, 
milk]. Failure of secretion of the milk after 
childbirth. 
Agar- agar {a' -gar- a ; -gar) [Ceylon]. A 
kind of glue made from certain sea-weeds, 
such as Gracilaria lichenoides and Gigar- 
tina speciosa, used in medicine to make sup- 
positories, and in bacteriologic studies in 
the preparation of culture media. 
Agaric [ag-ar'-ik). Touchwood; Spunk; 
Tinder; the product of different species of 
Boletus, a genus of mushrooms. Boletus 
laricis, Polvporus officinalis — is the white or 
purging agaric. Agaricin is an impure al- 
coholic extract, which in doses of 1-3 grains 
(0.065-0.19) [U. S. Dispensatory] gr. ^-\ 
(0.005-0.01) [Brunton] is valuable in the 
night-sweats of pulmonary tuberculosis. 
Agaric or Agaricinic acid, in doses of gr. 
T i__i (0.0038-0.02) is also useful in night- 
sweats. A., Ext. Dose gr. iij— vj (0.19- 
0.39). A.,Tinct. Dose nyij-xx (0.19-1.3). 
A. chirurgoru?7i, Boletus chirurgorum, Sur- 
geon's Agaric, a parasitic fungus formerly 
used for Moxa. Soaked in solution of 
potassium nitrate it forms spunk. A. mus- 
carius, Fly Agaric, a poisonous mushroom, 
contains an alkaloid, Muscarin. Dose of 



AGARICIN 



36 



AGRYPNOTIC 



the alkaloid gr. ^$-ij (0.008-0. 13). Mus- 
carin Nitrate, used hypodermatically. Dose 
g r - tVI (0.0065-0.048). 

Agaricin {ag-ar' -is-hi) [see Agaric - ], 
C 16 H 30 O 5 -\- H 2 0. A white crystalline sub- 
stance, the active principle of Agaricus 
albus. It has proved useful in the night 
sweats of pulmonary tuberculosis. Dose gr. 
?V~rfr (0.0032-0.0065). Unof. 

Agaster (ah-gas f -ter) [d priv. ; yacrrjp, the 
stomach]. One without a stomach. 

Agastric [ah-gas' -trie) [a priv. ; yaarijp, the 
stomach]. "Without an intestinal canal, as 
the tape- worms. 

Agathin (ag'-ath-iri) [ayadoc, good], C 6 H 4 - 
(OH).CH.N.N.(CH 3 ).C 6 H 5 . A greenish- 
white, crystalline substance, obtained by the 
interaction of salicylic aldehyd and alpha- 
methyl-phenyl-hydrazin. It is used as an anti- 
neuralgic in doses of eight grains (0.52) two 
or three times daily. Its action is cumula- 
tive. Unof. 

Agave (a-ga'-ve) [ayavi], noble]. A large 
genus of amaryllidaceous plants, natives of 
North America. A. americana, American 
Aloe, the leaves of a plant growing in 
North America. It is diuretic and antisyph- 
ilitic. Dose of the fid. ext. 3 ss-j (2.0-4.0). 
The fresh juice is also similarly employed. 
The fermented juice, called pulque, is a 
moderately stimulant drink, very popular in 
Mexico. Unof. 

Agenesia, Agenesis [ah-jen-e f -se-ah, 
ah-je7i' ' -es-is) [d priv.; ykvzoiq, generation]. 
Absent development. 

Agenosomus [ah-jen-o-so f -mus) [d priv. ; 
yevvav, to beget; acbjua, body]. A variety 
of single autositic monsters, of the species 
Celosoma, in which there is a lateral or me- 
dian eventration occupying principally the 
lower portion of the abdomen, while the 
genital and urinary organs are either absent 
or very rudimentary. 

Ageusia [ah - gu' '- se - all) [d priv.; yevoLQ, 
taste]. Abolition of the sense of taste. 

Agglomerate {ag-lom' '-er-dt) \agglomerare, 
to wind into a ball]. Grouped or clustered. 

Agglutinant [ag-lu' '-tin-ant) \_agghitinare , to 
paste to]. See Agglutinative. 

Agglutinate [ag-lu f -tin-at) \_agglutinare , to 
paste to]. To glue together ; to unite by 
adhesion. 

Agglutination {ag-lu-tin-a f -shun) \_aggluti- 
nare, to glue to]. A joining together. 

Agglutinative [ag-lu' ' -tin-a-tiv) \_agglulmai-e , 
to glue upon or to]. I. Favoring aggluti- 
nation ; adhesive. 2. Any substance with 
adhesive properties, fitted to retain the edges 
of wounds in apposition. 4 

Aggregate iag' ' -re-gdt) \ad, to ; gregare, to 
collect into a flock]. Grouped into a mass. 

Aglobulia [ah-glo-bu' '-le-ah) [d priv. ; globu- 



lus, a globule]. A decrease in the quantity 
of red blood corpuscles. 

Aglossia (ah-glos' '-e-ah) [d priv. ; yXuaaa, the 
tongue]. Absence of the tongue. 

Aglossus [ah-glos f -us) [d priv.; y?M(jca, the 
tongue]. A person without a tongue. 

Agmatology [ag-mat-oV -o-je) [dy/zdc, a frac- 
ture ; Aoyoq, discourse]. The science or 
study of fractures. 

Agminate {ag'-min-at) \_agmen, a multitude] . 
Aggregated, clustered. A. Glands. See 
Gland, Peyer's. 

Agnail (ag'-ndl) [A. S., angncegl]. 1. 
Hangnail. 2. A whitlow. 3. A corn. 

Agnathia [ag-na f -the-ah) [d priv. ; yvadoq, a 
jaw]. Absence or defective development of 
the jaws. 

Agnin (ag'-nin) \agnus, a lamb]. A fatty 
substance derived from sheep's wool. 

Agomphious [ah-gom f -fe-tts)\_a-px\v.; yojudcog, 
a tooth] . ^Yithout teeth. 

Agomphosis iah-gom-fo' '-sis) [dpriv. ; yofityloq, 
a tooth]. I. Absence of the teeth. 2. A 
loosening of the teeth. 

Agony (ag / -o-ne) [ayuvia, a contest or strug- 
gle]. Violent pain; extreme anguish; the 
death-struggle. 

Agoraphobia [ag-o-ra-fo' -be-ah) \_ayopa, a 
market-place, assembly; (p63og, fear]. A 
morbid fear of open places or spaces. 

Agrammatism \ah-gram f -at-izrn) [d priv. ; 
ypd/uua, a word]. A phenomenon of aphasia, 
consisting in the inability to form words gram- 
matically, or the suppression of certain words 
of a phrase ; a form of aphasia. 

Agraphia [ah-gra f -fe-ah) [d priv. ; ypdd>eiv, 
to write]. Inability to express ideas by writ- 
ing. In some cases not a single letter can be 
formed [A., Absolute or Literal) ; in others, 
letters are strung together in a manner re- 
sembling words, but without meaning [A., 
Verbal ) . 

Agraphic (ah-gra' '-fik) [d priv. ; ypadetv, to 
write]. Affected with agraphia. 

Agria [ag' -re-ah) [hypLoq, wild]. A pustular 
eruption ; malignant pustule ; herpes. 

Agrimony {ag' ' -rim-o-ne) \aypoq, a field 
fiovoc, alone]. The root of Agri?tionia eufia 
toria, a mild astringent. Dose of fid. ext 
^ss-ij (2.0-8.0). Unof. 

Agriothymia (ag-re-o-thi f -me-ah) \_aypioq 
wild ; Ovuoq, mind, will]. Maniacal fury 

Agrippa [ah -grip' -ah) [L.]. A person born 
with the feet foremost. 

Agromania {ag-ro-ma' '-ne-ah) [aypog, a field 
juavla, madness]. A mania for living in the 
country. 

Agrypnia {ah-grip' -ne-ah) [d priv.; imvoc 
sleep]. Loss of sleep, insomnia. 

Agrypnotic [ah-grip-not' -ik) [d priv.; vtzvoc, 
sleep]. I. Preventing sleep. 2. A medicine 
that prevents sleep. 



AGUE 



37 



AL 



Ague (a'-gu)\_acutus, sharp, acute ; Fr., aigu~\. 
Malarial or intermittent fever, characterized 
by paroxysms, consisting of chill, fever, and 
sweating, at regularly recurring times, and 
followed by an interval or intermission the 
length of which determines the epithets, 
quotidian, tertian, etc. In some cases there 
is a double paroxysm, and hence called double 
quotidian, double tertian, etc. The duration 
of each paroxysm varies from two to twelve 
hours. See Malarial Fever. A., Aden. See 
Dengue. A., Brass-founders', a disease 
common among brass-founders, characterized 
by symptoms somewhat resembling an im- 
perfect attack of intermittent fever, the re- 
currence of the paroxysms, however, being 
irregular. The direct cause is generally 
thought to be the inhalation of the fumes of 
deflagrating zinc or "spelter." A., Brow, 
intermittent neuralgia of the brow. A. Cake, 
chronic enlargement of the spleen in diseases 
of malarial origin. A., Catenating, ague 
associated with other diseases. A. Drop. 
See Fowler's Solution. A., Dumb, latent 
ague ; masked ague ; ague without well- 
marked chill, and with at most only partial 
or slight periodicity. A., Latent. See A. , 
Dumb. A., Masked. See A., Dumb. A. 
Tree, common Sassafras. A. Weed. I. 
See Grindelia. 2. The Fupatorium perfo- 
lialum, or thorough- wort. 

Ailanthus {a-lan' '-thus) [Malacca, Ailanto, 
" tree of heaven "]. The bark of A. glan- 
dulosa, commonly known as Tree of Heaven. 
Its properties are due to an oleoresin and a 
volatile oil. It is a nauseant and drastic 
purgative, and an excellent anthelmintic 
against tape- worm. A., Ext. Fid. Dose 
rr^x-^j (0.65-4.0). A., Tinct. Dose 
TTix-sij (0.65-8.0) 

Ailment \dV-menf) [M.E., eyle~\. A dis- 
ease ; sickness ; complaint. 

Ainhum (in f -huni) [Negro word, meaning to 
saw\ A disease of Guinea and Hindostan, 
peculiar to negroes, in which the little toes 
are slowly and spontaneously amputated at 
about the digitoplantar fold. The process is 
very slow, is unaccompanied by any constitu- 
tional symptoms, and its cause is unknown. 
It sometimes attacks the great toe. 

Air \ai)p, from aetv, to blow, or breathe]. The 
atmosphere. Atmospheric air consists of a 
mixture of 77 parts by weight, or 79.19 by 
volume, of nitrogen, and 23 parts by weight, 
or 20.81 by volume, of oxygen, with 3.7 to 
6. 2 parts by volume of C0 2 in 10,000 parts. It 
also contains traces of ammonia,argon, nitrites, 
and organic matter. By virtue of its oxygen 
it is able to sustain respiration. 100 cubic 
inches weigh 30,935 grains. The pressure 
of the air at sea-level is about 14^ pounds 
upon the square inch. A., Alkaline, free or 



volatile ammonia. A., Azotic, nitrogen. 
A. Bag. See A. Cushion. A. Bath, 
therapeutic exposure to air which may be 
heated, condensed, or variously medicated. 
A. -bed, an air-tight, rubber mattress, in- 
flated with air, employed in conditions re- 
quiring long confinement to bed. A.- 
bladder. See A. -vesicle. A. -cell, an air- 
sac ; an air-vesicle of the lung. A., Comple- 
mental, the amount of air that can still be 
inhaled after an ordinary inspiration. A. 
Conduction, a method of testing the hear- 
ing-power by means of a watch held at 
varying distances from the ear, or by the 
employment of a number of tuning forks of 
varying pitch. A. -cure, the therapeutic 
employment of air. A. -cushion, a cush- 
ion filled with air, and usually made of soft 
india-rubber. A., Dephlogisticated, an 
old name for oxygen. A. -douche, the 
inflation of the middle ear through the nose. 
A. -embolism, the entrance of free air into 
the blood-vessels during life. A., Expired, 
that driven from the lungs in expiration. 
A., Fixed, an old name for carbon dioxid. 
A., Inspired, that taken into the lungs on 
inspiration. A., Mephitic, carbon dioxid. 
A. Passages, the nares, mouth, larynx, 
trachea, and bronchial tubes. A. -pump, an 
apparatus for exhausting or compressing air. 
A., Reserve or Supplemental, the air that 
can still be exhaled after an ordinary expira- 
tion. A., Residual, that remaining in the 
lungs after the most complete expiration pos- 
sible. A. -sac. See Air-vesicle. A., Sta- 
tionary, that remaining in the lungs during 
normal respiration. A., Supplemental. See 
A. , Reserve. A. -tester, an instrument for 
testing the purity of the air. A., Tidal, 
that taken in and given out at each respira- 
tion. A. -vesicles, the alveoli of the lung, 
the ultimate division of the air-passages. 
A., Vital, an old name for Oxygen. 

Akanthion [a-kan'-the-ori). See Acanthion. 

Akatamathesia (ah-kat-am-ath-e* '-ze-ah) [d 
priv. ; Kara/j.a6)/!jtg, understanding]. Inabil- 
ity to understand. 

Akinesia, Akinesis (ah-kin-e'-se-ah, ah-khi- 
e'-sis) [d priv.; Kivriaiq, motion]. Absent 
or imperfect motion. A. Algera, an 
affection characterized by abstinence from 
voluntary movement on account of pain, 
which any active muscular effort causes. 
The condition is probably a form of neu- 
rasthenia. 

Akromegaly {ak-ro-meg' '-a-le). See Acro- 
megalia. 

Al. I. The Arabic definite article, the, pre- 
fixed to many words to designate pre-emi- 
nence, etc., as alkali, alcohol. 2. A chemic 
suffix denoting similarity to or derivation 
from an aldehyd, as chloral, butyral, etc. 



ALA 



38 



ALBUMINOSE 



Ala [a'-lah) [L. , a wing: pi., Al<z\. A 
wing. A. Auris, the pinna of the ear. A. 
cinerea, a triangular space of gray matter 
in the fourth ventricle of the brain, proba- 
bly giving origin to the pneumogastric 
nerves. A. majores. I. The greater wings 
of the sphenoid. 2. The external labia pu- 
dendi. A. minores. ■ I. The lesser wings of 
the sphenoid. 2. The labia minora pudendi. 
A. Nasi, the lateral cartilage of the nose. 
A. parvae, the lesser wings of the sphenoid. 
A. Pontis. See Ponticulus. A. Pulmo- 
num, the lobes of the lung. A. of Sacrum, 
the flat triangular surface of bone extending 
outward from the base of the sacrum, sup- 
porting the psoas magnus muscle. A. Ves- 
pertilionis, the broad ligament of the uterus. 
A. Vulva?, the labia of the pudendum. 

Alalia [al-a f -le-ah) [a priv.; XaJua, talk]. 
Impairment of articulation from paralysis of 
the muscles of speech or from local laryn- 
geal disease. 

Alantin (al-an f -tin). Same as Inulin. 

Alanthol [al-an'-thol), C 20 H 22 O. Inulol. An 
aromatic liquid obtained from elecampane ; 
used like creosote in pulmonary tuberculosis. 

Alar {a f -lar) [a la, wing]. Winglike. A. 
Ligaments, lateral synovial folds of the lig- 
ament of the knee-joint. A. Odontoid 
Ligaments, lateral ligaments of the odon- 
toid process. 

Alate (a'-ldt) [a la, a wing]. Winged. 

Albedo (al-be / -do) [L., "whiteness"]. 
Whiteness. A. retinae, retinal edema. A. 
unguis, the lunula of the nail. 

Albescent [al-bes'-ent) [albescere, to become 
white] . Whitish. 

Albicans [aV -be-kanz) [albicare, to grow 
white]. White; whitish. 

Albicantia [al-be-kan* ' -she-ah) [L.]. Plural 
of Albicans. 

Albinism, Albinismus {aV-bin-izm, al- 
bin-iz f -mus) [albus, white]. Congenital 
Achroma ; Congenital Leukoderma. That 
condition of the skin in which there is a 
congenital absence of pigment involving its 
entire surface, including the hair and the 
choroid coats and irides of the eyes. It is 
usually associated with nystagmus, photo- 
phobia, and astigmatism. 

Albino (al-bi'-no) [Sp.]. A person affected 
with albinism. 

Albinotic (al-bin-ot f -ik) [Sp.]. Affected 
with albinism. 

Albolene {al f -bo-len) [albus, white ; oleum, 
oil]. A hydrocarbon oil, colorless, tasteless, 
odorless, used as an application to inflamed 
surfaces. 

Albuginea {al-bu-jin' '-e-ali) [albus, white]. 
White, or whitish. A. oculi, the sclerotic 
coat of the eye. A. ovarii, and testis, the 
tunica albuginea of the ovary and testicle. 



Albugineous {al-bu-jin f -e-us) [albus, white]. 
Whitish. 

Albumen [al-bu' '-men) [albus, white]. The 
white of an egg. See Albumin. 

Albumimeter [al-bu-mim' '-et-er) [albumen ; 
jierpov, measure]. An instrument for the 
quantitive estimation of albumin in urine. 

Albumin [al-bu' '-min) [albus, white]. A 
proteid substance, the chief constituent of 
the animal tissues. Its molecule is highly 
complex. It is soluble in water and coagu- 
lable by heat. It contains the following 
elements: Carbon 51.5 to 54-5; hydrogen 
6.9 to 7.3; nitrogen 15.2 to 17.0 ; oxygen 
20.9 to 23.5 ; sulphur 0.3 to 2.0. Its ap- 
proximate formula is C 72 H 112 N 18 22 S. Al- 
bumen, white of egg, often called albumin, 
is largely composed of it. Other varieties 
are called after their sources or characteristic 
reactions, as acid-albumin, alkali-albumin, 
muscle-, serum-, ovum-, vegetable-albumin, 
etc. A., Blood. See Serum-albztmin. A., 
Caseiform, that variety not coagulated by 
heat, but precipitated by acids. A., Circu- 
lating, that found in the fluids of the body. 
A., Derived, a modification of albumin 
resulting from the action of certain chemicals 
upon native albumin. A., Muscle-, a 
variety found in muscle-juice. A., Native, 
any albumin occurring normally in the 
tissues. A., Organic, that forming an inte- 
gral part of the tissue. A., Serum-. See 
Serum-albumin. A., Vegetable, that found 
in various vegetable juices. 

Albuminate [al-bu 1 '-min-at) [albus, white]. 
A compound of albumin and certain bases, 
as albuminate of iron. 

Albuminiferous [al-bu-min-if -er-us) [albu- 
?nin ; ferre, to bear]. Yielding albumin. 

Albuminimeter [al-bu-min-im 1 '-et-er). See 
Albutnimeter. 

Albuminogenous [al- bu - min - oj f - en - us) 
[albumin ; yzvvav, to produce] . Producing 
albumin. 

Albuminoid [al - bu r -min-oid) [albumin ; 
eidoc, form]. I. Resembling albumin. 
Applied to certain compounds having many 
of the characteristics of albumin. 2. Any 
nitrogenous principle of the class of which 
normal albumin may be regarded as the type. 
A. Disease. See Amyloid Degeneration. 

Albuminometer [al-bu-min-om' '-et-er) . See 
Albumimeter. 

Albuminone [al-bu 1 '-min-on) [albumin] . 
A principle derived from certain albumi- 
noids ; it is soluble in alcohol, and is not 
coagulable by heat. 

Albuminorrhea (al-bu-min-or-e / -ali) [albu- 
min ; poia, a flow]. Excessive discharge of 
albumins. 

Albuminose [al-bu^-min-os) [albumin']. I. 
A product of the digestion of fibrin or any 



ALBUMINOUS 



39 



ALCOHOLATURE 



albuminoid in very dilute hydrochloric acid ; 
acid albumin. 2. Albumose, or one of the 
products of the digestion of albumin by the 
gastric juice. 

Albuminous [al-bnf -min-tti) \albumin\. 
Containing, or of the nature of, albumin. 

Albuminuria (al-bu-min-zi'-re-ah) [albu- 
min ; ovpov, urine]. The presence in the 
urine of albumin, usually serum-albumin. 
Albumin in the urine may result from disease 
of the kidneys or from the admixture of 
blood or pus to the urine. Its presence is 
sometimes not accounted for by either of 
these causes. See A., Cyclic. A. of Ado- 
lescence. See A., Cyclic. A. Adventi- 
tious. See A., Pseudo-. A. Cardiac, that 
due to chronic valvular disease. A. Cyclic, 
a condition also known as physiologic, 
simple, functional, or transient albuminuria, 
or the albuminuria of adolescence, in which 
a small quantity of albumin appears in the 
urine, especially of the young, at stated 
times of the day; hence the term " cyclic' 
The nature of this phenomenon is not posi- 
tively known, but it is probably the result 
of some changes in the renal circulation. 
A., Dietetic, that due to the ingestion of 
certain forms of food. A., False, a mix- 
ture of albumin with the urine during its 
transit through the urinary passages, where 
it may be derived from blood, pus, or spe- 
cial secretions that contain albumin. A., 
Febrile, that due to fever, or associated 
with acute infectious diseases, slight changes 
occurring in the glomeruli without organic 
lesion. A., Functional. See A., Cyclic. 
A., Gouty, albumin in the urine of elderly 
persons, who secrete a rather dense urine 
containing an excess of urea. A., Intrin- 
sic. See A., True. A., Mixed, the pres- 
ence of a true with a pseudo-albuminuria. 
A., Nephrogenous, that due to renal dis- 
ease. A., Neurotic, that due to nervous 
disorders. A., Paroxysmal. See A., 
Cyclic. A., Physiologic, the presence of 
albumin in normal urine, without appreci- 
able coexisting renal lesion or diseased 
condition of the system. A., Pseudo-, A., 
Adventitious ; albuminuria dependent upon 
the presence of such fluids as blood, pus, 
lymph, spermatic fluid, or the contents of an 
abscess cavity, in the urine. A., Simple. 
See A., Cyclic. A., Temporary, that last- 
ing but for a short time. A., Transient. 
See A. , Cyclic. A., True, A., Intrinsic; 
that due to the excretion of a portion of the 
albuminous constituents of the blood with 
the water and salts of the urine. 

Albuminuric [al-bu-min-u' '-rik) \_albumin ; 
ovpov, urine]. Associated with, of the 
nature of, or affected by, albuminuria. 

Albumose {a I' '-bu-mos) \_albumin\ Any 



albuminoid substance ranking among the first 
products of the splitting up of proteids by 
enzymes, and intermediate between the food- 
albumins and the typical peptones. Accord- 
ing to Kiihne there are at least two albu- 
moses, antialbnmose and hetnialbumose. The 
latter yields the following : Protalbumose, 
deuteroalbumose, heteroalbumose, and dysal- 
bumose. 

Albumosuria [al-bu-mos-u' '-re-ali) [albu- 
mose ; ovpov, urine]. The presence of al- 
bumose in the urine. 

Alchemy (al f -kein-e) [Arab., of doubtful 
derivation]. The supposed art of the trans- 
mutation of metals (into gold) and of finding 
a remedy for all diseases. 

Alcohol [al'-ko-hol) [Arab., al-kohU, the fine 
powder for staining eyelids]. I. Any com- 
pound of an organic hydrocarbon radicle 
with hydroxyl. Alcohols are classed as 
nionacid (monatomic) , diacid (diatomic) , and 
triacid (tri atomic), according to the number 
of hydroxyl radicles present in the mole- 
cules. 2. Ethyl alcohol, C 2 H 6 0. A liquid 
obtained by the distillation of fermented 
grain or starchy substance. It is inflamma- 
ble, colorless, and possesses a pungent odor 
and burning taste. Internally, it is a cerebral 
excitant and cardiac stimulant ; in large doses 
a depressant, narcotic poison, producing mus- 
cular incoordination, delirium, and coma. 
It exists in wine, whisky, brandy, beer, 
etc., and gives to them their stimulant prop- 
erties. Commercial alcohol contains 91 
per cent, of absolute alcohol, with 9 per 
cent, of water. It is valuable as a cardiac 
stimulant in acute failure of the heart's action 
and in adynamic conditions. A., Benzyl, 
C 7 H 8 0, obtained from benzaldehyd by the 
action of sodium amalgam. A. deodora- 
tum, deodorized alcohol, containing 92.5 per 
cent, by weight of ethyl alcohol and 7.5 per 
cent, of w r ater. A., Dilute, composed of 41 
per cent., by weight, of alcohol. A., Ethyl. 
See Alcohol. A., Methyl, CH 4 0, commonly 
known as "Wood Spirit." A., Phenic. 
See Acid, Carbolic. A., Primary, A., 
Secondary, A., Tertiary, an alcohol pro- 
duced by the replacement of one, two, or 
three hydrogen atoms in carbinol by alkyls. 
A., Unsaturated, those derived from the 
unsaturated alkylens in the same manner as 
the normal alcohols are obtained from their 
hydrocarbons. In addition to the general 
character of alcohols, they are also capable 
of directly binding two additional affinities. 

Alcoholate [aV -ko-hol-df) [see Alcohol\ 1. 
A chemic compound, as a salt, into which an 
alcohol enters as a definite constituent. 2. A 
preparation made with alcohol. 

Alcoholature {aV ' -ko-hol-at-chur) [ Fr. al- 
coolature']. An alcoholic tincture. 



ALCOHOLIC RADICLE 



40 



ALGESTHESIS 



Alcoholic Radicle, the name applied to 
the hydrocarbon radicle that unites with 
hydrogen and oxygen to form an alcohol. 

Alcoholica [al-ko-hol' ' -ik-ah) [see Alcohol~\. 
In pharmacy, alcoholic preparations. 

Alcoholimeter (al-ko-hol-im'-it-er). See Al- 
coholometer. 

Alcoholism (al'-ko-hol-ism) [see Alcohol]. 
The morbid results of excessive or prolonged 
use of alcoholic liquors. The term acute A. 
has been used as a synonym for inebriety. 
The chronic form is associated with severe 
disturbances of the digestive and nervous 
systems. 

Alcoholization (al-ko-hol-iz-a f -shun) [see 
Alcohol']. The art or process of alcoholizing ; 
the state of being alcoholized ; the product 
of the process of alcoholizing. 

Alcoholize (al f -ko-hol-lz) [see Alcohol]. I. 
To impregnate with alcohol. 2. To convert 
into an alcohol. 

Alcoholometer (al-ko-hol-o?n' -et-er) [alcohol ; 
fierpov, a measure] . An hydrometer or other 
instrument used in determining the percent- 
age of alcohol in any liquid. 

Alcoholophilia (al-ko-hol-o-fil' '-e-ah) [alco- 
hol ; (pi?,eeiv, to love]. The appetite for 
strong drink ; a craving for intoxicants. 

Aldehyd {al f -de-Jiid ) [al, the first syllable of 
alcohol ; dehyd, from dehydrates] . I . A 
class of compounds intermediate between al- 
cohols and acids, derived from their corre- 
sponding primary alcohols by the oxidation 
and removal of two atoms of hydrogen, and 
converted into acids by the addition of an 
atom of oxygen. They contain the group 
COH. 2. C 2 H 4 0. Alcohol deprived of two 
atoms of hydrogen, or acetic aldehyd. It is a 
colorless, limpid liquid, with a characteristic 
odor. A., Anisic, C 8 H 8 2 , results on oxidiz- 
ing various essential oils (anise, fennel, etc.,) 
with dilute HN0 3 . A., Benzoic, C 7 H 6 0. 
Benzaldehyd, the oil of bitter almonds. A., 
Cinnamic, C 9 H 8 0, the chief ingredient of the 
essential oil of cinnamon and cassia. A., 
Formic, CH 2 0, Formaldehyde is said to be 
microbicidal and antiseptic. See Formal- 
dehyd. 

Ale (al) [A. S., ealw\ An alcoholic bever- 
age brewed from malt and hops. It con- 
tains from three to seven per cent, of al- 
cohol. 

Alecithal (ah-les' '-ith-al) [a priv.; ?xkl6oq, 
yolk]. A term applied to certain ova having 
the food-yolk absent, or present only in very 
small quantity. 

Alembic (al-em' -Ink) [Arab., al, the ; au(3i^, 
a cup]. A vessel used for distillation. 

Alembroth [al-em' '-broth) [origin unknown]. 
An old name for a compound of the chlorid 
of ammonium and mercury. Its solution 
has been used as an antiseptic. 



Aleppo Boil, Button, Evil, Pustule, or 
Ulcer. See Furunculus orientalis. 

Aletris (al'-et-ris). Star Grass, Unicorn 
Root, Starwort, Colic Root. The root of A. 

farinosa. It is tonic, diuretic, and anthel- 
mintic, and was formerly a popular domestic 
remedy in colic, dropsy, and chronic rheuma- 
tism. Dose of Ad. ext. TT^x— xxx (0.65—2.0) ; 
of tincture (1 in 8 proof spirit) ^i-ij (4.0- 
8.0) ; of aletrin, the extractive, gr. j^-iv 
(0.016-0.26). A. Cordial. Dose 3J (4.0) 
three times daily. Unof. 

Aleukemia (ah-lu-ke' '-me-ah) [a priv.; /.evKog, 
white ; alpa, blood]. Deficiency in the pro- 
portion of white cells in the blood. 

Aleurometer (al-tt-rom'-el-er) [a/.evpov, 
flour ; perpov, a measure]. An instrument 
used for the examination of crude gluten as 
to its power of distending under the influence 
of heat, as a means of judging of the value 
of a flour for bread-making. 

Aleuronat (al-u f -ro-nat) [aJ.zvpov, flour]. 
A vegetable albumin used as a substitute for 
bread in cases of diabetes. 

Aleuroscope (al-u' '-ro-skop) [a/.evpov, flour; 
ano-e.lv, to view]. See Aleurometer. 

Alexanderism (al-eks-an' -der-izm) [Alexan- 
der, the Macedonian King]. The insanity 
of conquest. 

Alexia (al-eks'-e-ah) [a priv.; tet-vg, word]. 
Word-blindness. A form of aphasia, in 
which the patient is unable to recognize 
written or printed characters. A., Musical, 
musical blindness ; loss of the ability to read 
music. 

Alexin (al-eks' '-in) [a/.e^ic, help]. A defen- 
sive proteid existing normally in the blood. 

Alexipharmac, or Alexipharmic [al-eks-e- 
far' ' -mak, or -mik) [a/l^ecv, to repel ; odpp- 
anov, a poison] . A medicine neutralizing a 
poison. 

Alexipharmacon (al- eks - e -far' - mak - on) 
[a?,e$;Etv, to repel ; dappanov, a poison] . Any 
alexipharmac medicine. 

Algae (al'-je) [alga, a seaweed]. A group of 
acotyledonous plants, living mostly in the 
water. 

Algaroth [al'-gar-oth) [It., Algarotli, the 
Veronese physician] . Oxychlorid of antimony. 

Algesia (al-je' '-ze-ah) [aAyrjGig, pain]. Pain; 
suffering. 

Algesimeter (al-jes-im'-et-er) [aAyrjciq, pain ; 
perpov, a measure]. An instrument for de- 
termining the acuteness of the sense of pain. 
A., Boas', an instrument consisting of a pad 
and spring, used to determine the relative 
sensitiveness over the epigastrium. The 
normal tolerance is 9 to 10 kilograms. 
In cases of gastric ulcer, I to 2 kilograms. 

Algesthesis, or Algaesthesis (al-jes-the'-sis) 
[a'/c/oc, pain ; aladfjo-^, feeling]. The percep- 
tion of pain ; painful disease. 



ALGID 



41 



ALKALOID 



Algid {al'-jid) [algidus, cold]. Cold, chilly. 
A. Fever, a pernicious intermittent fever, 
with great coldness of the surface of the body. 
A. Cholera, the cold stage of Asiatic cholera. 

Algometer ( al-gom'-et-er ) [a2yog, pain ; 
uerpov, a measure]. An instrument for test- 
ing the sensibility of a part to pain. 

Algor (al'-gor) [L.]. A sense of chilliness 
or coldness. 

Alible [al'-i-bl) [alibilis, nutritive]. Nutri- 
tive ; absorbable and assimilable. 

Alienation (al - yen - a f - shun) [alienus, 
strange]. Mental derangement. 

Alienist [aV -yen-ist) [alienus, strange]. One 
who treats mental diseases. 

Aliform [aV - if '- orm) [ala, wing; forma, 
shape]. Wing-shaped. A. Process, the 
wing of the sphenoid. 

Aliment {al' -im-ent) [alimentum, from ali- 
mentare, to nourish]. Nourishment, food. 

Alimentary [al - im - en' - ta - re) [aliment urn, 
from alimentare, to nourish]. Nourishing. 
A. Bolus, the -food after mastication and just 
prior to swallowing. A. Canal, Duct, Sys- 
tem, or Tube, the digestive tube, from the 
lips to the anus, with its accessory glands. 

Alimentation {al-im-en-ta' -shun) [alimen- 
tare, to nourish]. The act of supplying with 
food. A., Rectal, the nourishing of a pa- 
tient by the administration of small quantities 
of concentrated food through the rectum. 
There are many formulae for these nutritive 
enemata, the most important of which are the 
following: I. Leube 's Pancreatic-meat Emul- 
sion. — " For rectal alimentation : chop five 
ounces of finely-scraped meat still finer, add 
to it one and a half ounces of finely-chopped 
pancreas, free from fat, and then three ounces 
of lukewarm water ; stir to the consistence of 
a thick pulp. Give at one time, care being 
taken to wash out the rectum with water 
about an hour before. " 2. Mayet' 's For?nula. 
— "Fresh ox-pancreas 150 to 200 grams; 
lean meat 400 to 500 grams. Bruise the pan- 
creas in a mortar with water at a temperature 
of 37 C. , and strain through a cloth. Chop 
the meat and mix thoroughly with the strained 
fluid, after separating all the fat and tendinous 
portions. Add the yolk of one egg, let stand 
for two hours, and administer at the same 
temperature, after having cleansed the rec- 
tum with an injection of oil. This quantity 
is sufficient for 24 hours' nourishment, and 
should be administered in two doses." 3. 
Rennie's Formula. — " Add to a bowl of good 
beef-tea one-half pound of lean, raw beefsteak 
pulled into shreds. At 99 F. add one 
dram of fresh pepsin and one-half dram 
of dilute HC1. Place the mixture before the 
fire and let it remain for four hours, stirring 
frequently. The heat must not be too great, 
or the artificial digestive process will be 



stopped altogether. It is better to have the 
mixture too cold than too hot. If alcohol is 
to be given it should be added at the last mo- 
ment. Eggs may also be added, but should be 
previously well beaten." 4. Peaslee's Form- 
ula. — " Crush or grind a pound of beef-mus- 
cle fine ; then add one pint of cold water ; 
allow it to macerate 40 minutes, and then 
gradually raise it to the boiling point ; allow 
it to boil two minutes — no more — and then 
strain." 5. Flint's Mixture. — "Milk gij, 
whisky ^ ss, to which add half an egg. ' ' 

Alinasal (al-in-a / -sal) [ala, a wing ; nasus, 
the nose]. Pertaining to the ala nasi, or 
wing of the nose. 

Alisphenoid (al-is-fe'-noid) [ala, a wing; 
o<p7]v, a wedge ; eldoc, form], I. Pertaining 
to the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. 
2. The bone that in adult life forms the 
main portion of the greater wing of the sphe- 
noid. 

Alkalescence [al-ka-les' '-ens) [ Arab. , al-qali, 
soda-ash]. Slight or commencing alkalinity. 

Alkalescent (al-ka-les' '-ent) [Arab., al-qali, 
soda-ash]. Somewhat alkaline. 

Alkali [aV-ka-li) [Arab., al-qali, soda-ash]. 
The term includes the hydrated oxids of 
the alkali metals ; these are electro-positive, 
are strong bases, uniting with acids to form 
salts, turn red litmus blue, and saponify fats. 
A., Caustic, the solid hydroxid of potassium 
or sodium. A., Fixed, potassium or sodium 
hydrate. A. Metals, sodium, potassium, 
lithium, cesium, and rubidium. A., Volatile, 
ammonium hydrate, which is decomposed by 
heat with the evolution of ammonia. 

Alkali-albumin {al' ' -ka-li-al-bu' '-mm). A de- 
rived albumin; a proteid that has been acted 
upon by dilute alkalies and yields an alkaline 
reaction. 

Alkalimeter [ al-ka-lim f -et-er ) [alkali; 
/uerpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
estimating the alkali in a substance. 

Alkalimetry ( al-ka-lim'-et-re ) [ alkali ; 
/uerpov, a measure]. The measurement of 
the amount of an alkali in a substance. 

Alkaline [aV-ka-lin) [alkali\. Having the 
qualities of or pertaining to an alkali. A. 
Earths, the oxids of calcium, barium, stron- 
tium, and magnesium. 

Alkalinity (al-ka-lin' '-i-te) [alkali ]. The 
quality of being alkaline. 

Alkalinuria ( al-ka-lin-u' -re-ah) [alkali ; 
ovpov, urine]. Alkalinity of the urine. 

Alkalization ( al-ka-li-za'-shun ) [ alkali]. 
The act of rendering a thing alkaline ; the 
state or quality of being rendered alkaline. 

Alkaloid [aV-ka-loid) [alkali; el&oc, like- 
ness]. Any one of the nitrogeneous com- 
pounds occurring in plants and resembling 
ammonia in being basic and capable of 
forming salts with acids. They are believed 






ALKANET 



42 



ALLOTRIODOXTIA 



to be substituted ammonias. Several of 
the important alkaloids are related to 
piperidin and to quinolin. Alkaloids are, 
as a rule, the most active parts of 
plants ; many are used in medicine. A., 
Animal, substances chemically like alka- 
loids, formed in the decomposition of animal 
tissues. A., Cadaveric, or Putrefactive. 
See Pto7nains. 

Alkanet ( <?/' '-kan-et) [Sp. , dim. of alcana, 
henna]. The root of the herb, Alkanna 
(Anchusa) tinctoria, yielding a red dye that 
is used in staining wood, coloring adulterated 
wines, and in pharmacy to give a red color 
to salves, etc. 

Alkanna Red. See Alkannin. 

Alkannin (aF-kan-m) [Sp., dim. of alcana, 
henna]. Alkanna red; a valuable coloring 
matter obtained from alkanet. 

Alkapton (al-kap' '-ton) a yellowish, resinous, 
nitrogenous body occasionally found in urine. 

Alkaptonuria (al-kap-ton-u' '-re-ah) [alkap- 
ton; oipov, urine]. The presence of alkapton 
in the urine It has been found in cases of 
pulmonary tuberculosis and in other instances 
in which there were no local lesions or general 
disease. Urine containing alkapton turns 
dark on standing or on the addition of an 
alkali. 

Alkarsin {al-kar r -siii) [alcohol ; arsenic\. 
Cadet's Fuming Liquid ; an extremely poison- 
ous liquid containing cacodyl. It is of a 
brown color, and on exposure to the air ignites 
spontaneously. 

Alkyls {al'-kilz) [alkali ~\. The name ap- 
plied to the univalent alcohol radicles, 
CnHgn^j ; methyl, ethyl, etc., are alkyls. 

Alkyl-sulphids ( al'-kil-suV-fids ). Thio- 
ethers. Sulphur analogues of the ethers. 
They are colorless liquids, generally insoluble 
in water, and possessing a disagreeable odor 
resembling that of garlic. 

Allantiasis (al-an-ti' '-as-is) [a/./.ac, a sausage]. 
Sausage poisoning, due to the ingestion of 
sausages in which putrefactive changes have 
taken place. 

Allantoic {al-an-to* '-ik) [a'/'v.ac, a sausage ; 
eldoc, resemblance]. Pertaining to the al- 
lantois. 

Allantoid ( al-an'-toid) [ a/./.ac, sausage ; 
eldoc, resemblance]. I. Resembling a sau- 
sage. 2. Relating to the allantois. 

Allantoin (al-an* '-to-in) [a/.'/Jac, a sausage ; 
eldoq, resemblance], C 4 H 6 X 4 3 . A crys- 
talline substance occurring in traces in nor- 
mal urine, and prepared from uric acid by 
oxidation. Also the characteristic constitu- 
ent of the allantoic fluid, and likewise found 
in fetal urine and amniotic fluid. 

Allantois {al-an f -to-is) [a/./.ac, a sausage ; 
eldoc, resemblance] . One of the fetal mem- 
branes, derived from the mesoblastic and 



hypoblastic layers. Its function is to convey 
the blood-vessels to the chorion. The lower 
part finally becomes the bladder, the upper, 
the urachus. 

Allantotoxicon {al-an-to-toks' -ik-oti) [a/./.ac, a 
sausage ; rogmov, a poison]. A poisonous 
substance, probably a ptomain, that develops 
during the putrefactive fermentation of sau- 
sage. 

Allesthesia [al-es-the'-se-ah) [a/./.oc, other ; 
aladrjGLC, feeling]. Same as Allochiria. 

Alleviator [al-ef-ve-a-tor) [allevare, to 
lighten]. A device for raising or lifting a 
sick person from the bed. 

Alliaceous {al-e-a f -shns) [allium, garlic]. 
Resembling garlic, or pertaining to the same. 

Alliteration {al-it-er-a' -shun) [ad, to; lit era, 
letter] . A form of dysphrasia in which the 
patient arranges his words according to the 
sound. 

Allium (al'-e-uni) [L.]. Garlic. The bulb 
of A. sativum. It contains a pungent volatile 
oil (allyl sulphid), that is found also in the 
leek and the onion. The tubers are used 
both as a food and as a condiment, and are 
stimulants to digestion. A- cepa, the 
common onion, and A. porrum, the leek, 
have similar qualities. A., Syr., contains, 
fresh garlic 20 gm. , sugar 80 gm., dil. acetic 
acid, a sufficient quantity to make 100 c.c. 
Dose ^j-.^iv (4.0-16.0). 

Allocheiria, or Allochiria {al-o-ki f -re-ah) 
[a/./.oc, other ; ^e/p, hand]. A peculiar dis- 
turbance of sensation in which, if one ex- 
tremity be pricked, the patient locates the 
sensation in the corresponding part on the 
other side. 

Allochesthesia, Allochaesthesia (al-ok-es- 
the' '-ze-aJi). Same as Allochiria. 

Allolalia (al-o-la f -le-ak) [a?.'/x>c, other ; 7.a/e2v, 
to speak] . Any perversion of the faculty of 
speech. 

Allopathy [al-op f -a-the) [a/./.oc, other ; ?zadoc, 
affection]. According to Hahnemann, the in- 
ventor of the term, that method of the treat- 
ment of disease consisting in the use of medi- 
cines the action of which upon the body in 
health produces morbid phenomena different 
from those of the disease treated. Opposed 
to homeopathy. 

Allorrhythmia [al-o-rith f -me-ah) [a/./.oc, 
other; pvduoc, rhythm]. Variation in inter- 
vals of the pulse. 

Allotoxin {al-o-toks' '-in) [a/./.oc, other ; rogi- 
kov, poison]. Any substance, produced by 
tissue metamorphosis within the organism, 
that tends to shield the body by destroying 
microorganisms or toxins that are inimical to 
it. 

Allotriodontia {al-ot-re-o-don f -she-ah) \cl7j.6- 
rpwc, strange ; 6601c, tooth]. I. The trans- 
planting of teeth from one person to another. 



ALLOTRIOGEUSTIA 43 

2. The existence of teeth in abnormal situa- 
tions, as in tumors. 

Allotriogeustia (al-ot-re-o-gus'-te-ah) [a.AA.6- 
rpioc, strange ; jevolc, taste]. Perversion of 
the sense of taste ; abnormality of the appe- 
tite. 

Allotriophagy {al-ot-re-off f -a-je) [allorpioq, 
strange; fyayfiv, to eat]. Depraved or un- 
natural appetite. 

Allotropic {al-o-trop* '-ic) [a/Jkoc, different; 
rpo-og, turn]. Characterized by allotrop- 

ism. 
Allotropism {al-ot' -ro-pizni) [alloq, other ; 
rpo-oc, turn]. I. The term expresses the 
fact of certain elements existing in two or 
more conditions with differences of physical 
properties. Thus carbon illustrates allotro- 
pism by existing in the forms of charcoal, 
plumbago, and the diamond. 2. Appear- 
ance in an unusual or abnormal form. 
Alloxan (al-oks'-an) [allantoin ; oxalic'], 
C 4 H 2 N,0 4 . A crystalline substance pro- 
duced by the oxidation of uric acid. 
Alloxantin {al-oks-ari '-tin) [allantoin; ox- 
alic], C 8 H 4 N 4 7 + 3 H 2 0. A substance ob- 
tained by reducing alloxan with SnCl 2 , zinc, 
and HC1, or H 2 S in the cold. It occurs in 
small, hard, colorless prisms that turn red 
when treated with ammonia. 
Alloy [al-oi f ) [from the French word aloi, a 
contraction of a la loi\ I. A compound of 
two or more metals by fusion. 2. The least 
valuable of two or more metals that are fused 
together. 
Allspice {awV -spls) . See Pimenta, and 

Florida Allspice. 
Allyl iaV-il) [allium, garlick], C 3 H 5 . A uni- 
valent alcohol-radicle. A. Alcohol, C 3 H 5 - 
HO, a colorless, inflammable liquid, with 
pungent odor, boiling at 97 C. A. Alde- 
hyd, C 3 H 4 0, a syn. of Acrolein. A. Cyanid. 
See Sinamin. A. Mustard Oil, CS.N.C 3 - 
H-, Allyl thiocarbimid. The principal con- 
stituent of ordinary mustard oil. A. sulphid, 
(C 3 H 5 ) 2 S, the essential oil of garlic. A. 
thiocarbimid. See A. Mustard Oil. A. 
tribromid, C 3 H 5 Br 3 , a colorless liquid used 
as an antispasmodic. Dose, five drops 
(0.15). Unof. 
Allylamin [al-iV -am-in) [allium, garlick ; 
ammonia] , NH 2 (C 3 H 5 ). Ammonia in which 
a hydrogen atom is replaced by allyl. It is 
a caustic liquid. 
Almond [am'-iind) [ME., almonde]. See 
Amygdala. A. Bread, a variety of bread 
made from almond flour, for use in diabetes 
as a substitute for ordinary bread. A. -eyed, 
applied to the Mongolian race on account of 
the peculiar elliptical form and slanting 
position of the eyes. A. of the Ear, the 
tonsil. A. Mixture. See Amygdala Mis- 
tura. A. Oil, oleum amygdalae, the fixed oil 



ALOERETIN 

obtained from both the sweet and the bitter 
almond. It is odorless, agreeable to the 
taste, and of a yellow color; sp. gr. .919 
at 15 C. A. Oil, Bitter, oleum amygdalae 
amarae. See Amygdala. A. Paste, a magma 
of bitter almonds, alcohol, white of egg, and 
rose-water, used to soften the skin and pre- 
vent the hands and lips from chapping. A. 
of the Throat, the tonsil. 
Alnus (al'-nus) [L.]. Alder Bark. The 
bark of the American Alder. A. serrulata, 
contains tannic acid. The decoction of bark 
and leaves is astringent, and used as a 
gargle and as a lotion for wounds and ulcers. 
Dose of powdered bark gr. x (0.65). 
Alochia {ah-lo'-ke-ah) [a priv.; Ao^m, the 

lochia] . Absence of the lochia. 
Aloe (al'-o) [alioy, the aloe]. The inspis- 
sated juice of several species of aloe, of 
which the A. socotrina, A. barbadensis, and 
A. capensis are most commonly used. Its 
properties are due to a glucosid, aloin, 
C 17 H 18 7 . It is a tonic astringent, useful in 
amenorrhea, chronic constipation, and atonic 
dyspepsia. It is also an emmenagogue and 
anthelmintic. Dose gr. j-v (0.065-0.32). 
A. americana. See Agave. A., Decoct., 
Comp. (B. P.). Dose gr. ss-ij (0.032-0. 13). 
A., Enema (B. P.), aloes, carbonate of po- 
tassium, and mucilage of starch. A. et Asa- 
fcetidae, Pil., aloes and asafetida aa gr. i}{ 
(o. 1). A. et Canellae, Pulv., contains 
powdered bark of Canella alba. Dose gr. 
v-xx (0.32-I.3). A. et Ferri, Pil., contains 
gr. j eacn of aloes, ferrous sulphate, and aro- 
matic powder, incorporated with confection 
of roses. A. et Mastich, Pil., " Lady 
Webster's" pill, contains aloes gr. ij (0.13), 
mastich and red rose gr. ss (0.032). A. 
et Myrrh., Pil., contains each aloes gr. 
ij (0.13), myrrh gr. j (0.065), aromatic pow- 
der gr. ss (0.032), mixed with syrup. A. et 
Myrrh., Tinct., aloes 10, myrrh 10, alcohol 
100 parts. Dose .5 ss— ^ ij (2.0-8.0). A., 
Ext., Aquosum, prepared by mixing aloes 
I part with 10 parts boiling water, straining 
and evaporating. Dose gr. ss-v (0.032- 
0.32). A., Hepatic, dark liver-colored 
aloes, mostly Socotrine or Barbadian. A., 
Pil., aloes and soap aa gr. ij (0.13). A. 
Purificata, the common drug purified by 
solution in alcohol and evaporation. Dose 
gr. j-v (0.065-0.32). A. Socotrin., Pil. 
(B. P.), contains socotrine aloes, hard soap, 
oil of nutmeg, and confection of roses. Dose 
gr. v-x (0.32-0.65). A., Tinct., consists of 
aloes 10, glycyrrhiza 10, dil. alcohol 100 
parts. Dose ^ss- 3 ij (2.0-8.0) A., Vin., 
has aloes 6, 'cardamon I, ginger I, white 
wine 100 parts. Dose .^j-^iv (^o-^.o). 
Aloeretin {al-o-e-re' '-tin) [p.or], aloes ; pr]T- 
ivrj, resin] . A brown resin contained in aloes. 



ALOETIC 



44 



ALUM 






Aloetic {al-o-et'-ik) [a'/.or], the aloe]. Con- 
taining or pertaining to aloes. 

Aloetin [al-o-e'-tin). I. Aloeretin. 2. A yel- 
low crystalline principle obtainable from aloes. 

Aloin {al'-o-in) [o/.qti, the aloe]. A bitter 
principle found in aloes. It forms fine 
needles, possesses a very bitter taste, and acts 
as a strong purgative. Several glucosids of 
this name are described ; as Baj-baloin, 
Nataloin, Zanaloin, Socaloin. Dose gr. ss- 
ij (0.032-0.13). 

Alopecia {al-o-pe' -she-aJi) [a/.6-rj^, a fox]. 
Deficiency of hair ; baldness. It may be 
universal or partial, congenital or acquired. 
It follows a large number of systemic aftec- 
tions. A. adnata. See A., Congenital. A. 
areata ; Area celsi ; Tinea decalvans ; Por- 
rigo decalvans ; Alopecia circumscripta ; 
that condition in which suddenly or slowly 
one or several, usually asymmetrically distri- 
buted, patches of baldness appear upon the 
hairy regions of the body, more often upon 
the scalp and parts covered by the beard. 
A. circumscripta. See A. areata. A., 
Congenital, a rare form, seldom complete, 
due to absence of hair-bulbs. A. furfur- 
acea ; Alopecia pityroides capillitii ; Pity- 
riasis capitis ; Seborrkcea capillitii ; Pity- 
riasis simplex ; Dandruff ; a form of bald- 
ness associated with a disorder of the scalp, 
marked by hyperemia, itching, and exfolia- 
tion of dry or fatty scales from its surface. 
It may be acute or chronic, and produce a 
dryness, brittleness, and lack of luster in the 
hair. A. localis ; A. neuritica ; that form 
occurring in one or more patches at the 
site of an injury, or in the course of a 
nerve. A. neuritica. See A. localis. A. 
neurotica, a name given to baldness of 
trophoneurotic origin. A. orbicularis. 
Same as A. circumscripta. A. pityroides 
capillitii. See A. furfuracea. A. pity- 
roides universalis, a rapid and general de- 
nudation of hair occurring in debilitated 
states, preceded by abundant desquamation 
of fatty scales. A. senilis, that occurring in 
old age. A. simplex, the idiopathic premature 
baldness of young adults. It is most common 
in males, and is often associated with prema- 
ture grayness. A. syphilitica, that due to sy- 
philis. A. universalis, that in which there is 
a general fallinsr out of the hairs of the bodv. 

Aloxanthin {al-oks-an f -thiii), C 15 H 10 O 6 . A 
yellow substance obtained from barbaloin and 
socaloin by the action of bichromate of po- 
tassium. 

Alpha (a I' '-fall) [a/ pa, the first letter of the 
alphabet] . The Greek letter a, used in com- 
bination with many chemic terms to indicate 
the first of a series, as alpha-naphthol. 

Alphos [aV -fos) \a7.o6c, vitiligo]. I. An old 
name for leprosy. 2. Psoriasis. 



Alphosis {al-fo'-sis) [a/,poc, vitiligo]. Al- 
binism ; leukoderma. 

Alpinia (al-pin* -e-aK) \Alpinus, an Italian 
botanist of the sixteenth century] . A genus of 
zingiberaceous tropical plants. A. officina- 
rum, A. chitiensis, and other species furnish 
Galangal. 

Alsace Gum (al-sas'-gtwi). See Dextrin. 

Alstonidin {al-ston' -id-in) [Alston, a Scotch 
botanist]. An amorphous substance con- 
tained in a variety of Dita bark. 

Alstonin [al-sto' '-nin) \_Alston, a Scotch 
botanist]. 1. An amorphous substance con- 
tained in a variety of Dita bark. 2. A 
crystalline alkaloid, C 21 H 20 N 2 O 4 , obtained 
from Alstonia Constricta. 

Alter {awl f -ter). To castrate or spay. 

Alterant [aivV-ter-ani). Same as Altera- 
tive. 

Alterative {axul'-ter-a-tiv) [alter, another]. 
A medicine that alters the processes of nu- 
trition, restoring, in some unknown way, 
the normal functions of an organ, or of the 
system. The most important alteratives are 
arsenic, iodin, and the iodids. mercury, and 
gold. 

Alternate (awP '-ter-nat) [alternare, to do by 
turns]. Occurring successively in space or 
time. A., Hemiplegia. See Hemiplegia. 

Alternating {azvl* ' -ter-na-ting') [alternare, to 
do by turns]. Occurring successively. A. 
Currents, electric currents, the direction of 
which is constantly changing. A. Insanity, 
a form of insanity in which there are reg- 
ular cycles of exaltation and depression. 

Alternation (au'l-ter-na' '-shun) [alternare, 
to do by turns]. Repeated transition from 
one state to another. 

Althaus's Oil. It is made as follows : 
Metallic mercury I part, pure lanolin 4 parts, 
2 per cent, carbolic oil 5 parts. It is used 
in the treatment of syphilis in injections of 
rr\v (0.32) at a dose. 

Althea, or Althaea {al-the' '-ah) [L.]. Marsh- 
mallow. The peeled root of A. officinalis, 
a plant of the mallow family. It consists 
of about one-third of vegetable mucus and 
starch, together with the alkaloids Asparagin 
and Althein (latterly regarded as identical). 
Its decoction is employed as a mucilaginous 
drink. A., Syrupus, contains four per 

Asparagin 



properties, 
Dose gr. 



The 



cent, althea. Dose indefinite, 
possesses sedative and diuretic 
and is useful in ascites and gout, 
ij-iij (0.13-0. 19). 

Altitude [al' '-ti-tud) \altitudo, height], 
elevation of a place above the sea-level. 

Alum (aV-tini) \alumen, alum]. Anyone of 
a class of double sulphates formed by the 
union of one of the sulphates of certain non- 
alkaline metals with a sulphate of some 
alkaline metal. The standard (or common 



ALUM EN 



45 



AMASESIS 



commercial) alum, the official A lumen, U. 
S. P., is the aluminium-potassium sulphate, 
A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 + K 2 S0 4 + 2 4 H 2 0. It is a pow- 
erful astringent and styptic, and is also ex- 
tensively used in the arts. A., Ammonia, 
is the same as the above, except that the 
potassium is replaced by ammonium. It is 
official in Great Britain, and is extensively 
used on account of its cheapness. What 
is known as concentrated or patent alum, 
is the normal aluminium sulphate (aluminii 
sulphas), which is not a true alum. A., 
Ammonio-ferric (Ferri et Ammonii sul- 
phas), U. S. P., is strongly styptic, and is 
useful in leukorrhea. Dose gr. v-x (0.32- 
0.65). A., Potassio-ferric, is similar to 
the A., ammonio-ferric. A., Soda, double 
sulphate of sodium and aluminium, is too 
soluble for ordinary uses. A. Whey, a 
preparation obtained by boiling 3 ij of alum 
in a pint of milk, and straining. It is used 
as an astringent and internal hemostatic, in 
wineglassful doses. 

Alumen (al-u'-men) [L., gen., Aluminis]. 
See Alum. A. exsiccatum, burnt or de- 
hydrated alum. 

Alumina (al-u f '-miji-ak) [L.], A1 2 3 . Al- 
uminium oxid ; the principal ingredient of 
clay, and of many stones, earths, and min- 
erals. 

Aluminate (al-u' -min-dt) [alumina]. A 
basic salt of alumina. 

Aluminated Copper. See Lapis divinus. 

Aluminiferous (al-u-min-if '-er-us) \_alumen, 
alum ; ferre, to form] . Yielding alum. 

Aluminium {al-u-min* '-e-um) [L.j. Al = 
27. Quantivalence II, IV. A silver white 
metal distinguished by its low sp. gr. , — about 
2.6. It is largely used in the arts and for 
certain surgical instruments. A. hydrate, 
Al. 2 (HO) 6 , a tasteless white powder, feebly 
astringent. Dose gr. iij-xx (0.2— 1. 3). A. 
and Potassium sulphate, K 2 A1 2 (S0 4 ) 4 
(Ahem), a valuable astringent used in 
catarrh, leukorrhea, gonorrhea. Dose gr. 
x-xx (0.65-1.3). In teaspoonful doses it is 
an emetic. A. sulphate, A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 , an anti- 
septic and astringent used as a lotion in 5 per 
cent, solution. A. acetate, a disinfectant. 
Unof. 

Aluminol, Alumnol [al-um-i f -nol, al-um f - 
nol) \ciluminiu?7i\. An astringent and anti- 
septic sulphur compound of aluminium, 
used in gonorrhea, endometritis, and dis- 
eases of the ear, nose, skin, etc. Unof. 

Alum Root. The root of Heuchera ameri- 
cana. Its properties are due to gallic and 
tannic acids. It is very astringent. Dose 
of the fid. ext., gtt. x-xx (0.65-1.3). Also 
the root of Geranium maculahim, a mild 
astringent. 

Alvegniat's Pump. See Alvergniaf s Ptimp. 



Alveolar (al-ve f -o-lar) \_alveolus, a small 
hollow]. Pertaining to an alveolus. A. 
Abscess, a gum-boil. A. Arch, the alveolar 
surface of the jaw. A. Artery, a branch 
of the internal maxillary artery. A. Border, 
the margin of the jaws. A. Index, in crani- 
ometry, the gnathic index ; the ratio of the 
distance between the basion and alveolar 
point, to the distance between the basion 
and the nasal point, multiplied by 100. 
(Sometimes the basilar index is called the 
alveolar index). A. Passages. The ultimate 
division of the bronchi, emptying into the 
infundibula. A. Points. See Craniomet- 
ric Points. A. Process, the border of 
the superior maxilla in which the alveoli are 
placed. A. Sarcoma. See Sarcoma. 

Alveolitis (al-ve-o-li^-tis) [alveolus, a hollow ; 
ltlq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
alveolus of a tooth. 

Alveolodental (al-ve / -o-lo-den / -tal) [alveo- 
lus, a hollow; dens, a tooth]. Pertaining 
to the teeth and their sockets. 

Alveolus [al-ve' '-o-lus) [L. ]. I. The bony 
socket of a tooth. 2. An air cell of the 
lung. A. of Glands, the ultimate sacs of 
a racemose gland. A. of the Stomach, 
one of the honeycomb-like depressions found 
in the stomach. 

Alvergniat's Pump. A form of mercurial 
air-pump, used in estimating the gaseous 
constituents of the blood. 

Alvine {al'-vin or aV-vln) \alvus, belly]. 
Pertaining to the belly. A. Concretion, 
an intestinal calculus. A. Dejections, 
A. Discharges, the feces. A. Obstruction. 
Constipation. 

Alvus (al'-vus) [L.]. The belly, or its con- 
tained viscera. 

Alymphia (ah-limf'-e-aJi) [d priv. ; lympha, 
lymph]. A deficiency of lymph. 

Amadou (a?n f -a-doo) [Fr. , amadouer, to 
coax]. German tinder or touchwood ; Bole- 
tus igniarius , a fungus found on old tree- 
trunks, used to stanch local hemorrhage, and 
as a dressing of wounds, etc. 

Amalgam (am-aV -gam) \_jid7iayjxa, a soft 
mass]. A combination of mercury with any 
other metal. 

Amalgamation (am-al-gam-a f -shtin) [/xd- 
"kayjxa, a soft mass]. In metallurgy, the pro- 
cess of combining mercury with some other 
metal, as practised in separating silver and 
gold from ores. 

Amanitin (am-an f -it-hi) [d/uavlrac, a kind of 
fungus]. I. A principle identical with cho- 
lin, obtained from the fly agaric. 2. A pois- 
onous glucosid obtainable from various species 
of agaric. 

Amara (am-a / -ra) \amarus, bitter]. Bitters. 

Amasesis [ah-mas-e' '-sis) [d priv. ; fxacrjaiq, 
chewing]. Inability to chew the food. 



AMASTIA 



46 



AMENORRHEA 



Amastia (ah-mas f -te-ah) [d priv. ; /uacrdg, 

breast]. Absence of the mammae or nipples. 

Amativeness [am'-at-iv-nes) [amare, to 

love]. The sexual passion. 
Amaurosis (a?n-aw-ro f -sis) \_a/uavp6eiv, to 
darken]. Blindness, especially that occurring 
without demonstrable lesion of the eye. A., 
Albuminuric, that due to renal disease. 
A., Cerebral, that due to disease of the brain. 
A., Congenital, that form existing from 
birth. A., Diabetic, that associated with 
diabetes. A., Hysteric, that associated 
with hysteria. A., - Reflex, that resulting 
from a reflex action upon the optic nerve 
from some remote source of irritation. A., 
Saburral, sudden temporary blindness occur- 
ring in an attack of acute gastritis. A., 
Uremic, that due to uremia. 
Amaurotic [am-aw-rof '-ik) \_ajiavp6eiv, to 
darken]. Relating to, or affected with 
amaurosis. A. Cats-eye, a light-reflex 
through the pupil in suppurative choroiditis. 
Amazia (ah-ma'-ze-ah) [d priv.; jua^og, the 
breast]. Absence of the mammary gland. 
Amber [am'-ber). See Succinum. 
Ambergris [am' '-ber-gris) [amber ; Fr., gris, 
gray]. A substance excreted by the sperm 
whale, Physeter 7nacrocephalus. It is not 
known whether it is a pathologic product 
or not. It exhales a fragrant, musky odor 
when warmed, and is used in adynamic 
fevers, chronic catarrh, and nervous diseases. 
Dose, gr. j-iij (0.065-0.19). Unof. 
Ambidexter [am-be-deks' '-ter) \ambo, both ; 
dexter, the right hand]. An ambidextrous 
person. 
Ambidextrous {a?n-be-deks ; -trus) \a?nbo, 
both ; dexter, the right hand]. Able to use 
both hands equally well. 
Amblyopia (am-ble-o / -pe-ah) [a/iftMg, 
dulled; uip, eye]. Dimness of vision, espe- 
cially that not 3ue to refractive errors or 
organic disease of the eye. It may be con- 
genital or acquired, being due, in the latter 
case, to the use of tobacco {A. nicotinica), or 
alcohol, or to other toxic influences ; to trau- 
matism ; or it may be hysteric. Nyctalopia 
and hemeralopia are other forms ; it may 
arise from entoptic phenomena, such as muscce 
vohtantes, micropsia, megalopsia, tneta?nor- 
phopsia, etc. It may take the form of con- 
tracted fields of vision, of color-blindness, or 
anesthesia of the retina. A. exanopsia, 
amblyopia from disuse, or from non-use. 
Ambrosia (a?n-bro f -zhe-ali) \_anfipocia, the 
food of the gods]. A genus of composite- 
flowered herbs. A. artei?iisicBfolia, common 
hog- weed of North America ; stimulant, 
tonic, antiperiodic, and astringent. A. 
trifida has similar properties. The pollen 
of these plants is by some regarded as a 
cause of hay -fever. 



Ambulance (am'-bu-lans) [ambulare, to 
walk about] . In Europe the term is applied 
to the surgical staff and arrangements of an 
army in service. In the United States the 
word is restricted to a vehicle for the trans- 
ference of the sick or wounded from one 
place to another. 

Ambulant, Ambulating, Ambulatory 
(am'-bu-lat-o-re) \_ambulare, to walkabout]. 
Relating to walking, or changing location ; 
not confined to bed. A. Blister, a blister 
that changes its location. A. Clinic, a clinic 
for patients that can walk. A. Erysipelas, 
erysipelas that shifts from place to place. A.' 
Tumor, a pseudo-tumor. A. Typhoid, 
walking typhoid ; enteric fever in which the 
patient does not, or will not, take to his bed. 

Ambustion [am-bus' -chun) [ambustio, a 
burn]. A burn or scald. 

Ameba, Amoeba (am -e'- bah) [a/iotpi?, a 
change]. A colorless, single-celled, jelly- 
like, protoplasmic organism found in sea and 
fresh waters, constantly undergoing changes 
of form and nourishing itself by englobing 
surrounding objects. A. coli, the ameba of 
dysentery. This is a protoplasmic mass, re- 
sembling the water ameba, 20 to 30 ft in 
diameter, and composed of a nucleus and a 
highly granular protoplasm containing vacu- 
oles. It is found in large numbers in the 
stools of certain forms of dysentery, in the 
intestinal mucous membrane, and at times in 
the so-called dysenteric abscess of the liver. 
Whether it is the real cause of the disease is 
not definitely established. 

Amebic (am-e'-bik) [aiioifii], a change]. 
Pertaining to or characterized by amebae. 
A. Dysentery, dysentery associated with 
the presence in the bowel of the amceba coli. 

Ameboid (a?n-e / -boid) [apoifti/, a change ; 
eldog, resemblance]. Resembling an ameba 
in form or in movement, as the white blood- 
cells. 

Amelia {ah-me r -le-ah)\h^x\\.; pielog, a limb]. 
Absence of the limbs. 

Amelioration (a?n-el-yo-ra f -shun) \ad, to ; 
melior, better]. Improvement. 

Ameloblast (am-el' -o-blast) [Anglo-French, 
amel, enamel; (3?.aar6g, a germ]. An 
enamel-cell, one of the cylindric cells cover- 
ing the papilla of the enamel organ of the 
teeth, and forming a beautifully regular epi- 
thelial layer that produces the enamel. 

Amelus (am'-el-us) [d priv.; jueAog, a limb]. 
A monstrosity without limbs. 

Amenia (ah-me / -ne-ah) . See Amenorrhea. 

Amenorrhea (ah-men-or-e / -ah) [d priv.; /xr}v, 
month; peetv, to flow]. Abnormal absence 
of menstruation. A., Primitive, is a term 
applied to those cases in which the catamenia 
have not appeared at the proper time, and 
A., Secondary, to those in which the dis- 



AMENORRHEAL 

I charge has been arrested after it has existed 
I during the reproductive period. 
Amenorrheal [ah-men-or-e* '-al)[a priv.; fj,i/v, 

month ; pesiv, 

amenorrhea. 



to flow]. Pertaining to 



Amentia 
mind]. 

Ametria 
womb] . 



{ah-men' -she-ah) [a priv.; mens, 
Defective intellect ; idiocy. 
{ah-met' -re-ah) [a priv.; fiijrpa, 
Absence of the uterus. 

I Ametrometer {ah-met-rom' '-et-er) [a priv.; 
utrpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
i measuring ametropia. 

Ametropia {ah-met-ro' -pe-ah)[a priv.; /nerpov, 
! a measure ; oxlug, sight] . Ametropia exists 
when an imperfect image is formed upon the 
retina, due to defective refractive power of 
the media, or to abnormalities of form of the 
eye. In myopia the antero-posterior diam- 
eter is too great, or the power of the refractive 
media is too great ; hypermetropic!, (or hyper- 
opia) is the exact reverse ; astigmatism is 
due to imperfect curvature of the cornea, 
or of the retina, or to inequality of refract- 
ing power in different parts of the lens ; 
presbyopia is due to inelasticity of the lens, 
producing insufficient accommodation ; apha- 
kia, or absence of the lens, produces both in- 
sufficient refracting power and loss of accom- 
modation. 

Ametropic [ah-met-rop' -ik) [d priv.; fierpov, 
a measure ; oifug, sight]. Affected with or 
pertaining to ametropia. 

Amid (am' -id) [ammonia]. A chemic com- 
pound produced by the substitution of an 
acid radicle for one or more of the hydrogen 
atoms of ammonia. The amids are primary, 
secondary, or tertiary, according as one, two, 
or three hydrogen atoms have been so re- 
placed. They are white crystalline solids, 
often capable of combining with both acids 
and bases. A. Bases. See Amins, Pri- 
mary. , 

Amidin (am'-id-in) [Fr., amidon, starch]. 
Starch altered by heat into a horny, transpa- 
rent mass ; soluble starch ; the part of starch 
that is soluble in water. 

Amidins {am'-id-inz) [ammonia]. Mono- 
acid bases produced from the nitrites by heat- 
ing with ammonium chlorid. In the free 
condition they are quite unstable. They 
contain the group C.NH.NH 2 . 

Amido-acetic Acid {am' ' -id-o-as-e' '-tik as / - 
id). See Glycocoll and Glycin. 

Amido-acid (am' -id-o-as r -id) [ammonia ; 
acetum, vinegar]. An acid containing the 
amido-group, NH 2 . 

Amidogen (am-id'-o-Jen) [amid ; yevvav, to 
produce]. The hypothetic radicle, NH 2 . re- 
garded as an essential part of all amids. See 
Amid. 

Amido-succinamic Acid {am f -id-o-suk-sin- 
am'-ik as / -id). Same as Asparagin. 



47 AMMONIA 

Amidulin (am-id'-u-lin) [Fr., amidon, 
starch]. Soluble starch; prepared by the 
action of H 2 S0 4 on starch, thus removing the 
starch-cellulose. 

Amimia (ah-mim' -e-aJi) [a priv.; fJ-lfioq, a 
mimic]. Loss of the power of imitation or 
of making gestures. 

Amin {am' -in) [ammonia'] . The Amins are 
chemic compounds produced by the substi- 
tution of a basic atom or radicle for one or 
more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia ; or 
basic derivatives of carbon, containing ni- 
trogen and viewed as ammonia derivatives. 
In deportment they bear some similarity to 
ammonia. The lower members are gases with 
ammoniacal odor and are readily soluble in 
water ; they differ from ammonia in their 
combustibility. The highest members are 
liquids soluble in water ; only the highest are 
sparingly soluble. They are called Alon- 
amins, Diamins, Triamins, etc., according 
to the number of amidogen molecules, NH 2 , 
substituted for H. A., Primary, an amin 
in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by 
a univalent alkyl. A., Secondary, an 
amin in which two hydrogen atoms are re- 
placed by univalent alkyls. A., Tertiary, 
an amin in which three hydrogen atoms are 
replaced by univalent alkyls. 

Aminol (am'-in-ol) [amin~\. A gaseous 
substance derived from the methylamin of 
herring-brine mixed with milk of lime. It is 
disinfectant, and it has been used in the puri- 
fication of sewage. 

Amitosis (ah-mit-o'-sis) [a priv.; h'ltoq, a 
thread]. Cell multiplication by direct divi- 
sion, or simple cleavage, 

Amitotic (ah-mit-ot'-ih) [a priv.; //c'roc, 
thread]. Of the nature of, or characterized 
by, amitosis. A. Cell Division, direct 
cell division, as distinguished from karyo- 
kinesis. 

Ammonemia (am-o-ne r -me-ah). The sup- 
posed presence of ammonium carbonate in 
the blood. 

Ammonia (am-o'-ne-ah) [from the name of 
Jupiter Amnion, from the neighborhood of 
whose temple in Libya, ammonium chlorid 
was obtained]. A colorless, pungent gas, 
NH 3 , very soluble in water. The prepara- 
tions of ammonium are used as antacids and as 
gastric and cardiac stimulants, in headache, 
hysteria, etc. It is a stimulant to the heart, 
and, in its elimination through the lungs, 
stimulates and liquefies the bronchial secre- 
tion. Ammoniae, Aqua, water of am- 
monia, a solution containing ten per cent, of 
the gas in water. DoseTT^v-^ss (0.32—2.0), 
well diluted. A., Aqua Fortior, contains 
28 per cent, of the gas in solution. A., 
Linimentum, aqua ammonia 35, cotton- 
seed oil 60, alcohol 5 per cent. A., Spiritus, 



AMMONIAC 48 

a ten per cent, solution of aqua ammonia in 
alcohol. Dose rr\x-^] (0.65-4.0), diluted. 
A., Spiritus, Aromaticus, aromatic spirit 
of ammonia, an alcoholic solution of am- 
monium carbonate, flavored with lemon, 
lavender, and pimenta. Dose ^ss-ij (2.0- 
8.0). 

Ammoniac (am-o f -ne-ak). See Amnionia- 

cum. 
Ammoniacal [a?n-o-ni / -ak-al) [ammonia]. 

Containing or relating to ammonia. 
Ammoniacum (am-o-ni' -ak-um) [ammonia] . 
Ammoniac. A gum obtained from a Persian 
plant, Dorema ammoniacum. It is a stimulat- 
ing expectorant and laxative, resembling asa- 
fetida, employed in chronic bronchial affec- 
tions. Dose gr. x-xxx (0.65-2.0). A. 
cum Hydrargyro, Emplastrum, ammoniac 
72, mercury 18 per cent., with sulphur, 
acetic acid, and oil, q. s. A., Emplastrum, 
100 parts of ammoniac, digested with 140 
parts of acetic acid, diluted, strained, and 
evaporated. A., Emulsum, a four per cent, 
emulsion in water. Dose ^ss-j (16.0-32.0). 
Ammoniameter (am-o-Jie-am'-et-er) [am- 
monia; fisrpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for testing the strength of ammonia solutions. 
Ammoniated (am-o-ne-a'-led) [a?ntnonia~\. 

Combined with ammonia. 
Ammonium (am-o f -ne-uni) [ammonia]. A 
hypothetic univalent alkaline base, having 
the composition NH 4 . It exists only in com- 
bination. Ammonii acetatis, Liq., Spirit 
of Mindererus, dilute acetic acid neutralized 
with ammonia. Dose 3J-]fj (4.0-32.0). 
A. benzoate, NH 4 C-H 5 6 2 . Dose gr. v-xv 
(0.32-1.0). A. bromid, NH 4 Br, used in 
epilepsy, cough, and rheumatism. Dose 
gr. x-^ss (0.65-2.0). A. carbonate, NH 4 - 
HC0 3 .NH 4 NH 2 C0 2 , a mixture of carbonate 
and dicarbonate. It is a stimulant expector- 
ant and cardiac stimulant. Dose gr: v-x 
(0.32-0.65). A. chlorid, NH 4 C1, sal ammo- 
niac, is used in bronchitis, rheumatism, and 
liver disease. Dose gr. j-xx (0.065-1.3). 
A. chloridi, Trochisci, each lozenge con- 
tains gr. ij of the salt. A. fluorid, used in 
enlargement of the spleen. Dose gr. 4t~k 
(0.0027-0.032). A. glycyrrhizas. Unof 
An expectorant. A. iodid, NHJ. Dose 
gr. ij-x (0.13-0.65). A. nitrate, NH 4 N0 3 , 
used in preparing nitrous oxide. A. phos- 
phate, (NH 4 ) 2 HP0 4 . Dose gr. v-xx 
(0.32-1.3). A. picras, C 6 H,(NH 4 )(N0 2 \ 3 0, 
a salt in yellow needles, of bitter taste ; like 
other picrates it is explosive, and must be 
handled with care. It is antipyretic and 
antiperiodic, and tends to correct gastric dis- 
turbances. Dose gr. v (0.32) in 24 hours. A. 
sulphate, (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 , used in the preparation 
of other ammonium salts. A. urate, occurs 
in alkaline urine and at times in urinary cal- 



AMPEREMETER 



. 



culi. A. valerianate, NH 4 C 5 H 9 2 , is used 
as a sedative in hysteria. Dose gr. j-v 
(0.065-0.32). 

Ammotherapy ( am-o-ther 1 '-a-pe ) [ auuog, 
sand ; depaireveiv, to heal] . The use of sand- 
baths in the treatment of disease. 

Amnesia (a?n-ne r -se-ah) [afivrjcia, forgetful- 
ness ]. Loss of memory, especially of the 
ideas represented by words. A. Auditory, 
word-deafness. A., Visual, word-blindness. 

Amnesic [a?n-ne f -sik). Relating to amnesia. 
A. Aphasia. See Amnesia. 

Amnio- chorial (am-ne-o-tio'-re-al) [ajiviov, 
the amnion ; x°P iOV , a membrane] . Pertain- 
ing to both amnion and chorion. 

Amnion (am' '-ne-on) [a/jvior, a young lamb] 
The innermost of the fetal membranes ; it i 
continuous with the fetal epidermis at the um 
bilicus, forming a complete sheath for the 
umbilical cord and a sac or bag in which the 
fetus is enclosed. It contains one or two 
pints of liquor amnii. It is a double, non 
vascular membrane, the inner layer or sac de- 
rived from the epiblast, the outer from the 
mesoblast. The cavity of the inner folds is 
called the true amnion, that cf the outer, the 

false. A., Dropsy of, excessive secretion of 
liquor amnii. 

Amnionic (am-ne-on f -ik) [aiivior, a young 
lamb]. Relating to the amnion. 

Amniorrhea (am-ne-o-re'-ah) [amnion, poia, 
a flow]. The discharge of the liquor amnii. 

Amniotic (am-ne-ot f -ik ) [a/uvlor, a young 
lamb]. Relating to the amnion. A. Fluid. 
The liquor amnii. See Amnion. 

Amoeba (am-e f -baK). See Ameba. 

Amoeboid (am-e f -boid). See Ameboid. 

Amomum (am-tZ-mum) [aucj/uov, an Eastern 
spice plant]. A genus of scitaminaceous 

plants to which the cardamon (A. cardamo- 
mum) and Grains of Paradise (A. granum 

paradisi) belong. 

Amorphia (ah-mor f -fe-ah) [ a priv.; popqf], 

form]. Shapeless condition. 
Amorphism (ah-?nor f -fisni) [a priv. ; fiop^i/, 

a form]. The state of being amorphous or 

without shape ; want of crystalline structure. 
Amorphous (ah-mor f -fus) [a priv.; fj.op<prj, a 

form]. Formless, shapeless, not crystalline. 
Ampelotherapy ( am -pel- - ther f - a -/><?) 

[auire/.og, a grape vine ; Oepa-eveiv, to heal]. 

The Grape-cure. 
Amperage (am-patS-akj} [Ampere, a French 

physicist]. The number of amperes passing 

in a given circuit. 
Ampere (am-pdr / ) [Ampere, a French physic- 
ist]. A unit of measurement of an electric 

current. 
Amperemeter (am-far'-me-fer) [Ampere; 

juerpov, to measure] . An instrument for es- 
timating the current of an electric circuit in 

amperes. 






A MPHI ARK VOC H ROM E 

Amphiarkyochrome [am-fe-ar / -ke-o-krom) 
[autjti, both; apuvg, net; ^'/ow/za, color]. A 
term applied by Nissl to a nerve cell the 
-tamable portion of whose cell body is in the 
form of a pale network, the nodal points of 
which are joined by an intensely staining 
network. 

Amphiarthrosis ( am-fe-ar-thro f -sis ) [d«0/, 
around; apBpov, a joint]. A form of mixed 
articulation in which the surfaces of the bones 
are connected by broad discs of fibro-cartil- 
age, or else are covered with fibro-cartilage 
and connected by external ligaments. It is 
distinguished by limited flexion in every 
direction, as, e.g. , between the vertebrae. 

Amphiaster [am' '-fe-as-ter) [apxpi, around ; 
aarijp, a star]. The figure formed in indirect 
cell-division by the achromatin threads and 
chromatin granules united to form the so- 
called nuclear spindle, together with the 
threads of cell-protoplasm radiating from a 
rounded clear space at each end of the spindle, 
known as the stars or suns. 

Amphibia [am-fib' '-e-a/i) [d ( up/, both ; fiioq, 
life]. A class of the Vertebrata, living both 
in the water and upon the land, as the frog, 
newt, etc. 

Amphibious [am-fib' -e-us) [ap-(p!, both ; fiiog, 
life]. Living both on land and water. 

Amphiblastic [am-fe-blas'-tik) [aufyi, on both 
sides; ^Aaaroq, a germ]. Pertaining to that 
form of complete segmentation that gives rise 
to an amphiblastula. 

Amphiblastula [am-fe-blas f -tu-lah) \_dp,(j>i, on 
both sides ; dim. of ( 3Zacrrdc, a germ]. The 
mulberry-mass or morula-stage in the develop- 
ment of a holoblastic egg. It follows the 
stage known as amphimorula. 

Amphibolia [am-fe-bo' '-le-aJi) [au(pi(3o?Ja, un- 
certainty]. The vacillating period of a fever 
or disease. 

Amphibolic [am-fe-boV-ik) [dju^lpo/MC un- 
certain]. Uncertain; doubtful. Applied to 
a period in the febrile process occurring be- 
tween the fastigium and the defervescence, 
and marked by exacerbations and remissions. 

Amphicrania {am-fe-kra f -ne-ah) [a/ucpi, both ; 
Kpavior, the skull]. Headache affecting both 
sides of the head. 

Amphicreatin [am -fe - kre ; - at - in) [a/Mbl, 
around; upeaq, flesh], C 9 H 19 N 7 4 . One of 
the muscle-leukomains. It crystallizes in 
brilliant oblique prisms of a yellowish-white 
color, and is faintly basic. 

Amphicreatinin [am-fe-kre-af '-in-in) [hfifyi, 
around ; Kpeaq, flesh], C 9 H 10 N-O 4 . A mem- 
ber of the creatinin group of leukomains de- 
rived from muscle. 

Amphidiarthrosis [am -fe - di- ar - thro f -sis) 

\_au(j>i, both; 6/dpdpua^, articulation]. The 

articulation of the lower jaw, as it partakes 

of the nature both of ginglymus and arthrodia. 

4 



49 AMPULLA 

Amphigony [am -fig' - o - ne) [a//o/, on both 
sides ; yovoq, offspring]. The sexual pro- 
cess in its broadest sense ; gamogenesis. 

Amphimixis [am-fi-miks f -is) [ap-tyi, on both 
sides ; pi^iQ, mixing]. The mingling of two 
individuals or their germs ; sexual reproduc- 
tion. 

Amphimorula [am-fe-mor f -u-lah) [amphi, on 
both sides ; morula, a mulberry] . The mo- 
rula, or globular mass of cleavage cells result- 
ing from unequal segmentation, the cells of 
the hemispheres being unlike in size. 

Amphistoma [amfis f -to-mah) [afityi, double ; 
crdjua , mouth] . A genus of trematode worms , 
named from the mouth-like apparatus at either 
end. One species, A. hominis, has been found 
in the large intestine of man. 

Ampho diplopia [am-fo-dip-lo' '-pe-ah) [ap,<po), 
both; diTrAooc, double; u>ip, eye]. Double 
vision affecting each of the eyes. 

Amphophile, Amphophilous [am'-fo-fll, 
am-fof'-il-us) [d/^w, both ; cpi'Adv, to love]. 
Readily stainable alike with acid and basic 
dyes. 

Amphoric [am-for' '-ik) \_amphora , a vase with 
two handles]. Resembling the sound pro- 
duced by blowing across the mouth of a 
bottle. A. Breathing, breath sounds with 
musical quality heard in diseased conditions 
of the lung, especially in pulmonary tuber- 
culosis with cavity-formation. A. Reson- 
ance, in auscultation, a metallic sound like 
that of blowing into a bottle, caused by the 
reverberation of sound in a cavity of the lung. 
A. Respiration. See A. Breathing. 

Amphorophony [am-for-of '-o-ne) [amphora, 
a vase with two handles; <puvr], a sound]. 
An amphoric resonance or sound. 

Amphoteric, Amphoterous [am-fo-ter'-ik, 
am-fot' '-er-us) [ajucpo-epoc;, both of two]. 
Double-sided ; having the power of alter- 
ing the color of both red and blue litmus test 
paper ; a condition sometimes presented by 
the urine. 

Amplification {am-plif-ik-a f -shun) [amp/i- 

ficare, to enlarge]. Increase of the visual 
area, in microscopy. 

Amplifier [am' '-ple-fi-er) \amplificare , to en- 
large]. An apparatus used in microscopy 
for increasing the magnification. It consists 
of a diverging lens or combination placed 
between the objective and the ocular, and 
gives to the image-forming rays from the 
objective an increased divergence. 

Amplitude [am f -ple-tud) \_amplus, broad]. 
The range or extent, as of vibrations and 
undulations, the pulse wave, etc. 

Ampulla [am-puV-ah) [L., a Roman wine 
jug]. The trumpet-mouthed or dilated ex- 
tremity of a canal, as of the lachrymal canal, 
the receptaculum chyli, the Fallopian tubes, 
mammary ducts, semicircular canals, vas de- 



AMPUTATION 



50 



AMYELINIC 



ferens, etc. A. Chyli, the receptaculum 
chyli. A., Lieberkuhn's, the cecal ter- 
minus of one of the lacteals in the villi of 
the intestines. A. of Rectum, the portion 
above the perineal flexure. A. of Vater, 
the site of entrance of the common bile-duct 
and pancreatic duct into the duodenum. 
Amputation [am-pu-ta f -shun) \a?nputare, to 
cut away]. The removal of a limb or any 
projecting part of the body. Amputation 
may be by the knife, ligature, or other means, 
or it may be the result of pathologic processes, 
as gangrene, constriction (e. g. , of the cord 
in the fetus). A., Accidental, the separa- 
tion of a limb by some form of accident. 
A., Bloodless, one in which there is but 
slight loss of blood, on account of the 
circulation being controlled by mechanical 
means. A., Central, one in which the scar 
is situated at or near the center of the stump. 
A., Circular, that performed by making a 
single flap, by circular sweeps of a long knife, 
through skin and muscles, in a direction ver- 
tical to the long axis of the limb. A., Circular 
Skin Flap, a modification of the circular, in 
which the skin flap is dissected up, and the 
muscles divided at a higher level. A., Coat- 
sleeve, a modification of the circular, in 
which the cutaneous flap is made very long, 
the end being closed by being gathered to- 
gether by means of a tape. A., Congenital, 
amputation of fetal portions, due to constric- 
tion by bands of lymph. A. in the 
Contiguity, amputation at a joint. A. in 
the Continuity, amputation of a limb else- 
where than at a joint. A., Consecutive, 
an amputation during the period of suppura- 
tion or later. A., Cutaneous, one in which 
the flaps are composed exclusively of the in- 
teguments. A., Diclastic, one in which the 
bone is broken with an osteoclast, and the 
soft tissues divided by means of an ecraseur. 
Its object is to avoid hemorrhage and puru- 
lent infection. A., Double Flap, one in 
which two flaps are formed from the soft 
tissues. A., Dry. See A., Bloodless. A., 
Eccentric, one in which the scar is situated 
away from the center of the stump. A., 
Elliptical, one that may be performed by a 
single sweep, as in the circular method ; the 
wound, however, having an elliptical outline, 
on account of the oblique direction of the 
incision. A. of Expediency, one performed 
for cosmetic effect. A., Flap, one in which 
one or more flaps are made from the soft 
tissues, the division being made obliquely. 
A., Flapless, one in which, on account of 
destruction of the soft parts, flaps cannot be 
formed, the wound healing by granulation. 
A., Galvano-caustic, one in which the 
soft parts are divided with the galvano-cau- 
tery followed by division of the bone by 



the saw. A., Immediate, one done 
within twelve hours after the injury, 
during the period of shock. A., In- 
termediary, or Intermediate, one per- 
formed during the period of reaction, and 
before suppuration. A., Intrauterine. See 
A., Congenital. A., Major, amputation of 
an extremity above the wrist or ankle joint. 
A., Mediate. See A., Intermediary. A., 
Minor, amputation of a small part, as a 
finger. A., Mixed, a combination of the 
circular and flap methods. A., Multiple, 
amputation of two or more members at 
the same time. A h Musculo-cutaneous, 
one in which the flaps consist of skin and 
muscle. A., Musculo-tegumentary. See 
A., Musculo-cutaneous. A., Natural. See 
A., Congenital. A., Oblique. See A., 
Oval. A., Osteoplastic, one in which 
there is section and apposition of portions 
of bone, in addition to the amputation. 
A., Oval, a modification of the elliptical, in 
which the incision consists of two reversed 
spirals, instead of the one oblique. A., 
Partial, I. One in which but a portion of 
the extremity is removed. 2. An incomplete 
congenital amputation. A., Pathologic, 
one done for tumor or other diseased condi- 
tion. A., Primary, one done after the 
period of shock and before the occurrence of 
inflammation. A., Racket, a variety of the 
oval amputation, in which there is a single 
longitudinal incision continuous below with 
a spiral incision on either side of the limb. 
A., Secondary, one performed during the 
period of suppuration. A., Spontaneous. 
See A., Congenital. It also occurs in the 
disease, ainhum. A., Subperiosteal, one in 
the continuity, the cut end of the bone being 
covered by periosteal flaps. A., Synchron- 
ous. See A., Multiple. A. by Transfix- 
ion, one done by thrusting a long knife com- 
pletely through a limb, and cutting the flaps 
from within out. 

Amusia. {ah-mu' '-se-ah) [d priv.; musa, 
juovaa, muse]. Loss of the ability to produce 
or comprehend music or musical sounds ; an 
abnormality as regards music analogous to 
aphasia as regards the faculty of speech. 
Motor A., the music is understood, but there 
is loss of the power of singing or of other- 
wise reproducing music. Paramusia, faulty 
and imperfect reproduction of music. Sensory 
A., musical deafness, or the loss of the power 
of comprehension of musical sounds. 

Amyelencephalia {ah-mi-el-en-sef-a' '-le-ah) 
[d priv.; juve?.6g, marrow ; neya/^, the head]. 
Absence of both brain and spinal cord. 

Amyelia {ah-mi-e' '-le-ah) [d priv.; juveAog, 
marrow]. Absence of the spinal cord. 

Amyelinic {ah-mi-el-in' f -ik) [d priv.; /we/.dc, 
marrow]. Without myelin. 



: 






; 



; 



AMVELOTROPHY 



51 



AMVLOPSIN 



Amyelotrophy (ah-mi-el-ot'-ro-fe) [d priv.; 
tne/iog, marrow; "po<pfj, nourishment]. 
Atrophy of the spinal cord. 

Amyelus (ah-mi' ' -el-us) [d priv.; fiveAog, 
marrow]. A fetal monstrosity with partial 
or complete absence of the spinal cord. 

Amygdala (am-ig'-dal-ah) [auvyd&Aq, al- 
mond]. I. The tonsil. 2. A small lobule 
on the lower surface of each cerebellar hem- 
isphere, projecting into the fourth ventricle. 
3. Almond. The seeds of A. amara and 
A. dulcis, containing the principle Emulsin. 
The former contains Amygdalin. The 
expressed oil of the sweet almond is a 
demulcent, and is useful in skin affections ; 
in doses of gj-ij (4.0-8.0) a mild laxa- 
tive. That of A. amara is used in cos- 
metics. A. Amarae, Aqua, a I : 1000 so- 
lution of the oil in water. Dose indefinite. 
A. Amarae, Oleum, a bitter volatile oil, 
containing 3-14 per cent, of hydrocyanic acid 
and having similar uses. Dose TT\,^-j (0.016- 
0.065). A., Oleum expressum, oil of 
sweet almonds. A., Emulsum, oil of sweet 
almonds 6 per cent. , sugar, water, and acacia 
q. s. Dose 3J-3 ss. (4.0-16.0.) A., Pulv. 
Comp. (B. P.), containing sweet almonds, 
refined sugar, and gum acacia. It is used to 
make A., Emulsum. A., Syrupus, contains 
oil of bitter almonds 3, sweet almonds 10, 
syrup 87 per cent. It is used as a vehicle. 

Amygdalin {am-ig f -dal-in) [auvydaAri, al- 
mond], C 20 H 27 NO U -(- 3H 2 0. A glucosid 
formed in bitter almonds, in various plants, 
and in the leaves of the cherry laurel. 
Under the influence of emulsin, contained 
in the almond, it splits up into glucose and 
hydrocyanic acid. 

Amygdaline (am-ig / -dal-in) [auvydaA?/, al- 
mond]. I. Almond-like. 2. Pertaining to 
the tonsil. 

Amygdalitis (am-ig-dal-i' -tis) [afivytiafaj, al- 
mond; trig, inflammation]. Tonsillitis. 

Amygdaloid (a??i-ig / -dal-oid) \_hjivy6aAr] , 
almond ; eldog, form]. Resembling an 
almond. A. Fossa, the depression for the 
lodgment of the tonsil. A. Tubercle, a 
projection of gray matter at the end of the 
descending cornu of the lateral ventricle 
of the brain. It is attached to the temporal 
lobe, and appears to be nearly isolated by 
white substance. 

Amygdalolith [am-ig-daV -o-lith) [afivyda?^, 
an almond ; Atdoq, a stone]. A concretion 
or calculus found in the tonsil. 

Amygdalopathy ( am - ig-dal- op '- ath - e ) 
[au.vyda.Ar), an almond; rradog, a disease]. 
Any disease of the tonsils. 

Amygdalotome (am-ig / ' -dal-o-tom) \hfivy- 
daATj, tonsil ; tziivelv, to cut]. An in- 
strument used in cutting the tonsils. 

Amygdalotomy {am-ig-dal-ot* '-o-me) \_apLvy- 



d&Aj], a tonsil; rifiveiv, to cut]. Tonsillot- 
omy. 

Amyl (am'-il) [d/zvAov, starch]. The radi- 
cle, C 5 H U , of amyl alcohol, the fifth mem- 
ber of the series of alcohol radicles, C n 
H 2n+1 . A. Alcohol. See Amy lie Alcohol. 
A. Hydrate. See Amylic Alcohol. A. 
Nitrite, nitrite of amyl, C 5 H n N0 2 , a clear, 
yellowish, volatile liquid, of a penetrating 
odor. It produces vascular dilatation and 
stimulates the heart's action, and is useful in 
angina pectoris, respiratory neuroses, etc. 
Dose, internally, TT^ %-) (0.016-0.065) 
dissolved in alcohol ; by inhalation, tr^ ij— v 
(0.13-0.32). A. Valerianate. See Apple 
Oil. 

Amylaceous {am-il-a' '-se-zts) \_afivAov, starch]. 
Containing starch ; starch-like. 

Amylene (am f -il-en) [djuvAov, starch], C 5 - 
H 10 . A liquid hydrocarbon, having anes- 
thetic properties. See Anesthetic. A. Hy- 
drate, C 5 H 12 0, a tertiary alcohol used as an 
hypnotic. Dose TT^ xxx- 3 j (2.0-4. °)- Unof. 

Amylic (am-il'-ik) [a^vAov, starch]. Per- 
taining to amyl. A. Alcohol, Fusel Oil, 
Potato-starch Alcohol, Amyl Hydrate. An 
alcohol having the composition C 5 H 12 0, pro- 
duced in the continued distillation of fer- 
mented grain. It was formerly used to 
adulterate whisky. It is employed as a sol- 
vent and reagent. 

Amylin (am'-il-in) [afiv'Aov, starch]. The in- 
soluble wall of the starch grain. 

Amylogenic {am-il-o-jen' '-ik) [d/uv?,ov, starch ; 
yevvav, to produce] . Starch-producing. 

Amyloid {am' '-il-oid) [a^cvAov, starch; elSog, 
form]. Starch-like. A. Bodies, bodies 
resembling starch grains, found in the nervous 
system, the prostate, etc. They are the result 
of a localized amyloid degeneration. A. 
Degeneration, waxy, or lardaceous degen- 
eration. A degeneration characterized by 
the formation of an albuminous substance, 
resembling starch in its chemic reactions. 
The process affects primarily the connective 
tissue of the blood-vessels of various organs, 
and is connected with or due to chronic 
suppuration in the body. Amyloid substance 
gives a brown color with iodin, a red color 
with gentian-violet, and turns blue on being 
treated with iodin and sulphuric acid. A. 
Kidney. See Bright" 1 s Disease. 

Amylolysis [am-il-oV ' -is-is) \ap.vAov, starch ; 
avgiq, solution]. The digestion of starch, or 
its conversion into sugar. 

Amylolytic {am-il-o-lit'-ik) [a/uvlov, starch ; 
Avcig, solution]. Pertaining to or effecting 
the digestion of starch, as the ferments in 
the saliva and pancreatic juice, that convert 
starch into sugar. 

Amylopsin {am-il-op' '-sin) [cljuvaov, starch ; 
oipig, appearance]. A ferment found in the 



AMYLOSE 



52 



ANAESTHETIC 



pancreatic juice, which changes starch into 
sugar. 

Amylose {am f -il-os) \_dav7.ov, starch]. Any- 
one of the group of carbohydrates, compris- 
ing starch, glycogen, dextrin, inulin, gum, 
cellulose, and tunicin. 

Amylum [amf -il-um)\y..\ C 6 H ]0 O 5 . Starch. 
A., Glyceritum, contains starch io, water 
io, glycerin 80 per cent. ; used for external 
application. A., Mucilago (B. P.), used in 
making enemata. A. iodatum, contains 
starch 95, iodin 5 per cent., triturated with 
distilled water and dried. Dose gj-^ss 
(4.0-16.0). 

Amyocardia {am-i-o-kar> '-de-aJi) [d priv. ; 
five;, muscle ; napdia, the heart]. Lack of 
muscular power in the heart's contractions. 

Amyostasia (am-i-os-ta / -ze-ah) [dpriv.; i:lc, 
muscle; crdaig, standing]. An abnormal 
trembling of the muscles while in use, often 
seen in locomotor ataxia. 

Amyosthenia {am-i-os-the' '-ne-ak) [d priv. ; 
uvg, muscle ; odivog, force]. Deficient mus- 
cular power. 

Amyotrophia {am-i-o-tro> ' -fe-aK) [d priv. ; 
fivg, muscle ; -poor), nourishment]. Atrophy 
of a muscle. 

Amyotrophic (am-i-o-trof'-ik) [d priv.; fivg, 
muscle ; -poor), nourishment]. Character- 
ized by muscular atrophy. A. Lateral 
Sclerosis, lateral sclerosis combined with 
muscular atrophy. The lesion is in the pyra- 
midal tracts and in the ganglion cells of the 
anterior gray horns of the spinal cord. The 
disease has a marked tendency to involve 
the medulla. A. Paralysis, that due to 
muscular atrophy. 

Anabasis (an-ab / ' -as-is) [araSaiveiv, to go 
up]. The increasing stage of acute disease. 

Anabatic (an-ab-at'-ih) [dva^ariKcg, ascend- 
ing]. Increasing; growing more intense; 
as the anabatic stage of a fever. 

Anabiosis {an-ab-i-o' -sis) [ava3io£iv, to come 
to life again]. The reappearance of vitality 
in an apparently lifeless organism. 

Anabolergy (an-ab-oP '-er-je) [avaSa/v.eiv, to 
throw up ; ep^-ov, work]. The force ex- 
pended or work performed in anabolism, or 
in anabolic processes. 

Anabolic [an-ab-oF-ik) \_dva3d77.eiv, to throw 
up]. Pertaining to or characterized by ana- 
bolism. 

Anabolin (an-ab / '-o-lhi) [avaSd/./.eir, to throw 
up]. Any substance formed during the 
anabolic process. 

Anabolism {an-ab' -o-lizni) \_dva3d/./.€tv, to 
throw up]. Synthetic or constructive meta- 
bolism. Activity and repair of function ; 
opposed to katabolism. 

Anacamptic f an-ak-amp 1 '-tik) [dvanduTr-Eiv, 
to bend back]. Reflected, as sound or light ; 
pertaining to or causing a reflection. 



Anacardium [an-ak-ar' '-de-um) [did, up; 
Kapdia, the heart, from its heart-shaped seeds], 
I. A genus of tropical trees. A. occidental 
yields cashew gum and the cashew nut. 2. 
The oil of the pericarp of the cashew nut, 
known as cardol, and used as an escharotic. 
It is said to be of value in leprosy. A., 
Tinct., I to 10 of rectified spirit. Dose, 
rr\jj-x (0.13-0.65). A., Unguentum, one 
part of the tar to eight of lard or vaselin, 
used as a blistering ointment. 

Anaclasis (an-ah' -las-is) \_avaK?Mccc, a break- 
ing off, or back]. I. Reflection or refrac- 
tion of light or sound. 2. A fracture ; forci- 
ble flexion of a stiff joint. 

Anacrotic (an-ak-rot f -ik) [dvd, upward ; upo- 
rog, a stroke]. Relating to or characterized 
by anacrotism. 

Anacrotism (an-ak' '-ro-tizm) \_dvd, upward ; 
uporog, a stroke]. The condition in which 
there is one or more notches on the ascending 
limb of the pulse curve. 

Anacusia [an-ak-oo / -se-ah) [av priv.; duoveiv, 
to hear]. Complete deafness. 

Anadenia [an-ad-e f -ne-ah) \hv priv.; adi/v, 
gland]. Insufficiency of glandular function. 

Anadicrotic {an-ah-di-ki'ot' ' -ik) [dvd, upward; 
dig, twice ; uporog, a stroke]. Characterized 
by anadicrotism. 

Anadicrotism {an-ah-di' ' -krot-izm) [dvd, up- 
ward ; dig, twice; Kporoc, a stroke]. Di- 
crotism of the pulse-wave occurring in the 
upward stroke. 

Anadidymous {ati-ad-id' -im-tis) \avd, up ; 
6i6vjiog, a twin]. Cleft upward into two, 
while single below — said of certain joined 
twins. 

Anadidymus {an-ad-id 1 '-im-us) \hvd, up ; 
didvuoc, a twin]. An anadidymous monster. 

Anadipsia {an-ah-dip' -se-ah) \_dvd, intensive ; 
di-iba, thirst]. Intense thirst. 

Anaemia [an-e / -?fie-ah). See Anemia. 

Anaerobia {an-a-er-o / -be-ah) [dv priv.; arjp, 
air; fiioc, life]. Microorganisms having the 
power of living without free oxygen. A., 
Facultative, applied to organisms normally 
or usually living in the presence of oxygen, 
but capable of becoming anaerobic. 

Anaerobic {an-a-e-ro' ' -bik) [dv priv. ; drip, air; 
fiioc, life]. Living in the absence of free 
oxygen or air. See Aerobic. 

Anaerobiosis (an-a-er-o-bi-o'-sis) [av priv.; 
drip, air ; fiioc, life] . Life sustained in the 
absence of free oxygen ; the power of living 
where there is no free oxygen. 

Anaerobiotic, Anaerobious {an-a-er-o-bi-ot f - 
ik, an-a-er-o'-be-us) \_dv priv.; di), air; /5/oc, 
life] . Capable of existing without free oxy- 
gen. 

Anaesthesia [an-es-the'-ze-ah). See Anes- 
thesia. 

Anaesthetic {an-es-thet'-ik). See Anesthetic. 



ANAGRAPH 



53 



ANARTHRIA 



Anagraph {an'-a-graf} [avaypacp?/, a writing 
out]. A physician's prescription or recipe. 

Anakusis (an-ak-oo'-sis). See Anacusia. 

Anal (a'-nal) [ anus, the fundament]. Per- 
taining to the anus. 

Analepsia, Analepsis (an-al-ep'-se -ah, 
an- al-ep f -sis) [dvd/i//i/uc, a taking up]. 
Recovery of strength after disease. 

Analeptic (an-al-ep' -tik) [avakrjKTLKOQ, re- 
storative]. I. Restorative. 2. Any agent 
restoring health after illness. 

Analgen (an-al' '-Jen) [dv priv. ; dlyog, pain], 
C 2 gH u N 2 4 . A white, tasteless, crystalline 
powder, almost insoluble in water, soluble 
with difficulty in cold alcohol, but more 
readily in hot alcohol, and dilute acids. It 
melts at 406. 4 F. It is employed as an 
analgesic, antineuralgic, and antipyretic. Dose 
gr. x-xxx (0.65-2.0). 

Analgesia (an-al-je'-ze-ah) [d priv.; d/lyoc, 
pain] . Insensibility to or absence of pain. 

Analgesic {an-al-je / -sik) [d priv.; dAyoc, 
pain]. I. Anodyne ; relieving pain. 2. Af- 
fected with analgesia. 3. A remedy that 
relieves pain. 

Analgesin (an-al f -je-sin). See Antipyrin. 

Analgic (an-aV-jik) [av priv.; dlyoq, pain]. 
Analgesic. 

Analgine. Synonym of Creolin. 

Analogous (an-al f -o-gus) \hvakoyoQ, conform- 
able] . Conforming to, proportionate, answer- 
ing to. 

Analogue (an f -al-og) [avdXoyoq, conform- 
able]. A part or organ having the same 
function as another, but with a difference of 
structure. The correlative term, homologue, 
denotes identity of structure with difference 
of function. The wing of the butterfly and 
that of the bird are analogous , but the wing of 
a bird and the arm of a man are homologous. 

Analysis (an- aV -is- is) \_dva7.vetv, to unloose]. 
The resolution of a compound body into its 
constituent parts. A., Gasometric, the 
determination of the constituents of gaseous 
compounds, especially the determination of 
the amount of oxygen in samples of atmos- 
pheric air. A., Gravimetric, the quantita- 
tive determination by weight of the elements 
of a body. A., Organic, the determination 
of the elements of matter formed under the 
influence of life. The analysis of animal 
and vegetable tissues. A., Proximate, the 
determination of the simpler compound into 
which a substance may be resolved. A., 
Qualitative, the determination of the nature 
of the elements that compose a body. A., 
Quantitative, the determination of the pro- 
portionate parts of the various elements of a 
compound. A., Spectral, the determination 
of the composition of a body by means of 
the spectroscope. A., Ultimate, the reso- 
lution of a compound into its ultimate ele- 



ments. A., Volumetric, the quantitative 
determination of a constituent by volume. 

Analyzer (an / -al-i-zer) [avaAveiv, to unloose]. 
In microscopy, the Nicol prism, which exhi- 
bits the properties of light after polarization. 

Anamirta (an-am-er'-ta). A genus of Menis- 
permaceoe. A. paniculata, or Menispermum 
cocculus, is the source of Cocculus indicus. 

Anamnesis (an-am-ne' '-sis) [avdjiv^aiq, a 
recalling to mind]. I. The faculty of 
memory ; recollection. 2. That which is 
recollected : information gained regarding 
the past history of a case from the patient. 

Anamnestic (an-am-nes' '-tik) [avcijivrjoiq, a 
recalling to mind]. I. Recalling to mind. 
2. Restorative of the memory. 

Anamniotic (an-am-ne- ot f -ik) \av priv. ; 
afiviov, amnion]. Without an amnion. 

Anandria (an-an f -dre-ah) \_av priv.; avrjp, 
man]. Lack of virility ; impotence. 

Anapeiratic (an-ap-i-raf '-ik) [dvaneipdcdaL, 
to do again]. Due to excessive use of cer- 
tain parts, or of certain muscles, as in writers' 
and telegraphers' cramp. 

Anaphases (an-af-a f -sez) [avd, up ; (pdaiq, a 
phase]. The phenomena of karyokinesis 
immediately preceding the formation of the 
daughter stars, and up to the formation of 
the resting daughter nuclei. 

Anaphia (an-a' -fe-ah) [dvpriv. ; afyrj, touch]. 
Defect in the sense of touch. 

Anaphoresis (an - af-or-e'-sis) [dv priv.; 
(popeecv, to carry]. A diminution in the 
activity of the sweat-glands. 

Anaphrodisia [an-af-ro-diz / -e-ah) \av priv. ; 
'A^podiTTj, Venus]. Absence or impairment 
of sexual appetite. 

Anaphrodisiac (an-af-ro-diz / -e-ak) \av priv.; 
'AtypodiTri, Venus]. I. Relating to, affected 
by, or causing anaphrodisia. 2. An agent 
that allays the sexual desire. 

Anaplastic (ati-ap-las f -tik) [dvarrXduaecv, to 
buildup]. I. Relating to anaplasty ; restor- 
ing a lost or defective part. 2. An agent 
that facilitates repair. 

Anaplasty (an' ' -ap-las-te) [dvair/idooeiv, to 
build up]. An operation for the restoration 
of lost parts ; plastic surgery. 

Anapnograph (an-ap' ' -no-graf) \hvairvor], res- 
piration ; ypdfysLv, to write] . An apparatus 
registering the movements of inspiration and 
expiration, together with the quantity of air 
inhaled. 

Anapnoic (an-ap-no' '-ik) \_dvd, against; air- 
voia, want of breath]. Relieving dyspnea. 

Anapophysis (an-ap- off f -is-is) [avd, back ; 
dirocpvcuc;, an offshoot]. An accessory process 
of a lumbar or dorsal vertebra, corresponding 
to the inferior tubercle of the transverse pro- 
cess of a typical dorsal vertebra. 

Anarthria [an-ar' '-thre-ah) \dv priv.: apflpov, 
articulation]. Defective articulation. 



ANASARCA 



54 



ANDROGYXEITY 



Anasarca [an-ah-sar' ' -kah) \_avd, through ; 
ffdpf, the flesh]. An accumulation of serum 
in the subcutaneous areolar tissues of the 
body. 

Anasarcous [an-ah-sar' ' -kus) \_ava, through ; 
ffdpf, the flesh]. Affected with anasarca. 

Anaspadias [an-as-pa' ' -de-as) [dvd, up ; o~d- 
eiv, to draw]. A urethral opening upon the 
upper surface of the penis. 

Anastaltic [an-as-tal' '-tik) \avaara/~LKoq, 
checking, putting back]. I. Strongly astrin- 
gent. 2. Centripetal ; afferent. 

Anastasis [an-as' -tas-is) [avdoraaiq, a setting 
up] . Recovery ; convalescence. 

Anastatic [an-as-taf '-ik) [avdaraag, a set- 
ting up]. Tending to recovery; restorative. 

Anastole [an-as' -to-le) [avaoToArj, retracted]. 
Retraction ; shrinking away, as of the lips of 
a wound. 

Anastomosis [an-as-to-mo' '-sis) [dvaaro/ideiv, 
to bring to a mouth]. I. The intercommunica- 
tion of blood-vessels. 2. The establishment of a 
communication between two hollow parts, or 
between two distinct portions of the same or- 
gan. See A., Intestinal. A., Crucial, an 
arterial anastomosis in the upper part of the 
thigh, formed by the anastomotic branch of 
the sciatic, the first perforating, the internal 
circumflex, and the transverse branch of the 
external circumflex arteries. A., Intestinal, 
an operation consisting in establishing a 
communication between two parts of the 
intestine. 

Anastomotic [an-as-to-mot' -ik) [avaoropoeiv , 
to bring to a mouth]. Pertaining to anasto- 
mosis. 

Anastomotica magna. See Arteries, Table 

Anatherapeusis [an-ath-er-ap-u f -sis) [ava, 
forward ; Ospa-evGig, medical treatment]. 
Treatment by increasing doses. 

Anatomic (an-at-om'-ik) \avarouia, anat- 
omy]. Pertaining to anatomy. A. Tuber- 
cle. See Verruca necrogenica. 

Anatomist [an- at' '-o?n-ist) [avarouia, anat- 
omy]. One who is skilled in anatomy. 

Anatomy [an-ai'-o-me) [avarouia]. The 
science of the structure of organs or of organic 
bodies. A., Applied, anatomy as concerned 
in the diagnosis and treatment of pathologic 
conditions. A., Comparative, the investi- 
gation and comparison of the anatomy 
of different orders of animals or of plants, 
one with another. A., Descriptive, a 
study of the separate and individual 
portions of the body, apart from their 
relationship to surrounding parts. A., Gross, 
anatomy dealing with the naked- eye ap- 
pearance of tissues. A., Homologic, the 
study of the correlations of the several parts 
of the body. A., Microscopic, or Minute, 
that studied under the microscope. A., 



Morbid, or Pathologic, a study of diseased 
structures. A., Physiognomic, the study 
of expressions depicted upon the exterior of 
the body, especially upon the face. A., 
Regional, a study of limited parts or regions 
of the body, the divisions of which are col- 
lectively or peculiarly affected by disease, 
injury, operations, etc. A., Surgical, the 
application of anatomy to surgery. A., To- 
pographic, the anatomy of a part in its rela- 
tion to other parts. A., Veterinary, the 
anatomy of domestic animals. 

Anatriptic [an-at-rip' '-tik) [avdrpitpig, a rub- 
bing]. A medicine to be applied by rub- 
bing. 

Anazoturia [an-az-ot-u f -re-ah) [av priv. ; 
azotum, nitrogen; ovpov, urine]. A condi- 
tion of deficient excretion of nitrogen in the 
urine, the urea being chiefly diminished. 

Anchusin [ang'-ku-sin) \axovaa, alkanet], 
CggH^Og. The red coloring matter found in 
alkanet-root. See Alkanet. 

Anchyloglossia (ang - kil - o -glos / - e - ah) 
[d; kvAtj, a loop; 6/. cooaa, tongue]. Tongue- 
tie. 

Anchylosis (ang-kil-o / -sis). See Ankylosis. 

Ankylostomiasis ( ang-kil-o-sto-mi' '-as-is ) 
\anchylostomum\ The morbid condition 
depending upon the presence of anchylosto- 
mum duodenale in the intestines. 

Anchylostomum ( ang - kil- os f - to - mum ) 
[dy/d'/.oc, crooked ; aroua. mouth]. A genus 
of nematoid worms of which the species A. 
duodenale is sometimes found in the human 
intestine. It produces a condition analogous 
to pernicious anemia. See Parasites, Animal, 
Table of, in Gould" 1 s Illustrated Dictionary. 

Ancipital [an- sip' -it- al) \anceps, double]. 
Two-edged. 

Anconagra ( ang-kon-a' '-grah ) \ayKUiv, the 
elbow ; ay pa, a seizure]. Arthritic pain at 
the elbow. 

Anconal, Anconeal [ang / -kon-al, ang-ko'- 
ne-al) [ayncjv, the elbow]. Pertaining to 
the elbow. 

Anconeus [ang-ko-ne' ' -us) [ayauv, the elbow]. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Ancyroid ( an' - sir - oid) \hyKvpa, anchor ; 
eISoc, form]. Shaped like an anchor. 

Andersch's Ganglion. The inferior gang- 
lion of the glosso-pharyngeal nerve. 

Anderson's Pill. The compound gamboge 
pill. 

Androgalactozemia [an - dro - gal-ak-to-ze' '- 
me-ah) \_avrjp, man , yd/.a, milk; (,7]{iia, loss]. 
The presence of milk in the male mamma. 

Androgyna [an - drof - in - ah) \avrip, man ; 
ywt), woman]. An hermaphrodite ; a female 
in whom the genital organs are similar to 
those of the male. 

Androgyneity [an - droj - in-e' - it - e) [avrjp, 
man; yvvi], woman]. Hermaphroditism. 



ANDROGYNUS 



Androgynus (an-drof -in-us) [avrjp, man; 
- 1 r//, woman]. An hermaphrodite. A male 
with genital organs similar to those of the fe- 
male. 

Andrology (cui-drol'-o-je) [avrjp, man; /.6-}og, 
science]. I. The science of man, especially 
of the male sex. 2. The science of the dis- 
! eases of the male genito-urinary organs. 

Andromania ( an-dro-via' '-ne-ah ) [avrjp, a 
man ; fiavla, madness] . Nymphomania. 

Androphobia (an-dro-fo' '-be-ah) [avrjp, man ; 
(j>63o£, dread]. Fear or dislike of the male 
sex. 

Anelectrode (an-el-eh'-lrod) [avd, upward; 
electrode]. The positive pole of a galvanic 
battery. 

Anelectrotonic {an-el-ek-tro-ton' f -ih) [av 
priv.; rfhZKTpov, amber ; rovog, tension]. Re- 
lating to anelectrotonus. 

Anelectrotonus {an-el-ek-trot f -o-nus) [av 
priv.; y/.enrpov, electricity; rovog, tension]. 
The decreased irritability that is present in a 
nerve in the neighborhood of the anode. 

Anel's Probe, or Sound, a fine probe used 
in operations upon the lacrymal passages. 
A. Syringe, asyringeused in injecting fluids 
into the lacrymal passages. 

Anemia {an-e f -me-aJi) [dvpriv. ; auia, blood]. 
Deficiency of blood as a whole, or deficiency 
of the number of the red corpuscles, or of 
the hemoglobin. It may be general or local. 
Local anemia, or ischemia, is the result of 
mechanical interference with the circulation 
of the affected part. General anemia is either 
idiopathic or symptomatic. A., Cytogenic. 
Synonym of A., Idiopathic. A., Essen- 
tial. Synonym of A., Idiopathic. A., 
Idiopathic, one in which the lesion is in the 
blood or the blood-making organs. A. 
lymphatica. Synonym of Hodgkin 's Dis- 
ease. See Lymphadenoma. A., Primary. 
See A., Idiopathic. A., Secondary, or 
Symptomatic, that due to a distinct cause, 
as hemorrhage, cancer, wasting discharges, 
poisons, etc. 

Anemic {an-em' -ik) [av priv.; aip.a, blood]. 
Pertaining to anemia. A. Infarct, a wedge- 
shaped area of coagulation-necrosis occurring 
in organs possessing terminal arteries. It is 
the result of the sudden stopping of such an 
artery by a thrombus or an embolus. A. 
Murmur, a murmur heard in anemic condi- 
tions, soft and blowing in character, and 
disappearing with the anemia. It is gener- 
ally heard over the base of the heart. A. 
Necrosis, the coagulation-necrosis of tissues 
resulting from the sudden stoppage of the 
supplying artery. 

Anemometer {an - em - om f - et - er) [avepiog, 
wind; fiirpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for measuring the velocity of the wind. 

Anemone [an-em' -o-ne) [dvs/nuvrj, wind 



55 ANESTHETIC 

flower]. A genus of ranunculaceous herbs, 
most of which have active medicinal and 
poisonous qualities. See Pulsatilla. 

Anemonin {an-em' ' -o-niii) [aveiiuvrj, wind- 
flower], C 15 H 12 6 . The active principle 
of the Ane?)ione. It is given in bronchitis, 
asthma, and spasmodic cough. Dose gr. %— 
yl (0.016-0.048) twice daily. 

Anencephalia {an-en-sef-a / -le-ak) [dp priv.; 
kyKH(pa7.oq, brain]. Absence of the brain. 

Anencephalic (an-en-sef-al'-ik) [av priv.; 
eyKe<pa?.og, brain]. Pertaining to or charac- 
terized by anencephalia. 

Anencephalus (an-en-sef'-al-us) [av priv.; 
£}K£(pa?.og, brain]. A species of single auto- 
sitic monsters in which there is no trace of 
the brain. 

Anergia (an-er' -je-ah) [av priv. ; epyov, 
work]. Sluggishness ; inactivity. 

Anergic {an-er' '-jik) [av priv.; epyov, work]. 
Characterized by sluggishness ; as anergic 
dementia. 

Aneroid (an'-er-oid) [a priv.; vripog, wet; 
elSog, form]. Working without a fluid. A. 
Barometer. See Barometer. 

Anerythropsia {an-er ith-rop f -se-ali) [av 
priv.; kpvdpog, red; oipic, sight]. Impaired 
color perception of red. 

Anesthesia, or Anaesthesia (an-es-the / -ze-ah) 
[avacoOr/Gia, want of feeling]. A condition 
of total or partial insensibility, particularly 
to touch. A., Central, due to disease in the 
nerve centers. A., Crossed, anesthesia on 
one side of the body, due to a central lesion of 
the other side. A. dolorosa, severe pain ex- 
perienced after the occurrence of complete 
motor and sensory paralysis, a symptom ob- 
served in certain diseases of the spinal cord. 
A., Local, that limited to a part of the body. 
A., Muscular, loss of the muscular sense. 
A., Peripheral, that depending upon 
changes in the peripheral nerves. A., Prim- 
ary, a temporary insensibility to slight pain 
occurring in the beginning of anesthesia and 
during which minor operations can be per- 
formed. A., Surgical, that induced by the 
surgeon by means of anesthetics for the pur- 
pose of preventing pain, producing relaxation 
of muscles, or for diagnostic purposes. 

Anesthetic, or Anaesthetic (an-es-thet'-ik) 
[dp priv. ; at odrjcia, feeling]. I. Without feel- 
ing ; insensible to touch or pain. 2. A sub- 
stance that produces insensibility to touch or 
to pain, diminished muscular action, and other 
phenomena. Anesthetics may be general, 
local, partial, and complete. A., General; 
the following are the substances that have 
been used for general anesthesia : Amylene, 
C 5 H 10 {Pental), a thin, colorless, translu- 
cent liquid ; action rapid, producing par- 
tial anesthesia. It should not be brought 
near a flame. Carbon Tetrachlorid, 



ANESTHETIC 56 

not so irritating to the organs of respiration, 
but far more dangerous than chloroform. 
Chloral Hydrate, action indirect and in- 
complete, and rarely, if ever, now used. 
Chloroform, by inhalation. Largely em- 
ployed in general surgery. It seems to have 
a selective action upon the nervous system, 
and also exercises a direct influence upon 
the muscular tissues of the heart. It par- 
alyzes the vasomotor system, and death 
results from cardiac paralysis. Chloroform 
should always be administered freely mixed 
with air. The Lister Method, also known 
as the Scotch ox Open Method ot administering 
chloroform, consists in pouring a small 
amount of the anesthetic upon a common 
towel arranged in a square of six folds, and 
holding this as near to the face as can be 
borne without inconvenience. Ethene 
Chlorid, formerly called ethylene chlorid, 
Dutch liquid, chloric ether, closely resembles 
chloroform, but is less depressant to the heart, 
and is considered safer than chloroform. 
Death results from paralysis of the respira- 
tory centers. Ether, by inhalation, is 
probably the safest known agent for the 
production of prolonged narcosis. Its action 
is directed largely to the nervous system, 
which becomes profoundly affected. It 
frequently causes spasmodic action and 
suspension of respiration. Death results 
from paralysis of respiration. It may be 
administered alone or in combination with 
nitrous oxid gas, in which case the patient 
is more rapidly narcotized. Ethidene 
Chlorid is similar in its action to chloro- 
form. Patients take a longer time to recover 
consciousness than when chloroform is used, 
but they experience fewer after-effects. An- 
esthetization occurs in from 3 to 5 minutes. 
Hydrobromic Ether {bromid of ethyl) 
produces unconsciousness and anesthesia in 
one minute, and complete muscular relaxa- 
tion in two or three minutes. The heart's 
action is somewhat weakened. Return to 
consciousness after withdrawal of the ether 
is very prompt. Its use may be followed by 
vomiting. According to some observers, 
death results from cardiac failure, while others 
believe it kills by direct action upon the res- 
piratory center. It is best administered by 
an Allis inhaler, and is of most service in 
minor surgery for short operations. Nitrous 
Oxid, by inhalation, is much used by den- 
tists as an anesthetic in the extraction of 
teeth. The symptoms resemble those of 
asphyxia, hence it is more important to watch 
the respiration than the pulse. It may be 
employed in minor surgical operations. 
There are but few after-effects, those most 
often observed being headache and malaise. 
A., Local, an anesthetic that, locally ap- 



ANESTHETIC 






plied, produces absence of sensation in the 
organ or tissue so treated. Alcohol, locally, 
removes sensation to pain, while tactile sense 
persists. Cool the alcohol to about io° below 
the freezing point, by placing it in ice and salt, 
and place the part to be numbed in it. Car- 
bolic Acid painted over the skin — its action, 
however, is caustic. Chlorethyl, in vapor 
form, is useful in minor and dental surgerv. 
Chlorid of Methyl, CH 3 C1, allowing the 
liquid chlorid to drop on the skin or mucous 
membrane. Unless kept carefully under con- 
trol the vitality of the tissues may be affected 
by the substance. Cocain is used in subcu- 
taneous injections, by painting over mucous 
or cutaneous surfaces, or, in the case of the eye, 
by instillation. As a paint, a 20 per cent, solu- 
tion is used, weaker preparations being of little 
value over cutaneous surfaces ; several coats 
are necessary. A 10 per cent, solution 
should be used on mucous surfaces ; for the 
eye a 2 to 4 per cent, solution will answer, and 
this solution is strong enough when cocain is 
employed as a spray. Hypodermically, 
Ttljj-v of a 10 to 20 per cent, solution are 
usually injected, and this may be repeated two 
or three times during the operation. Disul- 
phid of Carbon, by spray or irrigation, is 
a local anesthetic, but has a disgusting 
odor and is a powerful poison. Ether, 
in spray, is also a local anesthetic. The anes- 
thesia thus produced is confined to the skin, 
and is very transient. It may produce a 
slough from excessive freezing. Rhigolene, 
in spray, its use being similar to that of 
ether. A. Mixtures contain combinations 
of substances for producing anesthesia. The 
following are the most important : A. C. E. 
Mixture: — alcohol, sp. gr. .838, 1 part; 
chloroform, sp. gr. 1.497, 2 parts ; ether, sp. 
g r - -735? 3 parts. Billroth's : — chloro- 
form 3 parts, alcohol and ether each I 
part. Linhart's : — alcohol I, chloroform 
4. It is administered similarly to chlo- 
roform. Martindale's : — a volumetric 
mixture, the ingredients of which evaporate 
almost uniformly ; it consists of absolute al- 
cohol, sp. gr. .795, one volume; chloroform, 
sp. gr. 1.498, two volumes; pure ether, sp. 
gr. .720, three volumes. Medico-Chirur- 
gical Society of London: — ether 3, 
chloroform 2, alcohol I. Methylene, or 
Methylene Bichlorid : — a mixture of 
methylic alcohol 30 per cent., and chloroform 
70 per cent. The so-called " Liquid of 
Regnauld' 1 '' consisted of 80 percent, chloro- 
form, 20 per cent, methylic alcohol. Methy- 
lene is not much used, several deaths from 
cardiac paralysis having occurred from its em- 
ployment. Nussbaum's : — ether 3, chloro- 
form 1 , alcohol 1 . Richardson' s : — alcohol 
2, chloroform 2, ether 3. Sanford's : — the 



ANESTHETIZATION 

so-called "Chloramyl," is a mixture of 
chloroform and amyl nitrate in the proportion 
of two drams of the nitrate to the pound of 
chloroform. It is a dangerous mixture, both 
drugs depressing the heart. Vienna Gen- 
eral Hospital : — ether 9, chloroform 30, 
alcohol 9. Vienna Mixture : — ether 3, 
chloroform I. VON MERING'S: — chloroform 
one volume, dimethylacetal two volumes. 
It is said not to produce failure of respiration 
or heart, nor lowering of the blood pres- 
sure. WACHMUTH's : — one-fifth part of oil 
of turpentine is added to the chloroform. 
It is said to prevent any danger of heart- 
failure. 

Anesthetization {an-es-tket-iz-af -shun) [av- 
aioSijTOQ, insensible] . The act of placing 
under the influence of an anesthetic. 

Anesthetize (an-es' -thet-lz) \avaiodi]ro^, in- 
sensible]. To put under the influence of an 
anesthetic. 

Anesthetizer ( an-es' ' -thet-i-zer) \_avaiadi]~oc, 
insensible] . One who administers an an- 
esthetic. 

Anethol (an'-eth-ol) \_avd, up; aldeiv, to 
burn; oleum, oil], C ]0 H 12 O. The chief con- 
stituent of the essential oils of anise and 
fennel. It is employed in preparing the 
Elixir anethi, N. F., being more fragrant 
and agreeable than the anise oil. 

Anethum [an-e' ' -thuui) \avr1Q0v, anise]. Dill ; 
the dried fruit of Peucedaniwi graveolens, 
indigenous to Southern Europe. It is aro- 
matic, carminative, and stimulant. A., 
Aqua (B. P.). Dose ^ j-ij (32.0-64.0). 
A., Oleum (B. P.). Dose n L j-iv (0.065- 
0.26). 

Aneuria (ah-nu'-re-ah) [a priv.; vevpov, a 
nerve]. Lack of nervous power. 

Aneuric {ah-nu f -rik)\a^xvj .; vevpov, a nerve]. 
Characterized by aneuria. 

Aneurysm (an'-u-rizm) \avevpvaua, a widen- 
ing]. A circumscribed dilatation of the 
walls of an artery. *The symptoms of aneu- 
rysm depend upon the location of the aneu- 
rysmal tumor. Expansile pulsation and a 
bruit are important ; very significant are the 
so-called pressure-symptoms, which vary with 
the organ or part pressed upon. A., Abdo- 
minal, one of the abdominal aorta. A., 
Ampullary, a small saccular aneurysm ; it 
is most common in the arteries of the brain. 
A. by Anastomosis, a dilatation of a large 
number of vessels — small arteries, veins, and 
capillaries — the whole forming a pulsating 
tumor under the skin. This form of aneurysm 
is especially seen upon the scalp. A., Ar- 
terio-venous, the simultaneous rupture of 
an artery and a vein, the blood from both 
being poured out into the cellular tissue and 
forming a false aneurysm. A Varicose Aneu- 
rysm is produced by the rupture of an aneu- 



57 ANGINA 

rysm into a vein. An Aneurysmal Varix 
results from the establishment of a communi- 
cation between an artery and a vein, the 
latter becoming dilated and pulsating. A., 
Berard's, a varicose aneurysm with the sac 
in the tissues immediately around the vein. 
A., Cardiac, an aneurysm of the heart. 
A., Cirsoid, a tortuous lengthening and 
dilatation of a part of an artery. A., Com- 
pound, one in which one or several of the 
coats of the artery are ruptured and the 
others merely dilated. A., Consecutive, 
or Diffused, follows rupture of all the arterial 
coats with infiltration of surrounding tissues 
with blood. A., Dissecting, one in which 
the blood forces its way between the coats 
of an artery. A., Ectatic, an expansion 
of a portion of an artery due to yielding 
of all the coats. A., Endogenous, one 
formed by disease of the vessel walls. A., 
Exogenous, one due to traumatism. A., 
False, or Spurious, one due to a rupture 
of all the coats of an artery, the effused blood 
being retained by the surrounding tissues. 
A., Fusiform, a spindle-shaped dilatation 
of the artery. A., Sacculated, a sac-like 
dilatation of an artery communicating with 
the main arterial trunk by an opening that is 
relatively small. A., Park's, a variety of 
arterio-venous aneurysm in which the arterial 
dilatation communicates with two contigu- 
ous veins. A., Pott's. Same as Aneurys- 
mal Varix. A., Rodrigues', a varicose 
aneurysm in which the sac is immediately 
contiguous to the artery. A., Spurious. 
See A., False. A., Varicose. See A., 
Arteriovenous. 

Aneurysmal {an-u-riz' '-mat) \avevpvafia, a 
widening] . Of the nature of or pertaining 
to an aneurysm. A., Varix. See Aneurysm. 

Angeio- (an f -je-o). See Angio-. 

Angelica (an-jel'-ik-ali) [L.]. The seeds 
and root of Angelica arckangelica. It is an 
aromatic stimulant and emmenagogue. Dose 
of the seeds or roots, gr. xxx— gj (2.0—4.0). 

Angel's Wing (an'-jelz wing) . A deform- 
ity of the scapula in which it turns forward 
and then backward, giving the shoulder a 
peculiar dorsal bulge. 

Angiectasis (an-je-ek f -tas-is) [ayyelov, a 
blood-vessel; enTaoiq, dilatation]. Abnor- 
mal dilatation of a vessel. 

Angiitis, or Angeiitis {an-je-i' '-lis) [ayyelov, 
a vessel ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of a lymph-vessel or a blood-vessel. 

Angina (an' '-jin-ah or an-ji'-nah) \angere, to 
strangle]. Any disease attended by a sense 
of choking or suffocation, particularly an 
affection of the fauces or pharynx presenting 
such symptoms. A. acuta or simplex, 
simple sore-throat. A. externa. Synonym 
of Mumps. A. laryngea. Synonym of 



ANGINOID 

Laryngitis. A. lingualis. Same as Glos- 
sitis. A. Ludovici, or A., Ludwig's, 
acute suppurative inflammation of the con- 
nective tissue surrounding the submaxillary 
glands. A. membranacea. Synonym of 
Diphtheria. A. parotidea, the mumps, or 
Parotitis. A. pectoris, a paroxysmal 
neurosis with intense pain and oppression 
about the heart. It usually occurs in the 
male after forty years of age, and is generally 
associated with diseased conditions of the 
heart and aorta. There is a sense of im- 
pending death, and frequently there is a 
fatal termination. A. pectoris vasomo- 
toria, a term given by Nothnagel and Landois 
to an angina associated with vasomotor dis- 
turbances, coldness of the surface, etc. A., 
Pseudo-, a neurosis occurring in anemic 
females, characterized by a less grave set of 
symptoms and never resulting fatally. A. 
simplex. See A. acuta. A. tonsillaris, 
Quinsy. A. trachealis, Croup. A. ul- 
cero-membranus. See Tonsillitis , Herpetic . 

Anginoid [an' '-jin-oid) [angere, to strangle]. 
Resembling angina. 

Anginose [an-jin f -ose) [angere, to strangle]. 
Pertaining to angina; characterized by symp- 
toms of suffocation. 

Angiocholitis [an-je-o-ko-W '-lis) [ayyelov, a 
vessel ; ko7itj, bile ; irtg, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the biliary ducts. 

Angioderma pigmentosum [an-je-o-der f - 
mah pig-men-to' 'sunt). See Atrophoderma. 

Angiogenesis, Angiogeny (an-je-o-jen f -es- 
is, an-je-og'-en-e) [ayyelov, a vessel ; yevvav, 
to produce]. The development of the vessels. 

Angioglioma [an-je-o gli-o' '-mah) [ayyelov, a 
vessel ; glioma^. A glioma rich in blood- 
vessels. 

Angiograph [an f -je-o-gi-af) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 
ypd<peiv, to write]. A variety of sphygmograph. 

Angiography [an-je-og f -ra-fe) [ayyelov, a 
vessel ; ypa(pr], a writing]. A description of 
the vessels ; angiology. 

Angiokeratoma [an -je - o - her- at - o'-mah) 
[ayyelov, a vessel ; nepac, horn : bp.a, tumor]. 
Lymphangiectasis ; Telangiectatic warts ; a 
very rare disease of the extremities charac- 
terized by warty-looking growths that de- 
velop on dilated vessels in persons with 
chilblains, etc. Dark vascular spots the size 
of pins' points or pins' heads, develop as 
an attack of chilblains is subsiding. The 
disease is peculiar to childhood. 

Angioleucitis [an-je-o- lu- si' '-tis) [ayyelov, a 
vessel; Aevnog, white; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels. 

Angiolithic [an-je-o-lith' '-ih) [ayyelov, a ves- 
sel ; ?udog,a stone]. A term applied to neo- 
plasms in which crystalline or mineral de- 
posits take place, with hyaline degeneration 
of the coats of the vessels. 



58 ANGIOSPASTIC 

Angiology [an-je-ol'-o-je) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 
Aoyog, science]. The science of the blood- 
vessels and lymphatics. 

Angiolymphitis [an-je-o-li?nf-i f -tis). Same 
as Angioleucitis. 

Angiolymphoma [an-je-o- limf-o' '-mail) [ay- 
yelov, a vessel ; lympha, lymph ; o/u.a, tumor]. 
A tumor formed of lymphatic vessels. 

Angioma [an-je-o / -mah) [ayyelov, a vessel ; 
bjua, a tumor]. A tumor formed of blood- 
vessels. A., Cavernous, an angioma with 
communicating blood spaces, like the caver- 
nous tissue of the penis. A., Telangiectatic, 
an angioma composed of dilated blood-ves- 
sels. 

Angiomalacia(rt7z -je-o- mal-a' -se-ali) [ayyelov , 
a vessel ; jua/.a/cia, a softening]. Softening 
of the blood-vessels. 

Angiometer (anje-om / -et-er). See Sphyg- 
mograph. 

Angioneurosis [anje-o-rzu-ro'-sis) [ayyelov, 
a vessel ; vevpov, a nerve]. A neurosis ot 
the blood-vessels ; a disturbance of the vaso- 
motor system, either of the nature of a spasm 
of the blood-vessels [Angiospas?/i) or of 
paralysis [Angioparalysis) . 

Angioneurotic [an-je-o-nu-rof '-ih) [ayyelov, 
a vessel; vevpov, a nerve]. Pertaining to 
angioneurosis. A. Edema, an acute circum- 
scribed swelling of the subcutaneous or sub- 
mucous tissues, probably due to vasomotor 
lesion. The disease often runs in families. 
It is at times periodic and is associated with 
colic and gastric disturbances. 

Angioparalysis ( an -je-o -par - al ; - is - is ) 
[ayyelov, a vessel; rrapd/ivacg, paralysis]. 
Vasomotor paralysis. 

Angioparalytic ( an -je-o -par - al-it f - ih ) 
[ayyelov, a vessel ; TtapQ.vaig, paralysis] . Re- 
lating to or characterized by angioparalysis. 

Angioparesis [an-je-o-par' '-es-is) [ayyelov, a 
vessel ; rrapeoig, paresis] . Partial paralysis 
of the vasomotor apparatus. 

Angiopathy [an-je-op' '-a-the) [ayyelov, a ves- 
sel; rradog, disease]. Any disease of the 
vascular system. 

Angiorrhexis [an-je-o-reks' '-is) [ayyelov, a 
vessel; pv^ig, a bursting]. Rupture of a 
blood-vessel. 

Angiosarcoma ( an -je-o - sar- ho' - mah ) 
[ayyelov, a vessel ; oap^, flesh ; b/ia, a tumor]. 
A vascular sarcoma. 

Angiosialitis [an-je-o-si-al-i* -tis) [ayyelov, a 
vessel; cia?,ov, saliva; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the duct of a salivary gland. 

Angiosis [an-je-o f -sis) [ayyelov, a vessel]. 
Any disease of blood-vessels or lymphatics. 

Angiospasm [an' '-je-o-spazm) [ayyelov, a ves- 
sel ; GTtaGjiog, a spasm]. A vasomotor spasm. 

Angiospastic [an-je-o-spas' '-tik) [ayyelov, a 
vessel ; a~aaaog, spasm]. Characterized by 
or of the nature of angiospasm. 






ANGIOSTENOSIS 



Angiostenosis (an-je-o-sten-o' '-sis) \ayyuov y 
a vessel ; crkvwcic, a narrowing]. Narrow- 
ing of a vessel. 

Angiotelectasia (an - je - o-tel -ek - ta f - zc-ah) 
[a-}-}£~iov, a vessel ; rehoc, end ; kuTCiOLc, dila- 
tation]. Dilatation of the blood-vessels. 

Angiotomy [an-je-otf-o-me) [ayyeiov, a ves- 
sel ; Touii, a cutting]. Incision into a vessel. 

Angle, Angulus [ang'-gl or ang'-gu-lus) 
[angulus, an angle]. I. A corner. 2. The 
degree of divergence of two lines or planes 
that meet each other ; the space between two 
such lines. A. of Aberration. See A. of 
Deviation. A., Acromial, that formed 
between the head of the humerus and the 
clavicle. A., Alpha. In optics, that formed 
by the intersection of the visual line and 
optic axis. A., Alveolar, that formed be- 
tween a line passing through a spot beneath 
the nasal spine and the most prominent point 
of the lower edge of the alveolar process of 
the superior maxilla and the cephalic hori- 
zontal line. A. of Aperture, in optics, that 
included between two lines joining the op- 
posite points of the periphery of a lens and 
the focus. A., Biorbital, in optics, that 
formed by the intersection of the axes of the 
orbits. A., Costal. The angle formed by 
the meeting of ribs at the ensiform cartilage. 
A., Critical, that made by a beam of light 
passing from a rarer to a denser medium, 
with the perpendicular, without being en- 
tirely reflected. A. of Deviation. I. In 
magnetism, the angle traversed by the 
needle when disturbed by some magnetic 
force. 2. In optics, that formed by a re- 
fracted ray and the prolongation of the inci- 
dent ray. A. of Elevation, in optics, that 
made by the visual plane with its primary 
position when moved upward or downward. 
A. of Incidence, in optics, the angle at • 
which a ray of light strikes a denser medium 
and undergoes reflexion or refraction. A. 
of Inclination (of Pelvic Canal), in obstet- 
rics, that formed by the anterior wall of the 
pelvis with the conjugate diameter. A. of 
Inclination (of Pelvis), in obstetrics, that 
formed by the pelvis with the general line 
of the trunk, or that formed by the plane of 
the inferior strait with the horizon. A. of 
Jaw, the junction of the lower border of 
the ramus of the mandible with its posterior 
border. A., Limiting. See A., Critical. 
A. of the Lips, those formed by the union 
of the lips at each extremity of the mouth. 
A., Louis's, that between the manubrium 
and gladiolus of the sternum. A., Lud- 
wig's. See A., Louis's. A., Meter-, in 
optics, the degree of convergence of the 
eyes when centered on an object one meter 
distant from each. A., Optic, that in- 
cluded between lines joining the extremities 



59 ANHEMATOSIS 

of an object and the nodal point. The small- 
est is about 30 seconds. A. of Polarization, 
in optics, the angle of reflection at which 
light is most completely polarized. A. 
of the Pubes, that formed by the junction 
of the pubic bones at the symphysis. A. of 
Reflection, in optics, that which a reflected 
ray of light makes with a line drawn perpen- 
dicular to the point of incidence. A. of 
Refraction, in optics, that which exists 
between a refracted ray of light and a line 
drawn perpendicular to the point of inci- 
dence. A., Sacro-vertebral, that which 
the sacrum forms with the last lumbar 
vertebra. A., Sterno-clavicular, that exist- 
ing between the clavicle and the sternum. 
A., Subcostal. See A., Costal. A., Sub- 
pubic, that formed at the pubic arch. A. 
Visual. See A. Optic. A., Xiphoid, that 
formed by the sides of the xiphoid notch. 

Anglesey Leg (ang' '-gl-se leg) [so called after 
the Marquis of Anglesey]. An artificial 
limb formed from a solid piece of wood hol- 
lowed out to receive the stump and provided 
with a steel joint at the knee. The ankle- 
joint was made of wood, to which motion 
was communicated by strong cat-gut strings 
posteriorly and a spiral spring anteriorly. 

Angophrasia (ang-go-fra' '-ze-ah) \_ayxetv, to 
choke; (ppdair, utterance]. A speech-defect 
consisting of a choking, drawling utterance, 
occurring in paralytic dementia. 

Anguillula (ang-gwiV -u-lah) [dim. of an- 
guilla, an eel]. A genus of parasitic round 
worms. A., Stercoralis. See Thread-worms. 

Angular {ang' '-gu-lar) [angulus, an angle]. 
Pertaining to an angle. A. Artery, the ter- 
minal branch of the facial artery. A. 
Gyrus, or Convolution, a convolution of 
the brain. See Convolutions. A. Move- 
ment, the movement between two bones 
that may take place forward and backward, 
or inward and outward. A. Processes, the 
external and internal extremities of the 
orbital arch of the frontal bone. 

Angulus (ang f -gu-lus). [L.]. See Angle. 

Angustura (ang-gus-tu' '-rah) [Sp., Angos- 
tura, a S. A. town]. Cusparia Bark. The 
bark of Galipea cusparia. It is a stimulant 
tonic and febrifuge used in malignant bilious 
fever, intermittent fever, and dysentery. In 
large doses it is emetic. Dose of fld. ext. 
TT^x-xxx (0.65-2.0) ; of the bark gr. x-xl 
(0.65-2.6). Unof. Infus. Cuspariae 
(B. P.). Dose ^j-ij (32.0-64.0). 

Angusturin (ang-gus' '-tu-rin) [Sp., Angos- 
tura, a S. A. town]. Synonym of Brucin. 

Anhelation (an-hel-a' '-shun) \_anhelare, to 
pant]. Shortness of breath ; dyspnea. 

Anhematosis (an-hem-at-o'-sis) [av priv ; 
aljiaroELv, to make bloody]. Defective for- 
mation of the blood. 



ANHIDROSIS 



60 



ANISOTROPAL 



Anhidrosis (an-hid-ro' -sis) [av priv.; ISpug, 
sweat]. Partial or complete absence of 
sweat secretion. 

Anhidrotic (an-hid-rot' '-ik) [av priv.; 16 pug, 
sweat]. I. Tending to check sweating. 2. 
An agent that checks sweating. 

Anhydremia (an-hi-dre f -me-ah) [av priv.; 
vdup, water ; ai/na, blood]. The opposite of 
hydremia. A diminution of the watery con- 
stituents of the blood. 

Anhydrid [an-hi' '-drid) [av priv.; vdup, 
water]. A chemic compound, particularly 
an acid, formed by the withdrawal of a mole- 
cule of water. Carbon dioxid and sulphur 
dioxid are examples. 

Anhydrous (an-hi' '-drus) [av priv.; vdop, 
water]. In chemistry, a term used to denote 
the absence of water. 

Anideus [an-id' '-e-us) [av priv.; eidog, form]. 
The lowest form of omphalosite, in which 
the parasitic fetus is reduced to a shapeless 
mass of flesh covered with skin. 

Anidrosis (an-id-ro f -sis). See Anhidrosis. 

Anidrotic [an-id-rotf-ik). See Anhidrotic. 

Anilid (an'-il-id) [Arab., al, the; nil, dark 
blue]. Compounds formed by the action of 
acid chlorids or acid anhydrids upon the ani- 
lins. They are very stable derivatives. 

Anilin (an'-il-in) [ Arab. , al, the ; nil, dark 
blue], C 6 H 7 N. Amidobenzene ; formed in 
the dry distillation of bituminous coal, bones, 
indigo, isatin, and other nitrogenous sub- 
stances. It is made by reducing nitrobenzene. 
It is a colorless liquid with a faint, peculiar 
odor, boiling at 183 ; its sp. gr. at o° is I.- 
036. When perfectly pure it solidifies on 
cooling, and melts at — 8°. It is slightly sol- 
uble in water, but dissolves readily in alcohol 
and ether. Combined with chlorin, the 
chlorates and hypochlorites, it yields the 
various anilin dyes. It is used in chorea and 
epilepsy in one-half grain doses (0.03). Unof. 

Anilism (an r -il-izm) [anilin~\. An acute or 
chronic disease produced in workmen in ani- 
lin factories by the poisonous fumes. The 
symptoms are debility, vertigo, gastrointesti- 
nal disturbance, and cyanosis. 

Animal {an'-ini-al) [anima, the spirit, breath, 
or life]. An organism capable of ingesting 
and digesting food. No sharp line of distinc- 
tion exists between the lowest animals and 
certain vegetables. The higher animals are 
distinguished by the power of locomotion and 
the possession of a nervous system. A. 
Charcoal, bone-black, ivory-black, etc., is 
the product of the calcining of bones in 
closed vessels. A. Chemistry, that con- 
cerning itself with the composition of animal 
bodies. A. Electricity, electricity gener- 
ated in the body. A. Gum, C 12 H 20 O 10 + 2- 
H.,0. A substance prepared from mucin by 
Landwehr, and so named on account of its 



> 



: 



1 



resemblance to the gum of commerce. It 
occurs in many tissues of the body, is soluble 
in water, and in alkaline solution readily dis- 
solves cupric oxid, the solution not being re- 
duced on boiling. It yields no coloration 
with iodin, and is very feebly dextrorotatory. 
A. Heat, the normal temperature of the 
body in man — about 98.5 F. (37 C). A. 
Magnetism, mesmerism, hypnotism. A. 
Starch. See Glycogen. 

Animalcule (an-im-al' -kul) [animalculum, 
a minute animal]. An animal organism so 
small as to require the microscope for its ex- 
amination. 

Anime (an'-im-e) [Fr. , anime, origin doubt- 
ful]. A name of various resins, especially 
that of Hymencza courbaril, a tree of tropical 
America; sometimes used in plaster, etc. 
Unof. 

Anion (an f -e-o?i) [avd, up; Icjv, going]. In 
electrolysis, an electro-negative element. 

Aniridia (an-i-rid' -e-ah) [av, priv.; } pig, the 
rainbow]. Absence or defect of the iris. 

Anisated (an'-is-a-ted) [anisum, anise]. 
Containing anise. 

Anise [an' -is). See Anisum. 

Anisic Acid, CgHgOg. Methyl-para-oxy- 
benzoic acid, an oxidation product of" anethol. 
It is antiseptic and antipyretic, and is used in 
the treatment of wounds and acute articu- 
lar rheumatism. Dose of the sodium salt 15 
grains (1.0). 

Anisin (an'-is-in) [anisum, anise], C 22 H 24 - 
N 2 3 . A crystalline alkaloid, a derivative 
of anise. 

Anisocoria (an-is-o-ko' '-re-ah) [aviaog, un- 
equal ; Kopij, pupil] . Inequality of the di- 
ameter of the pupils. 

Anisol (an'-is-ol) [aniszim,axi\se~], C 7 H 8 0. 
Methyl-phenyl ether, produced by heating 
phenol with potassium and methyl iodid or 
potassium methyl sulphate in alcoholic 
solution. It is an ethereal-smelling liquid, 
boiling at 152 ; its sp. gr. at 15 is 0.991. 

Anisomelous (an-is-om' -el-us) [aviaog, un- 
equal ; peAog, a limb]. Having limbs of un- 
equal length. 

Anisometropia (an -is -0 - met - ro f -pe - ah) 
[aviaog, unequal ; jihpov, a measure ; gji/>, the 
eye]. A difference in the refraction of the 
two eyes. 

Anisometropic (an-is-o-met-rop' '-ik) [aviaog, 
unequal ; fitrpov, a measure ; uip, the eye]. 
Affected with anisometropia. 

Anisopia [an-is-o' -pe-ah) [aviaog, unequal ; 
hip, eye]. Inequality of visual power in the 
two eyes. 

Anisosthenic (an-is-o-sthen' -ik) [aviaog, un 
equal; adsvog, strength]. Not of equal 
power ; used of pairs of muscles. 

Anisotropal, Anisotropic, Anisotropous 
(an-is-o-trop' ' -al, an-is-o-trop' '-ik, an-is-ot f - 



i 



ANISUM 



61 



ANODAL 



ro-pus) [aviaoq, unequal ; rpajrog, turning]. 
Not possessing the same light-refracting 
,' properties in all directions ; a term applied 
i to doubly refracting bodies. In biology, 
varying in irritability in different parts or 
organs. 

Anisum (an'-is-wri) [L]- Anise. The 
fruit of Anisum pimpinella. Its properties 
are due to a volatile oil. It is slightly stimu- 
lant to the heart action. It is useful chiefly 
to liquefy bronchial secretions, and is there- 
fore a favorite ingredient in cough mixtures. 
Dose gr. x-xx (0.65-1.32). A., Aqua, oil 
of anise I, water 500 parts. Dose in- 
definite. A., Essentia (B. P.). Dose n\x- 
xx (0.65-I.3). A., Oleum, an ingredient 
in tinct. opii camph. Dose TT\J-v (0.065- 
0.32). A., Spiritus, a ten per cent, solution 
of the oil in alcohol. Dose gj-ij (4.0-8.0). 

Anitrogenous (ah-ni-troj v -en-us) [d priv.; 
nitroge)i\. Non-nitrogenous. 

Ankle (ang f -kl) [ME., ancle]. The joint 
between the leg and the foot. It is a gin- 
glymus joint, with three ligaments, the ante- 
rior, internal, and external. A-bone, the 
astragalus. A. Clonus, the succession of a 
number of rhythmic muscular contractions in 
the calf of the leg, when the foot is suddenly 
flexed by a pressure upon the sole. It is 
a symptom of various diseases of the spinal 
cord, especially those involving the lateral 
pyramidal tracts. A. -jerk. See A. Clonus. 
A. -joint. See Ankle. A. Reflex. See 
A. Clonus. 

Ankyloblepharon (ang-kil- o-blef'-ar- on) 
[aynvTit], a thong or loop ; fiMcpapov, the 
eyelid]. The adhesion of the ciliary edges 
of the eyelids. 

Ankylochilia (ang-kil- o-ki' '-le-ah) [aynvTirj, 
loop ; x £l ^°£> lip]- Adhesion of the lips. 

Ankylocolpos (ang-kil-o-kol f -pos) [aynvhri, a 
loop ; koXttoq, the vagina]. Atresia of the 
vagina or vulva. 

Ankyloglossia, Ankyloglossum (ang-kil-o- 
glos f -e-ah, ang-kil- o-glos' -sunt) [dy/cW,??, a 
loop; ylaaaa, the tongue]. Tongue-tie. 

Ankylose (ang' -kil-os) [ayniiXq, a loop]. To 
be, or to become, consolidated or firmly united. 

Ankylosis* (ang-kil-o / -sis) [aynvTir/, a loop]. 
Union of the bones forming an articula- 
tion, resulting in a stiff joint. A., Ex- 
tracapsular, that due to rigidity of the 
parts external to the joint. A., False, or 
Spurious, is due to the rigidity of surround- 
ing parts. A., Intracapsular, that due 
to rigidity of the structures within a joint. 
A., True, or Bony, when the connecting 
material is bone. A., Ligamentous, when 
the medium is fibrous. 

Ankylostoma, Ankylostomum (ang-kil- 
os'-to-mah, ang-kil-os'-to-??iuni) [dy/d>/loc, 
Crooked ; ord/m, a mouth] . A genus of 



nematoid worms, one species of which, A. 
duodenale, is found in the human intestine. 

Ankylostomiasis (ang-kil- os-to- mi f - as - is) 
[dy/d'Aoc, crooked; crd/ua, a mouth]. A 
form of pernicious anemia produced by the 
presence of the parasite Ankylostoma duode- 
nale in the human intestine. It is especially 
prevalent among brickmakers and other work- 
men in Europe. It is called also Doch- 
miasis, Brickmakers' Anemia, Tunnel 
Anemia, Miners' Cachexia, Egyptian Chlor- 
osis, etc. Male fern and thymol expel the 
worm. 

Ankylotia (ang-kil-o' -she-ah) [aynvfaj, a 
noose ; ov<;, ear]. Union of the walls of the 
meatus auditorius. 

Annatto (an-at ; -o). See Annotto. 

Annectant (an-ek' '-tant) [ad, to ; nectere, to 
bind]. Linking or binding together. A. 
Convolutions. See Convolution. 

Annidalin (an - id' '- al '- in) . I. Dithymol 
triiodid. A substitute for iodoform and aris- 
tol. 2. See Aristol. 

Annotto (an-ot'-o) [native American]. An- 
natto, arnotto. A coloring matter obtained 
from the pellicles of the seeds of Bixa 
orellana. It is used to color plasters, and 
as an artificial color for butter. 

Annuens (an'-u-enz) \_annuere, to nod]. The 
rectus capitis anticus minor muscle. 

Annular (an'-u-lar) [annulus, a ring]. Ring- 
like. A. Cartilage, the cricoid cartilage. 
A. Finger, the ring finger. A. Ligament, 
the ligament surrounding the wrist and the 
ankle. A. Muscle of Miiller, the circular 
fibers of the ciliary muscle. A. Process, 
or Protuberance, the pons varolii. A. Re- 
flex (of macula) , a ring-like reflection some- 
times seen with the ophthalmoscope around 
the macula. 

Annulus (an f -zi-lus) [annulus , a ring]. A 
ring-shaped or circular opening. A. abdo- 
minalis, the external or internal abdominal 
rings. A. abdominis, the inguinal ring. 
A. ciliaris, the boundary between the iris and 
choroid. A. fibrosus, the external part of 
the intervertebral discs. A. membranae 
tympani, an incomplete bony ring that forms 
the fetal auditory process of the temporal bone. 
A. osseus, the tympanic plate. A. ovalis, 
the rounded or oval margin of the Foramen 
ovale. A. trachea?, any tracheal ring. A. 
umbilicus, the umbilical ring. 

Anococcygeal (a-no-kok-sif -e-al) [anus, 
the fundament; kokkv^, the coccyx]. Per- 
taining to the anus and the coccyx. A. Lig- 
ament, a ligament that connects the tip of 
the coccyx with the external sphincter ani 
muscle. 

Anodal (an' -o-dal) [avd, up ; o86q, a way]. 
Relating to the anode ; electro-positive. A. 
Opening Contraction. See Contraction. 



A NODE 

Anode (an f -od) [aid, up; b66g, away]. The 

positive pole of a galvanic battery. 
Anodontia (an-o-dori '-she-ah) ' [av priv.; 

bdoig, tooth]. Absence of the teeth. 
Anodyne (an'-o-dln) [av priv.; o6vvtj, pain]. 
A medicine that gives relief from pain. A., 
Hoffmann's. See Ether. 
Anoesia (an-o-e'-ze-ah) [avof/oia, a want of 

sense]. Want of understanding. 
Anoia (an-oi'-ah) [avota, idiocy]. Synonym 

of Idiocy. 
Anomalous (an-om f -al-us) [avupasAc, not 
ordinary]. Irregular; characterized by de- 
viation from the common or normal order. 
Anomaly (an-om'-al-e) [avuua/.ia, irregu- 
larity]. A marked deviation from the nor- 
mal ; an abnormal thing or occurrence. 
Anonyma (an-on' '-im-ali) [av priv.; brvua, 

name]. The innominate artery. 
Anonymous (an-on'-vn-us) [av priv.; brrua, 
sl name]. Nameless. A. Bone. See In- 
nominatum. 
Anophthalmia (an- off -thai' -me -ah) [av 
priv.; bcpda/.pog, eye]. Congenital absence 
of the eyes. A. cyclopica, a congenital 
malformation in which the eye-socket is very 
ill-developed and the orbit rudimentarv or 
altogether absent. 
Anophthalmus (an-off-thal' -mus) [av priv. ; 
bp6a?,fioc, eye]. I. Congenital absence of 
the eyes. 2. A person born without eyes. 
Anopia (an-o' '-pe-ah) [av priv.; uip, the'eve]. 
Absence of sight, especially that due to 'de- 
fect of the eyes. 
Anorchia (an-or'-ke-ah). See Anorchism. 
Anorchism [an f -or-kizm) [av priv.; bpxig, 

the testicle] . Absence of the testicles. 
Anorexia (an-or-ek f -se-ah) [av priv.; bpe$tg, 
appetite]. Absence of appetite. A. nervosa, 
an hysteric affection occurring chiefly in 
young neurotic females, and characterized 
by a great aversion to food. 
Anorthopia (an-or-tho f -pe-ah) [av priv.; 
bpdbg, straight ; bvic, vision]. I. A defect 
in vision in which straight lines do not seem 
straight, and parallelism or symmetry is not 
properly perceived. 2. Squinting; obliquity 
of vision. 
Anorthosis (an-or-tho' -sis) [av priv. ; bpfioxrig, 
a making straight]. Absence or defect of 
erectility. 
Anosmia (an-oz' ' -?ne-ah) [av priv.; baarj, 

smell]. Absence of the sense of smell. 
Anosphrasia (an-os-fra f -ze-ah) [av priv.; 
baopaaia, smell]. Absence of the sense of 
smell. 
Anospinal (a-no-spi'-nal) [anus, the funda- 
ment; spina, the backbone]. Relating to 
the anus and the spinal cord. A. Center, 
a center that controls the anal sphincters. 
It is situated in the .lumbar portion of the 
spinal cord. 



62 



ANTARTHRITIC 



1 



Anotus (an-o'-tus) [av priv.; oig , the ear]. 
An earless monstrosity. 
Anovesical [a-no-ves f -ik-al) [anus, the fun 
dament; vesica, the bladder]. Pertaining 
conjointly to the anus and urinary bladder. 
Ansa (an'-sah) [L. , a " handle."]' A loop. A. 
capitis, the zygomatic arch. A., Haller's, 
the loop formed by the nerve joining the 
facial and glosso-pharyngeal nerves. A. 
Henle's. See He7ile s Loop. A. hypo- 
glossi, a loop formed at the side of the neck 
by the junction of the descendens noni nerve 
with branches of the second and third cer- 
vical nerves. A. sacralis, a loop joining 
the ganglion impar with the sympathetic 
trunks of the two sides. A. of Vieussens, 
a loop extending from the third cervical gang- 
lion and surrounding the subclavian arterv. 
A. of Wrisberg, the nerve joining the right 
great splanchnic and right pneumogastric 
nerves. 

Anserine (an'-ser-in) [an ser, a goose] . Re- 
sembling a goose. A. Disease, a wasting 
of the muscles of the hands, rendering the 
tendons unduly prominent, and suggesting the 
appearance of a goose's foot. A. Skin, 
goose-skin. 

Antacid (ant-as'-id) [anti, against ; acidus, 
acid]. I. Neutralizing acidity. 2. A sub- 
stance counteracting or neutralizing acidity. 
Antacidin (ant-as'-id-iu). Saccharate of 

lime. 
Antagonism (a7i-tag / -on-izm) [avra-uvuEc- 
6ai, to struggle against]. Opposition; op- 
posed action, as of two sets of muscles or of 
two remedial agents. 
Antagonist (an-tag f -o-nist) [avrayuviGrfc, 
counteracting]. A term applied to a drug 
that neutralizes the therapeulic effects of 
another. In anatomy, a muscle that acts in 
opposition to another. A., Associated, a 
name given to that muscle of a healthy eye 
that turns the globe in the same direction as 
the affected muscle of the opposite eye would, 
if normal, turn the eye to which it belongs. 
Antagonistic iati-tag-o-tiis' -tik) [avrayuvic- 

rf)q, counteracting]. Opposing. 
Antalgic (ant-aP '-jik) [avri, against ; d/.}oc, 
pain]. I. Relieving pain. 2. A remedy 
that relieves pain. 
Antalkaline (ant-al'-kal-in) [avri, against ; 
alkali']. I. Neutralizing alkalies. 2. An 
agent neutralizing alkalies, as acids. 
Antaphrodisiac (ant-af-ro-diz f -e-ak) [avri, 
against; aopodiaia, sexual desire]. 1. Les- 
sening venereal desire. 2. An agent that 
lessens the venereal impulse ; an anaphro- 
disiac. 
Antapoplectic (ant -ap-o -plek'- tik) [avri, 
against; a~o-?.^ia, apoplexy]. Efficient in 
preventing or treating apoplexy. 
Antarthritic (ant-ar-thrit'-ik) [avri, against ; 



. 



ANTASTHENIC 

apOpirmoq, gouty]. I. Relieving gout. 2. 
A medicine for the relief of gout. 

Antasthenic (ant-as-then' -ik) [avri, against ; 
aaOeveia, weakness]. Tending to correct 
debility and restore the strength. 

Antasthmatic (ant-az-mat'-ik) [avri, against; 
aadfia, short-drawn breath]. I. Relieving 
asthma. 2. A medicine serving for the 
relief of asthma. 

Antebrachium [an - te - bra'- ke- um) [ante, 
before ; brachium, the arm]. The forearm. 

Antecurvature (an-te-ker' ' -vat-chur) [ante, 
forward; curvatus, bent]. A forward 
curvature. 

Anteflexion (an-te-Jlek' 'shun) [ante, before ; 
flectere, to bend]. A bending forward. A. 
of Uterus, a condition in which the fundus 
of the uterus is bent forward. 

Antemetic (ant-em-et'-ik). See Antiemetic. 

Ante mortem (an'-te mor'-tem) [L.]. Be- 
fore death. 

Antenna (an-ten'-ah) [avreiveiv, to stretch 
out]. In biology, one of the paired, articu- 
lated, sensory appendages of the head of an 
arthropod . 

Ante partum (an'-te par' -turn) [L.]. Be- 
fore delivery. 

Antephialtic (ant-ef-e-al'-tik) [avri, against ; 
eptd/iTrjc, nightmare]. Preventive of night- 
mare. 

Antepileptic (anl-cp-il-ep' '-tik) [avri, against ; 
ETri/.qipic, epilepsy] . Relieving epilepsy. 

Anteprostatic (an-te-pros-taf '-ik) [ante, be- 
fore ; npoorarric, one who stands before] . 
Situated before the prostate. A. Glands, 
certain small accessory glands sometimes 
found between Cowper's gland and the pros- 
tate. 

Anterior (an-tc' '-re-or) [anterior, forward]. 
Situated before or in front of; pertaining to 
the part of organ situated toward the ventral 
aspect of the body. A. Poliomyelitis, in- 
flammation of the anterior horns of the spinal 
cord, giving rise to a characteristic paralysis, 
common in children. A. Rotation, the 
forward turning of the presenting part in 
labor. 

Antero- (an'-te-ro) [anterior, before]. A 
prefix signifying position in front. 

Antero-inferior (an-te-ro-in-fe' '-re-or) [an- 
terior, forward ; inferior, lower]. Situated 
in front and below. 

Antero-lateral (an-te-ro-laf '-er-al) [anter- 
ior, before ; latus, a side]. In front and to 
or on one side ; from the front to one side. 

Antero-parietal (an' -te-ro-par-i' -et-al) [an- 
terior, before ; paries, a wall]. Anterior 
and also parietal. A. Area, the anterior 
part of the parietal area of the cranium. 

Antero-posterior [an' ' -te- ro -pos-te f - re-or) 
[anterior, forward ; posterior, backward] . 
Extending from before backward. 



63 ANTHRACONECROSIS 

Antero-superior {an' ' -te-ro-su-pe' '-re-or) [an- 
terior, forward; superior, upper]. Situated 
in front and above. 

Anteversion (an-te-ver' '-tfiun) [ante, before ; 
ve)'tere, to turn]. A turning forward. A. of 
Uterus, a tilting forward of the uterus. 

Anthelix (ant' - he - liks or an' - the - liks) 
[avOe^i^, the inner curvature of the ear]. 
The ridge surrounding the concha of the ex- 
ternal ear posteriorly. 

Anthelmintic (an - thel - min r - tik) [avri, 
against; tkp.ivq, a worm]. I. Efficacious 
against worms. 2. A vermicide. 

Anthemis (an f -them-is) [avde/uig, a flower]. 
Camomile. The flower-heads of A. nobilis, 
the properties of which are due to a volatile 
oil, a camphor, and a bitter principle. It is 
useful in coughs and spasmodic infantile com- 
plaints, and is an excellent stomachic tonic. 
Infusion of % iv to Oj, given in doses of 
^j-ij (32.0-64.0). No official preparations. 
A., Extract. (B. P.), dose gr. ij-x (0.13- 
0.65). A., Infus. (B. P.), dose ^ j— iv 
(32.0-128.0). A., Oleum, the volatile oil 
of camomile. Dose n\ij-x (0.13-0.65). 

Anthemorrhagic (ant-hem-or-aj' -ik) [avri, 
against; al/xa, blood; payia, a bursting]. 
Checking or preventing hemorrhage. 

Anthony's Fire, St. A popular name for 
erysipelas. 

Anthracemia (an-thras-e' '-me-ah) [avdpag, a 
coal; al/ua, blood]. Wool-sorter's disease; 
splenic fever of animals ; a disease due to the 
presence in the blood of the Bacillus an- 
thracis. 

Anthracene (an'-thra-sen) [avdpa^, a coal], 
C U H 10 . A hydrocarbon formed from many 
carbon compounds when they are exposed to 
a high heat ; also from coal-tar. It crystal- 
lizes in colorless, monoclinic tables, showing 
a beautiful blue fluorescence ; dissolves with 
difficulty in alcohol and ether, but easily in 
hot benzene ; melts at 213 . It is the base 
from which artificial alizarin is prepared. 

Anthracia (an-thra' '-se-ah)[av6pa^, a coal]. 
A name for diseases characterized by the 
formation of carbuncles. A. pestis, the 
plague. A. rubula. Synonym of Fram- 
besia. 

Anthracic (an' -thras-ik) [avdpa^, a coal]. 
Pertaining to or of the nature of anthrax. 

Anthracin (an f -thras-in) [avBpaf;, a coal]. 
A toxic ptomain derived from pure cultures 
of the bacillus of anthrax. 

Anthracoid (an' -thrak-oid ) [avdpa^, coal ; 
elSog, form]. Resembling anthrax. 

Anthracometer (an-thrak-om' '-et-er) [avdpa^, 
coal; fierpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for estimating the amount of carbon dioxid 
in the air. 

Anthraconecrosis (an-thrak-o-ne-kro' '-sis) 
[avdpa^, coal; venpuvig, death]. The ne- 



ANTHRACOSIS 



64 



ANTICARDIUM 



erotic transformation of a tissue into a black 
mass, as in dry gangrene. 
Anthracosis (an-thrak-o'-sis) [avOpa^, car- 
bon ; voaog, disease] . " Miner's Lung." A 
diseased condition of the lung produced by 
the inhalation of coal dust. It is a form of 
pneumonokoniosis . 
Anthraquinone (an-thra-kwin-on') [avdpafj, 
coal; Sp., quina, haxk~], C ]4 H 8 2 . A sub- 
stance produced by oxidizing anthracene 
with HN0 3 . It sublimes in yellow needles, 
melting at 277 , and is soluble in hot ben- 
zene and HN0 3 . 

Anthrarobin (an-thra-ro' -bin) , C M H 10 O 3 . A 
derivative of alizarin, similar to chrysarobin. 
It is a yellowish-white powder, insoluble in 
water, but soluble in alcohol and dilute alka- 
line solutions. It is useful in psoriasis, 
herpes, pityriasis versicolor. Unof. 

Anthrax (an'-thraks) [avdpa^, a coal or car- 
buncle]. I. A carbuncle. 2. An acute in- 
fectious disease due to the bacillus anthracis. 
It is most common in cattle and sheep, but 
may occur in man. Infection in man may 
occur (a) through a wound, the resulting 
lesion being a boil or carbuncle, whence the 
disease becomes disseminated through the 
blood, (b) Through the intestinal tract. In 
this case there are marked local lesions, either 
such as resemble the dermal boils, or a hem- 
orrhagic infiltration of the mucous mem- 
brane, (c) Through the respiratory tract. 
The results are inflammatory processes in the 
lungs and pleura. Synonyms: Milzbrand, 
Charbon, Woolsorter's Disease. A., Symp- 
tomatic. See Black-leg. 

Anthropogenesis (an-thro-po-jen' '-es-is) [av- 
Opuirog, man ; yeveaig, generation]. The de- 
velopment of man, as a race {phylogenesis) 
and as an individual [ontogenesis). 

Anthropoglot [an' ' -thro-po-glot) [avdpunog, 
man ; y'/uaaa, the tongue] . Human-tongued, 
as a parrot. 

Anthropography (an-thro-pog' '-ra-fe) [avdpo- 
7roc, man; ypatyeiv, to write]. A treatise 
upon the human structure or organism. 

Anthropoid [an* '-thro-poid) [avOpuTroc, . a 
man; e 16 c, form]. Man-like. 

Anthropology (an-thro-pol' ' -o-je) [avOpuirog, 
man; Xoyog, discourse]. The science of 
man. 

Anthropometalism (an-thro-po-met> '-al-izm) 
[avdpuTTog, man ; M. E., metal]. Hypnotism 
or the like condition, induced by looking at 
a metallic disc. 

Anthropometry (an-thro-pom' -et-re) \hvdpu>- 
wog, man; /uerpov, a measure]. The de- 
termination of the measurement, weight, 
strength, and proportions of the parts of the 

human body. 

Anthropomorphic (an - thro - po - mor' -fik) 
[avdpairog, man ; iiop<prj, form]. Man-like. 



Anthropophagy (an-thro-poff'-a-je) [avdpu- 
7roc, man; cpayelv, to devour]. 1. Canni 
balism. 2. Sexual perversion leading to 
rape, mutilation, and cannibalism. 

Anthropophobia (an - thro -po -fo f - be - ah) 
[avOpuTTog, man ; o6 t 3og, fear]. A symptom 
of mental disease consisting in fear of society. 

Anthropotoxin (an-thro-po-toks' '- in) [avBpu- 
Tvog, man ; to^ikov, poison]. The toxic sub- 
stance supposed to be excreted by the lungs 
of human beings. 

Anthydropic (ant-hi-drop' '-ik) [av-l, against ; 
v6up, water]. Effective against dropsy. 

Anthypnotic (ant -hip- not' -ik) [avrl, against ; 
vTTVog, sleep]. 1. Preventive of sleep. 2. 
An agent that tends to induce wakefulness. 

Anthysteric (ant-his-ter'-ik) [avrl, against; 
varepa, the womb]. Overcoming hysteria. 

Antialbumate (an - te - al' - bu - mat) [avr'i, 
against ; albumen, white of egg] . Parapep- 
tone ; a product of the imperfect digestion 
of albumin. It is changed by the pancreatic 
ferment into antipeptone. 

Antialbumin (an -te-al- bu f - min) [avr'i, 
against; albumen, white of egg]. One of 
the products of the action of the digestion of 
albumin ; it is probably one of the preformed 
substances existing in the proteid molecule. 

Antialbumose (an -te-al- bu' - mds) [avrl, 
against; aldumcn, white of egg]. One of 
the albumoses produced by the action of 
pancreatic juice on albumin. It resembles 
syntonin or acid-albumin, and is convertible 
into antipeptone. 

Antiaphrodisiac (an-te-af-ro-dis'-e-ak). See 
Antaph rodisiac. 

Antiarin (an' -te-ar-in) [Javanese, antiar or 
antschar\, C u H 20 O- -f- 2H 2 0. The active 
principle of Antiar is toxicaria or Upas antiar, 
the Javanese poison-tree. It is intensely 
poisonous and is used as an arrow poison. It 
is a cardiac depressant. Dose gr 
(0.00065). Unof. 

Antiarthritic (an - te - ar - thrit'- ik) . 
onym of Antarthritic. 

Antiasthmatic (an -te-az- mat'- ik). 
onym of Antasthmatic. 

Antibacterial (an - te - bak - te'- re - al) [avrl, 
against; {3a.KTr/piov, a staff, stick]. Acting 
against bacteria. 

Antibiotic (an-te-bi-ot'-ik) [avrl, against ; 
fiiog, life]. Tending to destroy life. 

Antiblenorrhagic (an-te- blen-or-af -ik) \_avri, 
against ; (S/Ivvog, mucus ; prjyvviiai, to burst]. 
Efficient in preventing or curing gonorrhea. 

Antibrachial (an - te - bra' - ke - al ) [avrl, 

against; fipax'tuv, the arm]. Pertaining to 

the forearm. 
Antibrachium (an - te - bra'- ke - tail) [avri, 

against ; fipax'tuv, the arm]. The forearm ; 

antebrachium. 
Anticardium (an-te-kar'-de-um) [dvri, c^er 



* 



i_ 

Too 



Syn- 
Syn- 



- 






ANTICHIROTONUS 



65 



ANTIMONIC 



against; napdia, the heart]. The scrobiculus 
cordis, or pit of the stomach ; the infraster- 
nal depression. 

Antichirotonus (an-te-ki-rof '-o-nus) [avri, 
against, x £l P> hand ; rovog, tension]. For- 
cible and steady inflection of the thumb, seen 
at times in or before attacks of epilepsy. 

Anticholerin (an - te - kol f - er - in) [avri, 
against ; xo2,epa, cholera]. A product iso- 
lated by Klebs from cultures of cholera- 
bacilli. Immunizing and curative properties 
have been ascribed to it. 

Anticipating (an-tis' ' -ip-a-ting) [anticipare, 
to take before] . Occurring before the regu- 
lar or expected time, as an anticipating inter- 
mittent fever, one in which the paroxysms 
occur earlier on successive days. 

Anticlinal (an-te-kli'-nal) [avri, against; 
K/uveiv, to slope]. Sloping in opposite direc- 
tions. A. Vertebra, in man, the tenth 
thoracic vertebra, where the thoracic verte- 
brae begin to assume the characters of the 
lumbar. 

Anticnemion (an - tik - ne' - me - on) [avri, 
against ; avrj^rj, leg] . The shin or front of 
the leg. 

Anticus ian-ti' '-kus) [anticus, that in front]. 
Anterior, in front of. 

Anticylic Acid. A white, fragrant powder, 
with a pleasant taste. It is said to be anti- 
pyretic. Dose jIq grain (0.0006). Unof. 

Antidinic (an-te-din'-ik) [avri, against; 
divog, a whirl]. Curing or preventing vertigo. 

Antidotal (an-te-do' '-tal) [avri, against; 
doiog, given]. Having the nature of an 
antidote. 

Antidote (an' '-te-dot) [avri, against ; doiog, 
given]. An agent preventing or counter- 
acting the action of a poison. A., Arseni- 
cal, G. Ph., is prepared by dissolving 100 
parts of the hydrated sulphate of iron in 
250 parts of water, to which 15 parts of 
burnt magnesia and 250 parts of water are 
added. A., Chemic, one that changes the 
chemic nature of the poison so that it be- 
comes insoluble or harmless. A. , Mechani- 
cal, one that prevents absorption by holding 
the poison in mechanical suspension or by 
coating the stomach. A., Physiologic, one 
that counteracts the physiologic effects of a 
poison. A., Universal, a mixture of one 
part of dissolved iron sulphate in two parts 
of magnesia water. 

Antidynamic (an - te - di - nam'-ik) [avri, 
against; 6'vva/j.ig, force]. Weakening. 

Antidysenteric (an-te-dis-in-ter r -ik) [avri, 
against ; dvcevrepia, dysentery]. I. Service- 
able against dysentery. 2. A remedy for 
dysentery. 

Antiemetic (an-te-em-ef '-ik) [avri, against ; 
kfiETiKoq, causing vomit]. Preventing emesis ; 
relieving nausea, 
5 



Antifebrin (an-te-feb' '-rin) [avri, against ; 
febris, a fever], C 6 H 5 .C 2 H 3 O.NH. The 
proprietary name of acetanilid or phenyl- 
acetamid. A white, crystalline powder 
insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol, 
ether, and chloroform. It is antipyretic and 
analgesic. The drug's official name is ace- 
tanilidum. Dose gr. v-x (0.3-0.6). 

Antiferment (an-te-fer' '-ment) [avri, against; 
fermentum, leaven]. An agent that pre- 
vents fermentation. 

Antifermentative (an - te -fer - men' -ta-tive) 
[avri, against ; fermentum, leaven]. Pre- 
venting fermentation. 

Antigalactic (an-te-gal-ak' '-tik)[avri, against; 
■ya'Aa, milk]. 1. Lessening the secretion of 
milk. 2. A drug that lessens the secretion 
of milk. 

Antihelix (an-te-he f -lik). See Anthelix. 

Antihidrotic (an-te-hi-drof ' -ik) [avri, against ; 
idpcoq, sweat]. I. Diminishing the secretion 
of sweat. 2. An agent lessening the secretion 
of sweat. 

Antihydropin (an - te - hi f - dro- pin) [aim, 
against ; vdup, water]. A crystalline princi- 
ple obtainable from the common cockroach, 
Blatta (Periplaneta) orientalis, and said to 
be diuretic. Dose gr. x-xx (0.6-I.3). 

Antikamnia (an - te - kam f - ne - ah) \_avri, 
against ; kcl/lcvelv, to suffer pain]. A proprie- 
tary remedy said to be composed of sodium bi- 
carbonate, acetanilid, and caffein. It is used 
as an analgesic in doses of gr.v— x (0.32-0.65). 

Antikol (an'-tik-ol). A proprietary antipy- 
retic mixture said to contain acetanilid, 
sodium bicarbonate, and tartaric acid. 

Antilemic, or Antilcemic, Antiloimic (an- 
te-le' ' -mik, or an-te-loi'-mik) \hvri, against ; 
TiOLpioc;, the plague] . Efficacious against the 
plague or other pestilence. 

Antileptic (an-til-ep'-titi) [avrihrjTpLQ, a receiv- 
ing in return]. Revulsive. 

Antilithic (an-te-lith' '-ik) [avri, against ; 
"kidoq, a stone]. I. Efficacious against calcu- 
lus. 2. An agent preventing the deposit of 
urinary sediment. 

Antilcemic. See Antilemic. 

Antiluetic (an-te-lu-ef '-ik) [avri, against ; 
lues, the plague ; syphilis]. Efficacious 
against syphilis. 

Antilyssic (an-te-lis' '-ik) [avri, against ; Xva- 
ca, rabies]. 'I. Tending to cure rabies. 
2. A remedy for rabies. 

Antimiasmatic (an-te-mi-as-maf '-ik) [avri, 
against; fiiacfia, exhalation]. Preventive 
of malaria. 

Antimonial (an-te-mo r -ne-al) [antimonium, 
antimony]. Containing antimony. 

Antimonic (an-te-mon' '-ik) [antimonium, 
antimony]. A term applied to those com- 
pounds of antimony that correspond to its 
higher oxid. 



ANTIMONIOUS 



66 



ANTIPYRIN 



Antimonious (an-te-mo' -ne-us) [antimon- 
ium, antimony]. A term denoting those 
compounds of antimony that correspond to 
its lower oxid. 

Antimony (an f -te-mo-ne) \antwionium~\ . Sb 
= 122 ; quantivalence ill and v. A metallic, 
crystalline element possessing a bluish-white 
luster. The symbol Sb is derived from the old 
name, stibium. Antimony is found native, as 
the sulphid,Sb 2 S 3 ,as the oxid, and is a constitu- 
ent of many minerals. It is used commercially 
chiefly for making alloys. Type-metal, Britan- 
nia-metal, and Babbit's anti-friction metal are 
alloys of antimony. In medicine antimonium 
salts are used less frequently than formerly. 
The salts are cardiac and arterial depressants, 
diaphoretic and emetic, and in large doses 
powerful gastro-intestinal irritants, producing 
symptoms resembling Asiatic cholera. Anti- 
mony has been used as an antiphlogistic in 
sthenic inflammation, as a diaphoretic and 
expectorant, and as an emetic. A. chlorid, 
SbCl 8 , the " butter " of antimony ; a strong 
caustic. Unof. A.,Pilulae Compositae,Plum- 
mer's pills,which contain calomel and sulphur- 
etted antimony, aa gr. ss (0.032). A. tri- 
oxid, antimonious acid, Sb 2 3 ; soluble in 
hydrochloric and tartaric acids. Dose gr. j— ij 
(0.065-0.13). It is an ingredient of James' 
powder. A. oxychlorid, the "powder of 
algaroth ;" now little used. A. pentoxid, 
Sb 2 5 , antimonic acid, combines with bases 
to form antimonates. A. et Potassii tartras 
(A. tartaratum) (B. P.), 2KSbOC 4 H 4 C> 6 .- 
H 2 0, tartrate of antimony and potassium, 
"tartar emetic." Dose gr. j 1 — ¥ (0.004- 
0.016). A., Pulvis, powder of antimony, 
James' powder, consists of antimonious oxid 
33, and calcium phosphate 67 parts, and is 
diaphoretic ; , in large doses, emetic and ca- 
thartic. Dose gr. iij-viij (0.2-0.5). A. sul- 
phid, Sb 2 S 3 , black sulphid of antimony. 
Dose gr. *^-j (0.016-0.065). A. sulphur- 
atum, the sulphid with a small but in- 
definite amount of the oxid. Dose gr. j-v 
(0.065-0.32). Syr. Scillae Comp., Cox's 
hive mixture, hive syrup. Each f t ^j con- 
tains gr. 3^ of tartar emetic. Dose TT\v— 
f 3 j (0.32-4.0) cautiously. A., Vinum, wine 
of antimony. Boiling water 60, tartar emetic 
4, stronger white wine 1000 parts. It con- 
tains about 2 grains of tartar emetic to the 
ounce. Dose TT^v-xv (0.32-1.0). 

Antimycotic (an-te-mi-kot' '-ik) [avri, against; 
livKTjQ, a fungus]. Destructive to microor- 
ganisms. 

Antinarcotic (an - te - nar - kot f '- ik) [avri, 
against; vapnuou;, a benumbing]. Pre- 
venting narcosis. 

Antineuralgic (an-te-nu-ral f -jik) [avri, 
against; vevpov, a nerve; d/lyoc, pain]. 
Overcoming neuralgia. 



Antiparasitic (an - te-par -as -it'- ik) [avri, 
against; -rvapdairog, a parasite]. I. De- 
stroying parasites. 2. An agent destroying 
parasites. 

Antipeptone (an-te-pep' '-ton) [avri, against ; 
rzkirrttv, to cook, digest]. A variety of pep- 
tone not acted upon by trypsin. 

Antiperiodic (an-te-pe-re-od'-ik) [avri, 
against; irepiodoq, a going round]. I. Pre- 
venting periodic attacks of a disease. 2. A 
remedy against periodic disease. A. Tinc- 
ture. See Warburg' 1 s Tincture. 

Antiperistalsis (an-te-per-is-tal' '-sis) [avri, 
against; nepi, around; ard?iaig, compression]. 
Reversed peristalsis. 

Antiperistaltic (an-te-per-is-taF -tik) [avri, 
against ; nepi, around ; Grdlaic, compres- 
sion] . Relating to antiperistalsis. 

Antiphlogistic (a?i - te -flo -jis'- tik ) [avri, 
against; (pidyuoiQ, inflammatory heat]. I. 
Counteracting fever. 2. An agent subduing 
or reducing inflammation or fever. A. Treat- 
ment, consists in bloodletting, the application 
of cold, the administration of antipyretics, 
etc. 

Antiplastic (an-te-p/as'-tik) [avri, against ; 
Tr/idooeiv, to form]. I. Unfavorable to gran- 
ulation or to the healing process. 2. An 
agent impoverishing the blood. 

Antipneumotoxin (an-te-mi-?no-toks> '-in) . 
See Pneumotoxin. 

Antipodal Cells (an-tip' '-o-dal) [avri, oppo- 
site ; ttovq, foot]. A term applied to a group 
of four cells formed in the lower end of the 
embryo-sac opposite to the cells constituting 
the egg-apparatus. 

Antipraxia (an-te-praks' '-e-ah) [avri, against; 
irpdacecv, to do]. Antagonism of functions 
or of symptoms. 

Antipruritic (an-te-pru-rit'-ik) [avri, against ; 
pruritus, itching] . I . Relieving the sensa- 
tion of itching. 2. A drug that relieves the 
sensation of itching. 

Antipsoric (an-te-pso' -rik) [avri, against ; 
ipupa, the itch]. Effective against itching 
or the itch. 

Antipyresis (an-te-pi-re' '-sis) [avri, against ; 
irvpeoGEtv, to be feverish]. The reduction 
of fever by means of antipyretics. 

Antipyretic (an-te-pi-ret' '-ik) [avri, against ; 
TTvperog, fever]. I. Cooling; lowering the 
temperature. 2. An agent reducing tem- 
perature. The most important antipyretic 
agents are cold, diaphoretics, and the newer 
remedies, many of which are coal-tar pro- 
ducts, such as antipyrin, acetanilid, phena- 
cetin, etc. 

Antipyrin (an-te-pi ; ■ rin) [avri, against; 
TTvperog, fever], C n H 12 N 2 0. Phenazon. 
The scientific name is dimethyl-oxy-chinicin- 
phenyl-dimethylpyrazolon, or dehydrodi- 
methylphenylpyrazin. An alkaloidal pro- 



ANTIRABIC 



67 



ANTITHERMIN 



duct of the destructive distillation of coal-tar. 
It may be produced by heating acetoacetic 
ester with methyl-phenyl-hydrazin. It is a 
grayish or reddish-white crystalline powder, 
slightly bitter, soluble in water, alcohol, and 
chloroform, and crystallizes from ether in 
shining leaflets, melting at 113 . It reduces 
the temperature, causes sweating, at times 
vomiting, peculiar eruptions, pruritus, coryza, 
etc. Not rarely a cyanotic condition of the 
face and hands is produced. Antipyrin is 
incompatible with nitrous compounds. It 
is a powerful antipyretic and analgesic. 
Dose gr. v-xv (0.3-1.0). A. Salicylate. 
See Salipyrin. 

Antirabic ( an - te - rab' - ik ) [avri, against ; 
rabies, madness]. Preventing or curing 
rabies. 

Antirheumatic {an -te-ru mat' - ik) [avri, 
against ; pev/uariKog, of or pertaining to a 
flux]. Preventing or curing rheumatism. 

Antirheumatin {an-te-ru* '-mat-in). A com- 
bination of sodium salicylate and methylene 
blue. It occurs as blue prismatic crystals 
easily soluble in water and alcohol, and tast- 
ing very much like sodium salicylate. It 
colors the urine blue or green. 

Antirrhinum {an-te-ri' '-num) [L.]. A genus 
of scrophulariaceous plants. A. linaria, 
called also Linaria vulgaris, Toad - flax, 
Ramsted, Butter-and-Eggs ; an herbaceous 
plant of Europe and North America ; diuretic, 
cathartic, and irritant; used as a poultice 
and fomentation. Unof. 

Antiscorbutic {an -te- skor - bu f - tik) [avri, 
against ; scorbutus, scurvy] . I . Effective 
against scurvy. 2. A remedy useful in scurvy. 

Antisepsin {an te-sep' '-sin) [avri, against ; 
or/ipig, putrefaction], C 6 H 4 BrNHC 2 H 3 0. 
Asepsin ; bromated acetanilid; soluble in 
alcohol and ether, insoluble in water. It is 
antipyretic, analgesic, and antiseptic. Dose 
gr. vj-vij (0.39-0.45). 

Antisepsis ( an-te-sep' '-sis ) [avri, against ; 
orjipig, putrefaction] . Exclusion of the germs 
that cause putrefaction. 

Antiseptic ( an-te-sep' -tic ) [avri, against ; 
orjiiiQ, putrefaction]. 1. Having power to 
prevent the growth of the bacteria upon which 
putrefaction depends. 2. A remedy or agent 
that prevents the development of bacteria. 
The principal antiseptics in use are corrosive 
sublimate, creolin, carbolic acid, iodoform, thy- 
mol, salicylic acid, boric acid, etc. A. Gauze, 
open cotton cloth charged with an antiseptic. 
A. Ligature, catgut or other material rendered 
aseptic by soaking in antiseptic solutions. A. 
Treatment of Wounds looks to thorough 
antisepsis as regards the wound, the instru- 
ments, the operator's hands, the dressings, etc. 

Antisepticism {an - te - sep' - tis - izm) [avri, 
against; oiyipig, putrefaction]. The theory 



or systematic employment of antiseptic 
methods. 

Antisepticize ( an - te - sep' - tis - iz ) [avri, 
against; oij\pig, putrefaction]. To render 
antiseptic ; to treat with antiseptics. 

Antiseptin {an-te-sep' '-tin) [avri, against ; 
oij-^iq, putrefaction]. Zinc boro-thymo-iodid. 
It consists of 85 parts zinc sulphate, 2.5 parts 
each of zinc iodid and thymol, and 10 parts 
boric acid. It is an antiseptic. Unof. 

Antiseptol {an - te - sep' - tot) [avri, against ; 
oqipig, putrefaction]. Cinchonin iodosulphate, 
an odorless and fairly effective substitute for 
iodoform. 

Antisialagogue ( an-te-si-al'-a-gog ) [avri, 
against; ciaXov, saliva; aycoyoq, leading]. 
I. Preventing or checking salivation. 2. A 
remedy that is effective against salivation. 

Antisialic ( an-te-si-al'-ik ) [avri, against ; 
olclaov, saliva]. I. Checking the flow of 
saliva. 2. An agent that checks the secre- 
tion of saliva. 

Antispasmin {an-te-spaz'-mhi). A whitish 
powder, consisting of a mixture of narcein- 
sodium and sodium salicylate. It is sedative 
and hypnotic, and has been used in laryngis- 
mus stridulus and whooping-cough. Dose 
gr. ^-iv (0.01-0.26). 

Antispasmodic ( an-te-spas-mod' -ik ) [avri, 
against; a~aapoq, a spasm]. I. Tending to 
relieve spasm. 2. An agent relieving con- 
vulsions or spasmodic pains, as the narcotics, 
the nitrites, etc. 

Antispastic {an-te- spas' -tik) [avri, against ; 
GTraaruidg, drawing]. I. Revulsive; coun- 
ter-irritant. 2. Antispasmodic. 3. A re- 
vulsive agent. 

Antisudoral {an-te-su' -dor-al) [avri, against ; 
sudor, sweat]. Checking the secretion of 
sweat. 

Antisyphilitic {an - te - sif- il - if - ik) [avri, 
against ; syphilis] . I. Effective against syph- 
ilis. 2. A remedy used in the treatment of 
syphilis. 

Antithenar {an-tith' -en-ar) [avri, against ; 
Oevap, the hollow of the hand or foot]. I. 
Opposite to thenar. 2. A muscle that ex- 
tends the thumb, or opposes it to the hand : 
ah antithenar muscle. A. Eminence, the 
border of the palm of the hand from the base 
of the little finger to the wrist. A. Muscles, 
of the toe and of the thumb ; the abductor 
pollicis pedis and the flexor brevis pollicis 
manus ; also, the first dorsal interosseous 
muscle. 

Antithermic {an-te-ther' -mik) [avri, against ; 
Oep/iT], heat]. Cooling; antipyretic. 

Antithermin {an-te-ther' -?ni?i) [avri, against ; 
Bkpp.7], heat], C u H u 2 N 2 . Phenylhydrazin- 
levulinic acid, a coal-tar derivative used as 
an antipyretic, analgesic, and antiseptic. 
Dose gr. v (0.3). Unof, 



ANTITOXIC 



68 



AORTIC 



Antitoxic (an-te- toks' - ik ) [avrl, against ; 
toI-lkov, poison]. Antidotal ; counteracting 
poisons. 

Antitoxin (an - te - toks / - hi) [avrl, against ; 
roginov, poison]. A counter poison or anti- 
dote elaborated by the body to counteract 
the toxins of bacteria. According to some 
authorities, antitoxins are, like the toxins, 
bacterial products. Antitoxins are used in 
the treatment of certain infectious diseases 
and also to confer immunity against these 
diseases. 

Antitragic (an-te-traj f -ik) [avrl, opposite to ; • 
rpayoq, the tragus]. Pertaining to the an- 
titragus. A. Muscle, a mere rudiment in 
man ; it arises from the antitragus, and ex- 
tends to the cauda of the helix. 

Antitragus (an-ie-tra / -gus) [avrl, opposite 
to; rpdyoc, -the tragus]. An eminence of 
the external ear opposite the tragus. 

Antitrope ( an'-te-trop ) [ avrl, against ; 
rpkiruv, to turn]. Any organ set over against 
another to form a symmetric pair. Thus, the 
right eye is an antitrope to the left. 

Antivenene (an-te-ven f -en) [avrl, against ; 
venenum, poison]. A term given to the 
blood-serum of animals rendered immune 
against snake-poison, on account of its anti- 
dotal properties. 

Antizymotic {an-te-zi- mot' '-ik) [avrl, against ; 
fyfiuGig, fermentation]. I. Preventing or 
checking fermentation. 2. An agent pre- 
venting the process of fermentation ; an anti- 
ferment. 

Antracele {an 1 '-tra-sel) [antrum, a cavity ; 
KrjA7], a tumor]. Dropsy of the antrum; an 
accumulation of fluid in the maxillary sinus. 

Antral (an'-tral) [antrum, a cave]. Relat- 
ing to an antrum. 

Antrectomy {an-trek f -to-me\ [avrpov, antrum ; 
ektojut/, excision] . Surgical removal of the 
walls of the antrum. 

Antritis [an-trV '-tis) [avrpov, a cave ; itis, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of an antrum. 

Antrophore (an f -tro-for) [avrpov, a cavity ; 
(pspeiv, to bear]. A soluble, medicated 
bougie. 

Antrotympanic (an - tro - tint -pan'- ik) [av- 
rpov, a cave ; rvjircavov, a drum]. Relating 
to the cavity of the tympanum and to the 
tympanic antrum. 

Antrum (an/-trum) [L.]. A cavity or hol- 
low space, especially in a bone. A. cardia- 
cum, a dilatation of the lower end of the 
esophagus. It has been noted in cases of 
rumination, and in other conditions. A. eth- 
moidale, the ethmoidal sinus. A. high- 
morianum, Antrum of Highmore, a cavity 
in the superior maxillary bone. A. high- 
mori testis. See Mediastinum testis. A., 
Mastoid, the hollow space beneath the 
roof of the mastoid process. A., Maxillary. 



See A. highmorianum. A. pyloricum 
willisii, the cavity of the pylorus. 

Anuresis (an-u-re' '-sis) [av priv. ; ovpov, 
urine]. Anuria. 

Anuretic (an-u-ret'-ik) [av priv.; ovpov, 
urine] . Pertaining to or affected with anuria. 

Anuria [an-u f -re-ah) [av priv.; ovpov, urine]. 
Suppression of the urine. 

Anuric (an-u f -rik) [av priv.; ovpov, urine]. 
Pertaining to anuria. 

Anurous (an-u f -rus) [av priv. ; ovpd, a tail]. 
Without a tail. 

Anus (a'-nus) [anus, the fundament]. The 
extremity of the rectum ; the lower opening 
of the alimentary canal. A., Artificial, an 
opening established from the bowel to the ex- 
terior at a point above the normal anus, most 
commonly from the colon, either in the lum- 
bar or the iliac region. A., Fissure of, a 
slight tear in the mucous membrane at the 
anus, usually due to passage of hardened 
feces. It is very painful. A., Fistula of, 
fistula in ano, a sinus opening from the rec- 
tum into the connective tissue about the rec- 
tum, or discharging externally. A., Imper- 
forate, absence of the anus, the natural 
opening being closed by a membranous sep- 
tum. 

Anvil {an'-mt). See Incus. 

Anydremia, Anydrsemia (an-id-re f -me-ah) 
[av priv.; vbup, water; alfia, blood]. A 
deficiency of water in the blood. 

Anypnia (an-ip' '-ne-ah) [av priv.; vizvoq, 
sleep] . Sleeplessness. 

Aorta (a-ort'-ah) [aoprr), aorta]. The large 
vessel arising from the left ventricle and dis- 
tributing by its branches arterial blood to 
every part of the body. It ends by bifur- 
cating into the two common iliacs at the 
fourth lumbar vertebra. The arch, that ex- 
tending from the heart to the third dorsal 
vertebra, is divided into an ascending, a 
transverse, and a descending part. The 
thoracic portion extends to the diaphragm ; 
the addominat to the bifurcation. 

Aortal (a-orf-al) [aoprrj, the aorta]. Re- 
lating to the aorta. 

Aortic (a-ort'-ik) [aoprrj, the aorta]. Per- 
taining to the aorta. A. Arch. See Aorta. 
A. Arches. See Arch. A. Foramen. See A. 
Opening of Diaphrag?n. A. Murmur. A 
murmur produced by disease of the aortic 
valves. A. Opening of Diaphragm, the 
aperture in, or really behind, the diaphragm, 
through which the aorta passes. A. Open- 
ing of Heart, the opening between the 
heart and the aorta. A. Plexus, the plexus 
of sympathetic nerves, situated on the front 
and sides of the aorta, between the ori- 
gins of the superior and inferior mesenteric 
arteries. A. Sinus, a deep depression be- 
tween the leaflets of the aortic Valve and the 



AORTITIS 



69 



APHEMIA 



aortic wall. A. Valve, the three semilunar 
valves closing the aortic opening during the 
cardiac diastole. 

Aortitis [a-ort-i' -tis) \aopri], the aorta ; iric, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the aorta. 

Aortomalacia, or Aortomalaxia [a-ort-o- 
mal-a' '-se-ah, or -aks'-e-ah) [aoprrj, aorta ; 
jiaJ.ania, softening]. Softening of the aorta. 

Aortostenosis [a-ort-o-sten-o f -sis) [aopri/, 
aorta ; ctsvoc, narrow] . Stenosis or narrow- 
ing of the aorta. 

Apatropin [ap-at f -ro-pin) [citto, from ; arpo- 
tzoc, unchangeable], C 17 H. 21 N0 2 . A com- 
pound derived from atropin by the action of 
nitric acid. It is said to produce peculiar 
convulsions. 

Ape [dp) [ME., ape~\. A man-like monkey. 
A. Fissures, those fissures of the human 
brain that are also found in apes. A. -hand, 
a peculiar shape of the hand produced by the 
wasting of the thumb-muscles ; it is seen in 
some cases of progressive muscular atrophy. . 

Apellous [ah-pel'-us) [d priv.; TzeTCka, skin]. 
Skinless. 

Apepsia [ah-pep' '-se-ah) [d priv.; Treirreiv, to 
digest]. Cessation or absence of the digest- 
ive function. A., Hysteric, condition of 
apepsia due to hysteria. It is also called Hys- 
teric Anorexia. A. nervosa. See Anorexia 
nervosa. 

Apeptic [ah-pep' '-tik) [d priv. ; ■neTzreiv, to di- 
gest]. Affected with apepsia. 

Aperient [ap-e f -re-enf) [aperire, to open]. I. 
Laxative ; mildly purgative. 2. A mild 
purgative ; a laxative. 

Aperistalsis [ah-per-is-tal' '-sis) [d priv. ; 
trepi, around ; GTaloic, constriction] . Ces- 
sation of the peristaltic movements of the in- 
testine. 

Aperture [ap' -er-chur) \_apertura, an open- 
ing]. An opening. A., Angular, in the 
microscope, the angle formed between a 
luminous point placed in focus and the most 
divergent rays that are capable of passing 
through the entire system of an objective. 
A., Numeric, the capacity of an objective 
for admitting rays from the object and trans- 
mitting them to the image. 

Apex (a'-peks) [apex, the extreme end of a 
thing]. The summit or top of anything; 
the point or extremity of a cone. A. Beat, 
the impulse of the heart felt in the fifth inter- 
costal space, about 3^ inches from the mid- 
dle of the sternum. A. Murmur, a murmur 
heard over the apex of the heart. A. of the 
Lung, the upper extremity of the lung be- 
hind the border of the first rib. 

Aphacia (ah-fa' -se-ah). Same as Aphakia. 

Aphacic [ahfa'-sik). Syn. of Aphakic. 

Aphagia [ah-fa' ' -je-ah) [d priv.; (j>a~yelv, to 
eat]. Inability to eat or to swallow. 

Aphakia [ah-fa' -ke-ah) [d priv.; (paiidg, a 



lentil, the crystalline lens]. The condition 
of an eye without the lens. 

Aphakic [ah-fa' -kik) [d priv.; (JhikSc, the 
lens]. Not possessing a crystalline lens. 

Aphasia [ah-fa' '-ze-ah) [d priv.; (pdaic, 
speech]. Partial or complete loss of the 
power of expressing ideas by means of speech 
or writing. Aphasia may be either motor or 
sensory. Motor or Ataxic Aphasia consists 
in a loss of speech owing to inability to exe- 
cute the various movements of the mouth 
necessary to speech, the muscles not being 
properly coordinated, owing to disease of the 
cortical center. It is usually associated with 
agraphia, " aphasia of the hand," inability 
to write, and right-sided hemiplegia. Some 
aphasics can write, but are unable to articu- 
late words or sentences ; this variety is vari- 
ously named aphemia, alalia, or anarthria, 
according as the impairment of speech is more 
or less marked. Charcot supposes the center 
for articulate language divided into four sub- 
centers, a visual center for words, an auditory 
center for words, a motor center of articulate 
language, and a motor center of written lan- 
guage. Lesions of one or more of these 
centers produce the characteristic forms of 
aphasia, all of which have clinical exemplifi- 
cations. Sensory Aphasia, or Amnesia is 
the loss of memory for words, and may exist 
alone or in association with motor aphasia. 
Amnesia appears clinically in three distinct 
forms: I. Simple loss of memory of words. 
2. Word-deafness, or inability to understand 
spoken words (there is usually some parapha- 
sia connected with this form). 3. Word- 
blindness, or inability to understand written 
or printed words. Paraphasia, a form of 
aphasia in which there is inability to connect 
ideas with the proper words to express the 
ideas. Agrammatism, a phenomenon of 
aphasia consisting in the inability to form 
words grammatically, or the suppx-ession of 
certain words of a phrase. Ataxaphasia, 
inability to arrange words synthetically into 
sentences. Bradyphasia, abnormal slow- 
ness of speech, from pathologic cause. Tu- 
multus sermonis, a stuttering manner of 
reading, from pathologic cause. A., Con- 
duction, such as is due to defect in some 
commissural connection between centers. 
A., Gibberish, aphasia in which the patient 
can utter many words, but uses them in such 
a way that they express no meaning. 

Aphasiac [ah-fa' -ze-ak) [d priv.; <pdoic, 
speech] . One who is aphasic. 

Aphasic [ah-fa' -zik) [d priv.; (j>aatg, speech]. 
Relating to or affected with aphasia. 

Aphemia [ah-fe'-me-ah) [d priv.; (pVfJ-V, 
voice]. Motor aphasia ; inability to articu- 
late words or sentences, from centric and not 
from peripheral disease. See Aphasia. 



APHEMIC 



70 



APOLLINARIS WATER 



Aphemic {ah-fe?n' ' -ik) [d priv.; <pi/fi?j, voice]. 
Relating to or affected with aphemia. 

Aphonia (ah-fo' ' -ne-ah) [d priv.; (puvrj, 
voice]. Loss of speech due to some 
peripheral lesion, as in clergyman's sore 
throat ; it may be due to hysteria. 

Aphonic (ah-jbn'-ik) [d priv.; tyuvf], voice]. 
Speechless ; voiceless. 

Aphrasia [ah-fra f -ze-ah) [d priv.; (ppdl^eiv, 
to utter]. Absence of the power to utter 
connected phrases. 

Aphrodisia (af-ro - diz'- e - ah) ['Acipodrn?, 
Venus]. Sexual desire, especially when 
morbid, or immoderate ; sexual congress. 

Aphrodisiac (a/- ro - diz'- e - ak) \^A(ppo8'iTr), 
Venus]. I. Stimulating the sexual appetite ; 
erotic. 2. An agent stimulating the sexual 
passion. 

Aphtha (af'-thah) [atpda, an eruption]. An 
eruption ; an ulcer. 

Aphthae (af'-the) \_a<p6a, an eruption]. Also 
called Aphthous stomatitis. A form of sto- 
matitis characterized by the presence of small 
white vesicles in the mouth, occurring chiefly 
in children under three years of age, and sup- 
posed to be due to a special microorganism. 
A., Bednar's, two symmetrically placed 
ulcers seen at times on the hard palate of 
cachectic infants, one on either side of the 
mesial line. A., Cachectic, aphthae appear- 
ing beneath the tongue, and associated with 
grave constitutional symptoms; Riga's dis- 
ease. 

Aphthoid (af f -thoid) [acpda, an eruption]. 
Resembling aphthae. 

Aphthongia {af-thong* '-ge-ah) [d priv.; §B6y- 
yog, a sound]. A peculiar form of aphasia 
due to spasm of the muscles supplied by the 
hypoglossal nerve. 

Aphthous (af'-thus) [a<pda, an eruption]. 
Pertaining to or affected with aphthae. 

Apical (a'-pik-al) \apex, the top]. Pertaining 
to the apex. 

Apices \a'-pis-ez) [L.]. Plural of Apex. 

Apinoid (ap'-in-oid) [d priv.; tz'lvoq, dirt; 
eldoQ, form]. Clean ; not foul. A. Cancer, 
scirrhus ; so called from its cleanly section. 

Apiol (ap'-e-ol) \_apium, parsley ; oleum, oil], 
C 12 H u 4 . A principle occurring in parsley 
seeds ; it crystallizes in long white needles, 
with a slight parsley odor ; melts at 30 C. 
(86° F.), and boils at 294° C. (572 F.). 
It is used in dysmenorrhea and in malaria. 
In large doses it produces ringing in the ears 
and frontal headache. It is also called 
Parsley-ca??iphor. Dose gr. x— xv (0.65—1.0). 
Unof. 

Aplacental (ah-plas-en' '-tal) [d priv .;placenta, 
a cake]. Destitute of placenta. 

Aplanatic (ah-plan-at' -ik) [d priv. ; rr?Mvdeiv, 
to wander]. Not wandering; rectilinear. 
A. Focus, that focus of a lens the rays 



from which do not undergo spheric aberra- 
tion in their passage through the lens. A. 
Lens, a lens corrected for aberration of 
light and color ; a rectilinear lens. 

Aplasia (ah-pla' -se-ah) [d priv.; ttXclgguv, to 
form]. Incomplete or defective develop- 
ment ; also termed agenesis. 

Aplastic (ah-plas' '-tik) [d priv.; tz/Acgeiv, to 
form]. I. Structureless, formless. 2. In- 
capable of forming new tissue. A. Lymph, 
a non-fibrinous material incapable of coagu- 
lation or organization. 

Apnea iap-ne' '-ah) [dpriv. ; ttvezlv,\.o breathe]. 
I. A transient cessation of respiration from 
an over-abundance of oxygen, as, e. g., after 
forcible respiration. 2. Asphyxia. 

Apneumatosis (apnu-mat-o'-sis) [d priv.; 
irvev/uaTGXJic;, inflation]. Collapse of the air 
cells. 

Apncea (ap-ne'-ah). See Apnea. 

Apoaconitin (ap-o-ak-on' -it-in) [otto-, from; 
aconitum, aconite], C 33 H 41 NO n . An alka- 
loid prepared from aconitin by dehydration. 

Apoatropin (ap-o-aP '-ro-pin) [cltto, from; 
arpo-noq, unchangeable], C 17 H 21 N0 2 . An 
alkaloid obtained by the action of HN0 3 on 
atropin. 

Apochromatic (ap - - kro - mat'- ik) [d tv d, 
away; ^pw/za, color]. Without color. A. 
Lens, a lens of a special variety of glass, 
corrected for spheric and chromatic aberra- 
tion. 

Apocodein (ap- 0- ko f -de -in) \aiz6, from; 
KuSeia, the head], C 18 H 19 N0 2 . An alka- 
loid prepared from codein by dehydration. It 
is emetic and expectorant, with other quali- 
ties much like those of codein, and is recom- 
mended in chronic bronchitis. The hydro- 
chlorate is generally used. Dose gr. iij-iv 
(0.2 to 0.25). Unof. 

Apocynin (ap-os' '-in-in) \apocynon, dog- 
bane]. The precipitate from a tincture of 
Apocynu??i cannabinum ; tonic, alterative, 
and cathartic. Dose gr. j^-j (0.016-0.065). 
Unof. 

Apocynum (ap-os f -in-um) \_apocynon, dog- 
bane]. Canadian Hemp. The root of 
A. cannabinum, the properties of which are 
due to apocynin. It is a good expectorant : 
in full doses it is emetic and cathartic. 
Dose gr. v-xx (0.32-1.3). A., Extractum 
fluidum. Dose TT\v-xx (0.32-1.3). A., 
Tinct. Dose "m^v-xl (0.32-2.6). Unof. 
Another American species, A. androsaemi- 
folium, has similar properties. Unof. 

Apodia (ah-po'-de-ah) [dpriv.; Trove, afoot]. 
Absence of feet. 

Apolar (ah-po f -lar) [d priv.; tto'Koq, the end 
of an axis]. Not possessing a pole. A. 
Cells, nerve cells without processes. 

Apollinaris Water [ap-ol-in-a' '-ris) . A Ger- 
man alkaline mineral water, highly charged 



APOMORPHIN 



71 



APOTHESIS 



with carbonic acid, and largely used as a 
diluent in gout, rheumatism, eic. 

Apomorphin (ap-o-mor'-fu) [aizo, from ; 
Morpheus, the god of sleep] C 17 H 17 N0 2 . 
An artificial alkaloid, derived from morphin 
by the abstraction of a molecule of water. 
The hydrochlorate is the salt used, and is a 
grayish crystalline powder. It acts as a centric 
emetic. Dose gr. 2V "To (0.003-0.0065), 
hypodermically, or gr. T x — 1 (0.0065-0.001) 
by the mouth. It is expectorant in small 
doses. A., Injectio hypodermica (B. P.). 
A two-per-cent. solution. Apomorphinae 
hydrochloratis, Syrupus. Dose ^ss-j 
(16.0-32.0). 

Aponeurosis (ap-on-u-ro' -sis') [a~6, from ; 
vei'pov, a tendon]. A fibrous, membranous 
expansion of a tendon giving attachment to 
muscles or serving to enclose and bind down 
muscles. Important are the infraspinous, 
enclosing the infraspinous muscle; that of 
the deltoid muscle, of the external oblique or 
abdominal, of the forearm, of the leg, of the 
transversalis, of the head, etc., etc. A. of 
Occipito-frontalis Muscle, the aponeur- 
osis that separates the two slips of the occipito- 
frontalis muscle. A. of Soft Palate, a thin 
but firm fibrous layer, attached above to the 
hard palate, and becoming thinner toward 
the free margin of the velum. A., Sub- 
scapular, a thin membrane attached to the 
entire circumference of the subscapular fossa, 
and affording attachment by its inner surface 
to some of the fibers of the subscapularis 
muscle. A., Supraspinous, a thick and 
dense membranous layer that completes the 
osseo-fibrous case in which the supraspinatus 
muscle is contained, affording attachment by 
its inner surface to some of the fibers of the 
muscle. A., Vertebral, a thin aponeurotic 
lamina extending along the whole length of 
the back part of the thoracic region, serving 
to bind down the erector spinje, and separat- 
ing it from those muscles that connect the 
spine to the upper extremity. 

Aponeurositis (ap-on-u-ro-si* -tis) [a-ovevpu- 
aiq, an aponeurosis; ltlc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of an aponeurosis. 

Aponeurotic (ap-on-u-rot'-ik) [aTrovevpootr, 
aponeurosis]. Pertaining to an aponeurosis. 

Apophysis (ap-off f -is-is) [airo, from; <f>vaig, 
growth]. A process, outgrowth, or swelling 
of some part or organ, as of a bone. A. len- 
ticularis, the orbicular process of the tem- 
poral bone. A. raviana, the processus 
gracilis of the malleus. 

Apoplectic (ap-o-plek' ' -tili) \_airoTr7,Tj^la, apo- 
plexy]. Pertaining to or affected with apo- 
plexy. A. Equivalents, a name given to 
the premonitory symptoms of apoplexy, indi- 
cating that the brain is subject to alterations 
in blood- pressure. 



Apoplectiform (ap-o-plek' -tif-orm) [(iitott'Xt]!;- 
ia, apoplexy; forma, form]. Resembling 
apoplexy. 

Apoplexy (ap f -o-pleks-e) [aTroTrA^'a, a strik- 
ing down]. The symptom-complex resulting 
from hemorrhage, or from the plugging of a 
vessel, in the brain or spinal cord. The term 
is sometimes also applied to the bursting of a 
vessel in the lungs, liver, etc. A., Capillary, 
one resulting from rupture of capillaries. A., 
Ingravescent, a term applied to a form of 
apoplexy in which there is a slowly progres- 
sive loss of consciousness due to a gradual 
leakage of blood from a ruptured vessel. A., 
Pulmonary, escape of blood into the pul- 
monary parenchyma. A., Simple, the name 
given to those cases of death from coma in 
which no cerebral lesion is found. A., 
Spinal, rupture of a blood-vessel of the 
spinal cord. 

Aporetin (ap-o-re' '-tin) [arrd, from ; prjrivrj, 
a resin] . A resinous substance found in 
rhubarb. 

Apositia (ap-o-sit'-e-ah) [airo, from ; oiror, 
food]. Aversion to or loathing of food. 

Apostasis (ap-os / -tas-is) [a-rroaTaair, a stand- 
ing away from]. I. An abscess. 2. The 
end or the crisis of an attack of disease ; 
termination by crisis. 3. An exfoliation. 

Aposthia (ah-pos' '-the-ah) \_a priv. ; irocd?}, 
penis, prepuce]. Absence of the penis or 
of the prepuce. 

Apostolus Method. The use of strong 
electrolytic or chemic galvano-caustic cur- 
rents in the treatment of diseases of the 
female generative organs, especially uterine 
fibroids. 

Apothecaries' Weight. A system of 
weights and measures used in compounding 
medicines. The Troy pound of 5760 grains 
is the standard. It is subdivided into 12 
ounces. The ounce is subdivided into eight 
drams, the dram into three scruples, and 
the scruple into 20 grains. For fluid meas- 
ure the quart of 32 fluidounces is subdivided 
into two pints, the pint into 16 fluidounces, 
the ounce into eight fluidrams, and the flui- 
dram into 60 minims. The following abbre- 
viations are used : — 

1T|, minim. 5, uncia, an ounce (480 

grains). 
9, scrupulus, a scruple lb, libra, a pound. 

(20 grains). O., octarius, a pint. 

5, drachma, a dram (60 gr., granum, a grain. 

grains). ss., semissis, one-half. 

See Weights and Measures. 
Apothem, or Apothema (ap f -o-them or 

ap-oth' '-em-afi) [otto, from ; defia, a deposit]. 

A brown powder deposited from vegetable 

infusions or decoctions exposed to the air. 
Apothesis (ap-oth'-es-is) [airoftecng, a putting 

back]. The reduction of a fracture or luxation. 



APOTHETER 



APSITHYRIA 



Apotheter {ap-oth' ' et-er). A navel-string 
repositor devised by Braun, consisting of a 
staff with a sling attached in which the pro- 
lapsed funis is placed and carried up into the 
uterine cavity. 

Apozem, or Apozema [ap r -o-ze?n or ap-oz ; - 
em-ah) [d—d, away; ijeeiv, to boil]. A de- 
coction, especially one to which medicines 
are admixed. 

Apparatus {ap-ar-a* '-tus) [apparatus, pre- 
pared]. I. A collection of instruments or 
devices used for a special purpose. 2. Anat- 
omically the w r ord is used to designate 
collectively the organs performing a certain 
function. A. ligamentosus colli, the oc- 
cipito-axoid ligament, a broad band at the 
front surface of the spinal canal that covers 
the odontoid process. 

Appendage (ap-en'-daj) \appendere, to 
weigh ; hang] . Anything appended, usually 
something of minor importance. A., Auricu- 
lar, the projecting part of the cardiac auricle. 
A., Epiploic. See Appendix. A. of the 
Eye, the eye-lashes, eye-brows, lacrymal 
gland, lacrymal sac and ducts, and conjunc- 
tiva. A., Ovarian, the parovarium. A. of 
the Skin, the nails, hairs, sebaceous and 
sweat glands. A., Uterine, the uterine 
ligaments, the Fallopian tubes, and the 
ovaries. 

Appendicectomy {ap-en-dis-ek' -to-me) [ap- 
pendix : kuTOfir], excision] . Excision of the 
appendix. 

Appendicitis (ap-en-dis-i' -tis) [appendix; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ap- 
pendix vermiformis. A. obliterans, an in- 
flammation characterized by the progressive 
obliteration of the lumen of the appendix, by 
the disappearance of the epithelial lining and 
glandular structure. The symptoms are acute 
attacks of brief duration, moderate swelling at 
the seat of disease, and persistence of tender- 
ness in the region of the appendix during the 
intermissions. 

Appendicular {ap-en-dik f -u-lar) \appendi- 
cula, a small appendix]. Pertaining to the 
appendix vermiformis. A. Colic, a spas- 
modic colicky pain originating in the ap- 
pendix. 

Appendix (ap-en' ' -diks) \_appendere, to hang 
upon or to : pi., Appendices']. An appendage. 
A. auricularis, the auricular appendage, a 
process of the auricles of the heart. A. 
cerebri, the pituitary body. A., Ensiform. 
See Xiphoid. A. epiploicae, fatty projec- 
tions of the peritoneum of the large intes- 
tine. A. vermiformis, the small, blind gut 
projecting from the cecum. A., Xiphoid. 
See Xiphoid. 

Apperception (ap - er - sep f - shun) [apper- 
cipere, to receive]. The conscious reception 
or perception of a sensory impression ; the 



power of receiving and appreciating sensory 
impressions. 

Appetence {ap f -e-tens) \appetentia, appetite]. 
An appetite or desire ; the attraction of a 
living tissue for those materials that are ap- 
propriate for its nutrition. 

Appetite {ap'-e-tit) \appetere, to desire]. 
The desire for food ; also any natural desire ; 
lust. A., Perverted, that for unnatural and 
undigestible things, frequent in disease and 
in pregnancy. 

Applanate {ap'-lan-aty^jid, to \ planus, flat]. 
Horizontally flattened. 

Applanatio, Applanation (ap-lan-a / -she-o, 
ap-lan-a' '-shun) [L.]. A flattening. A. 
corneae, flattening of the entire surface of the 
cornea from disease. 

Apple {ap'-l) [AS., ceppel, an apple]. The 
fruit of the tree, Pyrus ma/us. A., Adam's. 
See Pomum adami. A. -brandy, an alco- 
holic spirit distilled from cider ; cider-brandy. 
A. Extract. See Extractum ferri poma- 
tum. A. -eye, a synonym of Exophthalmos. 
A. -oil, amyl valerianate. 

Applicator {ap' -lik-a-tor) [L.]. An instru- 
ment used in making applications. 

Apposition [ap-o-zish' '-uii) [apponere, to 
apply to]. The act of fitting together ; the 
state of being fitted together. 

Apraxia [ah-praks' -e-ali) [d priv.; rcpdcGeiv, 
to do]. Soul-blindness; mind-blindness; 
object-blindness ; an affection in which the 
memory for the uses of things is lost, as well 
as the understanding for the signs by which 
the things are expressed. 

Aproctia {ah-prok' '-te-ah) [d priv.; TzpuKrog, 
anus]. Absence of the anus. 

Apron {a' -print) [ME., aperri\. I. A 
cloth or rubber covering to prevent the 
clothing from becoming soiled. 2. The 
omentum. A., Hottentot, artificially elong- 
ated labia minora. A. of Succor, a canvas 
appliance borne by two men, and used for 
the transportation of wounded persons. 

Aprosexia {ap-ro-seks' '-e-aJi) [d priv.; Trpo- 
aexBiv, to give heed]. A mental disturbance 
consisting in inability to fix the attention upon 
a subject. An inability to think clearly and 
to comprehend readily what is read or 
heard ; a condition sometimes observed in 
the course of chronic catarrh of the nose or 
of the nose and pharynx. 

Aprosopia [ap-ro-so / -pe-ah) [d priv.; irpoau- 
■kov, the face]. A form of fetal monstrosity 
with partial or complete absence of the face. 

Apselaphesia (ap-sel-af-e / -ze-ah) [d priv.; 
ipy/.aoj/aig, touch]. Loss of the tactile sense. 

Apsithyria, or Apsithurea {ap-sith-l f -re-ah, 
or -u f -re-ah)\a priv.; ipiftvpitjeiv, to whisper]. 
Hysteric aphonia, in which the patient not 
only loses the voice, but is also unable to 
whisper. 



APSYCHIA 



73 



ARABINOSE 



■KvptTog, 



-vpenToc, 



Apsychia (ap-siA'-e-a/i) [d priv.; ipvx'/i 
spirit]. Unconsciousness; a faint or swoon. 

Aptyalia, Aptyalism {ap-ti-a' -le-ah, ap-ti' ' - 
al-izm) [a priv.; -rva/i^'fiv, to spit]. Defi- 
ciency or absence of saliva. 

Apyonin (ah-pi' -on-i>i) [a priv.; ttvov, pus]. 
A remedy introduced as a substitute for py- 
oktanin in ophthalmic practice. It is said to 
be identical with yellow pyoktanin. Unof. 

Apyretic [ah-pi-ref -ik) [a priv.; 
fever]. Without fever. 

Apyrexia [ah-pi-reks* '-e-ah)\a priv.; 
feverish]. Absence of fever. 

Apyrexial (a/i-pi-refis'-e-a/) [a priv.; rrvpeKTog, 
feverish]. Pertaining to, of the nature of, 
or characterized by, apyrexia. 

Aqua iaf-kwaJi) [L.]. Water. An oxid of 
hvdrogen, having the composition H 2 0. It is a 
solid below 32 , a liquid between 32 and 
212 , vaporizes at 212 at the sea level (bar. 
760 mm.), giving off vapor of tension equal 
to that of the air. It covers four- fifths of the 
surface of the earth, but is never pure in nature, 
containing from a trace of soluble matter, in 
rain water, to 26 per cent, of soluble mineral 
salts, in the Dead Sea. Water is an essential 
constituent of all animal and vegetable tissues. 
In the human body it forms two per cent, of 
the enamel of the teeth, 77 per cent, of the 
ligaments, 78 per cent, of the blood, and 93 
per cent, of the urine. Water is a valuable 
antipyretic ; internally, it is diuretic. It is 
the most useful of all the solvents. A. 
bulliens, boiling water. A. communis, 
common water. A. destillata, distilled 
water. A. fervens, hot water. A. fluvialis, 
river-water. A. fontana. well- or spring- 
water. A. marina, sea-water. A. pluvialis, 
rain-water. Aqua, in pharmacy, designates 
various medicated waters, as : A. ammoniae. 
Dose rr^ x-xxx (0.65-2.0). A. ammoniae 
fortior, used externally. A. amygdalae 
amarae. Dose f^ij (8.0). A. anethi, dill- 
water (Br. Ph.). Dosef^ss-f^ij (16.0-64.0). 
A. anisi. Dose f J ss-f 3 ij (16.0-64.0). A. 
aurantii florum. Dose f^ss-f^ij (16.0- 
64.0). A. aurantii florum fortior, triple 
orange flower water. A. camphorae. Dose 
f^ss-f^j (16.0-32.0). A.chlori. Dosef.^j- 
f^iv (4.0-J6.0). A. chloroformi. Dose 
fjss-f^ij (16.0-64.0). A. cinnamomi. 
Dose f^ss- t ^ij (16.0-64.0) A. creosoti. 
Dose f-5J-3jiv (4.0-16.0). A. destillata, 
distilled water. A. fceniculi. Dose f ^j-f ^ ij 
(32.0-64.0). A.fortis. See Acid, Nitric. A. 
hydrogenii dioxidi, used chiefly locally. A. 
lauro-cerasi, cherry-laurel water (Br. Ph.). 
Dose rr\, v-xxx (0.32-2.0). A. menthae pi- 
peritae. Dose f^j-f^ij (32.0-64.0). A. 
menthae viridis. Dose f^j-f^ij (32.0— 
64.0). A. pimento (Br. Ph.). Dosef t ^ss- 
f^ij (16.0-64.0). A.regia. See A., Nitro- 



hydrochloric. A. rosae. Dose f^j-f.^ij 
(32.0-64.0). A. rosae fortior, used for 
making rose-water. A. vitae, brandy or 
spirit. In anatomy, A. labyrinthi, the 
clear fluid existing in the labyrinth of the 
ear. A. oculi, aqueous humor. 

Aquacapsulitis {a-kwah-kap-su-W '-tis) [aqua, 
water, capsula ; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the membrane of Descemet ; serous 
iritis. 

Aquaeductus (ak-we-duk' '-tus). See Aque- 
duct. 

Aquapuncture {ak-wah-puiigk f -chur) [aqua, 
water ; puuctura, a puncture]. Counter- 

. irritation by means of a very fine jet of water 
impinging upon the skin ; it is useful in neu- 
ralgic disorders. 

Aquatic [a-kwat'-ik] [aqua, water]. Per- 
taining to water. A. Cancer. Synonym of 
Cancrum oris. 

Aqueduct, or Aquaeductus (ak'-we-dukt, or 
ak-we- duk f -tus) [aqua, water ; ductus, a 
leading]. A canal for the passage of fluid ; 
any canal. A. cerebri, the infundibulum. 
A. cochleae, aqueduct of the cochlea. A. 
of Cotunnius, the aqueduct of the vestibule, 
extending from the utricle to the posterior 
wall of the pyramid in the brain. A. Fal- 
lopii, the canal in the petrous portion of 
the temporal bone through which the facial 
nerve passes. A. Sylvii, the aqueduct of 
Sylvius, the passageway from the third to the 
fourth ventricle, the iter a tertio ad quartum 
ventriculum. A. vestibuli, the aqueduct of 
the vestibule of the ear. 

Aqueous {a f -kive-tis) [aqua, water]. Watery. 
A. Chamber of the Eye, the space between 
the cornea and the lens ; the iris divides it 
into an anterior and a posterior chamber. A. 
Extract, a solid preparation of a drug made 
by evaporation of its aqueous solution. A. 
Humor, the fluid filling the anterior chamber 
of the eye. 

Aquocapsulitis {a-kwo-kap-su-W '-tis) [aqua, 
water; capsula, a small box]. Serous iritis. 

Aquosity [a-kwos'-it-e) [aquositas, watery]. 
The state or condition of being watery. 

Arabic (ar ; -ab-ik) ['Apaftucoc, Arabic]. Of 
or pertaining to Arabia. A. Acid. See 
Arabin. A. Gum. See Acacia. 

Arabin {ar'-ab-hi) ['Apafiuidg, Arabic], (C 6 - 
H 10 O 5 ) 2 -f- H 2 0. Arabic Acid. A trans- 
parent, glassy, amorphous mass, an exudate 
from many plants. It is soluble in water, 
and is the principal constituent of gum arabic. 

Arabinose {ar f -ab-in-os) ['Apaftwog, Arabic] , 
C 5 H 10 O 5 . One of the glucoses, made from 
gum arabic on boiling with dilute H 2 S0 4 . 
It crystallizes in shining prisms that melt at 
loo ; is slightly soluble in cold water, has 
a sweet taste, and reduces Fehling's solution, 
but is not fermented by yeast. 



ARABITE 



74 



ARCHAMPHIASTER 



Arabite (ar'-ab-it) [_'Apaj3iKog, Arabic], C 5 - 
H 12 5 . A substance formed from arabinose 
by the action of sodium amalgam. It crys- 
tallizes from hot alcohol in shining needles, 
melting at 102 . It has a sweet taste, but 
does not reduce Fehling's solution. 

Arachnitis {ar-ak-ni' -tis) \hpaxvq, a spider' s 
web ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the arachnoid membrane of the brain. 

Arachnoid (ar-ak'-noid) [apaxvr], a spider's 
web; eldog, form]. Resembling a web. A. 
Membrane, the delicate membrane of the 
brain and cord between the dura and pia 
mater. It is separated from the latter by 
the subarachnoid space, and passes over the 
convolutions without dipping down into the 
fissures between them. 

Arachnoidal (ar-ak - noid / - al) \apaxvrj, a 
spider's web; ddoq, form]. Pertaining to 
the arachnoid. 

Arack (ar'-ak) \_Ind.\ A spirituous liquor 
distilled from rice, dates, palm-sap, etc. 

Araeometer (ar-e-om' ' -et-er). See Areometer. 

Aralia. (a?--a'-le-ah) [L.]. A genus of plants, 
order Araliacece, embracing several species, 
having aromatic, diaphoretic, and resolvent 
properties. Ginseng, wild sarsaparilla, petty 
morrel, and other plants esteemed in popular 
medicine belong here ; few have active 
qualities of high value in any disease. Unof. 

Aran-Duchenne's Disease. See Diseases, 
Table of. 

Araneous (ar-a'-ne-tts) \aranea, a spider's 
web]. Full of webs; resembling a cobweb. 
A. Membrane, the arachnoid. 

Arantius, Bodies of. See Corpus. A., 
Canal of. See Canal. A., Duct of. See 
Duct. A., Nodules of. See Arantius, 
Bodies of. A., Valves of. See Valvulce 
Arantii. A., Ventricle of, a small cul- 
de-sac in the medulla oblongata, forming the 
lower termination of the fourth ventricle. 

Araroba (ar-ar-o f -bah) [Brazil]. Goa Pow- 
der. An oxidation product of the resin 
found deposited in the wood of the trunk of 
the A. andira of Brazil. Its active principle 
is Chrysarobin or Chrysophanic acid. It is 
largely used in skin affections. 

Arbor (ar'-bor) [L.]. A tree. A name for 
the arbor vitse of the cerebellum. A. 
vitae, I. a term applied to the arborescent 
appearance of a section of the cerebellum, 
and also to a similar appearance of the 
folds of the interior of the cervix uteri. 2. 
The Thuja occidentalis . 

Arborescent (ar-bor-es'-ent) \_arbor, a tree]. 

Branching like a tree. 
Arborization (ar-bor-iz-a f -tion) \_arbor, a 
tree]. A form of nerve termination in 
which nerve-fiber is brought into contact with 
muscle fiber by means of an expansion. 
Arbutin (ar' '-bu-tin) \_arbtitus, the wild 



strawberry tree] , (C 12 H ]6 7 )2H 2 0. A bitter 
glucosid obtained from Uva ursi, or bear- 
berry. It is neutral, crystalline, and resolv- 
able into glucose and hydroquinon. It is 
diuretic. Dose gr. xv-xxx (1.0—2.0). See 
Uva ursi. 

Arbutus {ar-bu' '-tus) [L.]. A genus of eri- 
caceous shrubs and trees. A. menziesii, 
the madrono of California, has an astringent 
bark, useful in diarrheas. Unof. A. unedo, 
the European arbutus ; astringent and nar- 
cotic. A., Trailing. See Epigcea. 

Arc [ark] [arcus, a bow]. A part of the 
circumference of a circle ; a more or less 
curved passage-way. A., Binauricular, 
a measurement from the center of one 
auditory meatus to the other, directly up- 
ward across the top of the head. A., Breg- 
mato-lambdoid, a measurement along the 
sagittal suture. A., Naso-bregmatic, a line 
measured from the root of the nose to the 
bregma. A., Naso-occipital, measurement 
from the root of the nose to the lowest 
occipital protuberance. A., Reflex, the path- 
way for a reflex act, comprising the center, 
the afferent and efferent nerve. 

Arcanum (ar-ka' ' -num) \_arcanum , a secret]. 
A secret medicine. 

Arcate (ar f -kat ) \_arcattis, bow-shaped] . 
Bow-shaped; curved; arcuate. 

Arch {arch) \_arcus, a bow]. A structure 
having a curved outline resembling that of 
an arc or a bow. A., Aortic, five pairs of 
vascular arches existing in the fetus. A., 
Branchial, the cartilaginous arches that' 
support the gills of fishes. In the human 
fetus they are also present. A., Crural, 
Poupart's ligament. A., Femoral, same 
as A., Crural. A., Palmar, the arch 
formed by the radial artery and ulnar 
arteries in the palm of the hand ; there 
are two, a superficial and a deep. A., Plan- 
tar, the arch made by the external plantar 
artery. A., Postoral, arches in the fetus, 
five in number, that develop into the lower 
jaw and throat. See A., Branchial. A. of 
Pubes, that part of the pelvis formed by the 
convergence of the rami of the ischia and 
pubes on each side. A., Supraorbital, the 
curved and prominent margin of the frontal 
bone that forms the upper boundary of the 
orbit. A. of a Vertebra, the part of a 
vertebra formed of two pedicles and two 
laminae and enclosing the spinal foramen. 
A., Zygomatic, the arch formed by the 
malar and temporal bones. 

Archameba (ark-am- e / -bah) [apxy, primi- 
tive; hfioifii], change]. Haeckel's hypo- 
thetic progenitor of all amebae and of all 
higher forms of life. 

Archamphiaster, or Archiamphiaster (ark- 
am-fe-as' ' -ter, or ar-ke-am-fe-as' '-ter) \_apXtf, 



i 



: 



' 



ARCHANGELICA 



75 



AREA 



first; a/zp/, around; aarqp, star]. In biol- 

i ogy, those amphiasters concerned in the pro- 
duction of the polar globules. 
Archangelica {ark-an-jeV -ik-ak} \apxay- 
]i'/.(Kog, archangel]. A genus of umbellifer- 

! ous plants. See Angelica. 

Archebiosis [ar-ke-bi-o' 'sis) [apxv, the be- 
ginning; j&'oc, life]. Spontaneous gener- 

' ation. 

Archegenesis {ark-e-jen' '-es-is). The same 
as Archebiosis. 

Archenteron {ark-cn'-ter-07i) [apxv, a begin- 
ning; evrepov, intestine]. The embryonic ali- 

] mentary cavity. 

(Archetype (ar'-ke-tlp) [apxv, a beginning; 
rvrrog, a type]. In comparative anatomy, an 
ideal type or form with which the individuals 

i or classes may be compared. A standard 
type. 

lArchiblast {ar> '-he-blast) [apxv, first; j3/.aa- 

\ rog, germ]. In embryology, the granular 

• areola surrounding the germinal vesicle. It 
| is composed of three layers, the outer, or 
j epiblast, from which the skin and its adnexa, 

• the nervous system, and the terminal portions 
! of the alimentary canal are formed ; the mid- 
| die, or mesoblast, from which the epithelium 
I of the genitourinary organs and the smooth 

and striated muscle-tissue are derived ; and 
the inner, or hypoblast, for the development of 
the epithelium of the respiratory tract and of 
the alimentary canal. In pathology, the im- 
portant tissues of the body as contrasted 
with the parablast, or connective tissues. 

Archiblastic {ar-ke-blas' '-tik) [apxv, first ; 
/3>Uz0t6c, germ]. Derived from the archi- 
blast. The parenchymatous tissues are re- 
garded as archiblastic. 

Archiblastoma {ar-ke-blas-to' '-mah) [apxv, 
first; fiTiaoroQ, germ; b,ua, a tumor]. A 
tumor composed of archiblastic tissue, such 
as myoma, neuroma, papilloma, adenoma, 
carcinoma, etc. 

Archiblastula {ar-ke-blas' '-tu-lah) [apxv, 
first ; ftXacToc, a germ or bud] . In embry- 
ology, a ciliated, vesicular morula, resulting 
from complete and regular yelk-division and 
by invagination forming the archigastrula. 

Archicytula [ar-ke-sif '-u-lah) [apxv, a be- 
ginning ; Kvrog, a cell]. A fertilized egg-cell 
in which the nucleus is discernible. 

Archigaster {ar-ke-gas' '-ter) [ap\v, first ; 
yao~7]p, belly]. The primitive, perfectly 
simple intestine ; archenteron. 

Archigastrula {ar-ke-gas' '-tru-lah) [ apxv, 
beginning; yaarvp, belly]. The gastrula as 
it is observed in the most primitive types of 
animal development ; called also bell-gas- 
trula from its shape. 

Archigenesis {ar-ke-jen' '-es-is). See Ar- 
chebiosis. 

Archil (ar'-kil) [ME., orchell\ A coloring 



matter similar to litmus, chiefly obtained from 
the lichen, Roccella tinctoria ; used for 
staining animal tissues. 

Archimonerula {ar-ke-mon-er' '-u-lah) [apxv, 
first; povrjprjg, single, solitary]. In embry- 
ology, a special name given by Haeckel to the 
monerula stage of an egg undergoing primi- 
tive and total cleavage. 

Archimorula (ar-ke-mor* ' -ic-lah) [apxv, first ; 
popov, a mulberry]. In embryology, the 
solid mass of cleavage cells, or mulberry 
mass, arising from the segmentation of an 
archicytula, and preceding the archiblastula 
and archigastrula. 

Archineuron (ar'-che-mt-ron) [apxv, begin- 
ning ; neuron\. See Neuron, 2d definition. 

Archinephron {ar-ke-nef ' -ron) [apxv, begin- 
ning ; vs(ppog, kidney]. The primitive or 
embryonic stage of the kidney or renal appara- 
tus. 

Archistome (ar* ' -kis-tom) \_apxv, first ; aropa, 
mouth]. The gastrula mouth or opening 
of the archenteron ; blastoporus. 

Architis [ar-ki' '-lis) \_apxog, anus]. Procti- 
tis ; inflammation of the anus. 

Arciform (ar' -se-form) \arcus, bow ; arch ; 

forma, form]. Bow-shaped; especially used 
to designate certain sets of fibers in the 
medulla oblongata. 

Arctatioh [ark-ta' ' -shun) \_arctatio ; arctare, 
to draw close together]. Contraction of an 
opening or canal. 

Arctium [ark f -she-um) [L.]. Burdock. See 
Lappa. 

Arcual {ar f -ku-al) \_arcualis, arched]. 
Arched ; bent or curved. 

Arcuate iar'-ku-dt) \arcuatio, a bowing]. 
Arched ; curved ; bow-shaped. A. Fibers 
of the Cerebellum, associating fibers con- 
necting one lamina with an< ther. A. Fibers 
of the Cerebrum, associating fibers con- 
necting adjacent convolutions. 

Arcuation {ar-ku-a' '-shun) [arcuatio, a bow- 
ing]. Curvature, especially of a bone. 

Arcus {ar'-kus) \_arcus, a bow]. A bow or 
arch. A. dentalis, the dental arch. A. 
senilis, a ring of fatty degeneration seen 
about the periphery of the cornea in old 
persons. A. senilis lentis, an opaque 
ring in the equator of the crystalline lens ; it 
sometimes occurs in the old. A. zygomati- 
cus, the zygomatic arch. 

Ardor {ar f -dor) [ardor, heat]. Violent heat, 
burning. A. urinae, burning pain in the in- 
flamed urethra during micturition. 

Area (a / -re-ah) [area, an open space]. A 
limited extent of surface. A. Celsi. See 
Alopecia areata. A., Cohnheim's, certain 
clear-cut areas seen in a transverse section of 
muscle-fibers. A., Crural, a space at the 
base of the brain included between the pons 
and chiasm. A. germinativa, or e??ibryonic 



ARECA NUT 



76 



ARISTOLOCHIA 



spot, the oval germinating spot of the embryo. 
A., Motor, the convolutions on either side 
of the rolandic fissure, containing the centers 
for voluntary motion. A. opaca, the opaque 
circle about the A. pellucida. A. pellucida, 
the light central portion of the A. germinativa. 
A. vasculosa, the vascular area of the A. 
opaca. 

Areca Nut (ar'-ek-ali). See Betel. 

Arecane, Arekane {ar'-ek-an) [Malay]. An 
oily and volatile basic substance obtainable 
from areca nut ; said to be a purgative and 
sialagogue, and to slow the pulse. Unof. 

Arecin {ar'-es-iri) [Sp., areca'], C 23 H 26 X 2 0. 
I. An organic base isomeric with brucin, de- 
rived from cinchona bark. 2. A brown-red 
coloring matter, obtained from areca nuts ; 
areca red. 

Areola (ar-e'-o-lak) [dim. of area, an open 
space : pi. , Areolce\. I. The brownish space 
surrounding the nipple of the female breast. 
This is sometimes called Areola papillaris. A 
second areola, surrounding this, occurs during 
pregnancy. The pigmentation about the 
umbilicus is called the umbilical areola. 2. 
Any interstice or minute space in a tissue. 

Areolar [ar-e' '-o-lar) [a?-eola, dim. of area, 
an open space]. Relating to or characterized 
by areolce. A. Tissue, cellular tissue ; loose 
connective tissue. 

Argentamin {ar-jen-tam/ -in\ [argentum , 
silver; amin~\. A solution of silver phos- 
phate in ethylendiamin. It is an antiseptic 
agent that does not coagulate albumin. 

Argentation {ar-jen-ta* -shun) [argentum, 
silver] . Staining with a preparation of silver. 

Argentic [ar-jen f -tik) [argentum , silver]. 
Containing silver. 

Argentine {ar f -jen-tin) [argentum, silver]. 
Containing or resembling silver. 

Argentum {ar-jen-'tian) [L. ]. Silver. Ag= 
108 ; quantivalence, I ; specific gravity, 10.4 
to 10.5. A malleable and ductile metal of 
brilliant white luster. It tarnishes only in the 
presence of free sulphur, sulphur gases, and 
phosphorus. The following salts are used in 
medicine : A. C3'anidum, AgCX. used in 
the preparation of hydrocyanic acid. A. 
iodidum, Agl, sometimes used internally 
instead of A. nitras. Dose gr. %.-} (0.016- 
0.065). A. nitras, AgX0 3 , nitrate of 
silver, argentic nitrate, " lunar caustic," a 
powerful astringent and an escharotic of 
moderate strength. It stains skin and other 
tissues black. If too long •administered, it 
leaves a slate-colored, insoluble deposit of 
silver under the skin {Argyria). It is used 
in gastric catarrh, in gastric ulcer, in intestinal 
ulceration, and as an alterative in scleroses of 
the nervous system. Dose gr. }£-*4 (o.oi- 
O.032). A. nitras dilutum, the mitigated 
caustic, or diluted stick, is fused with an 



equal amount of potassium nitrate. A. 
nitras fusum, " stick caustic," contains four 
per cent, of silver chlorid. It is used locally. 
A. oxidum, Ag 2 0, explosive when treated 
with ammonia. Dose gr. J^-ij (0.032-0.13). 
A. vivum, an old name for mercury or 
quicksilver. 

Argilla [ar-jil' -ah) [apyu/.oc, potter's clay]. 
White or potter's clay ; alumina. 

Argol {ar f -gol) [apyoc, white]. The impure 
tartar derived from wine. 

Argon {ar ; -gon) [apyoc, inactive]. A new 
element discovered in the atmosphere in 
1894 by Lord Rayleigh and Prof. Ramsey. 
Its symbol is A ; the atomic weight has not 
been definitely determined, but is thought to 
be 19.7. It is soluble to the extent of 4 
volumes in 100 of water, and condenses to a 
colorless liquid at — 1 28. 6° C. and under a 
pressure of t>2> atmospheres, the liquid having 
a density of 1.5. Argon may be obtained by 
freeing air which has been deprived of its 
carbon dioxid and water, from oxygen by 
means of red-hot copper, and then absorbing 
the nitrogen by means of metallic magne- 
sium. The residual gas, the passage of the 
gases being repeated a number of times, is 
argon. Chemically, it is the most inert ele- 
ment yet known. 

Argyll Robertson Pupil. See Signs and 
Symptoms, Table of, and Pupil. 

Argyria (ar-ji f -re-ah) [argentum, silver]. 
A form of discoloration of the skin and mu- 
cous membranes produced by the prolonged 
administration of silver, the granules of 
silver being deposited in much the same po- • 
sition as those of the natural pigment of the 
skin. 

Argyrosis (ar-ji-ro'-sis). Same as Argyria, 
q.v. 

Arhinia {ah-nn' '-e-ah) [a priv. ; pic, nose]. 
Congenital absence of the nose. 

Arhythmia (ar-ith f -me-ah). See Arrhyth- 
mia. 

Arica Bark. Calisaya bark 
Arica, Peru. It contains 






exported from 
the alkaloid, 



: 



ancm. 

Aricin {ar f -is-iti) [Arica, in Peru], C 23 H 26 - 
N 2 4 . An alkaloid obtained from several 
varieties of cinchona bark. 

Aristol [ar f -is-tol) [apioroc, best], (C 6 H 2 - 
CH 3 OI.C 3 H 7 ) 2 . Dithymol-iodid. It is 
also called annidalin, although this is dithy- 
mol-triiodid. An iodin compound used as a 
substitute for iodoform as an antiseptic dress- 
ing. It has the advantage of being odor- 
less, and is used either in the powder form 
or as a five to ten per cent, ointment with 
vaselin or lanolin. 

Aristolochia {ar-is-to-lo' -ke-ah) [apiaroc, 
best ; /.o^eZa, the lochia] . A genus of exo- 
genous herbs, many species of which have 



: 






ARISTOLOCHIN 

active medicinal qualities. A. clematitis, 
of Europe, has been used as a tonic, stimu- 

■ lant, and diaphoretic. A. cymbifera, of S. 

, America, furnishes a part of the drug called 

Guaco, and is a good tonic and stimulant. 

j A. serpentaria (see Serpentaria) is at pres- 

i ent more used in medicine than any other 

species. 

Aristolochin (ar-is-to-lo' -kin) [aptaroq, best ; 
Ao^eZa, the lochia]. A bitter principle found 
in Virginia snake-root. See Serpentaria. 

Aristotle's Experiment. The double feel- 
ing experienced by the fingers when a single 
pebble is placed between the crossed fingers 
of one hand. 

Arithmomania {ar-ith-mo-ma* '-ne-ah) [ap- 
ifluog, a number; /uavla, madness]. An 
insane anxiety with regard to the number of 
things that fall under the observation. Some- 
times it consists in constant or uncalled-for 
counting, either of objects or in mere re- 
peating of consecutive numbers. 

Arlt's Ointment. An ointment containing 
grs. viiss of belladonna to 3JX °f Dme oint- 
ment. 

Arm (arm) [armare, to arm]. I. That part of 
the upper extremity from the shoulder to 
the wrist. 2. That portion of the stand 
connecting the body or tube of a microscope 
to the pillar. A. Center, the cortical center 
for the movement of the arm ; it is situated 
in the middle third of the ascending frontal 
and ascending parietal convolutions. 

Armature {ar f -mat-chur) \armatura, equip- 
ment]. A mass of soft iron at the extremity 
of a magnet. Also, the core of iron around 
which coils of insulated wire are wound. 

Army Itch (ar'-me itch). A distressing, 
chronic form of itch prevalent in the United 
States at the close of the civil war. The 
itching was intense. The eruption was seen 
especially on the arms, forearms, chest, ab- 
domen, and lower extremities, particularly 
on the ulnar side of the forearm and inner 
aspect of the thigh. It resembled prurigo 
associated with vesicles, pustules, and ec- 
zema. 

Arnica (ar' '-nik-ah) [L. ]. A genus of com- 
posite-flowered plants. The name in medi- 
cine denotes the plant commonly known as 
"Leopard's bane, "A. montana. Both flowers 
and roots are used in medicine. Its properties 
are probably due to an alkaloid, trimethylamin, 
C 3 H 9 N. In small doses it is a cardiac stimu- 
lant ; in larger doses a depressant. It is a 
popular remedy, when locally applied, for 
sprains, bruises, and surface wounds. A., 
Emplastrum, contains extract of root 33, 
lead plaster 67 parts. A. Radicis, Ext. 
Dose gr. j-iij (0.065-0.2). A. Rad., Ext. 
Fid. Dose rr^v-xx (0.32-1.3). A., Infu- 
sum, 20 parts flowers, 100 parts water. It 



77 ARSENATE 

is superior to the tincture for local use. A., 
Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose TTLv-xxx (0.32- 
2.0). A. Rad., Tinct., 10 per cent. Dose 
tt\v-xxx (0.32-2.0). Arnicae flores, arnica 
flowers. Arnicae radix, the root of arnica. 

Arnicin (ar' ' -nis-iri) \_amica~\ , C 20 H 30 O 4 . A 
brownish, bitter glucosid extracted from the 
flowers of Arnica montana. 

Arnold's Nerve. The auricular branch of 
the pneumogastric nerve. 

Aroma (ar-o'-mah) [apcjfia, spice]. The 
fragrance or odor emanating from certain 
vegetable substances, especially those used 
for food and drink. 

Aromatic (ar-o-i?iat f -ik) [apufia, spice]. I. 
Having a spicy odor. 2. A substance char- 
acterized by a fragrant, spicy taste and odor, 
as cinnamon, ginger, the essential oils, etc. 
3. A qualification applied to any car- 
bon compound originating from benzin, C 6 - 
H 6 . Their stability is relatively great as com- 
pared with that of the fatty bodies. A. 
Acids, those derived from the benzin group 
of hydrocarbons. A. Compound, any benzyl 
derivative. A. Fluid Extract, aromatic 
powder 100, alcohol sufficient to make 100 
c.c. A. Group, a series of hydrocarbons 
having the composition C 10 H 16 . A. Pow- 
der. See, Cinnamomum. A. Sulphuric 
Acid. See Acid, Sulphuric. A. Vinegar, 
any mixture of aromatic oils in vinegar. 
A. Wine, a wine containing in each 100 
parts, one part each of lavender, origanum, 
peppermint, rosemary, sage, and worm- 
wood. 

Aromin (ar-o'-min) \_apujia, spice]. An al- 
kaloid obtainable from urine. When heated 
it emits a fragrant odor. 

Arrack (ar f -ak) [Ind.]. A liquor distilled 
from malted rice. Any alcoholic liquor is 
called arrack in the East. 

Arrector (ar-ek'-tor) [L., an erector]. An 
erector. A. pili, a fan-like arrangement cf a 
layer of smooth muscular fibers surrounding 
the hair follicle, the contraction of which 
erects the follicle and produces cutis anserina, 
or " goose-skin." 

Arrhinia (ah-rin'-e-ah). Same as Arhinia. 

Arrhythmia (ah-rith'-me-ah)\a^xvf. ; pvd/uog, 
rhythm] . Absence of rhythm. 

Arrhythmic (ah-rith' '-?nik) [dpriv. ; pvdfioc, 
rhythm] . Without rhythm ; irregular. 

Arrow-poison (ar'-o-poi'-zun). See Curare. 

Arrowroot (ar'-o-root) [ME., arow ; roote\ 
A variety of starch derived from Maranta 
arundinacea of the West Indies, Southern 
States, etc. It is a popular remedy for diar- 
rhea, and is widely used as a food. Many 
other starchy preparations are sold as arrow- 
root. 

Arsenate, or Arseniate (ar'-sen-dt, or ar-se f - 
ne-dt) \arsenum\ Any salt of arsenic acid. 



ARSEXUM 



ARTERIOTOMY 



Arsenum (ar-se'-mini). As = 75 ; quanti- 
valence ill, v. A brittle, crystalline metal, 
of a steel-gray color, tarnishing on exposure 
to the air. Sp. gr. 5.73. It sublimes at 180 
C. , and gives off a garlicky odor. It forms 
two oxids : arsenous oxid, As 3 , and arsenic 
oxid, As 2 5 . The sulphids are used as pig- 
ments in the arts, rarely in medicine. 
Scheele's green is copper arsenite ; Schwein- 
furth and Paris-green likewise contain arsenic. 
Arsenic is also an ingredient of certain poisons 
used against rodents and insects. In medi- 
cine, arsenic is used as an alterative in ane- 
mias, chronic malaria, asthma, phthisis pul- 
monalis, as a gastric sedative, and in chorea. 
Arsenous Acid, white arsenic, "ratsbane," 
As.,0 3 . Dose gr. Jq-Jq (0.002-0.006). A., 
Acidi, Liquor (Liq. arsenici hydrochlorici, B. 
P. ) , a I per cent, solution of the oxid in hydro- 
chloric acid and distilled water. Dose tt[iy- 
v (0.13-0.32). Ferri Arsenias, Fe 3 As 2 8 . 
Dose gr. ^-\ (0.004-0.03). Liq. arsenici 
hydrochlor. (B. P.). Dose TT\Jj-v (0.13- 
0.32). Potassii arsenitis, Liq. {Liquor 
Arsenicalis, B. P.). Fowler s solution. It 
contains A. acid 1, potass, bicarbonate I, comp. 
tinct. lavender 3, and distilled water q. s. to 
make 1 00 parts. Dose tt\,ij-x (0.13-0.65). 
Sodii arsenias, Xa 2 HAs0 4 .7H.,0. Dose of 
the dried salt gr. fe~~X* (0.0025-0.005). Sodii 
arseniatis, Liq., Pearson's solution. Dose 
ffyj-x (o. 13-0.65). A. iodidum, Asl 3 . Dose 
gr. J-q-j (0.003-0.008). A. et hydrargyri 
iod., Liq., liquor of the iodid of arsenic and 
mercury. Donovan's solution. It contains A. 
iodid I, mercuric iodid I, distilled water 100 
parts. Dose mrij-x (0.13-0.65). A. bro- 
midum, AsBr 3 , is used in diabetes. Dose gr. 
-gL (0.001). A. bromidi, Liq., Clemens' 
solution, a one per cent, solution of the bromid 
of arsenic. Dose fry— iv (0.065-0.26). 

Arsenical (ar-sen' '-ik-al ' )[arsenium, arsenic]. 
Pertaining to arsenic. 

Arsenicalism, Arsenism (ar-sen' '-ik al-izm, 
ar' -sen-izm) [arsenum, arsenic]. Chronic 
arsenical poisoning. 

Arsenite [ar* -sen-It") [arsenum, arsenic]. 
Any salt of arsenous acid. 

Arsenous (ar-se'-nus) [arsenum, arsenic]. 
Containing arsenic. A. Acid. See Arsenic. 

Arsins (ar r -sinz) [arsenum, arsenic]. Pe- 
culiar volatile arsenical bases found by Selmi 
to be produced by the contact of arsenous 
acid and albuminous substances. 

Arsonium (ar-so' '-ne-zim) [arsenum, arsenic ; 
ammonium'], AsH 4 . A univalent radical in 
which arsenic replaces the nitrogen of am- 
monium. 

Artefact {ar' '-te-fakt\ [arte, by art; factum, 
made] . In microscopy and histology, a 
structure that has been produced by mechanic, 
chemic, or other artificial means ; a struc- 






ture or tissue that has been changed from 
its natural state. 

Artemisia (ar-tem-iz / -e-ah) ['Apre/uic, the 
goddess Diana]. A genus of plants of the 
order Compositce. A. abrotanum, Southern 
wood, is stimulant, tonic, and vermifuge, and 
is popularly used as a vulnerary. It is simi- 
lar in properties to wormwood. Dose of fid. 
ext. TT^x-xx (0.65— 1.3). Unof. A. absin- 
thium. See Absinthe. A. maritima affords 
pure wormseed. A. vulgaris, mug wort, a 
popular remedy in various diseases. 

Arteria (ar-te' -re-ah) [aprepia, the trachea]. 
A hollow tube. See Artery. 

Arterial [ar-te' '-re-al) [aprepia, the trachea]. 
Pertaining to an artery. 

Arterialization (ar -te-re- al- iz - a'- shun) 
[aprepia, the trachea]. The process of mak- 
ing or becoming arterial ; the change from 
venous blood into arterial. 

Arterin (ar'-ter-in) [aprepia, trachea]. 
Hoppe-Seyler's term for the arterial blood- 
pigment as contained in the red corpuscles. 

Arteriocapillary (ar-te- re-o - kap'-il-a-re) 
[aprepia, trachea; capillus, a hair]. Per- 
taining to arteries and capillaries. A. 
Fibrosis, a chronic inflammatory process 
characterized by an overgrowth of connective 
tissue in the walls of the blood-vessels. It 
is also known as arteriocapillary fibrosis 
of Gull and Sutton. 

Arterioflbrosis (ar-te-re-o-fi-bro' '-sis). See 
Arteriocapillary Fibrosis. 

Arteriogram (ar-te f -re-o-gram). See Sphyg- 
mogram. 

Arteriography (ar-te-re-og' '-ra-fe) [aprepia, 
trachea; ^pdorj, a writing]. I. A descrip- 
tion of the arteries. 2. The graphic repre- 
sentation of the pulse waves. 

Arteriole (ar-te' '-re-ol) [artcriola]. A very 
small artery. A., Straight, the small blood- 
vessels that supply the medullary pyramids 
of the kidneys. 

Arteriology (ar-te-re-ol'-o-je) [aprepia, 
trachea; /6}oc, science]. The science of 
the arteries ; the anatomy, physiology, and 
pathology of the arteries. 

Arteriomalacia (ar - te- re-o- mal- a'-se- ah) 
[aprepia, trachea; ua/sinia, softness]. Soft- 
ening of the wall of an artery. 

Arteriosclerosis (ar -te - re - - skle - ro'- sis) 
[aprepia, trachea ; CK/Jjpog, hard]. A 
chronic inflammation of the arterial walls, 
especially of the intima. 

Arteriosclerotic (ar - te - re-o - skle - rot'- ik) 
[aprepia, trachea ; OK/.-qpoc, hard]. Pertain- 
ing to arteriosclerosis. A. Kidney, a 
kidney the seat of chronic interstitial inflam- 
mation affecting primarily the blood-vessels. 

Arteriosity [ar-te- re - os / - it-e ) [aprepia, 
trachea]. The quality of being arterial. 

Arteriotomy (ar-te -re-ot'-o-me) [aprepia, 



■'■ 









ARTERIOVENOUS 



79 



ARTERIES 



j trachea; re/avetv, to cut]. The cutting or 
'opening of an artery for the purpose of letting 
I blood. The temporal artery is generally se- 
lected. 

Arteriovenous (ar-te-re-ove'-nns) [aprepia, 
'trachea; vena, vein]. Both arterial and ve- 
nous ; involving an artery and a vein, as an 
I arteriovenous aneurysm. 

JArterioversion {ar-te-re-o-ver' -shun) [apre- 
' pia, trachea; vertere, to turn]. Weber's 
method of arresting hemorrhage by turning 
vessels inside out by means of an instrument 
cdled the arterioverter. 
Arterioverter. See Arterioversion. 
JArteritis {ar-te-ri* '-tis) [aprepia, trachea; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of an artery. A. 
deformans. See Endarteritis, Chronic. A. 
Obliterans. See Endarteritis obliterans. 



Artery (ar'-ter-e) [arteria ; aprepia, trachea]. 
One of the tube-like vessels through which 
the blood is propelled by the heart to all 
parts of the body. Arteries end in arterioles 
and capillaries. They are composed of three 
coats : the outer, or tunica adventitia ; the 
middle, or tunica media, the muscular coat ; 
the internal, or intima, composed of endo- 
thelial cells, fibrous and elastic tissue. A. 
Compressor, A. Constrictor, an instru- 
ment for occluding an artery for the pur- 
pose of arresting or preventing hemorrhage. 
A., End, or A., Terminal, an artery that 
does not anastomose with other arteries by 
means of large branches ; there is usually a 
capillary anastomosis. A. Forceps, a for- 
ceps for catching or twisting an artery. A 
table of the arteries is appended. 



TABLE OF ARTERIES. 



Name. Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Acromio-thoracic Second branch of 
(thoracic axis). first part of axil- 
lary. 


Shoulder, arm, upper an- 
terior part of chest, and 
mammary gland. 


Acromial, humeral, pectoral, clavi- 
cular. 


Alar thoracic. 


Second part of ax- 
illary. 


Lymphatic glands in ax- 
illa. 




Anastomotic Cof ex- 
ternal plantar). 


External plantar. 


Outer border of foot. 


Anastomoses with the tarsal and 
metatarsal branches of the dorsalis 
pedis. 


Anastomotic (of in- Internal plantar, 
ternal plantar). 


Inner side of foot. 


Anastomoses with internal tarsal 
branch of the dorsalis pedis. 


Anastomoticamag- Brachial, 
na (of brachial). 


Elbow. 


Posterior and anterior. 


Anastomotica mag- 
na (of superficial 
femoral). 


Superficial femor- 
al (in Hunter's 
canal). 


Knee. 


Superficial and deep. 


Angular. 


The termination 
of the facial. 


Lacrymal sac and lower 
part of orbicularis pal- 
pebrarum. 


Anastomoses with infraorbital. 


Aorta, abdominal. 


Thoracic aorta. 


Two common iliacs. 


Phrenic (right and left), celiac axis, 
suprarenal or capsular (right and 
left), superior mesenteric, lumbar 
(four pairs), renal (right and left), 
spermatic (right and left), inferior 
mesenteric, right and left common 
iliac, middle sacral. 


Aorta, arch. 


Left ventricle of 
heart. 


Thoracic aorta. 


Two coronary, innominate, left com- 
mon carotid, left subclavian. 


Aorta, primitive. 


That portion from 
the origin to the 
point at which 
the first branch 
is given off. 






Aorta, thoracic. 


Arch of aorta. 


Abdominal aorta. 


Two or three pericardiac, three 
bronchial, four or five esophageal, 
twenty intercostal, subcostal (or 
twelfth dorsal), diaphragmatic, 
aberrans. 



ARTERIES 80 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES— Continued. 



Name. 



Articular, middle 
(of knee). 



Origin*. 



Popliteal. 



Distribution. 



Crucial 
joint. 



lisraments and 



Branches. 



Articular, superior 
external (of 
knee). 



Popliteal. 



Crureus and knee. 



Articular, superior 
internal. 



Popliteal. 



Knee. 



_ 



Auricular, poste- 
rior. 



Fifth branch of ex- 
ternal carotid. 



Back of auricle, scalp, 
and part of neck. 



Parotid, muscular, stylo- mastoid, an- 
terior terminal or auricular, and 
posterior terminal or mastoid. 



Axillary, 



Subclavian. 



Brachial and seven Superior thoracic, acromio-thoracic, 
branches. long thoracic, alar thoracic, sub- 

scapular, anterior and posterior 
circumflex. 



Basilar. 



By confluence of 
right and left 
vertebral. 



Brain. 



Transverse (or pontile), internal au- 
ditor*. - , anterior cerebellar, super- 
ior cerebellar, two posterior cere- 
bral. 



Brachial. 



Axillary. 



Arm and forearm. 



Superior and inferior profunda, an- 
astomotica magna, nutrient, mus- 
cular, radial and ulnar. 



Cardiac. 



Gastric. 



Cardiac end of stomach. 



Carotid, common. 



Right side, in- 
nominate ; left 
side, arch of 
aorta. 



External and internal External and internal carotid, 
carotid. 



Carotid, external. 



Common carotid. 



Anteriorpart of neck, face, 
side of head, integu- 
ments and dura mater. 



Ascending pharyngeal, superior thy- 
roid, lingual, facial, occipital, pos 
terior auricular, temporal, internal 
maxillarv. 






Carotid, internal. 



Common carotid. 



Greater part of brain, the 
orbit, internal ear, fore- 
head, and nose. 



Tympanic, vidian, arteria recepta 
culi, pituitary, gasserian, menin- 
geal, ophthalmic, posterior com- 
municating, anterior choroid, an- 
terior cerebral, middle cerebral. 



Carotid, primitive. 



See Carotid, com 



Celiac. 



Abdominal aorta. 



Stomach, duodenum, Gastric, hepatic, splenic, 
spleen, pancreas, liver, 
and gall-bladder. 



Central (of retina). 



Ophthalmic. 



Retina. 



Cerebellar, ante- 
rior. 



Basilar. 



Anterior inferior surface 
of cerebellum. 



Cerebellar, inferior, 



Vertebral. 



Vermiform process, and 
cortex of cerebellum. 



Inferior vermiform and the hemi- 
spheral. 



Cerebellar, supe- 
rior. 



Basilar, 



Superior vermiform pro- 
cess and circumference 

of cerebellum. 



Cerebral, anterior. 



Internal carotid. 



Anterior portion of cere- 
brum. 



Superior vermiform and hemi- 
spheral. 



Anterior communicating, ganglionic 
(or central), commissural, hemi- 
spheral (or cortical). 



Cerebral, middle. 



Internal carotid. 



Middle portion of cere- 
brum. 



Ganglionic (or central), hemisphera! 
(or cortical). 



Cerebral, posterior 



Cervical. 



Basilar. 



Uterine. 



Temporo-sphenoidal and 
occipital lobes. 

Cervix uteri. 



Ganglionic (or central), and hemi- 
spheral (or cortical). 



ARTERIES 

TABLE 


81 ARTERIES 
OF ARTERIES— Continued. 


Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Cervical, ascend- 
ing. 


Inferior thyroid. 


Deep muscles of neck and 
spinal canal. 


Muscular, spinal, and phrenic. 


Cervical, deep. 


Superior intercos- 
tal. 


Deep muscles of neck and 
spinal canal. 


Muscular, anastomotic, vertebral (or 
spinal). 


1 Cervical, superfi- 
cial. 

I 
1 


Transverse cervi- 
cal. 


Trapezius, levator anguli 
scapulae, splenius mus- 
cles, and posterior chain 
of lymphatic glands. 




i Cervical, trans- 
verse (transver- 
salis colli). 


Thyroid axis. 


Posterior cervical and 
scapular regions. 


Posterior scapular and superficial 
cervical. 


| Circumflex, ante- 
rior (of axillary). 


Axillary. 


Pectoralis major, biceps, 
and shoulder-joint. 


Bicipital and pectoral. 


Circumflex, poste- 
rior (of axillary). 


Axillary. 


Deltoid, teres minor, tri- 
ceps, and shoulder-joint. 


Nutrient, articular, acromial, muscu- 
lar. 


Colic, left. 


Inferior mesenter- 
ic. 


Descending colon. 




Colic, middle. 


Superior mesen- 
teric. 


Transverse colon. 




| Colic, right. 


Superior mesen- 
teric. 


Ascending colon. 




I Colic, transverse. 


Colic, middle. 


Transverse colon. 




Comes nervi phren- 


ici. See Phrenic, 


superior. 




Communicating. 


Dorsalis pedis. 


Enters into formation of 
plantar arch. 


Two digital. 


Communicating (or 
perforating). 


Deep palmar arch. 


Join proximal ends of 
metacarpal and second 
and third dorsal interos- 
seous arteries. 




Communicating, 
anterior. 


Anterior cerebral. 


Assists in formation of 
anterior boundary of 
circle of Willis ; sends 
branches to caudate 
nucleus. 




Communicating, 
posterior. 


Posterior cerebral. 


Enters into formation of 
circle of Willis ; uncinate 
convolution and optic 
thalamus. 


Uncinate, middle thalamic. 


Coronary, inferior. 


Facial. 


Lower lip. 




Coronary, left. 


Left anterior sinus 
of Valsalva. 


Heart. 


Left auricular, anterior interventric- 
ular, left marginal, terminal. 


Coronary, right. 


Right anterior 
sinus of Valsalva. 


Heart. 


Right auricular, preventricular, 
right marginal, posterior inter- 
ventricular, transverse. 


Coronary, superior. 


Facial. 


Upper lip. 




Diaphragmatic. 


Thoracic a'orta. 


Diaphragm. 




Digital. 


External plantar. 


Outer side of the 2d and 
3d, 4th, and 5th toes. 




Digital, palmar. 


Superficial palmar 
arch. 


Both sides of little, ring, 
and middle finger, and 
ulnar side of index 
finger. 




Dorsal (of penis). 


Pudic. 


Penis. 




Dorsalis hallucis. 


Continuation of 
dorsalis pedis. 


Great and second toe. 





ARTERIES 82 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Dorsalis pedis. Continuation of 
anterior tibial. 


Assists to form plantar 
arch. 


Tarsal, metatarsal, dorsalis hallucis, 
communicating. 


Epigastric, deep 
(or inferior). 

Epigastric, super- 
ficial. 


External iliac. 


Abdominal wall. 


Cremasteric, pubic, muscular, cuta- 
neous, terminal. 


Common femoral. 


Inguinal glands, skin, 
superficial fascia, and 
abdominal wall. 




Epigastric, supe- Internal mammary, 
rior. 


Abdominal wall and 
diaphragm, liver and 
peritoneum. 


Phrenic, xiphoid, cutaneous, mus- 
cular, hepatic, and peritoneal. 


Epiploic. Right and left 
gastro-epiploic. 


Omentum. 




Esophageal. : Gastric. 


Esophagus. 




Esophageal. 
Esophageal. 


Inferior thyroid. 


Esophagus. 




Left phrenic. 1 Esophagus. 




Esophageal (4 or 5). Thoracic aorta. j Esophagus. 




Esophageal, infe- Coronary (of ; . Esophagus. 
rior. stomach). 




Facial. 


Third branch ex- 
ternal carotid. 


Pharynx and face. 


Ascending, or inferior palatine, ton- 
sillar, glandular, muscular, sub- 
mental, masseteric, buccal, inferior 
labial, inferior and superior coro- 
nary, lateralis nasi, angular. 


Femoral, common. 


Continuation of 
external iliac. 


Lower part of abdominal 
wall, upper part of thigh 
and genitalia. 


Superficial epigastric, superficial 
circumflex iliac, superficial exter- 
nal pudic, deep external pudic, 
profunda. 


Femoral, deep. 


See Femoral, pro 


funda. 




Femoral, profunda. ' Common femoral. 


Muscles of thigh. 


External circumflex, internal cir- 
cumflex, and three perforating. 


Femoral, superfi- 
cial. 


Continuation of 
common femoral. 


Muscles of thigh and knee- 
joint. 


Muscular, saphenous, anastomotica 
magna. 


Gastric (or coro- 
nary). 


Celiac axis. 


Stomach, liver, and 
esophagus. 


Esophageal, cardiac, gastric, and 
hepatic. 


Gastro-duodenal. 


Hepatic. 


Stomach and duodenum. 


Right gastro-epiploic and superior 
pancreatico-duodenal. 


Gastro-hepatic. 


See Coronary , of 


Stomach. 




Helicine. 




The arteries found in 
cavernous tissue, as in 
the testicle, uterus, 
ovary, etc. 




Hemorrhoidal, in- 
ferior (or exter- 
nal). 


Pudic. 


Sphincter muscle, levator 
ani. 


■ 


H em orrhoidal, < Internal iliac, an- 
middle. terior division. 


Middle part of rectum. 




Hemorrhoidal, su- Inferior mesen- 
perior. teric. 


Upper part of rectum. 




Hepatic. 1 Celiac axis. 


Liver, pancreas, part of 
duodenum, and stomach. 


Pancreatic, subpyloric, gastroduo- 
denal, right and left terminal. 



' 



Iliac, common. 



Terminal branch 
o f abdominal 
aorta. 



Peritoneum, subperitoneal 
fat, ureter, and termi- 
nates in external and 
internal iliac. 



Peritoneal, subperitoneal, ureteric, 
external and internal iliac. 



ARTERIES 83 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES— Continued. 



Name. 



Iliac, external. 



Iliac, internal. 



Iliac, internal, an- 
terior trunk. 



Iliac, internal, pos- 
terior trunk. 



Innominate. 



Intercostal, ante- 
rior. 



Origin. 



Common iliac. 



Common iliac. 



Internal iliac. 



Internal iliac. 



Arch of aorta. 



Internal mam- 
mary. 



Distribution. 



Lower limb. 



Pelvic and generative 
organs, and inner side 
of thierh. 



Pelvic and generative 
organs and thigh. 



Muscles of hip and sac- 
rum. 



Right side of head and 
right arm. 



Intercostal muscles, ribs 
(upper 5 or 6), and pec- 
toralis major. 



Branches. 



Deep epigastric, deep circumflex 
iliac, muscular, and continues as 
femoral. 



Anterior and posterior trunk. 



Hypogastric, superior, middle, and 
inferior vesical, middle hemor- 
rhoidal, uterine, vaginal, obtura- 
tor, sciatic, internal pudic. 



Ilio-lumbar, lateral sacral, and 
gluteal. 



Right common carotid, right subcla- 
vian, occasionally thyroidea ima. 



Intercostal, ante- 
rior. 



Musculo-phrenic. 



Lower 5 or 6 intercostal 
spaces. 



Intercostal, supe- 
rior. 



Subclavian. 



Neck and upper part of 
thorax. 



Deep cervical, first intercostal, arte- 
ria aberrans. 



Interosseous, ante- 
rior. 



Interosseous (com- 
mon). 



Interosseous, com- 
mon. 



Ulnar. 



Muscles of forearm. 



Interosseous membrane 
and deep muscles of the 
forearm. 



Anterior and posterior interosseous. 



Interosseous, pos- 
terior. 



Ulnar. 



Muscles of forearm. 



Labial, superior. 



See Coronary, su 



perior. 



Laryngeal, supe- 
rior. 



Superior thyroid. 



Intrinsic muscles and mu- 
cous membrane of larynx. 



Lenticulo-striate. 



Middle cerebral. 



Lenticular and caudate 
nuclei. 



Lingual. 



External carotid. 



Tongue. 



Hyoid, dorsalis linguae, sublingual, 
ranine. 



Mammary, external 



See Thoracic, long. 



Mammary, inter- 
nal. 



Subclavian. 



Structures of thorax. 



Superior phrenic, mediastinal (or 
thymic), pericardiac, sternal, ante- 
rior intercostal, perforating, lat- 
eral intercostal, superior epigas- 
tric, internal mammary. 



Maxillary, external 



See Facial. 



Maxillary, internal 
(maxillary group). 



External carotid. 



Structures indicated by 
names of branches. 



Deep auricular, tympanic, middle 
meningeal, mandibular, small men- 
ingeal. 



Maxillary, internal 
(pterygoid group). 



External carotid. 



Structures indicated by 
names of branches. 



Masseteric, posterior deep temporal, 
internal and external pterygoid, 
buccal, anterior deep temporal. 



Maxillary, internal 
(spheno-maxillarv 
group). 



External carotid. 



Structures indicated by 
names of branches. 



Posterior dental (or alveolar), infra- 
orbital, posterior (or descending) 
palatine, vidian, pterygo-palatine, 
nasal, or spheno-palatine. 



Median (arteria 
comes nervi me- 
diani). 



Anterior interos- 
seous. 



Median nerve and super- 
ficial palmar arch. 



ARTERIES 84 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Mediastinal, ante- 
rior (or thymic). 


Internal mammary. 


Connective tissue, fat and 
lymphatics, in superior 
and anterior mediastina, 
thymus gland. 




Meningeal. 


Ascending pharyn- 
geal. 


Membranes of brain. 




Meningeal. 


Posterior ethmoi- 
dal. 


Dura mater. 




Meningeal, ante- 
rior. 


Internal carotid. 


Dura mater. 




Meningeal, middle 
or great. 


Internal maxillary. 


Cranium and dura mater. 


Anterior and posterior. 


Meningeal, poste- 
rior. 


Occipital. 


Dura mater. 




Meningeal; poste- 
rior. 


Vertebral. 


Dura mater. 




Meningeal, small. 


Internal maxillary. 


Gasserian ganglion, walls 
of cavernous sinus, and 
dura mater. 




Mesenteric, infe- 
rior. 


Abdominal aorta. 


Lower half of large intes- 
tine. 


Left colic, sigmoid, superior hemor- 
rhoidal. 


Mesenteric, supe- 
rior. 


Abdominal aorta. 


Whole of small intestine 
and upper half of large. 


Inferior pancreatico-duodenal, col- 
ica media, colica dextra, ileo-colic, 
vasa intestini tenuis. 


Musculo-phrenic. 


Internal mammary. 


Diaphragm, fifth and sixth 
lower intercostal spaces, 
oblique muscles of abdo- 
men. 


Phrenic, anterior intercostals, mus- 
cular. 


Nasal. 


Ophthalmic. 


Lacrymal sac and integu- 
ments of nose. 


Lacrymal, and transverse nasal. 


Obturator. 


Anterior division, 
internal iliac. 


Pelvis and thigh. 


Iliac (or nutrient), vesical, pubic, 
external and internal pelvic. 


Obturator, exter- 
nal. 


Obturator. 


Muscles about obturator 
foramen. 




Occipital. 


Fourth branch of 
external carotid. 


Muscles of neck, and scalp. 


Sterno-mastoid, posterior meningeal, 
auricular, mastoid, princeps cervi- 
cis, communicating, muscular, ter- 
minal. 


Omphalo-mesente- 
ric. 


Primitive aorta. 


Subsequently becomes the 
umbilical. 




Ophthalmic. 


Internal carotid. 


The eye, adjacent struc- 
tures, portion of face. 


Lacrymal, supraorbital, central ar- 
tery of retina, muscular, ciliary, 
posterior and anterior ethmoidal, 
palpebral, frontal, nasal. 


Ovarian. 


Abdominal aorta. 


Ovary, ureter, Fallopian 
tube, uterus. 


Ureteral, Fallopian, uterine, liga- 
mentous. 


Palatine. 


Ascending pharyn- 
geal. 


Soft palate and its mus- 
cles. 




Palatine, ascending 
(or inferior). 


First branch of 
facial. 


Upper part of pharynx, 
palate and tonsils. 


Palatine, tonsillar. 


Palatine, descend- 
ing. 


Internal maxillary. 


To soft and hard palate. 


Anterior and posterior. 


Palmar arch, deep. 


Radial and com- 
municating of 
ulna. 


Palm and fingers. 


Princeps pollicis, radialis indicis, 
palmar interosseous (3), recurrent 
carpal, posterior perforating. 



ARTERIES 85 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Palmar arch, su- 
perficial. 


Ulnar and superfi- 
cial volae. 


Palm and fingers. 


Digital (4), muscular, cutaneous. 


Pancreatic. 


Hepatic. 


Pancreas. 




Pancreatic. 


Splenic. 


Pancreas. 




Pancreaticoduode- 
nal, inferior. 


Superior mesen- 
teric. 


Pancreas and duodenum. 




Pancreatico-duode- 
nal, superior. 


Gastro-duodenal. 


Duodenum and pancreas. 




Perforating for pos- 
terior communi- 
cating), (3). 


Deep palmar arch. 


Interosseous spaces. 




Pharyngeal. 


Pterygopalatine. 


Roof of pharynx. 




Pharyngeal. 


Spheno-palatine. 


Roof and contiguous por- 
tions of pharynx. 




Pharyngeal, as- 
cending. 


First branch ex- 
ternal carotid. 


Pharynx, soft palate, tym- 
panum, posterior part of 
neck, and membranes of 
brain. 


Prevertebral, pharyngeal, palatine, 
tympanic, meningeal. 


Phrenic. 


Ascending cervi- 
cal. 


Phrenic nerve. 




Phrenic, superior 
(or comes nervi 
phrenici). 


Internal mammary. 


Pleura, pericardium, and 
diaphragm. 




Plantar arch. 


External plantar 
artery. 


Anterior part of foot and 
toes. 


Articular and plantar digital. 


Plantar, deep. 


Metatarsal. 


Assists in formation of 
plantar arch. 




Plantar, external. 


Posterior tibial. 


Sole and toes. 


Muscular, calcaneal, cutaneous, an- 
astomotic, posterior perforating, 
plantar arch. 


Plantar, internal. 


Posterior tibial. 


Inner side of foot. 


Muscular, cutaneous, articular, an- 
astomotic, superficial digital. 


Popliteal. 


Continuation of fe- 
moral. 


Knee and leg. 


Cutaneous, muscular (superior and 
inferior) or sural, articular, supe- 
rior and inferior external, superior 
and inferior internal and azygos, 
terminal (anterior and posterior 
tibial). 


Profunda (or deep 
femoral) 


Femoral. 


Thigh. 


External and internal circumflex, 
three perforating. 


Profunda, inferior. 


Brachial. 


Triceps, elbow-joint. 




Profunda, superior. 


Brachial. 


Humerus, muscles and 
skin of arm. 


Ascending, cutaneous, articular, nu- 
trient, muscular. 


Pterygo-palat ine 
(or ptery go- phar- 
yngeal). 


Internal maxillary. 


Pharynx, Eustachian 
tubes, and sphenoidal 
cells. 


Pharyngeal, Eustachian, sphenoidal. 


Pudic, external, 
deep (or inferior). 


Femoral, common. 


Skin of scrotum (or labium 
in female). 




Pudic, external, 
superficial (or 
superior). 


Common, femoral. 


Integument above pubes 
and external genitalia. 




Pudic, internal. 


Internal iliac, an- 
terior division. 


Generative organs. 


External (or inferior) hemorrhoidal, 
superficial perineal, muscular, 
arteries of bulb, crus, and dorsai 
of penis. 



ARTERIES 86 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Pulmonary. 


Right ventricle. 


Lungs. 


Right and left. 


Pyloric, inferior. 


Gastro - duodenal 
or right gastro- 
epiploic. 


Pyloric end of stomach. 




Pyloric, superior. 


Hepatic. 


Pyloric end of stomach. 




Radial. 


Brachial. 


Forearm, wrist, hand. 


Radial recurrent, muscular, ante- 
rior and posterior carpal, super- 
ficial volar, metacarpal, dorsalis 
pollicis, dorsalis indicis, deep pal- 
mar arch. 


Ranine. 


Lingual. 


Tongue and mucous mem- 
brane of mouth. 




Renal. 


Abdominal aorta. 


Kidney. 


Inferior suprarenal, capsular, ure- 
teral. 


Sacra media. See 


Sacral, middle. 






Sacral, middle. 


Continuation of 
aorta. 


Sacrum and coccyx. 




Scapular, dorsal. 


Subscapular. 


Muscles of infraspinous 
fossa. 


Infrascapular. 


Scapular, posterior. 


Continuation of 
transverse cer- 
vical. 


Muscles of scapular 
region. 


Supra-spinous and infra-spinous, 
subscapular, muscular. 


Sciatic. 


Internal iliac, an- 
terior division. 


Pelvic muscles and viscera, 
and branches. 


Coccygeal, inferior gluteal, muscu- 
lar, anastomotic, articular cutane- 
ous, comes nervi ischiadici, vesical, 
rectal, prostatic, etc. 


Spermatic. 


Abdominal aorta. 


Scrotum and testis. 


Ureteral, cremasteric, epididymal, 
testicular. 


Spheno-palatine (or 
naso-palatine). 


Internal maxillary. 


Pharynx, nose, and 
sphenoidal cells. 


Pharyngeal, sphenoidal, nasal, as- 
cending septal. 


Spinal. 


Ascending cervi- 
cal. 


Spinal canal. 




Spinal. 


Intercostals. 


Spinal canal and spine. 




Spinal. 


Lateral sacral. 


Spinal membranes and 
muscles and skin over 
sacrum. 




Spinal, anterior. 


Vertebral. 


Spinal cord. 




Spinal, lateral. 


Vertebral. 


Vertebrae and spinal canal. 




Spinal, posterior. 


Vertebral. 


Spine. 




Splenic. 


Celiac axis. 


Spleen, pancreas, part of 
stomach, omentum. 


Small and large pancreatic, left 
gastro-epiploic, vasa brevia, termi- 
nal. 


Splenic. 


Left phrenic. 


Spleen. 




Subclavian. 


Right, innominate. 
Left, arch of 
aorta. 


Neck, thorax, arms, brain, 
meninges, etc. 


Vertebral, thyroid axis, internal 
mammary, superior intercostal. 


Subscapular. 


Axillary. 


Subscapulars, teres major, 
latissimus dorsi, serratus 
magnus, axillary glands. 


Dorsal and infrascapular. 


Suprascapular (or 
transversalis hu- 
meri). 


Thyroid axis. 


Muscles of shoulder. 


Inferior sternomastoid, subclavian, 
nutrient, suprasternal, acromial, 
articular, subscapular, supraspi- 
nous and infraspinous. 






ARTERIES 87 ARTERIES 

TABLE OF ARTERIES— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Temporal. 


External carotid. 


Forehead, parotid gland, 
masseter muscle, ear. 


Parotid, articular, masseteric, ante- 
rior auricular, transverse facial, 
middle, anterior and posterior 
temporal. 


Temporal, deep, 
anterior. 


Internal maxillary. 


Anterior part of temporal 
fossa. 




Termatic. 


Anterior commu- 
nicating. 


Lamina cinerea and corpus 
callosum. 




Thoracic, acromial. 


Axillary. 


Muscles of shoulder, arm, 
and chest. 


Acromial, humeral, pectoral, clavic- 
ular. 


Thoracic, alar. 


Axillary. 


Axillary glands. 




Thoracic, external. 


See Thoracic, long. 






Thoracic, internal. 


See Mammary, in 


ternal. 




Thoracic, long (ex- 
ternal mammary). 


Axillary. 


Pectoral muscles, serratus 
magnus,. mammary and 
axillary glands. 




Thymic. 


Internal mammary. 


Connective tissue, fat and 
lymphatics of mediasti- 
num, and thymus. 




Thyroid axis. 


Subclavian. 


Shoulder, neck, thorax, 
spine, cord. 


Inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and 
transverse cervical. 


Thyroid, inferior. 


Thyroid axis. 


Larynx, esophagus, and 
muscles of neck. 


Muscular, ascending cervical, esoph- 
ageal, tracheal, and inferior laryn- 
geal. 


Thyroid, superior. 


External carotid. 


Omohyoid, sternohyoid, 
sternothyroid, thyroid 
gland. 


Hyoid, sternomastoid, superior 
laryngeal, cricothyroid. 


Thyroidea ima. 


Innominate (usu- 
ally). 


Thyroid body. 




Tibial, anterior. 


Popliteal. 


Le°" 


Posterior and anterior tibial recur- 
rent, muscular, internal and exter- 
nal malleolar. 


Tibial, posterior. 


Popliteal. 


Leg, heel, and foot. 


Peroneal, muscular, medullary, cuta- 
neous, communicating, malleolar, 
calcanean, internal and external 
plantar. 


Tonsillar. 


Ascending pala- 
tine. 


Tonsil and Eustachian 
tube. 




Tonsillar. 


Facial. 


Tonsil and root of tongue. 




Transversalis colli. 


Thyroid axis. 


Neck and scapular region. 


Superficial cervical and posterior 
scapular. 


Ulnar. 


Brachial. 


Forearm, wrist, and hand. 


Anterior and posterior ulnar recur- 
rent, common interosseous, muscu- 
lar, nutrient, anterior and posterior 
ulnar carpal, palmar arch. 


Uterine. 


Internal iliac, an- 
terior branch. 


Uterus. 


Cervical, vaginal, azygos. 


Uterine. 


Ovarian. 


Uterus. 




Vasa brevia. 


Splenic. 


Stomach. 




Vertebral. 


Subclavian. 


Neck and cerebrum. 


Lateral spinal, muscular, anastomo- 
tic, posterior meningeal, posterior 
and anterior spinal, posterior cere- 
bellar. 



ARTHRAGRA 88 ARTIAD 

TABLE OF ARTERIES— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Vesical, inferior. 


Internal iliac, an- 
terior division. 


Bladder, prostate, seminal 
vesicles, and vagina (in 
female). 




Vesical, middle. 


Superior vesical. 


Bladder. 




Vesical, superior. 


Internal iliac, an- 
terior division. 


Bladder. 


Deferentia, ureteric, middle vesical 
(occasionally). 


Vidian. 


Internal maxillary. 


Roof of pharynx, Eustach- 
ian tube, and tympanum. 


Pharyngeal, Eustachian, tympanic. 


Vitelline. See Om- 


phalo-me sent eric. 







Arthragra (ar-thra f -grah) [apdpov, a joint ; 
ay pa, seizure]. Gout. 

Arthralgia (ar-thraV-je'-ah) [apdpov, a joint ; 
akyog, pain]. Neuralgic pain in a joint. 

Arthralgic (ar-thral' -jik) [apdpov, a joint ; 
aTcyoc, pain]. Relating to arthralgia. 

Arthrectomy ( ar-threk' '-to-me ) [apdpov, a 
joint; euro/Hi], a cutting out]. Excision of a 
joint. 

Arthritic (ar-thritf -ik) [apdpov, a joint]. Re- 
lating to arthritis or to gout. 

Arthritis (ar-thri'-tis) [apdpov, a joint; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of a joint. A. 
deformans, chronic inflammation of a joint 
with deformity ; rheumatoid arthritis. A. 
fungosa, tuberculous disease of the joints ; 
white swelling. A., Gouty, that due to gout. 
A. pauperum. Synonym of Rheumatoid 
Arthritis. A., Proliferating. See A. de- 
formans. A., Rheumatoid. Chronic rheu- 
matoid arthritis ; Osteo-arthritis ; Rheumatic 
gout ; Nodular rheumatism ; Aj'thritis defor- 
mans ; a chronic joint-affection characterized 
by inflammatory overgrowth of the articular 
cartilages and synovial membranes, with de- 
struction of those parts of the cartilages subject 
to intraarticular pressure ; there is progressive 
deformity. The nature of the disease is un- 
known ; by some it is considered a trophic 
disorder consequent upon spinal changes. It 
occurs in the young, in whom it is often acute, 
and in the old, in whom it is of a more mild 
form. A., Urethral, gonorrheal rheumatism. 
A.uritica, arthritis due to gout. 

Arthritism {ar' '-thrit-izm) [apdpov, a joint]. 
Gout or the gouty diathesis. 

Arthrobacterium (ar - thro-bak - te f - ri-uni). 
A bacterium forming arthrospores. 

Arthroclasia (ar-thro-kla f '-se-ah) [apdpov, a 
joint ; kXcleiv, to break]. The breaking down 
of ankyloses in order to produce free move 
ment of a joint. 

Arthrodesis (ar-throd / -es-is) [apdpov, joint ; 
d£(jig, a binding]. Fixation of paralyzed 
joints. 



Arthrodia (ar-thro' '-de-ah) [apdpuSla, a kind 
of articulation]. A form of joint admitting 
of a gliding movement. 

Arthrodynia (ar-thro-din / -e-ah) [apdpov, a 
joint; 06 vvrj, pain], 'see Arthralgia. 

Arthrography (ar-throg' '-ra-fe) [apdpov, a 
joint ; ypatyziv, to write]. A description of 
the joints. 

Arthrogryposis (ar-thro-grip-o / -sis) [apdpov, 
a joint; ypviroq, curved]. I. Persistent 
contracture of a joint. 2. Tetany or tetanilla. 

Arthroneuralgia {ar-thro-nu-ral' '-ge-ah) [ap- 
dpov, a joint; vevpov, nerve; dAyoc, pain]. 
Neuralgic pain in a joint. 

Arthropathy (ar-throp' '-a-the) [apdpov, a 
joint; Ttddog, disease]. I. Any joint-disease. 
2. A peculiar trophic disease of the joints, 
sometimes occurring in locomotor ataxia and 
syringomyelia; rarely in general paralysis of 



the insane, and in disseminated sclerosis. 
is also known as Charcot's joint. 

Arthrophyma (ar-thro f -ma) [apdpov, 
joint; (f>vjua, a swelling]. Swelling of 
joint. 

Arthroplasty (ar' ' -thro-plas-te) [apdpov, a 
joint ; TrMo-aetv, to form]. The making of an 
artificial joint. 

Arthropodous (ar-throp' '-o-dus) [apdpov, a 
joint; ttovq, a foot]. In biology, having 
jointed legs. 

Arthropyosis (ar-thro-pi-o' '-sis) [apdpov, a 
joint; nvuGiq, suppuration]. Pus-forma- 
tion in a joint. 

Arthrosis (ar-thro' '-sis) [apdposiv, to fasten 
by a joint]. Articulation or jointing. 

Arthrospore (ar' ' -thro-spor) [apdpov, a joint ; 
oiropog, a seed] . A permanent form assumed 
by some bacteria, chiefly the cocci. It is 
analogous to a spore. 

Arthrotomy (ar-throt'-o-me) [apdpov, a 
joint ; repivecv, to cut]. Incision of a joint. 

Artiad (ar f -te-ad) [apriog, even]. In chem- 
istry, a term used to designate atoms having 
an even quantivalence, as oxygen, which is 
bivalent. 



ARTICULAR 

Articular (ar-tih^-u-lar) particularism of the 
joints]. Pertaining to an articulation or 
joint. 

Articulate (ar-tik' '-u-ldt) \jirticulare, to divide 
in joints]. Divided into joints, distinct. A. 
Speech, the communication of ideas by 
spoken words. 

Articulation (ar-tik-u-la'-shun) \articulus, 
a joint]. I. A joint ; a connection between 
two or more bones, whether allowing move- 
ment between them or not. The articulations 
are divided into: (i) Synarthroses, immov- 
able, subdivided into schindyleses, or grooved 
joints, gomphoses , in sockets, as the teeth, 
and suturce, as in the bones of the skull ; (2) 
Diarthroses, or movable joints, subdivided 
into the arthrodia, or gliding joints, the ging- 
lymus, or hinge-like, the enarthroses, or ball- 
and-socket joints ; (3) Amphiarlhroses, or 
those of a mixed type. 2. The enunciation 
of spoken speech. 

Articulo mortis, In (ar-tik'-u-lo-mor' '-tis) 
[L .]. At the moment of death. In the act 
of dying. 

Artifact [ar / '-te-fakt) \_arte, by art; factum, 
made]. See Artefact. 

Artificial (ar-te-fsh'-al) \artificialis\ Made 
or imitated by art. A. Anus, an opening in 
the abdomen or loin to give exit to the feces. 
A. Eye, a film of glass, celluloid, rubber, 
etc., made in imitation of the front part 
of the globe of the eye and worn in the 
socket or over a blind eye for cosmetic 
reasons. A. Feeding, the feeding of 
an infant by other means than mother's 
milk. Various mixtures and foods are to be 
had, such as Meigs 's, Botch's, Biederl's 
Mixtures, etc. See Table at end of this 
article. A. Leech. See Leech. A. Palate, 
a mechanical contrivance for supplying the 
loss of the whole or a portion of the hard or 
soft palate, or both. A. Pupil, removal of a 
piece of the iris (iridectomy, iridodialysis , 
etc.), to allow the light to pass through the 
opening. A. Respiration, the aeration of 
the blood by artificial means. A method of 
inducing the normal function of respiration 
when from any cause it is temporarily in abey- 
ance, as in asphyxia neonatorum, drowning, 
etc. Bain's Method : a modification of Syl- 
vester's method, the axilla itself being seized 
so that the traction is made directly upon the 
pectoral muscles. Byrd's (H. L.) Method : 
the physician's hands are placed under the 
middle portion of the child's back with their 
ulnar borders in contact and at right angles 
to the spine. With the thumbs extended, 
the two extremities of the trunk are carried 
forward by gentle but firm pressure, so that 
they form an angle of 45 degrees with each 
other in the diaphragmatic region. Then 
the angle is reversed by carrying backward 



89 ARTIFICIAL 

the shoulders and the nates. Deio' s Method : 
the infant is grasped in the left hand, allow- 
ing the neck to rest between the thumb and 
forefinger, the head falling far over backward. 
The upper portion of the back and scapulae 
rest in the palm of the hand, the other three 
fingers being inserted in the axilla of the 
babe's left arm, raising it upward and out- 
ward. The right hand grasps the babe's 
knees, and the lower portion of the body is 
depressed to favor inspiration. The move- 
ment is reversed to favor expiration, the head, 
shoulders, and chest being brought forward 
and the thighs pressed upon the abdomen. 
Forest' s Method : the child is placed on its 
face and quick, firm pressure is made on 
the back ; then it is placed in a pail of hot 
water, and the hands carried upward until 
the child is suspended by its arms, and 
mouth-to-mouth insufflation is practised ; the 
arms are then lowered and the body doubled 
forward ; these movements are repeated at 
the rate of 40 per minute. Hair s Method : 
by turning the body alternately upon the side 
or face to compress the chest, and then upon 
the back to allow the lungs to expand. How- 
ard'' s Method : by pressure upon the lower 
ribs every few seconds. Bacini's Method : 
for resuscitating asphyxiated infants. The 
child lying on its back, the operator stands at 
its head, and grasps the axillae, pulling the 
shoulders forward and upward to compress 
the thorax, and allowing them to fall in order 
to expand the chest. Satterthwaite' s Method : 
pressure upon the abdomen alternating with 
relaxation to allow descent of the diaphragm. 
Schrceder' s Method : the babe while in a bath 
is supported by the operator on the back, its 
head, arms, and pelvis being allowed to fall 
backward ; a forceful expiration is then ef- 
fected by bending up the babe over its belly, 
thereby compressing the thorax. Schultze's 
Method: the child is seized from behind 
with both hands, by the shoulders, in such a 
way that the right index finger of the oper- 
ator is in the right axilla of the child from be- 
hind forward, and the left index finger in the 
left axilla, the thumbs hanging loosely over 
the clavicles. The other three fingers hang 
diagonally downward along the back of the 
thorax. The operator stands with his feet 
apart and holds the child as above, practically 
hanging on the index fingers in the first posi- 
tion, with the feet downward, the whole 
weight resting on the index fingers in the 
axillae, the head being supported by the ulnar 
borders of the hands. This is the first in- 
spiratory position. At once the operator 
swings the child gently forward and upward. 
When the operator's hands are somewhat 
above the horizontal the child is moved gently, 
so that the lower end of the body falls for- 



ARYEPIGLOTTIC 



90 



ASCARIASIS 



ward toward its head. The body is not 
flung over, but moved gently until the lower 
end rests on the chest. In this position 
the chest and upper end of the abdomen are 
compressed tightly. The child's thorax rests 
on the tips of the thumbs of the operator. 
As a result of this forcible expiration the 
fluids usually pour out of the nose and mouth 
of the infant. The child is allowed to rest 
in this position (the first expiratory position) 
about one or two seconds. The operator 
gradually lowers his arms, the child's body 
bends back, and he again holds the infant 
hancfinCT on his index fingers with its feet 
downward ; this is the second inspiratory 
position. These movements are repeated 15 
to 20 times in the minute. Sylvester's 
Method consists chiefly of movements of 
the arms. This method is valueless in 
asphyxia neonatorum, owing to non-develop- 
ment of the pectoral muscles. 

ARTIFICIAL FEEDING OF INFANTS. 
Table of Quantity Required. 









» . 












Q i/i 












a S 


F 


■>*• 








a 


fc.y 


M 


Age. 




< 

> 


^- 


f- .5 

Z r; R 


j £ </i 
h !r d 




H 

H 
Z 


* z 

w 2 

s - 
2. z 


Amou 
Food a 

Feei 


ego 

§ 

< 








£ - 






3 st week, . . . 


2 


lours. 


10 


I oz. 


ioozs. 


2d to 4th week, . 


2 


u 


9 


l£ ozs. 


I3i" 


2d to 3d month, 


3 


n 


6 


3 " 


18 " 


3d to 4th month, 


3 


u 


6 


4 " 


24 " 


4th to 5th month, 


3 


(C 


6 


4-4* " 


24-27 " 


6th month, . . 


3 


(( 


6 


5 " 


30 " 


8th month, . . . 


3 


CI 


6 


6 " 


36 " 


10th month, . . 


3 


a 


5 


8 " 


40 " 



Aryepiglottic iar-e-ep-e-glot' -ik) . Same as 
A rytejioepiglottic. 

Arytenoepiglottic (ar-i-len- 0- ep-e-glot ; - ik) 
[apvrcuva, a pitcher; e\8oc, likeness; erri, 
upon ; j/ottic, glottis] . Relating to an 
arytenoid cartilage and to the epiglottis ; as 
the arytenoepiglottic fold (or folds), con- 
sisting of a fold of mucous membrane that 
extends from each arytenoid cartilage to the 
epiglottis. 

Arytenoid (ar-z / -te-noid)\_apvraiva, a pitcher ; 
el6oQ, likeness]. Resembling the mouth of a 
pitcher. A. Cartilages, two cartilages of 
the larynx regulating, by the means of the 
attached muscles, the tension of the vocal 
bands. A. Glands, muciparous glands 
found in large numbers along the posterior 
margin of the arytenoepiglottic fold in front 



of the arytenoid cartilages. A. Muscle, 
a muscle arising from the posterior surface 
of one arytenoid cartilage and inserted into 
the corresponding parts of the other. It is 
composed of three planes of fibers, two 
oblique and one transverse. It draws the 
arytenoid cartilages together. 

Arythmia {ar-ith'-me-ali). See Arrhythmia. 

Arythmic {ar-ith'-mik). See Arrhythmic. 

Asafetida, Asafcetida {as-a-fef '-id-ah) \asa, 
gum ; fcEtida, stinking] . A resinous gum 
obtained from the root of Ferula narthex 
and F. scordosoma. It is slightly soluble in 
alcohol and forms an emulsion with water. 
Its properties are due to ally I sulphid, C 6 H 10 S. 
It is a powerful antispasmodic, stimulant, 
and expectorant, and is used in hysteria and 
bronchial affections. Dose gr. v-xx (0.32- 
1.3). A., Tinct., strength 20 per cent. Dose 
^ss-ij (2.0—8.0). A., Emplastrum, asafet- 
ida 35, lead plaster 35, galbanum 15, yellow 
wax 15, alcohol 120 parts. A., Emulsum, 
a 4 per cent, emulsion. Dose ^ ss- ^ ij 
(16.0-64.0). A., Enema (B. P.), asafe- 
tida and distilled water. A. et Magnesiae, 
Mist., Dewees's carminative, magnesium 
carb. 5, tinct. asafcetidae 7, tinct. opii 1, sugar 
10, distilled water sufficient to make 100 
parts. Dose ^ss-^ss (2.0-16.0). A., 
Pilulae, contain each gr. iij (0.19) of asafetida 
and gr. j (0.065) of soap. Dose j-iv. A. 
et Aloes., Pil., have gr. 1^" (0.087) of each 
ingredient. A., Pil., Comp. (B. P.). Pil. 
galbani comp. It consists of asafetida, gal- 
banum, myrrh, and treacle. Dose gr. v-xx 
(0.32-1.3). 

Asaphis. (as-a' -fe-ah)[a<ja$eia , indistinctness]. 
Indistinctness of utterance, especially that 
due to cleft palate. 

Asaprol (as / -ap-rol), Ca(OH.C 10 H 6 SO 3 ) 2 ,- 
3Aq. Calcium-^-naphthol-tf-mono-sulphon- 
ate, a substance readily soluble in water and 
alcohol, and recommended in asthma, tonsil- 
litis, and acute articular rheumatism, in doses 
of from 15 to 60 grains (1.0-4.0). 

Asarol (as'-ar-ol) \_acapov, asarabacca ; 
oleum, oil], C ]0 H 18 O. A camphor-like body 
derived from asarum. 

Asarum {as f -ar-uni) \_aaapov, asarabacca]. 
A genus of aristolochiaceous plants. A. 
canadense, called wild ginger, Canada 
snake-root, with other N. American species, 
is used chiefly in domestic practice. A. 
canadense is a fragrant, aromatic stimulant. 
Dose of fid. ext. n\ xv-^ss (1.0-2.0). 
A. europaeum has diaphoretic, emetic, pur- 
gative, and diuretic qualities, but is now little 
used except in veterinary practice. 

Ascariasis {as-kar-i'-as-is) [aonapic, a species 
of intestinal worm]. The symptoms pro- 
duced by the presence of ascarides in the 
gastro-intestinal canal. 



: 



ASCARICIDE 



91 



ASEXUAL 



JAscaricide (as-kar'-is-'nl) [dc/va/j/c, a species 
of intestinal worm; c<zdere, to kill]. A 
medicine that kills ascarides. 

Ascaris (as'-kar-is) [aampig, a species of 
intestinal worm : pi. , Ascarides~\ . A genus 
j of parasitic worms inhabiting the intestines of 
most animals. A. lumbricis is found in the 
ox, hog, and man. It inhabits the small in- 
! testine, especially of children. A. mystax, 
the round- worm of the cat, and A. alata have 
rarely been found in man. A. vermicularis, 
a synonym of Oxyuris vermicularis. 

Ascending (as-end'-ing) \_ascendere,X.o rise]. 
Taking an upward course; rising (as parts 
of the aorta and colon, and as one of the 
venae cava;). A. Current, in electricity, 
one going from the periphery to a nerve-cen- 
ter. A. Degeneration, a degeneration of 
the nerve-fibers extending from the periphery 
to the center, or, in the spinal cord, from 
below upward toward the brain. A. Para- 
lysis. See Paralysis. A. Tracts, the 
centripetal tracts of the spinal cord, carry- 
ing afferent impulses. 

Ascherson's Vesicles. The peculiar small 
globules formed when oil and an albuminous 
fluid are agitated together, and formerly 
thought to be cells. 

Ascia (a'-se-ah or as'-ke-ah) [d priv.; aula, 
shadow]. Fascia spiralis ; dolabra currens ; 
a spiral bandage applied without reverses, 
each turn of which overlaps the preceding 
for about a third of its width. Dolabra 
repens, is the same as the preceding, in which, 
however, the spirals are formed more ob- 
liquely, and do not overlap each other, but are 
separated by a greater or less interval. 

Ascites (as-i'-tez) [do7crn?c, a kind of dropsy ; 
from dof/coc, a bag]. An abnormal collection 
of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity ; dropsy 
of the peritoneum. It is either local in origin 
or a part of a general dropsy. The ascitic 
fluid is usually clear, yellow, and coagulates 
on standing. It may be turbid, blood-stained, 
and contain lymph-particles or shreds. There 
is a uniform enlargement of the abdomen, 
fluctuation, percussion-dulness. Its usual 
cause is cirrhosis of the liver. A. adiposus, 
ascites characterized by a fluid milky appear- 
ance due to the presence in it of numerous 
cells that have undergone fatty degeneration 
and solution. It is seen in certain cases of 
carcinoma, tuberculosis, and other chronic in- 
flammations of the peritoneum. A. chylosus, 
the presence of chyle in the peritoneal cavity. 
It follows rupture of a chyle duct. 

Ascitic (as-it'-ik) [dovc/r^c, a kind of dropsy]. 
Pertaining to or affected with ascites. 

Asclepiadin (as-kle-pi' ' -ad-in)\aoKkr}Tn6<f\. A 
bitter glucosid obtainable from various species 
of Asclepias. It is poisonous, and has emetic, 
purgative, and sudorific properties. Unof. 



Asclepias (as-kle'-pe-as) [dove/ //nvdc]. Pleu- 
risy Root. The root of Asclepias tuber osa. 
A popular remedy in the Southern States for 
pleurisy. It is diaphoretic, emetic, and ca- 
thartic. The infusion recommended has a 
strength of ^j of the powdered root to 
3j xxxij of water. Dose, a teacupful every 
three or four hours. Also, A. curassavica, 
blood flower, an herb common to tropical 
America ; astringent, styptic, and anthelmintic 
against the tape -worm. A., Ext. fid. 
Dose TTLxx-f 3J (1.3-4.0). 

Asclepin (as- hie' -pin) [dove/l^Tndc]. I. A 
poisonous principle obtainable from asclepia- 
din by the separation of glucose from the 
latter. 2. The precipitate from a tincture of 
Asclepias tuberosa ; alterative, evacuant, tonic, 
sedative. Dose grs. ij-iv (0.13-0.27). Unof. 

Ascococcus (as-ko-kok f '-us) [dcr/cdc, a leather 
bag; /cd/c/coc, a kernel]. A genus of the 
family of Schizomycetes. The ascococci are 
microorganisms made up of round or ovoid 
cells united in massive colonies, and sur- 
rounded by tough, thick, gelatinous envelops. 
A. billrothii, found in putrefied meat ; its 
natural habitat is the air ; it is probably not 
pathogenic. 

Ascospore (as f -ko-spor) [dcr/cdc, a bag ; oiropoq, 
seed]. A spore produced by or in an ascus. 

Ascus (as'-kus) [dovcdc, a bag or bladder]. 
The characteristic spore case of some fungi 
and lichens, usually consisting of a single 
terminal cell containing eight spores. 

Asemasia (as-em-a' '-ze-ali) [d priv. ; arjfiaa'ia, 
a signaling]. Absence of the power to com- 
municate either by signs or language. 

Asepsin (ah-sep' -sin). See Autisepsin. 

Asepsis (ah-sep' '-sis) [d priv. ; c^ifug, putrefac- 
tion] . Absence of pathogenic microorganisms. 

Aseptic (ah-sep' -tik) [d priv.; oqipig, putre- 
faction]. Free from pathogenic bacteria, as 
aseptic wounds. A. Surgery, the mode 
of surgical practice in which everything that 
is used as well as the wound is in a germ- 
free condition. 

Asepticism (ah-sep' '-tis-izm) [d priv. ; arjizrog, 
septic]. The doctrine or principles of asep- 
tic surgery. 

Asepticize (ah-sep' '-tis-lz) [d priv.; ctjxtoc, 
septic]. To render aseptic. 

Aseptin (ah-sep' -tin) [d priv.; arjirrog, septic]. 
A secret preparation containing boric acid, 
used for preserving articles of food. 

Aseptol (ah-sep' -tol) [d priv.; crjirrog, septic], 
CgHgSO^. Sulphocarbolic acid ; sozolic acid. 
A reddish liquid, with an odor of carbolic 
acid, recommended as a disinfectant and 
antiseptic. It is used externally (1 10 per 
cent, solution), and internally in about the 
same dose as carbolic acid. 

Asexual (ah-seks'-u-al) [d priv. ; sexus, sex]. 
Without sex ; non-sexual. 



ASH 92 

Ash [ash) [ME., asch\ I. The incombusti- 
ble mineral residue that remains when a sub- 
stance is incinerated. 2. See Fraxinns. A. 
Manna. See Fraxinus. A., Prickly. See 
Xanthoxyhim. 

Asialia (as-e-a'-le-ah) [d priv.; makov, spit- 
tle]. Defect or failure of the secretion of 
saliva. 

Asiatic (a-ze-at 1 '-ik) [Asia]. Pertaining or 
belonging to Asia. A. Cholera. See 
Cholera. A. Pill, a pill composed of arse- 
nous acid, black pepper, powdered licorice, 
and mucilage. 

Asitia (ah-sif '-e-ak) [d priv.; alrog, food]. 
The want of food. Also a loathing for 
food. 

Asomata (ah-so'-mal-ah) [d priv.; acb/xa, 
body]. A species of omphalosite monster 
characterized by an absence of the trunk. 
The head is never well-formed, and the ves- 
sels run from it to the placenta in the mem- 
branes. Beneath the head is a sac in which 
rudiments of body-organs may be found. 
This is the rarest form of omphalosites. 

Aspalasoma (as-pal-as-o' -mah) \hanaka^, 
mole ; cujia, body]. A variety of single 
autositic monsters of the species celosoma, in 
which there is a lateral or median eventra- 
tion occupying principally the lower portion 
of the abdomen, with the urinary apparatus, 
the genital apparatus, and the rectum opening 
externally by three distinct orifices. 

Asparagin (as-par' '-ag-iri) [aoirapa^oc, as- 
paragus], C 4 H 8 N 2 3 .H 2 3 . An alkaloid 
found in the seeds of many plants, in aspara- 
gus, beet root, peas, and beans. It forms shin • 
ing,four-sided, rhombic prisms, readily soluble 
in hot water, but not in alcohol or ether. It 
is an amid of aspartic acid, and forms com- 
pounds with both acids and bases. It is di- 
uretic. The hydrargyrate of asparagin has 
been used as an antisyphilitic, in doses of i 
grain (o.oi) hypodermically. 

Asparaginic Acid, C 4 H 7 NC 4 . A dibasic 
acid, a decomposition-product of asparagin 
and also of proteids and gelatin. 

Asparagus (as-par' -ag-us) [aoizapayoc, as- 
paragus] . The green root of Asparagus offi- 
cinalis, a mild diuretic. Dose of fid. ext. 
3 ss-j (2.0-4.0). Unof. 

Aspartic Acid (as-par' -tik) . See Acid. 

Aspergillus (as-per-jil' -us) \aspergere, to 
scatter]. A genus of fungi. A. auri- 
cularis, a fungus found in the wax of the 
ear. A. fumigatus, found in the ear, nose, 
and lungs. A. glaucus, the bluish mold 
found upon dried fruit. A. mucoroides, a 
species found in tuberculous or gangrenous 
lung-tissue. 

Aspergillusmycosis (as-per-jil' '-us-mi-ko' '- 
sis). See Otomycosis. 

Aspermatic (ah-sper-mat' '-ik) [d priv.; crirep- 



ASPIRATOR 






//a, seed]. Affected with or relating to 
aspermatism. ' 

Aspermatism (ah-sper'-mat-izm) [d priv.; 
GTcep/ia, seed] . Defective secretion of semen 
or lack of formation of spermatozoa. 

Aspermous (ah-sper' -mus) [d priv.; airepjia, 
seed]. Without seed. 

Aspersion (as-per> ' -zJmn)\aspersio , aspergere, 
to sprinkle]. Treatment of disease by : 
sprinkling the body or the affected part with \ 
a medicinal agent. 

Asphyctic, or Asphyctous (asfik'-tik, as- 

fik'-tus) [d priv.; afv^ig, the pulse]. Af- | 
fected with asphyxia. 

Asphyxia (as-fiks' '-e-ah) [d priv. ; c<j)v£;ig, the 
pulse]. Suffocation; the suspension of vital 
phenomena resulting when the lungs are de- 
prived of oxygen. The excess of carbon 
dioxid in the blood at first stimulates, then 
paralyzes the respiratory center of the me- 1 
dulla. Artificial respiration is therefore re- 
quired in cases of asphyxia. A., Local, 
that stage of Raynaud's disease in which the 
affected parts are dusky red from intense 
congestion. A. neonatorum, the asphyxia 
of the new-born from any cause. 

Asphyxiant (as-fiks' -e-ant) \_aa(pvKToc , pulse- 
less]. I. Producing asphyxia. 2. An agent 
capable of producing asphyxia. 

Asphyxiate (as-fiks' -e-at) [d priv.; c<j>i^eiv, 
to pulsate]. To produce or cause asphyxia. 

Aspidium (as-pid' -e-tim) [L,.: gen. Aspidii\. 

1. A genus of ferns, known as shield ferns. 

2. The rhizome of Dryopteris filix mas and 
of D. marginalis, or male fern. Its properties 
are due to a resin containing filicilic acid. 
It is valuable chiefly against tape-worm. 
Dose gss-^ ss (2.0-16.0). A., Oleoresina, 
an ethereal extract. Dose ,^ss-j (2.0-4.0). 
Extractum Filicis Liquidum (B. P.). 1 
Dose ir^xv-fi) (1.0-4.0). 

Aspidosamin (as-pid-os'-am-in). C 22 H 28 N 2 2 . 
A basic principle, from quebracho bark. It 
is emetic. Unof. 

Aspidosperma (as-pid-o-sper' -mah) [derTn'c, 
a shield ; c-epfia, a seed]. A genus of apo- 
cynaceous trees, of which the Quebracho is I 
the most important. 

Aspidospermin (as-pid-o-sper' -mm) [derTn'c, | 
shield; arreppia, seed], C 22 H 30 N 2 O 2 . An 
alkaloid extracted from Quebracho. (As- 
pidosperma quebracho*). It has the general 
effects of quebracho. Unof. 

Aspiration (as-pir-a' -shun) \ad, to ; spirare, 
to breathe]. I. The act of sucking up or j 
sucking in ; inspiration, imbibition. 2. The ! 
act of using the aspirator. 3. A method 
of withdrawing the fluids and gases from a 
cavity. A. Pneumonia. See Pneumonia. 

Aspirator (as'-pir-a-tor) \_ad, to ; spirare, to 
breathe]. An apparatus for withdrawing 
liquids from cavities by means of suction 






ASPOROGENIC 



93 



ASTHMA 



iAsporogenic {ah-spor-o-jen' -ik) [d priv.; 

' airopog, seed ; yevi/g, producing]. Not repro- 

, ducing by means of spores ; not producing 

; spores. 

Assault [as-awltf) [assalire, to assail]. An 
attack. A., Criminal, in medical jurispru- 
dence, the touching or attempting to touch, 
on the part of a male, any of the sexual 
organs (the breasts included) of a female 
against her will, even though they be covered 
by clothing. 

Assideration {as-id-er-a' '-shun) \ad, inten- 
sive; sideratio, an evil influence]. In forensic 
medicine, infanticide by immersing in ice- 
water. 

Assimilable (as-im'-il-a-bl) [assimulare , to 
make like]. Capable of being assimilated; 
nutritious. 

Assimilation {as-im-il-a f -shun) [assimulare, 
to make like] . The process of transforming 
food into such a nutrient condition that it is 
taken up by the circulatory system, to form 
an integral part of the economy ; "synthetic or 
constructive metabolism ; anabolism. A., 
Mental, the mental reception of impressions 
and their assignment by the consciousness to 
their proper place. A., Primary, that con- 
cerned in the conversion of food into chyle 
and blood. A., Secondary, that relating to 
the formation of the organized tissues of the 
body. 

Associated {as-o f -se-a-ted) \_a s s o ciat u s, 
united]. Joined. A. Movements, coin- 
cident or consensual movements of other 
muscles than the leading one, and which 
by habit or unity of purpose are involun- 
tarily connected with its action. Both 
eyeballs move alike in reading, though one 
be a blind eye. Movement of the normal 
arm will sometimes produce slight motion of 
the opposite paralyzed arm. Uniformity of 
innervation is usually the cause of these 
movements. A. Paralysis, A. Spasm, a 
common paralysis, or spasm, of associated 
muscles. 

Assurin (as'-u-rin), C 46 H 94 N 2 P 2 9 . A name 
given by Thudichum to a complex substance 
occurring in brain-tissue. 

Astasia [as-ta'-se-ah) [d priv. ; craaig, stand- 
ing]. Motor incoordination for standing. A.- 
Abasia, a symptom consisting in inability to 
stand or walk in a normal manner. The 
person affected seems to collapse when 
attempting to walk. 

Asteatosis {as-te-at-o' -sis) [d priv.; creap, 
tallow; udrjQ, fulness]. I. A deficiency or 
absence of the sebaceous secretion. 2. Any 
skin disease (as xeroderma) characterized by 
scantiness or lack of the sebaceous secretion. 
A. cutis, a condition of diminished sebace- 
ous secretion, as the result of which the skin 
becomes dry, scaly, and often fissured. 



Aster (as / -ter) [aster, a star]. The stellate 
form assumed by the mitome of the nucleus 
when undergoing karyokinesis. 

Asterion [as-te' f -re-on)[aarfjp, star]. A point 
on the skull corresponding to the junction of 
the occipital, parietal, and temporal bones. 

Asternal {ah-ster'-nal) [d priv.; arepvov, the 
breast-bone]. Not connected with the ster- 
num. A. Ribs, the five lower pairs, because 
not joined directly to the sternum. 

Asternia {ah-ster' '-ne-ah) [d priv.; crepvov, 
the breast-bone]. Absence of the sternum. 

Asteroid (as'-ter-oid) \_aoT7jp, a star ; eldog, 
resemblance]. Shaped like a star. 

Asthenia (as-then-i' '-ah) [acdevsia; a priv.; 
adevog, strength] . Absence of strength ; 
adynamia. 

Asthenic [as-then' '-ik) [d priv.; adevog, 
strength]. Characterized by asthenia. 

Asthenometer (as-then-om'-et-er) [aadeveia, 
want of strength; juerpov, a measure]. An 
instrument for detecting and measuring asthe- 
nia ; especially, a device for measuring mus- 
cular asthenopia. 

Asthenopia {as -then- o f '-pe-ah) [d priv.; 
adevog, strength ; hip, eye] . Weakness of 
the ocular muscles or of visual power, due to 
errors of refraction, heterophoria, over-use, 
anemia, etc. A., Accommodative, due to 
hyperopia, astigmatism, or a combination of 
the two, producing strain of the ciliary 
muscle. A., Muscular, due to weakness, 
incoordination (heterophoria), or strain of the 
external ocular muscles. A., Retinal, or 
Nervous, a rare variety, caused by retinal 
hyperesthesia, anesthesia, or other abnor- 
mality, or by general nervous affections. 

Asthenopic {as-then-op' '-ik) [d priv.; adevog, 
strength; «i/>, eye]. Characterized by asthen- 
opia. 

Asthma {az'-mah) [aadjua, panting]. A par- 
oxysmal affection of the bronchial tubes char- 
acterized by dyspnea, cough, and a feeling of 
constriction and suffocation. The disease is 
probably a neurosis, and is due to hyperemia 
and swelling of the bronchial mucous mem- 
brane, with a peculiar secretion of a mucin- 
like substance. The attacks may be caused 
by direct irritation of the bronchial mucous 
membrane or by indirect or reflex irritation, 
as from the nose, the stomach, the uterus. 
When dependent upon disease of the heart, 
the kidneys, stomach, thymus, etc., it has 
been designated, cardiac, renal, peptic, 
thyi?iic, etc. A., Bronchial. See Asthma. 
A., Cardiac, paroxymal dyspnea due to 
heart-disease. A. convulsivum. Synonym 
of Bronchial Asthma. A. Crystals, acicular 
crystals (Charcot-Leyden crystals) contained 
in the sputum of asthmatic patients. They 
are generally associated with eosinophile cells. 
A. dyspepticum, is due to nervous reflexes 



ASTHMATIC 



94 



ATAXIA 



through the vagus. A., Grinders'. Same 
as Fibroid Phthisis. A., Hay. See Hay 
Fever. A., Heberden's, angina pectoris. 
A., Kopp's, spasm of the glottis. A., 
Marine. See Beriberi. A., Miller's. See 
Laryngismus stridulus. A., Miner's. See 
Anthracosis. A. nervosum. Synonym of 
Bronchial Asthma. A., Renal, a paroxy- 
mal dyspnea sometimes occurring in the 
course of Bright's disease. A., Spasmodic. 
See Asthma. A., Thymic. Synonym of 
Laryngismus stridulus. 

Asthmatic {az-matf -ik) [aad/ia, panting]. 
Relating to or affected with asthma. 

Astigmatic (as-tig-mat' -ik) [d priv.; (TTiyfia, 
a point] . Pertaining to or affected with as- 
tigmatism. 

Astigmatism (as-tig' '-mat-izm) [d priv.; 
arly/ja, a point, because rays of light from a 
point are never brought to a point by the re- 
fractive media of the eye]. That condition 
of the eye in which rays of light do not 
converge to a point on the retina. It 
is usually due to inequality of curvature of 
the different meridians of the cornea (corneal 
A.), but may be caused by imperfections of the 
lens (lenticular A.), unequal contraction of 
the ciliary muscle, or may perhaps be due to 
retinal imperfection. It may be acquired or 
congenital, and may complicate hyperme- 
tropia or myopia, producing either simple 
hypermetropic A., in" which one principal 
meridian is emmetropic, the other hyperme- 
tropic ; or compound hypermetropic A., 
in which both meridians are hypermetropic, 
but one more so than the other. Complicat- 
ing myopia, we may in the same way have 
simple myopic or compound myopic A. 
In mixed A., one principal meridian is my- 
opic, the other hypermetropic. Regular A. 
is when the two principal meridians are at 
right angles to each other. Irregular A., 
when different parts of a meridian have dif- 
ferent refracting powers. 

Astigmatometer (as-tig-mat-om* '-et-er) [d 
priv.; GTh/ua, a point; jierpov, a measure]. 
An instrument for measuring the degree of 
astigmatism. 

Astigmometer (as-tig-mom f -et-er). See As- 
tigmatometer. 

Astigmometry [as-tig-mom' '-et-re) [d priv.; 
ariy/j.a, a point; fierpov, a measure]. The 
measurement of astigmatism. 

Astragalectomy^as-trag-al-eh'-to-me^acTpa- 
yaloc, astragalus; £ktojit], excision]. Ex- 
cision of the astragalus. 

Astragaloscaphoid (as-trag-al-o-skaf f -oid ) 
[aarpdya/.oq, astragalus ; GKacpoeidijg, like a 
boat]. Relating to the astragalus and the 
scaphoid bone. 

Astragalus (as-trag' '-al-us) [aarpayaAoc,, a 
dice ; the analogous bones of the sheep were 



used by the ancients as dice]. I. The ankle- 
bone, upon which the tibia rests. 2. A 
genus of leguminous plants from some varie- 
ties of which gum tragacanth is derived. A. 
mollissimus, Loco Plant. The active prin- 
ciple of this plant has mydriatic properties. 
Unof. 

Astrapaphobia (as-trap-af-o' '-be-ah) [acrpa- 
7cj], lightning; (pofiog, fear]. Morbid fear 
of lightning. 

Astrokinetic (as-tro-kin-et f -ik) [aorpov, a 
star ; mveiv, to move]. Applied to tbe phe- 
nomena of motion as exhibited by the cen- 
trosomes of cells. 

Astrostatic {as-tro-staf ' -ik) [aorpov, a star ; 
iaraodai, to stand]. Applied to the resting 
condition of the centrosomes of cells. 

Asylum (as-i' '-htm) [asylum, a place of 
refuge]. An institution for the support, safe- 
keeping, cure, or education of those incapa- 
ble of caring for themselves, such as the 
insane, the blind, etc. A. Ear. See Hem- 
atoma auris. 

Asymbolia (ah-sim-bo'-le-ah) [d priv.; chfi- 
[So/.ov, symbol]. The loss of all power of 
communication, even by signs or symbols. 

Asymmetry (ah-sim' '-et-re) [dpriv.; ovfjfjer- 
pia, symmetry]. I. Unlikeness of corre- 
sponding organs or parts of opposite sides of 
the body that are normally of the same size, 
etc. , e.g., asymmetry of the two halves of 
the skull or brain. 2. The linking of carbon 
atoms to four different groups ; the combina- 
tion of carbon atoms with different atoms or 
atomic groups. 

Asynergy (ah-sin'-er-je) [d priv.; avvepyla, 
cooperation]. Faulty coordination of the 
different organs or muscles normally acting 
in unison. 

Asynesia (as-in-e' -ze-ah)\aoweoia, stupidity]. 
Stupidity ; loss or disorder of mental power. 

Asynodia [ah-sin-o' '-de-ah) [dpriv.; cvvodia, 
a traveling together] . Impotence. 

Asystole (ah-sis'-to-le) [d priv.; cvotoKt], a 
shortening]. Imperfect contraction of the 
ventricles of the heart. 

Asystolic [ah-sis-toV -ik) [d priv.; cvcroki], a 
shortening] . Characterized by asystole. 

Atactic (at-ak f -tic) [dra/croc, irregular]. Ir- 
regular, incoordinate. Pertaining to muscu- 
lar incoordination, especially in aphasia. 

Atavic (at f -av-ik) [atavus, a forefather]. 
Relating to or characterized by atavism. 

Atavism (al'-av-izm) \atavus, a forefather]. 
A variety of heredity characterized by the 
reappearance of a peculiarity in an individual 
whose more or less remote progenitors pos- 
sessed the same peculiarity but whose imme- 
diate ancestors did not present it. 

Atavistic (at-av-is'-tik). Same as Atavic. 

Ataxia (at-aks' '-e-ah) [am!; ia, want of order]. 
Incoordination of muscular action. A., 



ATAXIC 



95 



ATHLETE 



Cerebellar, A., Cerebral, A., Spinal, that 
aue to disease of the cerebellum, of the 
brain, or of the spinal cord. A., Bri- 
quet's, an hysteric state marked by loss of 
sensation in the skin and in the leg-muscles. 
A. cordis. See Delirium cordis. A. 
Family. See A., Hereditary. A., He- 
reditary. See Friedreich 's Disease. A., 
Locomotor, a synonym of tabes dorsalis, 
or posterior spinal sclerosis, a disease of the 
posterior columns of the spinal cord, char- 
acterized by static and motor ataxia, by fulgu- 
rant pains, girdle-sensation, the Robertson 
pupil, disturbances of sensation and of the 
sphincters, and the loss of the patellar reflex. 
A., Motor, inability to coordinate the 
muscles in walking. A., Static, the failure 
of muscular coordination in standing still, or 
in fixed positions of the limbs. A., Ther- 
mal, peculiar large and irregular fluctuations 
of the body-temperature, due to a condition 
of incoordination, or a disordered or weak- 
ened thermotaxic mechanism. This may 
give rise to the so-called paradoxic or hys- 
teric temperatures, rising occasionally to io8° 
or lio° F., without grave or permanent 
injury. A., Vasomotor. See Vasomotor 
Ataxia . 

Ataxic (at-aks'-ic) [arai-ia, want of order]. 
I. Pertaining to or affected with ataxia. 2. 
A person affected with ataxia. A. Aphasia. 
See Aphasia. A. Fever. Synonym of 
Typhus Fever. 

Ataxophemia (at-aks-o-fe' '-me-ah) [ara^ia, 
want of order; (pr/fii, to speak]. Lack of 
coordination in speech. 

Ataxy (at-aks'-e). See Ataxia. 

Atelectasis (at-el-ek'-tas-is) \_are?^r y imper- 
fect ; enrcKJtg, expansion]. Imperfect ex- 
pansion or collapse of the air-vesicles of the 
lung. It may be present at birth, or may be 
acquired from diseases of the bronchi or lungs. 

Atelectatic (at-el-ek-taf '-ik) [clteatjq, imper- 
fect ; enraoic, expansion] . Relating to or 
characterized by atelectasis. 

Ateleocephalous (at - el - e - o - sef / - al- us ) 
[dre/jyc, imperfect ; ns<paAq, head]. Having 
the skull or head more or less incomplete. 

Atelia (at-el-i' '-ah) [arD.eia, imperfection]. 
Imperfect development. The word is com- 
pounded with others to designate the part 
affected, as atelocardia, etc., imperfect de- 
velopment of the heart, etc. Cf. Asthenia. 

Atelocardia (at-el-o-kar' '-de-ah) [dre/U/c, im- 
perfect ; napdia, heart] . An imperfect or 
undeveloped state of the heart. 

Atelochilia (at-el-o-ki' ' -le-ah) [dre^c, im- 
perfect; X £i/ -°Q, n p]- Defective develop- 
ment of a lip. 

Atelochiria (at-el-o-ki' - 
perfect ; jf/p, hand], 
ment of the hand. 



-re-ali) \a-OAjc, im- 
Defective develop- 



Ateloencephalia (at -el- o- en - sef-a'-le- ah: 
\a-e?j/c, incomplete; kynk<paAov, brain]. In- 
complete development of the brain. 

Ateloglossia (at-el-o-glos'-e-ah) [dre/l^c, im- 
perfect ; y/\ uaaa, tongue]. Congenital defect 
in the tongue. 

Atelognathia (at-el-og-na' '-lhe-ah) [are/i/g, 
imperfect; yvdOog, jaw]. Imperfect develop- 
ment of a jaw, especially of the lower jaw. 

Atelomyelia (at-el-o-mi-e' -le-ah) [drcA/;c, 
imperfect ; /nve/idg, marrow]. Congenital 
defect of the spinal cord. 

Atelopodia (at-el-o-po' '-de-ah) [aTEArjc, im- 
perfect; ttol'C, foot]. Defective develop- 
ment of the foot. 

Ateloprosopia (at-el-o-pro-so' -pe-ah) [dre/lr/c, 
incomplete ; irpoauTrov, face] . Incomplete 
facial development. 

Atelorrhachidia (at- el- o - rak - id'- e -ah) 
[dreZ?;c, imperfect ; pa^ig, spine] . Imperfect 
development of the spinal column, as in 
spina bifida. 

Atelostomia (at-el-o-sto' '-me-ah) [dre^/c, in- 
complete; (jrojua, mouth]. Incomplete de- 
velopment of the mouth. 

Atheroma (ath-er-o' '-mah) [adi'ipr], gruel ; 
dfia, tumor]. I. A sebaceous cyst contain- 
ing a cheesy material. 2. The fatty de- 
generation of the walls of the arteries in 
arteriosclerosis ; by common usage, the 
word is also applied to the whole process of 
arteriosclerosis. Arterial atheroma is also 
termed atherosis. 

Atheromasia (ath-er-o-nia' '-ze-ah) [adriprj, 
gruel ; 6/ua, tumor] . Atheromatous de- 
generation ; the condition of atheroma. 

Atheromatous (ath-er-o' -mat-us) [adfjpn, 
gruel ; b\ia, tumor] . Characterized by or 
affected with atheroma. A. Abscess, is 
a collection of soft matter beneath the intima 
resulting from chronic arteritis, while an 
A. Ulcer is formed by the abscess break- 
ing through the intima. 

Atherosis (ath-er-o' -sis) [adr/pr], gruel]. A 
synonym of atheroma (second definition). 

Athetoid (ath'-et-oid) [dftyroc, unfixed]. 
Pertaining to or affected with athetosis. A. 
Spasm, a spasm in which the affected member 
performs athetoid movements. 

Athetosis (ath-et-o'-sis) [aBrjTOQ, unfixed ; 
changeable]. A condition most frequently 
occurring in children, and characterized by 
continual slow change of position of the 
fingers and toes. It is usually due to a lesion 
of the brain. It is also called " post-hemi- 
plegic chorea," from its occurrence after 
hemiplegia. A., Double Congenital. See 
Paraplegia, Infantile Spasmodic. 

Athlete's Heart (ath'-let) [hdAelv, to contend 
with]. A slight incompetency of the aortic 
valves, a condition sometimes found in ath- 
letes. 



ATHREPSIA 



96 



ATROPHIA 



Athrepsia (ah-threps'-e-ah) [a priv.; rpe<p£tv, 
to nourish]. Malnutrition. 

Athymia (ah-thi' '-me-ah) [d priv.; dvpoq, 
mind]. I. Despondency. 2. Loss of con- 
sciousness. 3. Insanity. 

Atlas [at' -las) [ar/iag, able]. The first of 
the cervical vertebrae. It articulates with the 
occipital bone of the skull and with the axis. 

Atlodymus (at-lod'-im-us) [ arXag, able; 
difivfiog, double]. A monosomic dual mon- 
strosity with two heads and a single body. 

Atmograph (at r -mo-graf) \hrp6q, breath ; 
ypdipeLV, to record]. A form of self-register- 
ing respirometer. 

Atmometer, or Atmidometer (at-mom'-et-er, 
or at-mid-om' -et-er) [dr/zfc, vapor ; perpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
amount of water exhaled by evaporation from 
a given surface in a given time, in order to 
determine the humidity of the atmosphere. 

Atmosphere (at' '-mos-fer) [dr//6c, vapor ; 
o(palpa, a sphere]. I. The air; the mixture 
of gases, surrounding the earth, to the height 
of about 200 miles. 2. The pressure exerted 
by the earth's atmosphere at the level of the 
sea ; it is about 15 pounds to the square inch, 
or I kilogram to the square centimeter. 

Atmospheric (at-mos-fe?-' ' -ik) [dr//oc, vapor ; 
apalpa, a sphere]. Pertaining to the atmo- 
sphere. A. Moisture, the vapor of water 
mingled with the atmosphere. It varies in 
quantity according to the temperature. A. 
Tension, the pressure of the air per square 
inch on the surface of a body. Normally, at 
the sea level, it is about 15 lbs. per square 
inch, or equal to that of a column of mercury 
about 30 in. in height. It decreases about 
T L in. or J5 lb. per square inch for every 90 
feet of altitude. Above 10,000 feet, the rarity 
of the atmosphere is usually noticeable in 
quickened breathing and pulse-rate. 

Atocia (at-o'-se-ah) [dro/coc, barren] . Sterility 
of the female. 

Atom (at' ' -tun) [d priv.; repvetv, to cut]. The 
ultimate unit of an element ; that part of a 
substance incapable of further division, or the 
smallest part capable of entering into the for- 
mation of a chemic compound, or uniting 
with another to form a molecule — which 
last is the smallest quantity of a substance 
that can exist free or uncombined. 

Atomic (at-om'-ik) [a priv.; re/iveiv, to cut]. 
Pertaining to atoms. A. Heat, the specific 
heat of an atom of a chemic element as com- 
pared with that of an atom of hydrogen. A. 
Theory, the theory of Dalton,that all matter 
is composed of atoms, the weight of each 
atom differing for the different elements. A. 
Valence, Equivalence, or the Atomicity 
of an element, is the saturating power of its 
atom as compared with that of hydrogen. A. 
Weight, the weight of an atom of an element 



as compared with the weight of an atom of 
hydrogen. 

Atomicity (at-om-is' '-i-te) [d priv.; repveiv, to 
cut]. Chemic valence; quantivalence. 

Atomization (at-om-iz-a f -tion) [d priv.; 
repveiv, to cut]. The mechanic process of 
breaking up a liquid into fine spray. 

Atomizer (at* -om-i-zer) [d priv.; repveiv, to 
cut] . An instrument for transforming a liquid 
into a spray. 

Atonic (at-on'-ik) [arovia, want of tone]. 
Relating to or characterized by atony. 

Atony (at f -o-ne) [d priv.; tovoq, tone]. Want 
of power, especially of muscular power. 

Atrabiliary (at-rah-bil' '-e-a-re) \ater, black; 
bilis, bile]. Pertaining to black bile. A. 
Capsules, an old name for the suprarenal 
capsules. 

Atresia (at-re' '-ze-ah) [d priv. ; Tpijaiq, per- 
foration] . Imperforation of a normal opening 
or canal, as of the anus, vagina, meatus audi- 
torius, pupil, etc. 

Atresic (at-i-e'-zik) [d priv. ; rpfjatg, perfor- 
ation]. Characterized by atresia. 

Atrichia (ah-trik' -e-ah) [d priv. ; dpit- , hair]. 
Absence of the hair. 

Atrichosis (ah-trik-o' 'sis) [d, priv.; Opit;, 
hair]. A condition characterized by absence 
of hair. 

Atrioventricular (a - tre - o - ven - trik' -u-lar) 
[atrium, hall; ventricalus, ventricle]. Re- 
lating both to the atrium (or auricle) and 
to the ventricle of the heart. 

Atrium (a' '-tre-um) \_atrium, the fore-court or 
hall]. I. That part of the auricle of the heart 
into which the venous blood is poured. 2. 
The part of the tympanic cavity of the ear be- 
low the head of the malleus. A., Infection, 
the point of entrance of the bacteria in an in- 
fectious disease. 

Atropa ( at'-ro-pah ) [ y Arpo7roc, " she who 
turns not," undeviating ; one of the three 
Fates, who cut the thread of life, — in allusion 
to the poisonous effects of the plant]. A 
genus of the natural order Solatia cece. A. 
belladonna, the deadly nightshade, from 
which atropin is obtained. See Belladonna. 

Atrophia (at-ro' ' -fe-ah) [d priv.; rpocpq, nour- 
ishment]. Atrophy. Diminution in size 
of a part from degeneration or shrinkage 
of its component cells. A. cordis, atrophy 
of the heart, following senile changes, or 
occurring in cachectic conditions, or as a re- 
sult of pressure exerted by mediastinal tumors, 
etc. A. cutis, Atrophoderma ; a term ap- 
plied to various changes in the skin charac- 
terized by the diminution or disappearance of 
certain of its elements, especially seen in ad- 
vanced age. The skin becomes thin, loose, 
wrinkled, and discolored. A. cutis senilis, 
Senile Atrophoderma ; an atrophy of the skin 
usually associated with general signs of senile 



ATROPHIC 



97 



ATTENUANT 



degeneration. A. infantum. Synonym of 
Tabes mesenterial. A. mesenterica. Syno- 
nym of Tabes mesenterial. A. pilorum pro- 
pria, atrophy of the hair, either symptomatic 
or idiopathic in origin. A. unguis, atrophy 
oi the nails. 

Atrophic [at-r(/-fik) [apriv. ; rpopr/, nourish- 
ment]. Pertaining to, or affected with atrophy. 

Atrophoderma (at-ro-fo-der' '-mah) [a priv. ; 
-po(pi], nourishment; depua, the skin]. 
Atrophy of the skin. 

Atrophy (at'-ro-fe) \_arpo<pia, want of nourish- 
ment]. Diminution in the size of a tissue, 
organ, or part, the result of degeneration of 
the cells or a decrease in the size of the 
cells. A., Acute Yellow. See Icterus 
gravis. A., Brown, a form of atrophy in 
which the normal pigment of the organ is 
retained, and in which there is also frequently 
the addition of new pigment. It occurs most 
frequently in the heart, muscles, and liver, 
and is caused by chronic congestion ; also 
called pigmented atrophy. A., Correlated, 
an atrophy of certain portions of the body 
following the removal or destruction of other 
portions. Thus amputation of an arm will 
be followed by an atrophy of the scapula ; of 
a leg, by atrophy of the corresponding os 
innominatum. A., Cruveilhier's. See 
Diseases, Table of. A., Degenerative, that 
due to degeneration of the cells. A., Gray, 
a degenerative change in the optic disc in 
which the latter assumes a grayish color. A., 
Idiopathic Muscular, muscular wasting, 
beginning in various groups of muscles, usu- 
ally progressive in character, and dependent 
on primary changes in the muscles themselves. 
There is a strong hereditary predisposition to 
the disease. A., Muscular, atrophy affecting 
muscles ; it may be hereditary or acquired, 
idiopathic, myelopathic, myopathic, neuro- 
pathic, primary, secondary, simple, or pro- 
gressive. A., Pigmentary, A., Pigmented, 
a form of atrophy so called from a deposit 
of pigment (yellow or yellowish-brown) in 
the atrophied cells. A., Progressive 
Muscular ; Chronic Anterior Poliomyelitis ; 
Wasting Palsy. A chronic disease charac- 
terized by progressive wasting of individual 
muscles or physiologic groups of muscles, 
and by an associated and proportional 
amount of paralysis. It is due to a de- 
generation and atrophy of the multipolar 
cells in the anterior gray horns of the cord, 
with consecutive degeneration of the anterior 
nerve-roots and muscles. The right hand is 
usually the part first attacked, and takes on 
a peculiar claw-like form (main en griffe). 
The disease is most frequent in males of adult 
life, and follows excessive muscular exertion. 
A., Progressive Unilateral Facial, a dis- 
ease characterized by progressive wasting of 
7 



the skin, connective tissue, fat, bone, and 
more rarely the muscles of one side of the 
face. It is most common in females ; its 
course is slow and generally progressive. A., 
Red, a form of atrophy due to chronic con- 
gestion, as seen in the liver in mitral and tri- 
cuspid valvular lesions. A., Senile, the 
physiologic atrophy of advanced life. It 
affects the lungs, the sexual and other organs. 
A., Serous, atrophy associated with an in- 
filtration of fluid into the atrophic tissues. 
A., Simple, that due to a decrease in the 
size of individual cells. A., Trophoneuro- 
tic, that dependent upon abnormality of the 
nervous supply of an organ or tissue, best 
illustrated in muscular atrophy from disease 
of the anterior horns of the spinal cord. 

Atropina, or Atropin (at-ro-pi' '-nah , or at'-ro- 
piri) ["ArpoToc, one of the Fates who cut the 
thread of life ; gen., Atropin<z\, C 17 H 23 N0 3 . 
A crystalline alkaloid derived from Atropa 
belladoftna. The sulphate is a white powder 
of bitter taste and neutral reaction, and is 
soluble in water. Atropin is a mydriatic, 
antispasmodic, and anodyne ; in small doses a 
cardiac, respiratory, and spinal stimulant, in 
large doses a paralyzant of the cardiac and 
respiratory centers, the spinal cord, motor 
nerves, and involuntary and voluntary mus- 
cles. It lessens all the secretions except the 
urine. In full doses it produces dryness of 
the throat, flushing of the face, dilatation of 
the pupils, a rise of temperature and sometimes 
an erythematous rash. It is extensively used 
in ophthalmic practice to dilate the pupil, to 
paralyze accommodation, and also in various 
corneal, iritic, and other ocular diseases. Its 
therapeutic use in general medicine is also 
manifold ; e. g. , in inflammatory affections 
and the pain of cerebral and spinal hyper- 
emia, atonic constipation, cardiac failure, hy- 
persecretions, especially of the sweat, to re- 
lieve local spasms, as in intestinal and biliary 
colic, in asthma, whooping cough, etc., 
and as a physiologic antagonist in opium 
poisoning. Dose of atropin sulphate gr. 
ihu-wo (0.0005-0.001). 

Atropinize (at f -ro-pin-lz) [' Arpoirog'] . To 
bring under the influence of, or to treat with 
atropin. 

Attar (at'-ar) [Arab, itr, perfume]. A general 
name for any of the volatile oils. A. of Rose, 
Oil of Rose. The volatile oil distilled from the 
fresh flowers of the Damascene rose. It comes 
mainly from eastern Roumelia and is gener- 
ally adulterated with other volatile oils. It 
is used as a perfume. 

Attendant (at- ten' - da nt) \attendere, to 
attend]. A non-professional attache of an 
asylum or hospital, especially of an insane 
asylum . 

Attenuant (at-ten f -u-ant ) \attenuare, to 



ATTENUATING 



98 



AURAL 



make thin]. A medicine or agent increasing 
the fluidity or thinness of the blood or other 
secretion. 

Attenuating {at-ten / -u-a-ting) \attenuare, to 
make thin] . Making thin. 

Attenuation {at-ten-u-a' shun) \attenuare, 
to make thin]. The act of making thin; a 
thinning, narrowing, or reduction of the 
strength or size of a substance, especially the 
weakening of the pathogenic virulence of 
microorganisms by successive cultivation, by 
exposure to light, air, heat, or other agency, 
or by passing through certain animals, so 
that they may be used as a vaccine to confer 
immunity from future attacks of the disease. 
A., Sanderson's Method of, the passing 
of the virus through the system of another ani- 
mal (e. g., the guinea-pig, in anthrax), so 
that it becomes modified in virulency. 

Attic {at'-ik) ['ArraEOf, Attic]. Part of the 
tympanic cavity situated above the atrium. 
A. Disease, chronic suppurative inflamma- 
tion of the attic of the tympanum. 

Attitude (at'-e-tud) \_aptitudo, aptitude]. See 
Posture. A., Crucifixion, in hystero-epi- 
lepsy, a rigid state of the body, the arms 
stretched out at right angles. A., Frozen, 
a peculiar stiffness of the gait characteristic 
of disease of the spinal cord, especially of 
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A., Passion- 
ate, the assumption of a dramatic or thea- 
tric expression, a position assumed by some 
hysteric patients. 

Attollens {at-ol'-enz) \attollere, to rise up]. 
Raising. A. auris, a muscle raising the 
external ear. 

Attraction (at-rak' 'shun) \attrahere , to draw 
to]. The tendency of one particle of matter 
to approach another. Affinity. As existing 
between masses, it is termed gravitation, 
while molecular attraction or cohesiott ex- 
presses the force aggregating molecules. A., 
Chemic, the attraction of affinity, relates to 
the attraction of atoms of one element to 
those of others, resulting in chemic com- 
pounds. A., Capillary, the force that 
causes liquids to rise in fine tubes or between 
two closely approximated surfaces, or on the 
sides of the containing vessel. A., Electric, 
the tendency of bodies toward each other 
when charged with opposite electricities. A., 
Magnetic, the influence of a magnet upon 
certain metallic substances, chiefly iron. 

Attrahens (at'-rah-enz) \_attrahens , drawing]. 
Drawing forward, as Attrahens aurem, a 
muscle drawing the ear forward and upward. 

Attrition {at-rish f -un) \atterere, to rub 
against]. Rubbing or friction. 

Atypic {ah-tip f -ik) [d priv. ; ri-oc, a type]. 
Irregular; not conformable to the type. A. 
Fever, an intermittent fever with irregularity 
of the paroxysm. 



Atypical [ah-tip'-ik-al). See Atypic. 

Audiometer (aw-de-om* '-et-er) \audire, to 
hear; uerpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for measuring the acuteness of hearing. 

Audiphone (aiv f -dif-on) \_audire, to hear; 
ocjir,, a sound]. An instrument for improv- 
ing the power of hearing by conveying sounds 
through the bones of the head to the laby- 
rinth. 

Audition (atv-dish' -un) \audire, to hear]. 
The act of hearing. A. coloree, color- 
hearing, a peculiar association between the 
auditory and optic nerves, by which a certain 
sound or musical note will give rise to a sub- 
jective sensation of color, the same note in 
the same person being always associated with 
the same color. 

Auditory [a^-dit-o-re) [audire, to hear]. 
Pertaining to the act or the organs of hear- 
ing. A. After-Sensations, the sensations 
of sounds continuing or occurring after the 
cessation of the stimulus. A. Amnesia. 
See Mind-deafness. A. Area, the cerebral 
center for hearing, probably located in the 
temporo-sphenoidal lobe. A. Aura, an audi- 
tor)' sensation preceding an attack of epilepsy. 
A. Center, same as A. Area. A. Hairs, 
the processes of the crista acustica. A. 
Meatus (external and internal), the external 
and internal canals or openings of the ear. 
A. Nerve, the eighth cranial nerve, supply- 
ing the internal ear; formerly the portio 
mollis of the seventh pair of cranial nerves. 
A. Ossicles, the chain of small bones of 
the middle ear. A. Pit, the depression in 
the epiblast on both sides of the embryonic 
after-brain, destined to form the labyrinth of 
the ear. A. Vertigo, dizziness due to patho- 
logic conditions of the ear. See Meniere's 
Disease. 

Auerbach's Plexus. A nerve-plexus found 
between the circular and longitudinal muscu- 
lar coats of the stomach and intestines, and 
consisting of a network of pale nerve-fibers, 
at the nodal points of which minute ganglia 
exist. 

Augnathus {awg-na' '-thus) \av, besides ; 
yvddog, the jaw]. A monster with two lower 
jaws. 

Aula {aw'-lah) \av)Jj, a hall or open court]. 
The common mesal cavity of the cere- 
brum, it being also the anterior portion of 
the third ventricle. 

Aura (aw / -rah) \_abpa, a breath]. A breath 
of wind ; a soft vapor. The phenomena 

I preceding an attack of epilepsy. It may 

j be motor, sensory, vasomotor, secretory, or 

I psychic. It is also applied to the symptom 

i preceding an attack of any disease or par- 

I oxysm, as the aura hysterica, aura vertigi- 
nosa, etc. 

i Aural {aw'-ral) \auris, the ear]. Relating 



AURAMIN 



99 



AUSCULTATORY 



to the ear or to hearing. A. Vertigo. See 
Meniere s Disease. 

Auramin [aw^-ram-in) [aurum, gold ; 
am in}. Yellow Pyoktanin, a yellow anilin 
color used to some extent as an antiseptic. 
See Pyoktanin. 

Aurantia (aw-ran'-s&e-ak) [aurantium, an 
orange]. An orange coal-tar dye; an am- 
monium salt of hexanitro-diphenylamin. 

Aurantin (axv-ran f -ti>i). See Heptane. 

Aurantium (aw-ran f -she-um) [L. : gen.,Au- 
rantii\ Orange. The fruit of Citrus vul- 
garis and C. aurantium. Both the flowers 
and the rind of the fruit are employed in 
medicine. The volatile oil from the rind is 
aromatic and a mild tonic, but is used mainly 
as a flavor. A. amari, Ext. Fid., bitter 
orange peel, alcohol, and water. It is used 
as a flavor. Dose 3 ss-j (2.0-4.0). A. 
amari, Tinct., bitter orange peel 20, dilute 
alcohol, q. s. ad 100. Dose 3 j — ij (4.0-8.0). 
A. corticis, Oleum, the volatile oil ex- 
pressed from the rind of the orange. Dose 
gtt. j-v (0.065-0.32). A. dulcis, Tinct., 
sweet orange peel 20, dilute alcohol, q. s. ad 
100. Dose 3 j— ij (4.0-8.0). A., Elixir, oil 
of orange I, sugar 100, alcohol and water, 
q. s. ad 300. A. fiorum, Aqua, stronger 
orange water and distilled water, of each, 
one volume. A. fiorum fortior, Aqua. 
Water saturated with the volatile oil of fresh 
orange flowers. A. fiorum, Oleum, "oil 
of neroli," a volatile oil distilled from fresh 
orange flowers. Dose gtt. j-v (0.065-0.32). 
A. fiorum, Syr., sugar 85, orange flower 
water sufficient to make 100 parts. A com- 
mon flavoring agent. A., Infus. (B. P.). 
Dose ^j-ij (32.0-64.0). A., Infus. Comp. 
(B. P.). Dose gj-rj (32.0-64.0). A. Spt., 
oil of orange 5, deodorized alcohol 95. 
Dose according to quantity of alcohol desired. 
A., Spt. Comp., oil of orange peel 20, oil 
of lemon 5, oil of coriander 2, oil of anise 5, 
deodorized alcohol, sufficient to make 100 
parts. A., Syr., sweet orange peel 5, cal- 
cium phosphate precip. I, sugar 70, alcohol 
and water, each a sufficient quantity to make 
100 parts. A., Tinct. (B. P.). Dose 3 j — ij 
(4.0-8.0). A. recentis, Tinct. (B. P.), 
tincture of fresh orange peel. Dose £j-ij 
(4.0-8.0). A.,Vinum (B. P.), contains 12 
per cent, of alcohol. 

Auric (aw-rik) [aurum, gold]. Pertaining 
to aurum or gold. A. Acid. See Acid. 

Auricle (aw / -rik-l) [auricula, the ear]. I. 
The expanded portion or pinna of the ear. 
2. One of the upper chambers of the heart 
receiving the blood from the lungs (left A.) 
or from the general circulation (right A.). 

Auricular {aw- rik' '- u- lar) [auricula, the 
ear]. I. Relating to the auricle of the 
ear. 2. Pertaining to the auricles of the 



heart, as A. appendix. 3. Relating to 
the auricular nerve, arteries, veins, etc. A. 
Finger, the little finger. A. Point, the 
central point of the external auricular meatus. 

Auricularis (aw-rik-u-la f -ris) [auricula, the 
ear]. Auricular. A. magnus, a branch of 
the cervical plexus of nerves. 

Auriculotemporal (aw-rik' '-u-lo-tem' 'po-ral) 
[auricula, the ear; tempus, the temple]. 
Relating to the auricle and to the temporal 
region. A. Nerve, a branch of the inferior 
maxillary, supplying superficial parts about 
the auricle and the temple. 

Auriculoventricular (aw - rik f - u- lo- ven- 
trik'-u-lar) [auricula, the ear ; ventriculus, 
the ventricle]. Relating to an auricle and a 
ventricle of the heart. A. Opening, the 
opening between the auricles and the ventri- 
cles of the heart. 

Auripuncture (aw f -re-punkt-chur) [auris, 
ear; punctura, puncture]. Puncture of the 
membrana tympani. 

Auris (aw / -ris) [L.]. The ear. 

Auriscope (aw f -ris-kof) [auris, the ear ; 
GKons.lv, to examine]. An instrument for ex- 
amining the ear, and especially the Eustach- 
ian passage ; an otoscope. 

Aurist (aw / -rist) [atiris, the ear] . A special- 
ist in diseases of the ear. 

Aurum (aw'-runi) [L. : gen., Auri\ Gold. 
Au = 196.7; quantivalence, ill. A brilliant 
yellow metal, having a specific gravity of 19. 3. 
It is soluble in a mixture of nitric and hydro- 
chloric acids. A. bromidum, AuBr 3 , is used 
in epilepsy and migraine. Dose gr. ^— \ 
(0.003-0.01). A. chloridum. Dose gr. 
To~To (0.0012-0.002). Gold chlorid is also 
used as a stain for nerve-tissue. A. et sodii 
chloridum, the double chlorid of gold and 
sodium. Dose gr. 3V- to (0.002-0.006). It 
is used as an alterative in chronic inflamma- 
tions, diabetes, in the treatment of the alcohol 
habit, etc. 

Auscult, or Auscultate (aws-kulf ', aws / - 
kul-tat) [auscultare, to listen to]. To per- 
form or practise auscultation ; to examine by 
auscultation. 

Auscultation (aws-kul-ta> '-shtai) [auscultare, 
to listen to] . A method of investigation of 
the functions and condition of the respiratory, 
circulatory, digestive, and other organs by 
the sounds they themselves give out, or that 
are elicited by percussion. It is called i?n- 
??iediate, when the ear is directly applied to 
the part, and mediate, if practised by the aid 
of the stethoscope. Obstetric auscultation is 
practised in pregnancy to detect or study 
the fetal heart-sounds or the placental murmur. 
A. -tube, in otology, an instrument for listen- 
ing to the forced passage of air through the 
ear of another. 

Auscultatory (aws-kul' '-tat-o-re) [auscultare, 



AUTECHOSCOPE 



100 



AUTOSCOPY 



to listen to]. Relating to auscultation. A. 
Percussion, the practice of listening with 
the stethoscope to the sounds produced by 
percussing a part. 

Autechoscope (aw-tek' -o-skop) [avroq, self; 
fjxoq, sound; gko—e'lv, to inspect]. A device 
for enabling a person to listen to sounds pro- 
duced within his own body. 

Autecious, or Autcecious ( aw - te' - shus ) 
[avroq, self; olnoq, dwelling]. Applied to 
parasitic fungi that pass through all the stages 
of their existence in the same host. 

Autochthon (aw-tok' -thon) [a vtoxOcjv, sprung 
from the land]. An aboriginal inhabitant. 

Autochthonous [aw-tok' ' -thon-us) [avrox^uv, 
sprung from the land] . Aboriginal ; formed 
(as e. g. , a clot) in the place where it is found. 

Autocinesis (aw-to-sin-e' -sis) [avroq, self; 
KLVTjGiq, motion]. Motion that is voluntary. 

Autocinetic (aw-to-sin-e^ -ik) [avrdq, self; 
KLVTjGLq, motion]. Possessed of the power of 
spontaneous motion. 

Autoclave (aw'-to-kldv) [avroq, self; clavis, a 
key]. I. Self-fastening; closing itself. 2. 
An apparatus for sterilizing objects by steam- 
heat at high pressure. 

Autodidact [aw / - to-di- dakt) [avroq, self ; 
SiSaKToc, taught]. One who is self-taught in 
his profession. 

Autodigestion (aw-to-di-jes'-churi) [avroq, 
self; digere, to digest]. Digestion of an 
organ by its own secretion. 

Autogenesis (au-to-jen'-es-is) [avroq, self; 
jeveglc, production]. Spontaneous gener- 
ation; self-production. 

Autogenetic (aw-to-jen-ef '-ik) [avroq, self; 
yevmig, production]. Produced within the 
organism. 

Autogenous ( aw-tof -en-us ) [avroq, self; 
jevsGiq, production]. Pertaining to diseases 
or conditions self-produced within the body 
and not derived from external sources ; ap- 
plied to poisons generated in the body by its 
inherent processes. A. Hemorrhage, hem- 
orrhage due to causes residing within the 
body ; not traumatic. 

Autohypnotism (aw-to-hip f -not-izm) [avroq, 
self; v~voq, sleep]. Mental stupor induced 
by dwelling intensely upon some all-absorbing 
thought. 

Autoinfection (azv-to-in-fek' '- shun) [avroq, 
self; infection. Infection by virus originat- 
ing within the body or transferred from one 
part of the body to another. 

Autoinoculable (aw-to-in-ok ; -ti-la-bl ) [avroq, 
self; inoculare, to implant]. Capable of be- 
ing inoculated upon the person already in- 
fected. Chancroid is autoinoculable. 

Autoinoculation ( aw - to-in-ok-u-la' '- shun ) 
[avroq, self; inocidare , to implant]. Inocu- 
lation in one part of the body by virus present 
in another part ; self- inoculation. 



Autointoxication (aw-to in-toks-ik-a' -shuti) 
[avroq, self; to^lk6v, a poison]. Poisoning 
by faulty metabolic products elaborated within 
the body ; autoinfection. 

Autokinesis (azv-to-kin-e'-sis) [avroq, self; 
K.ivT]Giq, movement]. Voluntary movement. 

Autokinetic (aw-to-kin-et'-ik) [avroq, self; 
nivrjGiq, movement]. Pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, autokinesis. 

Automatic (aw-to-t?iat / -ik) [avrouari^Eiv, to 
act spontaneously]. Performed without the 
influence of the will. 

Automatism (aw-tom f -at-izni) [avrofiarl^Eiv, 
to act spontaneously]. The performance of 
acts without apparent volition, as seen in cer- 
tain somnambulists and in some hysteric and 
epileptic patients. A., Epileptic. See Au- 
tomatism. 

Automaton (aw-tom / -at-on) [avrofiaroq, spon- 
taneous]. One who acts in an involuntary or 
mechanic manner. 

Autonomy (aw - ton f - o - me) [avroq, self ; 
vouoq, law]. Independence. 

Autonomous (aw-ton-om'-us) [avroq, self; 
vdfioq, law]. Self- ruled ; independent. 

Autopepsia (aw-to-pep' -se-ah) [avroq, self; 
~i~reiv, to digest]. Autodigestion. 

Autophagia (aw-to-pha f -je-ah) [avrdq, self; 
(payelv, to eat]. Self-consumption ; emaci- 
ation. 

Autophagy (aw-toff'-a-je). See Autophagia. 

Autophobia (aw-to-fo'-be-ah) [avroq, self; 
o63oq, fear]. A morbid dread of one's self, 
or of solitude. 

Autophonous (aiv-toff' -on-us) [avroq, self; 
quvtj , voice]. Having the character of au- 
tophony. 

Autophony (aw-toff' -o-ne)[avroq, self; <pavq, 
voice]. I. The auscultation of the physician's 
own voice through the patient's chest. 2. The 
condition in which one's own voice appears 
changed. It may be due to chronic in- 
flammation of the ear or to other causes. 

Autophthalmoscopy (aw - toff- thai - mos / - 
ko-pe) [avroq, self ; b<p6a?,fi6q, the eye ; gko- 
tte'iv, to see]. Ophthalmoscopy performed 
upon one's own eye. 

Autoplasty (aw' ' -to-plas-te) [avroq, self; 
tzTAggelv, to form] . A method of repairing 
the effects of a wound or lesion involving loss 
of tissue by grafting or implanting fresh 
parts taken from other portions of the patient's 
body. 

Autopsy (aw / -top-se) [avroq, self; bipiq, a 
seeing]. The post-mortem examination. 

Autoscope (aw f -to-skdp)[avroq , self; gkotte'lv, 
to see]. An instrument, e. g. , the ophthal- 
moscope, arranged for the examination of an 
organ by oneself. 

Autoscopy (aw-tos' '-ko-pe) [avrdq, self; gko- 
tteiv, to see]. The examination of one's own 

-organs by means of an autoscope. 



AUTOSITE 



101 



AXIS 



Autosite (aw / -lo-sil)[a'vr6g, self; oirog, food]. 
I. A monster capable of an independent 
existence after birth. 2. That member of a 
double fetal monstrosity that nourishes itself by 
its own organs and also the other member, 
which is called the parasite. 

Autositic (aw-to-sit'-ik) [arroc, self; alroq, 
food]. Of the nature of an autosite. 

Autostethoscope {aw-to-steth' ' -o-skdp)[avToq, 
self; artjdoq, the breast; ckotzi'lv, to exam- 
ine]. A stethoscope so arranged that by it 
one may listen to his own chest-sounds. 

Autosuggestion (aw -to-sug-jes' '-chun) [avrdq, 
self; suggestio, an intimation]. A term sug- 
gested by Page for a peculiar mental con- 
dition, often developing after accidents, espe- 
cially railway accidents ; it is intimately asso- 
ciated with the hypnotic state. In both of 
these conditions the mental spontaneity, the 
will, or the judgment, is more or less sup- 
pressed or obscured, and suggestions become 
easy. Thus the slightest traumatic action 
directed to any member may become the oc- 
casion of a paralysis, of a contracture, or of 
an arthralgia. It is also called traumatic 
suggestion. 

Autotherapy (atv-to-ther' '-ape) [avroq, self; 
fiepaKeia, a waiting on]. The spontaneous 
or self-cure of a disease. 

Autotoxemia (aw-to-toks-e' '-me-ah) [avrog, 
self; to^lkov, a poison ; aljia, blood]. Toxemia 
from poisons derived from the organism itself. 

Autotoxin (azv - to - toks' '- in) [clvtoq, self; 
to^ikov, a poison]. Any poisonous product 
of tissue-metamorphosis. 

Autotransfusion (aw - to - tranz -fu f - zhuri) 
[avroq, self; transfusio, a pouring out or 
forth]. The transfer of the blood to the 
brain and other central organs by elevating 
the hips and legs, and by the use of elastic 
bandages compressing the limbs. 

Autovaccination (aw - to - vaks - in - a / - shun) 
[avrog, self; vaccinare, to vaccinate]. The 
reinsertion of fresh-vaccine lymph upon the 
same person from whom it is taken. 

Autumn Catarrh. Synonym of Hay-fever, 
since it occurs in August and the fall of the 
year. 

Autumnal (aw-tum'-nal) [autumnus, au- 
tumn]. Pertaining to the fall of the year. 
A. Fever. Synonym of Typhoid Fever. 

Auxiliary (awks-il f -e-a-re) [auxilium, help]. 
Aiding. 

Auxilium (awks-iV-e-um) [L., help]. A 
wheeled vehicle or ambulance with couch and 
mattresses, for use in the service of field mili- 
tary hospitals. 

Ava Kava (ah'-vah kah f -vah). See Kava- 
Kava. 

Avalanche Theory. Pfliiger's theory that 
nerve-energy gathers intensity as it passes 
toward the muscles. 



Avascular (ah-vas' '-cul-ar) [a priv.; vasa, 
vessel]. Without blood; not possessing 
blood-vessels. 

Avena (av-e f -nah) [L.]. A genus of plants. 
Oat. A. farina, oatmeal. A. sativa, the 
embryo of the seed of the common oat plant. 
It contains starch, gluten, a ferment called 
diastase, and a small amount of alkaline 
phosphates, and is a nutritious food. Dose 
of the concentrated tinct. or fid. ext. TT^x- 
3 ij (0.65-8.0). The pericarp contains an 
alkaloid possessed of slight narcotic powers. 
Unof. 

Avenin (av-e / -nin) [avena, the oat]. 1. A 
precipitate made from a tincture of avena 
sativa, or the oat. It is a nerve -stimulant 
and tonic. Unof. 2. A nitrogenous princi- 
ple obtained from the oat, and nearly identical 
with legumin ; the gluten-casein of oats. 

Avogadro, Law of. See Law. 

Avoirdupois Weight (av-or-du-poiz' '-wdt) 
[Fr. , avoirdupois, to have some weight]. 
See Weights and Measures. 

Avulsion (av-uV -shun) [avulsio ; avellere, 
1 to tear away]. A tearing or wrenching away 
of a part, as a polypus, a limb, etc. 

Axial (aks'-e-al) [axis, axis]. Pertaining to 
or situated in an axis. A. Current, the 
column of red corpuscles which, by reason of 
the weight of the cells, occupies the center 
or axis of the blood-stream. A. Hyperme- 
tropia. See Hypermetropia. A. Stream. 
See A. Current. 

Axilemma (aks-il-em'-ah) [axis, axis ; Xefi/ua, 
husk, skin]. An elastic sheath composed of 
neurokeratin, enclosing the axis-cylinder of 
medullated nerve-fibers. 

Axilla (aks-il'-ah) [L.: pi. , Axilla"]. The 
armpit. 

Axillary (aks' -il-a-re) [axilla, armpit]. Per- 
taining to the axilla. A. Artery, the con- 
tinuation of the subclavian artery, extending 
from the lower border of the first rib to the 
insertion of the pectoralis major muscle, 
where it becomes the brachial. See Arteries, 
Table of. A. Glands, the lymphatic glands 
in the axilla. A. Plexus, the brachial plexus, 
formed by the last three cervical and the first 
dorsal nerves. A. Space, the irregular con- 
ical space of the axilla. A. Vein, a con- 
tinuation of the brachial vein, corresponding 
with the artery and terminating in the sub- 
clavian vein. 

Axis (aks'-is) [L. for axletree]. I. An im- 
aginary line passing through the center of a 
body. 2. The second cervical vertebra. 3. 
A short artery which breaks up into several 
branches, e. g. A., Thyroid ; A., Celiac. See 
Arteries, Table of. A., Basicranial, in 
craniometry, a line drawn from the basion 
to the middle of the anterior border 
of the cerebral surface of the sphenoid 



AXIS-CYLINDER 



102 



AZZLE TEETH 



bone. A., Basifacial, in craniometry, a 
line drawn from the anterior border of the 
cerebral surface of the sphenoid to the 
alveolar point. A., Binauricular, in cranio- 
metry, the imaginary line joining the two 
auricular points. A., Cerebrospinal, the 
central nervous system. A., Frontal (of 
the eye), an imaginary line running through 
the eyeball from right to left, and corres- 
ponding with the movements of elevation 
and depression of the eyeball. A., Optic. 
I. The line from the center of the cornea 
to the macula lutea. 2. An imaginary line 
passing from the center of the eye-piece of a 
microscope through the body, objective, 
stage, and sub-stage, to the mirror. A., 
Sagittal (of the eye), an imaginary line run- 
ning through the eyeball from before back- 
ward, and conciding with the line of vision. 
A., Visual, the line from the object through 
the nodal point to the macula. 

Axis-cylinder {aks - is - sil' '- in - der) [axis; 
cylinder] . The conducting or essential part 
of a nerve. It is also called the axis- cylinder 
of Purkinje. A.-cylinder Process, that one- 
of the protoplasmic processes of a nerve-cell 
which becomes an axis-cylinder. 

Axis-traction {aks - is - trak f - shun) [axis; 
trahere, to draw]. Traction on the fetus 
in the axis of the pelvis. A. -traction 
Forceps, a forceps for performing axis- 
traction. 

Axungia {aks -un f -je -ah) [L. : gen. , Ax- 
ungice]. Fat; lard; adeps. 

Azalein {az-a'-le-in). Same as Rosanilin. 

Azedarach {az-ed' ' -ar-ak) [Pers. dzdd, free ; 
dirakht, a tree]. Pride of China, the bark 
of Melia azedarach, an Asiatic tree natur- 
alized in the southern U. S. It occurs in 
curved pieces or quills, having a sweetish taste. 
A decoction, ^ ss to Oj, is used as an an- 
thelmintic against the round-worm. Dose 
^ss-j (16.0-32.0). A., Ext. Fid. Dose 3 j 
(4.0). Unof. A., Tinctura, 1 to 8. Dose 
^ss-ij (2.0-8.0). Unof. 

Azerin {az f -er-in) [d priv.; t-rjpog, dry]. A 
ferment analogous to ptyalin and found in 
the digestive secretions of Drosera Nepen- 
thes, and probably all other insectivorous 
plants. 

Azobenzene (az-o-ben' '-zen) [azote, nitrogen ; 



benzoin], C 12 H 10 N 2 . A compound formed 
by the action of sodium-amalgam upon 
the alcoholic solution of nitro-benzene. It 
forms orange-red, rhombic crystals, readily 
soluble in alcohol and ether, but sparingly 
soluble in water. It melts at 68°, and distils 
at 293 . 

Azo-compounds. In chemistry, compounds 
intermediate between the nitro- compounds 
and the amido-compounds, and made from 
the former by partial reduction, or from the 
latter by partial oxidation. 

Azo-dyes. A well defined group of the coal- 
tar colors, all containing the diatomic group 
— N=N — , bound on either side to a benzene 
radical. They may be prepared by reduction 
of the nitrocompounds in alkaline solutions, 
or by acting on diazo-compounds with 
phenols or amins of the aromatic series. The 
azo-dyes are the amido-derivatives of simple 
azo-compounds, and are to be distinguished as 
amidoazo-dyes and oxyazo-dyes. 

Azoic (az-o'ih) [a priv.; Cut/, life]. Destitute 
of living organisms. 

Azolitmin (az-o-lit'-min) [a priv.; Con/, life ; 
litmus'], C-H 7 N0 4 . A deep blood-red color- 
ing matter obtained from litmus. 

Azoospermia [ah-zo-o-sper' '-me-ah) [d priv.; 
Con/, life; o~ep/ia, seed]. Absence of, or 
deficient vitality of, the spermatozoa. 

Azote (az / -ot) [dpriv.; Cur/, life]. A syno- 
nym of nitrogen. Azotic acid, nitric acid. 

Azotemia (az-o-te / -me-ah) [azote, nitrogen ; 
alua, blood]. The presence of nitrogenous 
compounds in the blood ; uremia. 

Azotized {az'-ot -izd) [azote, nitrogen]. 
Nitrogenized ; containing nitrogen. 

Azoturia {az-o-tid -re-ah) [azote, nitrogen ; 
ovpov, the urine]. An increase of the urea 
and urates in the urine. 

Azygos (az'-ig-os) [a priv.; Cvyoq, a yoke]. 
Applied to parts that are single, not in pairs. 
A. uvulae, a small muscle of the uvula. A. 
Vein, a vein connecting the superior and in- 
ferior venae cavge. 

Azygous {az'-ig-us) [a priv.; CvySg, a yoke]. 
Not paired. 

Azymia {ah-zi' -me-ah) [a priv.; Cvpi, a fer- 
ment]. Absence of ferment. 

Azzle Teeth {az ; -l teth )[E. dial ., assal teeth] . 
A name given to the molar teeth. 



B 



103 



BACTERIA 



B 



B. In chemic terminology the symbol of 
Boron. 

Ba. The chemic symbol of Barium. 

Babbitt Metal. See Antimony. 

Bacca {bak'-ka) [L.]. Berry. 

Bacilliform (bas-il'-iform) \bacillum, rod; 
forma, form]. Having the shape or appear- 
ance of a bacillus. 

Bacilluria {bas-il-u' -re-ali) \bacillu?n, a rod ; 
ovpov, urine]. The presence of bacilli in 
the urine. 

Bacillus {bas-iV -us) [dim. of baculum ; a 
small staff: pi., Bacilli]. I. A genus of 
the Schizomycetes comprising the rod-shaped 
forms of bacteria. 2. An individual of the 
genus Bacillus. 3. A medicated rod or 
bougie. 4. Any rod-like body, or specifi- 
cally, one of the retinal rods. 

Bacony Infiltration {ba'-kon-e in-fil-tra'- 
shuti). Same as Amyloid Degeneration. 

Bacteremia {bak-ter-e' '-me-ah) \fiaKrrjptov, 
a little rod ; al/ua, blood] . The presence of 
bacteria in the blood. 

Bacterium [bak-te' '-re-uni) \_(5aKT7)ptov, a little 
stick: pi. , Bacteria - ]. I. A synonym of 
Schizomyces or microorganism. 2. The 
word was formerly restricted to a genus of 
schizomycetous fungi established by Ehren- 
berg (1838) and Dujardin (1841), charac- 
terized by short, linear, inflexible, rod-like 
forms, without tendency to unite into chains 
or filaments. Morphologically, bacteria are 
spheric (cocci) ; in the form of straight rods 
(bacilli) ; or of twisted rods (spirilla). Bac- 
teria are either aerobic requiring free oxy- 
gen, or anaerobic, not requiring free oxygen. 
Again, certain forms appear to possess the 
ability to flourish in either condition, and are 
known as facultative aerobic or anaerobic. 
Bacteria are either motile or nonmotile ; they 
may exist as saprophytes, facultative par- 
asites, strict, obligate, or true parasites 
Those that produce pigment are known as 
chromogenic ; those that produce fermenta- 
tion as zymogenic ; those that affect ad- 
versely the health of plants or animals as 
pathogenic. See Bacteria, Table of, and 
special terms under appropriate headings. 

TABLE OF BACTERIA.* 
Actinobacter polymorphus. See Bac- 
illus butyricus, Prazmowski. Actinomy- 
ces bovis, Harz. Syn. Cladothrix bovis, 
Cladothrix cam's, Rabe (?). Found in 



Actinomycosis. Occurs in grains the size 
of a poppy-seed ; composed of radiating 
threads. Stains with anilin dyes ; is not de- 
colorized by Gram's method. Grows on egg- 
albumin, gelatin, potato, and bouillon, liqf. , 
pg., chg. (Sulphur-yellow.) Anthrax bac- 
illus. See Bacillus anthracis. Arthrobac- 
terium aceti, De Bary. See Bacillus aceti. 
ArthTobacterium chlorinum, De Bary. 
See Bacillus chlorinus. Arthrobacterium 
merismopcedioides, De Bary. See Bacillus 
merismoposdioides. Arthrobacterium pas- 
torianum, De Bary. See Bacillus pasteu- 
rianus. Arthrobacterium viride, De Bary. 
See Bacillus viridis. Arthrobacterium 
zopfii. See Bacillus zopfii. Ascobacillus 
citreus, Unna and Tommasoli. Syn. Asco- 
coccus citreus. On the skin, in cases of ec- 
zema seborrhoeicum. aer., liqf., mot., chg. 
(lemon-yellow), npg. Ascobacterium ul- 
vina, Van Tieghem. Short rods occurring 
in liquids containing decaying leguminous 
seeds. Ascococcus billrothii, Cohn. Lobu- 
lated masses, producing a viscous fermenta- 
tion of saccharine fluids and evolving butyric 
acid in solution of ammonium tartrate. Asco- 
coccus johnei, Cohn. See Micrococcus 
botryogenus. Ascococcus mesenteroides, 
Cienkowski. See Leuconostoc mesenteroides. 
Ascococcus vibrans, Van Tieghem. Upon 
water containing Beggiatoa ; distinguished 
from A. billrothii by the whirling and oscil- 
lating of the cells. Bacilli of Butyric Acid 
Fermentation. See Bacillus butyricus, 
Hueppe and Prazmowski. Bacillus butylicus, 
Fitz. Bacilli of Fermentation of Carbo- 
hydrates. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. 
Bacillus butyricus, Hueppe and Prazmowski. 
Bacillus butylicus, Fitz. Bacillus dysodes, Zopf. 
Bacillus polymixa, Prazmowski. Bacilli of 
Guillebeau (a, b, c), obtained from milk of 
cows with mastitis ; give rise to a peculiar 
fermentation of cheese, (a) aer., facanaer., 
mot., nliqf. ; (b) aer., facanaer., liqf, mot.; 
(c) aer. , nliqf. Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing, 
Sommer. Syn., Arthrobacterhim aceti, De 
Bary. Bacillus aceticus, Fliigge ; Bacterium 
aceti, Lanzi. Micrococcus aceti ; Mycoderma 
aceti, Pasteur. Ulvina aceti, Kiitzing. Found 
in air and vinegar ; common. Large cylin- 
drical cells of varying size. Absorbs oxygen 
from air and oxidizes alcohol to acetic acid ; 
produces vinegar ; may, by further oxidation, 
convert this into carbon dioxid and water. 



* Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, chg. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative 
anaerobic, liqf. = liquefactive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile. nliqf. = nonliquefac- 
tive. nmot. = nonmotile. npg. = nonpathogenic, obi. = obligate, oscl. = oscillating, pg. = pa- 
thogenic, phos. = phosphorescent, pleom. = pleomorphic, sap. = saprophytic. 



BACTERIA 



104 



BACTERIA 



aer., nliqf., mot., npg., pleom. Bacillus 
aceticus, Fliigge. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitz- 
ing. Bacillus acidiformans, Sternberg. 
Obtained from the liver of a yellow fever 
cadaver, aer., facanaer., nliqf. ,nmot., pg. 
Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. Syn., Bac- 
terium lactis, Lister. Found in the air and 
in sour milk, aer., facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot. , 
npg. Bacillus actinobacter, Duclaux. 
Syn., Actinobacter poly morphus. A minute 
capsulated bacillus, rendering milk gelatinous 
and ropy. aer. , nmot. See Bacillus buty- 
ricus, Prazmowski. Bacillus aerogenes, 
I, II, III, Miller. Syn., Bacterium aero- 
genes, Miller. Helicobacterium aerogenes, 
Miller. Three small bacilli from the alimen- 
tary tract of healthy persons aer. , nliqf. , 
mot., npg. See Bacillus lactis aerogenes, 
Escherich. Bacillus aerogenes capsula- 
tus, Welch and Nuttall. Found in the blood- 
vessels in a case of thoracic aneurysm, an- 
aer., nliqf, nmot., npg. Bacillus aero- 
philus, Liborius. Obtained from the air. 
aer., liqf, nmot., npg. Syn., Bacille aero- 
phile, Fr. Bacillus aeruginosum. See Ba- 
cillus pyocyaneus, Gessard. Bacillus albu- 
minis, Bienstock. Found abundantly in 
feces. Decomposes albumin, hence its name. 
aer., mot., npg. Bacillus albus, Becker, 
Eisenberg. The white bacillus of water. 
aer., nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus albus an- 
aerobiescens, Vaughan. Found in water. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacil- 
lus albus cadaveris, Strassmann and 
Strieker. Found in blood of cadaver, aer. , 
liqf. , mot. , pg. Bacillus albus putridis, 
De Bary. Found in water, aer. , liqf. , mot., 
npg. Bacillus allantoides, Klein. Ob- 
tained from the air. aer. , mot., npg. Not 
sufficiently studied. Bacillus allii, Griffiths. 
Syn., Bacterium allii. Found on surface of 
decaying onions, aer. , chg. (green), npg. 
Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Syn., 
Bacillus pre us sii, Ciesielski. Bacillus melit- 
topthorus, Cohn. Bacillus of foul brood. 
Obtained from bee larvae infected with " foul 
brood. ' ' aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , mot. , pg. Also 
pathogenic for mice and guinea pigs. Cf. 
Bacillus of Canestrini. Bacillus anaero- 
bicus liquefaciens, Sternberg. Obtained 
from contents of intestine of yellow fever 
cadaver, anaer., liqf., nmot. Pathogenesis 
not determined. Bacillus anthracis, Pol- 
lender and Davaine. Syn. , Bacteruim an- 
thracicum, Bollinger. Bactermm anthracis , 
Zopf. Bacterium carbunculare , Pollender, 
Brauell, Delafond, Davaine. Mettalacter 
anthracis, Trevisan. Bacille du charbon, 
Fr.; Milzbrand-bacillus, Ger. Found in the 
blood of animals and persons infected with 
anthrax, aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , nmot. , pg. 
Bacillus aquaticus liquefaciens, Pokrows- 



ky. Found in river water (Kura), and 
hydrant water (Tiflis). Bacillus aquatilis, 
Frankland. Found in well-water in the chalk- 
formations of Kent, Eng. aer. , liqf, mot., 
npg. Bacillus aquatilis sulcatus, I, II, 
III, IV, V, Weichselbaum. Found in hy- 
drant water (Vienna) . aer. , facanaer. , nliqf., 
mot., npg. Bacillus arborescens, Frank- 
land. Found in hydrant water (London). 
Bacillus argenteo-phosphorescens, I, II, 
III, Katz. Obtained respectively from sea- 
water, phosphorescent pieces of fish, and 
cuttle-fish (Sydney, N. S. W). aer., nliqf., 
mot. (except II), phos., npg. Bacillus ar- 
genteo - phosphorescens liquefaciens, 
Katz. Obtained from sea- water, near Syd- 
ney, N. S. W. aer., facanaer., liqf, mot., 
phos., npg. Bacillus aurantiacus, Frank- 
land. Found in well-water, aer., nliqf., 
mot., chg. (orange), npg. Bacillus aureus, 
Adametz. Found in water ; also on the skin 
in cases of eczema seborrhceicum, Unna and 
Tommasoli. aer. , nliqf. , mot., chg. (golden 
yellow). Bacillus £, Vignal. See Bacillus 
buccalis, Vignal. Bacillus B., Hofmann. 
Found in the larvae of Liparis monacha. The 
cause of Flache?'ie, or Schlaffsucht. Bacillus 
beribericus, Lacerda. Syn., Micrococcus 
of beriberi, Lacerda ; Neisseria winkleri. 
Found by Lacerda, Pekelharing and Wink- 
ler, in the blood of persons affected with beri- 
beri. Negative results were obtained by 
Eykmann and Sternberg. See Beri-beri. 
Bacillus berolinensis indicus, Classen. 
Found in water of the Spree, aer., nliqf., 
mot. , chg. (indigo-blue) , npg. Bacillus bien- 
stockii, Bienstock. Found in human feces. 
mot., pg. Bacillus brassicae, Pommer. 
Found in infusions of cabbage-leaves, aer., 
facanaer., liqf, nmot., npg. Bacillus 
brunneus, Adametz and Weichmann. Found 
in water, aer., facanaer., nliqf ., nmot., npg. 
Bacillus buccalis, Vignal. Syn., Bacillus 
ulna, Vignal. Bacillus a, Vignal ; Bacillus 
b, Vignal; Bacillus f Vignal; Bacillus g, 
Vignal ; Bacillus j , Vignal. Bacillus buc- 
calis fortuitus, Vigna\. Bacillus buccalis mi- 
nutus, Vignal. Leptothrix buccalis, Vignal. 
From the salivary secretions of healthy per- 
sons, aer. , liqf., npg., chg. (golden yellow). 
Bacillus buccalis maximus, Miller. 
Found in the mouth of man. Common. 
Biologic characters undetermined. Bacillus 
buccalis minutus, Vignal. See Bacillus 
buccalis, Vignal. Bacillus butylicus, Fitz. 
Syn., Bacille butylique, Fr. See Bacillus 
butyricus, Hueppe. Bacillus butyricus, 
Botkin, Hueppe, Prazmowski. Obtained 
from milk, hydrant water, and well water, 
old cheese, garden earth, dust, etc. Syn., 
Actinobacter polymorphus, Duclaux. Amy- 
lobacter Clostridium, Trecul. Bacillus actino- 



BACTERIA 



105 



BACTERIA 



'-, Duclaux. Bacillus amylobacter, Van 
Tieghem. Bacillus butylicus, Fitz. Bac- 
terium navicula, Reinke and Berthold. Clos- 
tridium butyricum, Prazmowski. Micrococ- 
cus atnylovoruSf Burrill. Vibrione butyriquc, 
Pasteur. Bacillus of butyric acid fermenta- 
tion ; Bacillus of fire-blight ; Bacillus of pear- 
blight ; Micrococcus of apple-blight ; Micro- 
coccus of pear-blight. One of the most 
widely diffused forms, exceedingly important 
and varied in its powers of decomposition. It 
is typically anaerobic and the chief of all the 
ferments giving rise to butyric acid as a prim- 
arv product. It plays an important part in 
the human economy and in the destruction 
of plant cellulose. Botkin regards the form 
observed by him as distinct, aer. , anaer. , 
lit//., mot., npg., pleom. Bacillus butyri 
fluorescens, Lafar. Occurring in every sam- 
ple of natural butter examined. See Bac- 
terium butyri. colloideum, Lafar. Bacillus 
melochloros, Winkler and Schroter. Bacillus 
butyri viscosus, Lafar. Found in butter. 
aer., nliqf., npg. Bacillus cadaveris, 
Sternberg ; obtained from yellow fever cada- 
vers, obi., anaer. (strict), nmot., pg. Ba- 
cillus canalis capsulatus, Mori. Found 
in sewer water. aer. , facanaer., nliqf., 
nmot., pg. (for mice; guinea pigs and rab- 
bits immune). Bacillus canalis parvus, 
Mori. Found in sewer water, aer. , nliqf., 
nmot., pg. (for mice and guinea pigs). Ba- 
cillus candicans, Frankland. Found in 
soil. aer. , nliqf. nmot., npg. Bacillus 
capsulatus, Pfeiffer. Obtained from the 
blood of a guinea pig. aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , 
nmot., pg. (for white mice and house mice, 
guinea pigs, rabbits and pigeons (septicemia). 
Bacillus capsulatus mucosus, Fasching. 
Found in the nasal secretions of man in cases 
of influenza, aer., facanaer., nmot., nliqf, 
pg. (for white mice and field mice), npg. (for 
rabbits and pigeons). Bacillus capsulatus 
smithii, a, b, c, Theobald Smith. Syn., Cap- 
sule-bacillus of Smith. Found in the intes- 
tines of swine, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot. , 
npg. According to Smith, possibly identical 
with Bacillus lactis aerogenes, Escherich. 
Bacillus carabiformis, Kaczynsky. Found 
in the stomach of meat-fed dogs, aer., liqf, 
mot., npg. Bacillus carotarum, A. Koch. 
Obtained from cooked carrots and sugar 
beets, aer., liqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus 
catenula, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix cate- 
nula. Found in cheese, anaer. (will, how- 
ever grow in air) , nmot. , npg. Bacillus cau- 
casicus, Kern. Syn. , Bacterium caucasicum. 
Dispora caucasica, Kern. Used in the pre- 
paration of the peculiar milk- wine, " Kefir." 
aer. , facanaer. , nmot. , npg. Bacillus caviar 
fortuitus, Sternberg. Found in exudates of 
guinea pig inoculated with liver from yellow 



fever cadaver, aer., facanaer. , nliqf., mot., 
npg. Bacillus cavicida, Brieger. See 
Bacillus cavicidus, Brieger. Bacillus cavi- 
cida havaniensis, Sternberg. Obtained 
from intestine of yellow fever cadaver. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot. Bacillus 
cavicidus, Brieger. Syn., Bacillus cavi- 
cida. Brieger' s bacillus. Obtained from 
human feces. aer. , facanaer., nliqf., pg. 
(not for rabbits or mice). Perhaps identical 
with Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich. Ba- 
cillus chauvaei, Bollinger and Feser, Arlo- 
ing, Cornevin, and Thomas. Syn., Bacillus 
of symptomatic anthrax. Bacille du charbon 
symtomatique. Rauschbrandbacillus. Clos- 
tridium of symptomatic anthrax, Neelsen 
and Ehlers. Found in tissues of cattle suf- 
fering from symptomatic anthrax, " black 
leg,'" or " quarter evil. " anaer., liqf, mot., 
pg. Bacillus chlorinus, Engelmann. Syn., 
Arthrobacterium chlorinum, De Bary. Bac- 
terium chlori7ium, Engelmann. Found in 
infusions of decaying vegetable matter, aer., 
sap., chg. (green), npg. Bacillus cholerae 
asiaticae, Koch. See Spirillum cholera? 
asiaticae, Koch. Bacillus cholera? galli- 
narum, Fliigge. See Bacillus septicaemia 
hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus chro- 
moaromaticus, Galtier. Obtained from 
the carcass of a diseased pig. aer., 
facanaer., liqf, mot., pg. (for rabbits). 
Bacillus circulans, Jordan. Found in the 
water of Merrimac River, aer., facanaer., 
liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus citreus. See 
Ascobacillus citreus, Unna and Tommasoli. 
Bacillus citreus cadaveris, Strassmann. 
Found in cadaver, aer. , liqf. , nmot. , chg. 
(yellow). Bacillus claviformis, Duclaux. 
Syn. , Tyrothrix claviformis, Duclaux. 
Found in fermenting casein. anaer., pg. 
Bacillus cloacae, Jordan. One of the most 
common microbes in sewage, aer. , facan- 
aer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus coeruleus, 
Smith. Found in river water (Schuykill). 
aer. , liqf, chg. (blue), npg. Bacillus coli 
communis. See Bacillus neapolitanus, 
Emmerich. Bacillus coli similis, Stern- 
berg. Obtained from human liver. aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus 
constrictus, Zimmermann. Found in water. 
aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , chg. (cadmium 
yellow), npg. Bacillus coprogenes foeti- 
dus, Schottelius. Obtained from intestinal 
contents of pigs dead of malignant erysipelas. 
aer. , nliqf, nmot., pg. Bacillus copro- 
genes parvus. Obtained from human feces. 
aer., nliqf., nmot.,pg. Bacillus crassus, 
Van Tieghem. The broadest known bacte- 
rium, 4 fi. mot., npg. Bacillus crassus 
sputigenus, Kreibohm. Syn. , Bacillus 
sputigenus crassus. From the sputum and 
tongue of man. aer. , nliqf. , nmot. , pg. 



BACTERIA 



106 



BACTERIA 



Bacillus crystallosus. Bacillus cunea- 
tus. Syn., Bacterium cuneatum, Rivolta. 
Found in the blood and viscera of horses, 
cattle, and dogs dead of septic processes, pg. 
Bacillus cuniculicidus, Koch. See Ba- 
cillus septiccemice hemorrhagica, Sternberg. 
Bacillus cuniculicida havaniensis, Stern- 
berg. Found in viscera of yellow fever ca- 
davers, aer. , facanaer., nliqf , pg. Bacil- 
lus cuticularis, Tils. Found in water, aer. , 
liqf., mot., chg. (yellow), npg. Bacillus 
cyaneophosphorescens, Katz. Obtained 
from sea water (Australia), aer., facanaer., 
liqf., mot., phos., chg. (greenish), npg. 
Bacillus cyanofuscus, Beyerinck. Ob- 
tained from glue and Edam cheese, aer., 
chg. (green, changing to blue, brown, black), 
liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus cyanogenus, 
Fuchs. Hueppe, Neelsen. Syn., Bacillus 
lactis cyanogenus. Bacillus syncyanwn. Bac- 
terium cyanogenum, Fuchs, Bacterium syncy- 
anum, Ehrenberg, Schroter. Vibrio cyano- 
genus. Fuchs. Vibrio syncyanus, Ehrenberg. 
Bacillus of blue milk. Found in milk. aer. , 
nliqf, mot., chg. (grayish blue), npg. Ba- 
cillus cystiformis, Clado. Found in urine 
of patient with cystitis, aer., nliqf, mot., 
npg. Bacillus delicatulus, Jordan. Found 
in hydrant water (Lawrence, Mass.). aer. , 
liqf., mot. , npg. Bacillus dentalis viri- 
dans, Miller. Syn., Miller's bacillus. 
Found in carious dentine, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., pg. Bacillus denitrificans, Giltay 
and Aberson. Obtained from the soil, air, 
and sewage, aer., nliqf, mot., npg. Cf. 
Bacterium denitrificans, Gayon and Dupetit. 
Bacillus devorans, Zimmermann. Found 
in well water, aer. , facanaer. , liqf , mot. , 
npg. Bacillus diffusus, Frankland. Found 
in the soil. aer., liqf., npg. Bacillus 
diphtherial, Klebs and Loffler. Syn., Ba- 
cillus diphtheriticus, Bacillus diphtheritidis, 
Micrococcus diphtheriticus, Cohn. Found in 
diphtheritic false membranes, aer. , nliqf, 
nmot. , facanaer. , pg. Bacillus diphtheriae 
columbarum, Loffler. From the pseudo- 
membranes in the mouths of pigeons infected 
with pigeon diphtheria, aer. , nliqf , nmot. , 
pg. Bacillus diphtheriae vitulorum, 
Loffler. From the pseudomembranes in the 
mouths of calves infected with epidemic 
diphtheria ; culture experiments unsuccess- 
ful, pg. Rabbits and guinea pigs immune. 
Bacillus diphtheriticus, Bacillus diph- 
theridis, Bacillus diphtheritis. See Ba- 
cillus diphtheria, Klebs and Loffler. Bacil- 
lus distortus, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix 
distortus. Found in milk and cheese, aer., 
mot., npg. Bacillus dysenteriae, Chante- 
messe and Widal. Found in the intestinal 
contents and viscera of dysentery cadavers. 
aer. , nliqf., pg. Bacillus dysodes, Zopf. 



Syn., Bacterium dysodes. Found in yeast, 
inducing fermentative changes in bread, 
causing it to smell disagreeably and to be- 
come greasy and unfit for use. Bacillus 
Emmerich. See Bacillus neapolitanus , 
Emmerich. Bacillus endocarditidis cap- 
sulatus, Weichselbaum. From viscera of 
man who died of endocarditis with thrombi. 
aer., nliqf., pg. Bacillus endocarditidis 
griseus, Weichselbaum. From the heart in 
a case of endocarditis recurrens ulcerosa. 
aer., nliqf, mot. , pg. Bacillus enteritidis, 
Gartner. Obtained from the tissues of a cow 
killed on account of sickness attended with 
mucous diarrhea, and from the spleen of a 
man who died shortly after eating of the 
flesh of this cow. aer. , nliqf., mot., pg. 
Dogs, cats, chickens, and sparrows are im- 
mune. Bacillus epidermidis, Bizzozero. 
Syn., Leptothrix epidermidis, Microsporon 
minutissimum , Burchart. From the epider- 
mis between the toes, aer., nliqf., npg. 
Bacillus epidermidis, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. 
See Bacillus of Scheurlen. Bacillus Epsi- 
lon, von Miller. See Spirillum, Finkler- 
Prior. Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Koch, 
Loffler, Schiitz, Pasteur. Syn., Bacilhis 
erysipelas maligAum, Bacillus minimus, Ba- 
cillus murisepticus , Flugge. Bacillus septi- 
cus, Koch. Bacillus of mouse septicemia. 
Bacillus of hog erysipelas. First obtained 
by Koch by injecting putrefying flesh beneath 
the skin of mice, afterward by Loffler and 
Schiitz from carcasses of swine dead of 
" Rotlauf. " aer. , facanaer., nliqf, pg. 
Bacillus erysipelatos leporis, Koch. Ba- 
cillus of erysipelas in the rabbit. Found in 
the erysipelatous inflammation in a rabbit's 
ear caused by the injection of mouse's dung. 
Bacillus erythrosporus, Eidam, Cohn, and 
Miflet. Found in putrefying albuminous 
fluids, water, etc. aer. , nliqf., mot., chg. 
(greenish yellow, fluorescent), npg. Ba- 
cillus ethaceticus, Frankland. Cause of 
fermentation of arabinose. Bacillus ex 
penumo-enteritide suis, E. Klein, Schiitz, 
Salmon, Cornil, Chantemesse, Selander. Ba- 
cillus of hog cholera. Found in the in- 
testinal contents, blood, and viscera of 
swine dead of hog cholera, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., mot.,pg. Bacillus /, Vignal. See 
Bacillus buccalis, Vignal. Bacillus facul- 
tatus, Sadebeck and E. Frankel. Found in 
non-malignant pharyngeal mycosis. Bacil- 
lus fcetidus, Liborius. Syn., Bacterium 
fcetidum. Clostridium fcetidus, Liborius. 
Obtained from soil. anaer., liqf, mot. 
Bacillus fcetidus lactis, Jensen. From 
milk, aer., nliqf, npg. Bacillus fceti- 
dus ozaenae, Hajek. Obtained from nasal 
secretions of patients with ozena. aer. , 
facanaer., liqf. , mot., pg. Bacillus figu- 



BACTERIA 



107 



BACTERIA 



rans, Crookshank. See Bacillus mesenteri- 
cus vulgatus. Bacillus figurans, Vaughan. 
Found in water. aer., liqf., met., npg. 
Bacillus filiformis, Duclaux. Syn., Tyro- 
thrix filiformis. Found in cheese and milk. 
aer., mot. , npg. Bacillus filiformis, Tils. 
Found in water. aer.,liqf., oscl.,npg. Ba- 
cillus filiformis havaniensis, Sternberg. 
From the liver of a yellow fever cadaver. 
an aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Ba- 
cillus fitzianus, Zopf. See Bacillus subtilis, 
Cohn. Bacillus flavescens, Pohl. Found 
in swamp water, aer. , nliqf., chg. (yellow). 
Bacillus flavocoriaceus, Eisenberg. Syn., 
Sulphur yellow bacillus (Adametz). Found 
in water, aer., nliqf., nmot., chg. (sulphur 
yellow), npg. Bacillus flavus, Mace. Found 
in drinking water, aer. , liqf, chg. (golden 
yellow), nmot. Bacillus fluorescens au- 
reus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant 
water (Chemnitz), aer. , nliqf, ?not., chg. 
(ocher yellow), npg. Bacillus fluorescens 
longus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant 
water (Chemnitz), aer., nliqf., mot., chg. 
(grayish yellow), npg. Bacillus fluo- 
rescens liquefaciens, Fliigge. Common 
in water and putrefying infusions. aer., 
liqf, mot., chg. (greenish yellow), npg. Cf. 
Bacillus viscosus, Frankland. Bacillus 
fluorescens liquefaciens minutissimus, 
Unna and Tommasoli. Found upon skin in 
cases of eczema seborrhceicum. aer., faca- 
naer. , liqf. . mot. , chg. (greenish yellow) , 
npg. Possibly identical with the preceding 
species. Bacillus fluorescens nivalis, 
Schmoick. Syn., Bacillus nivalis. Glacier 
bacillus. Found in snow and ice water 
from Norwegian glaciers, aer., liqf, mot, 
chg. (bluish green). npg. Bacillus 
fluorescens nonliquefaciens, Schiller. 
Bacillus fluorescens putidus, Fliigge. 
Found in water, aer. , nliqf, mot., chg. 
(greenish), npg. Bacillus fluorescens 
tenuis, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant 
water (Chemnitz), aer. , nliqf, nmot. chg. 
(greenish yellow), npg. Bacillus fcetidus, 
Passet. Syn., Bacterium foetidum, Thin. 
Clostridium fatidum, Liborius. Corpuscles 
brillants. Found in cases of fetid sweating 
feet, in the exudations of mice inoculated 
with garden earth, and in cases of malig- 
nant edema, anaer., liqf., mot., npg. Ba- 
cillus fcetidus lactis, Jensen. Found in 
milk. aer. , nliqf, npg. Resembles Ba- 
cillus neapolitanzcs , Emmerich. Bacillus 
fulvus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant 
water (Chemnitz), aer., liqf, nmot., chg. 
(gamboge yellow), npg. Bacillus fuscus. 
Obtained from a putrefying infusion of 
maize, from the air, etc. Cf. Bacterium 
brunneum, Schroter. Bacillus fuscus 
limbatus. Scheibenzuber. Obtained from 



rotten eggs, aer., facanaer., nliqf, mot., 
chg. (brown), npg. Bacillus gallinarum, 
Klein. Found in blood of chickens dead 
from a disease resembling chicken-cholera. 
aer., nliqf, nmot., pg. Bacillus gaso- 
formans, Eisenberg. Found in water, aer. , 
facanaer., liqf, mot, npg. Bacillus gay- 
toni, Cheshire. The cause of a disease of 
honey-bees. Cf. Bacillus alvei, Cheshire 
and Cheyne. Bacillus geniculatus, De 
Bary. Syn., Tyrothrix geniculatus, Du- 
claux, Bacterium en zigzag, Fr. Found in 
the contents of the stomach, aer., nliqf., 
mot., npg. Bacillus gingivae, Miller. 
Bacillus gingivae pyogenes, Miller. See 
Bacterium gingiva pyogenes, Miller. Found 
in a filthy mouth and in purulent dental 
pulp, aer., facanaer., liqf., pg. (for white 
mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits). Bacillus 
glaucus, Maschek. Found in water, aer. , 
liqf, nmot., chg. (gray), npg. Bacillus 
gliscrogenus. See Bacterium gliscroge- 
num, Malerba. Bacillus glycerinae, Buch- 
ner. See Bacillus subtilis, Cohn. Bacillus 
gracilis, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant 
water (Chemnitz). aer. , facanaer. , liqf., 
oscl., npg. Bacillus gracilis anaerobies- 
cens, Vaughan. Found in water, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus gra- 
cilis cadaveris, Sternberg. Obtained from 
human liver, aer., facanaer., nmot., nliqf., 
pg. Bacillus granulosus, Russel. Found 
in mud (Bay of Naples), aer., facanaer., 
liqf., nmot. Pathogenesis not determined. 
Bacillus graveolens, Bordoni and Uffre- 
duzzi. Found on epidermis between the 
toes of man. aer. , liqf, npg. Bacillus 
guttatus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant 
water (Chemnitz). aer., facanaer., liqf, 
mot., npg. Bacillus halophilus, Russel 
Obtained from water and mud (Bay of 
Naples), aer., liqf , mot. Pathogenesis not 
determined. Bacillus hansenii, Raspmus- 
sen. Found in various nutrient liquids, aer., 
mot., chg. (chrome yellow to yellowish 
brown). Bacillus havaniensis, Sternberg. 
Syn., Micrococcus havaniensis, (?) Sternberg. 
Bacillus havaniensis liquefaciens, Stern- 
berg. Obtained from the surface of the body 
of patients in the hospital at Havana, aer., 
nliqf., chg. (blood-red). Bacillus helvolus, 
Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water 
(Chemnitz). aer., liqf, mot. (rotary only), 
chg. (Naples yellow), npg. Bacillus 
heminecrobiophilus, Arloing. Found in 
a caseous lymphatic gland of a guinea pig. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus 
hepaticus fortuitus, Sternberg. Obtained 
from the exudations of a guinea-pig inocu- 
lated with liver from a yellow fever patient. 
aer. , nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus hessii, 
Guillebeau. Found in cow's milk. aer. , 



BACTERIA 



108 



BACTERIA 



liqf. , mot. Pathogenesis not determined. 
Bacillus hominis capsulatus, Bordoni- 
Uffreduzzi. Syn., Proteus capsulatus septiczis, 
Banti. Proteus hominis capsulatus, Bordoni- 
Uffreduzzi. Bacillus of rag-picker's disease. 
Obtained from persons dead from rag-picker's 
disease, aer., nliqf, nmot., pg. Bacillus 
hyacinthi septicus, Heinz. Found in 
diseased hyacinths, aer., facanaer, nliqf., 
mot., npg. Cf. Bacterhwi hyacinthi, Wak- 
ker. Bacillus hyalinus, Jordan. Found 
in hydrant water (Lawrence, Mass.). aer. , 
facanaer., liqf, mot., npg. Reduces nitrates 
rapidly. Bacillus hydrophilus fuscus, 
Sanarelli. From the lymph of diseased 
frogs. aer. , liqf, mot., pg. Bacillus 
implexus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant 
water (Chemnitz), aer. , liqf, mot., npg. 
Bacillus incanus, Pohl. Found in swamp 
water. aer. , liqf. , mot. Not sufficiently 
studied. Bacillus indicus, Koch. Syn., 
Bacillus indicus ruber, Koch. Micrococcus 
indicus, Koch. Found in the intestinal 
contents of a monkey, aer., facanaer., liqf., 
mot., chg. (brick-red), pg. (for rabbits). 
Bacillus indigoferus, Classen. Found in 
river water (Spree), aer. , nliqf, mot., chg. 
(deep indigo blue), npg. Bacillus indigo- 
genus, Alvarez. Found in an infusion of 
the leaves of the indigo plant. {Indigofera 
tinctoria, L.). aer., mot., chg. (indigo blue), 
pg. Bacillus inflatus, A. Koch. Obtained 
from the air. aer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacil- 
lus intestinus motilis, Sternberg. From 
the intestinal contents of yellow fever cada- 
vers, aer. , facanaer., nliqf., mot., npg. 
Bacillus inunctus, Pohl. Found in swamp 
water, aer. , facanaer., nliqf., mot. Path- 
ogenesis not determined. Bacillus in- 
visibilis, Vaughan. Found in water, aer. , 
facanaer., nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus iodo- 
coccus vaginatus, Miller. See Iodococcus 
vaginatus. Bacillus iris, Frick. aer., 
nliqf, nmot. (green), npg. Bacillus jan- 
thinus, Zopf. Syn. , Bacterium janthinus, 
Zopf. Violet bacillus, found in sewage 
(Lawrence, Mass.). aer., liqf, mot., chg., 
(bluish violet), npg. Bacillus klebsii. 
See Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. Bacil- 
lus lacticus, Pasteur. See Bacillus acidi 
lactici, Hueppe. Bacillus lactis aero- 
genes, Escherich and Abelous. Syn., 
Bacillus aej-ogenes, Bacilhts capsulatus, 
Smith. Bacterium lactis aerogenes, Escher- 
ich. Found in the stomach and intestine of 
healthy adults, aer., facanaer., nliqf, npg. 
Bacillus lactis albus, Loffler. Found in 
milk aer., liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus 
lactis cyanogenus. See Bacillus cyano- 
genus, Hueppe. Bacillus lactis erythro- 
genes, Hueppe and Baginsky. Syn., 
Bacillus of red milk. Found in milk and 



the feces of a child, aer., liqf., nmot., chg., 
(yellow and red), npg. Bacillus lactis 
pituitosi, Loffler. Syn., Bacillus lactis 
viscosus, Adametz. Found in milk, aer., 
nliqf., npg. Bacillus lactis viscosus, 
Adametz. Found in ropy milk. aer., 
nliqf., nmot., npg. Capsulated. Bacillus 
latericeus, Eisenberg. Found in water. 
aer., nliqf, nmot., chg. (brick-red), npg. 
Bacillus leiodermos, Loffler. Syn., Bacil- 
lus liodermos, Fliigge. Bacillus leporis 
lethalis, Gibier and Sternberg. From the 
intestinal contents of yellow fever patients. 
aer., liqf., mot., pg. Bacillus leprae, Ar- 
mauer and Hansen. Found in leprous 
tubercles. Cannot be cultivated in ordinary 
media. Specific pathogenesis settled by in- 
oculation of a condemned criminal. Bacillus 
leptosporus, L. Klein. Obtained from the 
air. aer., mot., npg. Bacillus lethalis, 
Babes. Syn. , Proteus lethalis. Obtained 
from spleen and lung of patient dead 
of septicemia, aer., facanaer., liqf, mot., 
pg. Bacillus limbatus acidi lactici, 
Marpmann. Found in cow's milk, aer., 
nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus limosus, 
Russel. Obtained from mud (Bay of 
Naples), aer., liqf., mot. Pathogenesis not 
determined. Bacillus lineola. See Bac- 
terium lineola, Cohn. Bacillus liodermos, 
Fliigge. See Bacillus leiodermos, Loffler. 
Bacillus liquefaciens, Eisenberg. Found 
in water, aer. , liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus 
liquefaciens bovis, Arloing. Syn., Pneu- 
mobacillus liquefaciens bovis. From the 
lungs of a diseased ox. aer. , facanaer., 
liqf., nmot., pg. Bacillus liquefaciens 
communis, Sternberg. Obtained from the 
feces of yellow fever patients, aer. , facanaer. , 
liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus liquefaciens 
magnus, Llideritz. Found in the exudates 
of mice inoculated with garden earth. 
anaer., liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus lique- 
faciens parvus, Llideritz. Source same as 
last. a7iaer., liqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus 
liquidus, Frankland. Found in river water 
(Thames). Common. aer. , liqf., mot., 
npg. Bacillus litoralis, Russel. Obtained 
from mud (Bay of Naples), aer. , facanaer., 
liqf., mot. Pathogenesis not determined. 
Bacillus lividus, Plagge and Proskauer. 
Found in hydrant water (Berlin), aer. , 
facanaer., liqf, mot., chg. (brick-red), npg. 
Bacillus lucens, Van Tieghem. Syn., 
Bacterium lucens, Van Tieghem. Found 
on the surface of water, aer. , nmot. Bril- 
liant. Bacillus luteus, Fliigge. Syn., 
Bacterium luteum. Found in superficial 
layers of gelatin plate culture, aer. , nmot. , 
nliqf., chg. (yellow), npg. Bacillus luteus 
suis, Salmon and Smith. Found in the 
perivisceral fluids of swine, aer., liqf, mot., 



BACTERIA 



109 



BACTERIA 



chg. (yellow red). Smells like glue. 
Bacillus lyssae, Pasteur. Syn., Coccobac- 
terium lyssw, Rivolta. Lissophyton suspec- 
tum, Hallier. Cf. Bacterium septicum sputi- 
genum, Fraenkel. Found in saliva of hydro- 
phobic patients and animals. Cf, Bacillus 
septicus sputigemts, Fliigge. Bacillus mai- 
dis, Cuboni. From macerated corn and the 
feces of pellagra patients. aer. , liqf., mot., 
npg. Bacillus malandriae, Israel. See 
Bacillus mallei, Loffler. Bacillus malariae, 
Klebs and Tommasi-Crudeli. Bacillus of the 
blood. Obtained from the soil and air of the 
Campagna, from swamps, from the blood of 
malarial patients, etc. Pathogenesis disputed. 
Bacillus mallei, Loffler. Syn., Bacillus 
malandricB, Israel. Found in the nasal dis- 
charges, nodules, etc. , of animals with 
glanders. aer., facanaer., mot. (strictly 
parasitic), pg. (proven by inoculation). 
Bacillus martinez, Sternberg. Obtained 
from the liver of a yellow fever cadaver. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacil- 
lus megatherium, De Bary. Found on 
the leaves of boiled cabbage. aer., liqf., 
mot. , npg. Bacillus melittopthorus. 
See Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. 
Bacillus melochloros, Winkler and 
Schrotter. Syn., Bacillus butyrifluorescens, 
Lafar. Obtained from the dejections of the 
larva in a wormy apple, aer., liqf., mot., 
chg. (emerald green), pg. (for rabbits). 
Bacillus membranaceus amethystinus, 
Eisenberg. Found in well water (Spalato). 
aer. , liqf, n?not., chg. (dark violet), npg. 
Bacillus meningitidis purulentse, Nau- 
mann and ScMffer. Obtained from pus 
taken from beneath the pia mater in a person 
dead of purulent meningitis, aer. , facanaer. , 
nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus merismopce- 
dioides, Zopf. Syn., Arthrobacterium or 
Bacterium merismopoedioides, De Bary. 
Obtained from sewage mud ; the type of the 
so-called "tablet-cocci." Bacillus me- 
sentericus fuscus, Fliigge. Potato bacil- 
lus. Obtained from the air, hay dust, water, 
etc. Common. aer. , liqf, mot., npg. 
Bacillus mesentericus ruber, Globig. 
Potato bacillus. Found upon potatoes, aer. , 
liqf., mot., chg. (reddish yellow or pink), 
npg. Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus, 
Fliigge. Syn., Bacillus Jigurans, Crook- 
shank. Proteus vulgaris. Potato bacillus. 
Common. Found in potatoes, water, milk, 
intestinal contents of man, etc. aer., liqf-, 
npg. Bacillus miniaceus. See Bacillus 
ruber. Bacillus minimus, Klebs. See Ba- 
cillus erysipelatos suis, Koch, etc. Bacillus 
miriabilis, Hauser. Syn., Proteus mira- 
bilis. Obtained from decaying animal mat- 
ter, aer., facanaer., liqf , mot., pg. Bacil- 
lus mollusci, Domenico. Found in mol- 



luscum contagiosum ; resembles somewhat 
Bacillus lepra and Bacillus malaria;. Pa- 
thogenesis disputed, the disease being at- 
tributed by some to psorosperms. Bacillus 
multipediculosus, Fliigge. Found in air 
and water, aer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Ba- 
cillus murisepticus, Fliigge. See Bacillus 
erysipelatos suis, Koch. Bacillus muri- 
septicus pleomorphus, Karlinski. Found 
in purulent uterine discharges, aer. , faca- 
naer. , liqf. , mot., pg. Probably identical with 
Proteus vulgaris, Hauser. Bacillus mus- 
coides Liborius, Fliigge. Found in soil, old 
cheese, co w-dung, etc. anaer. , nliqf. , mot. , npg. 
Bacillus mycoides, Fliigge. Common in 
soil and water, aer. , nliqf. , mot. , npg. Ba- 
cillus mycoides roseus, Scholl. Found in 
the soil. aer. , liqf., chg. (red), npg. Ba- 
cillus neapolitanus, Emmerich. Syn., Ba- 
cillus coli communis, Bacterium coli commune, 
Escherich, Bacterium neapolitanum, Colon 
bacillus of Escherich. Bacillus of Booker, a to 
n. A normal inhabitant of the intestine of 
man ; resembles the bacillus of typhoid fever, 
differing from it in producing gas, coagulat- 
ing milk, forming lactic acid in media con- 
taining lactose or glucose, in producing indol, 
in being nonmotile, and in giving a visible 
growth on potato. It is the cause of certain 
forms of suppuration in the peritoneum, liver, 
pelvis of kidney, urethra, etc. aer., faca- 
naer, nliqf. , nmot. , pg. Bacillus necro- 
phorus, Loffler. Obtained from rabbits after 
inoculation in the anterior chamber of the 
eye with portions of condyloma. aer. , 
facanaer., nliqf., pleom., pg. Bacillus 
nodosus parvus, Lustgarten. From the 
healthy urethra of man. aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus cedematis 
aerobicus. A new bacillus of malignant ede- 
ma, Klein. Found in the exudates of guinea 
pigs after inoculating with garden earth. 
aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , pg. Bacillus 
cedematis maligni, Koch. Syn., Bacillus 
adematis, Koch ; Bacillus septicus, Pasteur. 
Bacillus of gangrene, Bacillus of gangrenous 
septicemia. Pink bacillus of spreading 
edema, A. B. Harris. A widely scattered 
species, obtained from surface soil, dust, 
putrefying matter, foul water, etc., and from 
the exudates produced by inoculating animals 
with garden earth, anaer., liqf, mot.,pg. 
Bacillus of Afanassiew. See Bacillus 
tussis convulsive. Bacillus of Albuminous 
Decomposition. See Bacillus putrificus 
coli. Bacillus of Allantiasis, Miiller, 
Hoppe-Seyler. See also Sarcina botulina, 
Van den Corput. Cf. Bacillus of choleraic 
diarrhea from meat-poisoning, Klein. 
Found in poisonous sausages, particularly 
in " Blunzen." aer., liqf,pg- Bacillus 
of Alopecia areata, Kasauli. Found at- 



BACTERIA 



110 



BACTERIA 



tached to the hairs from the diseased patches ; 
easily cultivated. See Micrococcus of Alo- 
pecia areata, and Bacterium decalvans. Ba- 
cillus of Babes and Oprescu. Obtained 
from a case presenting symptoms of typhus 
fever. aer. , facanaer. , nliqf , mot. , pg. 
Bacillus of Belfanti and Pascarola. 
Syn., Impftetanusbacillus, Ger. From the 
pus of wounds in a person dead of teta- 
nus, aer. , facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. 
Bacillus of Beri-beri, Eykmann. See 
Bacillus beribericus, Lacerda. Bacillus of 
Blue Milk. See Bacillus cyanogenus, 
Hueppe. Bacillus of Blue or Green Pus. 
See Bacillus pyocyaneus, Gessard. Bacillus 
of Booker, a to n. Found in alvine dis- 
charges of children suffering from cholera 
infantum ; probably varieties of Bacillus 
neapolitanus, Emmerich. Bacillus of Bo- 
vet. Obtained from the intestines of a 
woman dead of acute choleraic enteritis. 
aer., nliqf, mot. , pg. Bacillus of Braxy. 
See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and 
Davaine. Bacillus of Bronchitis, Lum- 
nitzer. Syn., Bacillus of Lumnitzer. From 
the bronchial secretions in cases of putrid 
bronchitis, aer. , mot. Cf. Micrococcus of 
bronchitis, Picchini. Bacillus of Butyric 
Acid Fermentation. See Bacillus butyr- 
icus, Prazmowski. Bacillus of Carcinoma, 
Rappin and Scheurlen and Domingo-Freire. 
See Bacillus of Scheurlen. Bacillus of 
Canestrini. Found in larvae and bees suf- 
fering from a malady common among bees in 
certain parts of Italy, aer. , liqf, mot., 
chg. (pink), pg. Bacillus of Canon and 
Pielicke. See Bacillus of measles. Bacil- 
lus of Cattle Plague, Metschnikoff. See 
Bacillus septiccejnice hceniorrhagicce , Stern- 
berg. Bacillus of Cazal and Vaillard. 
Obtained from cheesy nodules upon the peri- 
toneum and in the pancreas, aer., facanaer., 
liqf., mot., pg. Bacillus of Chancroid, 
Ducrey. Found in pustules developed upon 
the arm from the inoculation of chancroidal 
virus ; does not grow in artificial cultures. 
Cf. Micrococcus ulceris mollis. Bacillus 
of Cheese. See Spirillum tyrogenum, 
Denecke. Bacillus of Chicken Cholera. 
See Bacillus septicemias hcemorrhagicce , Stern- 
berg. Bacillus of Cholera. See Spirillum 
choleras asiaticce, Koch. Bacillus of Chol- 
eraic Diarrhea from Meat Poisoning, 
Klein. Found in the blood and feces of 
persons poisoned with tainted meat. Cf. 
Bacillus of allantiasis, Miiller and Hoppe- 
Seyler. Bacillus of Cholera in Ducks, 
Cornil and Toupet. Obtained from the blood 
of ducks that had died of an epidemic disease 
characterized by choleraic symptoms, aer., 
nliqf, nmot., pg. (for ducks, but not for 
chickens or pigeons). Bacillus of Chyl- 



uria, Wilson. Found in the coagulum of 
chylous urine, aer., facanaer. , mot. Bacil- 
lus of Colomiatti. Obtained from cases of 
conjunctivitis and xerotic masses in the eye. 
aer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Cf. Bacillus of 
xerosis epithelialis conjunctivae, Leber. Ba- 
cillus of Conjunctival Catarrh, Koch. 
Bacillus of conjunctivitis, Bacillus of pink 
eye, Weeks, aer. , nliqf , pg. Resembles 
Bacillus xerosis. Bacillus of Dantec. 
Syn., Bacille du rouge de morue, Fr. Ob- 
tained from salted codfish to which it gives a 
red color, aer. , liqf. , mot. , chg. (red) , npg. 
Bacillus of Davaine's Septicemia. See 
Bacillus septicaemias hasmorrhagicas, Stern- 
berg. Bacillus of Demme. Obtained 
from the contents of tumors and pustules and 
from the blood of patients suffering from 
erythema nodosum. aer. , facanaer., (?) 
nliqf. , pg. (to guinea pigs ; rabbits, dogs, and 
goats refractory). Bacillus of Diphtheria 
in Calves. See Bacillus diphtherias vitu- 
lorum, Loffler. Bacillus of Diphtheria in 
Doves. See Bacillus diphtherias colum- 
barum, Loffler. Bacillus of Diphtheria in 
Man. See Bacillus diphtherias, Klebs and 
Loffler. Bacillus of Doderlein. See 
Bacillus vaginalis, Doderlein. Bacillus of 
Endocarditis. See Bacillus pyogenes fasti- 
dus, Frankel and Saenger. Bacillus of 
Egyptian Catarrhal Conjunctivitis. See 
Bacillus of Kartulis. Bacillus of Ery- 
sipelas in the Rabbit, Koch. "See Bacillus 
erysipelatos leporis, Koch. Bacillus of 
False Hog Cholera. See Bacilhts parvus 
ovatus, Loffler. Bacillus of False Tuber- 
culosis in Rabbits. See Bacillus of pseudo- 
tuberculosis in rabbits, Malassez and Vignal. 
Bacillus of Fiocca. Found in the saliva of 
cats and dogs. aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot. , 
pg. (for rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice). 
Bacillus of Foot Sweat. See Bacilhts 
fostidus, Bacillus saprogenes No. II. and 
Bacillus graveolens. Bacillus of Foul 
Brood of Bees. See Bacillus alvei, Che- 
shire and Cheyne. Bacillus of Fowl 
Cholera. See Bacillus septicaemias hemor- 
rhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus of Fried- 
lander. See Bacillus pneumonias fried- 
landeri. Bacillus of Fulles, III. Bacil- 
lus of Gangrene. See Bacillus asdematis 
maligni, Koch, Bacillus saprogenes, III, 
Rosenbach, and Bacillus of senile gangrene. 
Bacillus of Gangrenous Septicemia. See 
Bacillus asde?natis maligni, Koch. Bacillus 
of Gessner. See Bacteritim tholoideum, 
Gessner. Bacillus of Glanders. See 
Bacillus mallei, Loffler. Bacillus of Green 
Diarrhea in Children, Lesage. See Bacil- 
lus of Lesage. Bacillus of Green Pus. 
See Bacillus pyocyaneus, Gessard. Bacil- 
lus of Grouse Disease, Klein. Obtained 



BACTERIA 



111 



BACTERIA 



from the lungs and liver of grouse that had 
died of an epidemic disease, aer. , nliqf. t 
nmot., pg. (for mice, guinea-pigs, linnets, 
green finches, sparrows ; chickens, pigeons, 
and rabbits immune). Bacillus of Hay 
Infusions. See Bacillus j//£//7/j,Ehrenberg. 
Bacillus heminecrobiophilus, Arloing. 
Obtained from the callous lymphatic glands 
of a guinea pig. aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , 
pleom., pg. Bacillus of Hog Cholera, 
Salmon and Smith. See Bacillus ex pneumo- 
en/eritide suis, Klein. Bacillus of Hog 
Erysipelas. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, 
Koch, etc. Bacillus of Horse Pox, Dieck- 
erhoff and Grawitz. Syn., Bacillus of acne 
contagiosa of horses. Obtained from the 
pustules of horses suffering from acne con- 
tagiosa, aer. , nliqf., pg. Bacillus of 
Hydrophobia. See Bacillus lysscs, Pasteur. 
Bacillus of Icterus, Karlinsky and Du- 
camp. Found in the blood during an attack 
of infectious icterus. Did not thrive on 
ordinary culture media. Bacillus of Influ- 
enza, Pfeiffer, Kitasato, and Canon. Influ- 
enza bacillus. Found in the purulent bron- 
chial secretions and in the blood of persons 
suffering from epidemic influenza. aer., 
nmot., pg. Cf. Micrococcus influenza, Letz- 
erich. Bacillus of Intestinal Diphtheria 
in Rabbits, Ribbert. Obtained from the 
viscera of rabbits dead of a disease character- 
ized by a diphtheritic inflammation of the 
intestinal mucous membrane, aer., nliqf. , 
nmot., (?) pg. Bacillus of Jeffries. A 
group (A, G, J, K, P, S, Z,) of bacilli, 
resembling Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich, 
and Bacillus lad's aerogenes, Escherich. 
Found in the alvine discharges of children 
suffering from summer diarrhea. anaer. , 
npg. Bacillus of Jequirity Ophthalmia, 
DeWecker and Sattler. Found in cases of 
jequirity ophthalmia and in infusions of 
jequirity seeds {Abrus precatorius) , the sup- 
posed source of Abrin. aer., liqf, mot., 
npg. The disease is now held to be caused 
by a soluble poison, jequiritin. Bacillus of 
Karlinski. See Bacillus murisepticus pleo- 
morphus, Karlinski. Bacillus of Kartulis, 
Koch and Kartulis. Obtained from the con- 
junctiva in cases of Egyptian catarrhal con- 
junctivitis, aer. Pathogenesis not well de- 
termined. Bacillus of Koubasoff. Ob- 
tained from carcinomatous growth in the 
human stomach. aer., facanaer., nliqf., 
mot., pg. (for guinea pigs and rabbits). Cf. 
Bacillus of Scheuerlen. Bacillus of Lactic 
Acid Fermentation. See Bacillus acidi 
lactici, Hueppe. Bacillus of Laser. Ob- 
tained from mice infected with an epidemic 
disease, aer. , facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. 
(for field-mice, guinea-pigs, rabbits and 
pigeons). Bacillus of Leprosy. See 



Bacillus lepra ) Hansen. Bacillus of Les- 
age. Bacillus of green diarrhea in child- 
ren. Obtained in the green alvine dis- 
charges of infants suffering from green diar- 
rhea, aer., nliqf ., mot., pg. According to 
Baumgarten identical with Bacillus fluor- 
escein non-liquefaciens, Schiller. Bacillus 
of Letzerich. Obtained from the urine of 
children suffering from nephritis interstitialis 
primaria. aer. , liqf, pg. Bacillus of 
Liborius. See Bacillus amylobacter, Praz- 
mowski. Bacillus of Lichen Ruber, Laser. 
Found in the lymph passages in cases of 
lichen ruber. Bacillus of Lucet. Ob- 
tained from chickens and turkeys suffering 
from an infectious form of septicemia char- 
acterized by dysenteric discharges. aer., 
facanaer. , nliqf , nmot. , pg. Bacillus of 
Lumnitzer. See Bacillus of Bronchitis. 
Bacillus of Lupus. See Bacillus tubercu- 
losis, Koch. Bacillus of Lustgarten. See 
Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. Bacillus 
of Lymph in Fishes, Oliver and Richet. 
Observed in the lymph of certain fishes, aer. , 
mot., npg. Bacillus of Malaria. See 
Bacillus malaria?, Klebs and Tommasi- 
Crudeli. Bacillus of Malignant Edema. 
See Bacillus cedematis maligni, Koch. Ba- 
cillus of Measles, Canon and Pielicke. 
Syn., Bacillus of Canon and Pielicke. 
Found in the blood and in the secretions of 
the nose and conjunctiva of persons with 
measles. Cf. Micrococcus of measles, Klebs 
and Keating. Bacillus of Mouse Sep- 
ticemia. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pas- 
teur. Bacillus of Necrosis of the Liver 
in Badgers, Eberth. Found in the necrotic 
liver of a badger. Bacillus of Necrosis 
of the Liver in Guinea Pigs, Eberth. 
Found in the necrotic liver of a guinea-pig. 
Bacillus of Nephritis, Letzerich. See 
Bacillus of Letzerich. Bacillus of Nocard. 
Found in the superficial abscesses of cattle 
suffering from farcy, aer., nmot., pg. Ba- 
cillus of Okada. Obtained from the dust 
between the boards of a floor, aer. , facanaer. , 
nliqf., nmot., pg. Bacillus of Osteomy- 
elitis, Kraske and Becker. Found in cases 
of osteomyelitis. aer. , liqf. (or in some 
forms nliqf.'), mot., pleom., pg. Held by 
Pasteur as identical with the micrococcus 
of furuncle. Bacillus of Phthisis. See 
Bacillus tuberculosis , Koch. Bacillus of 
Pink Eye, Weeks. See Bacillus of Con- 
junctival Catarrh, Koch. Bacillus of Po- 
tato Rot, Kramer. Obtained from potatoes 
affected with wet rot. aer., liqf., mot., npg. 
Putrefies the albuminous substances of po- 
tatoes. Bacillus of Pseudotuberculosis 
in Rabbits, Eberth, Malassez, and Vignal. 
Syn., Bacille de la tuberculose zoogleique, 
Bacille de la pseudo-tuberculose du lapin, 



BACTERIA 



112 



BACTERIA 



Fr.; Bacillus der Pseudo-tuberculose der 
Kaninchen, Ger. Found in the nodular 
deposits characteristic of this disease. Ba- 
cillus of Puerperal Fever. See Bacillus 
puerperalis , Engel and Spillmann. Bacil- 
lus of Purpura Haemorrhagica of Babes. 
Obtained from the viscera of a patient dead 
of purpura haemorrhagica. aer., facanaer., 
liqf. nmot., pg. Resembles the next two 
forms. Bacillus of Purpura Haemor- 
rhagica of Kolb. Obtained from the vis- 
cera of patients dead of purpura, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf, nmot., pg. Bacillus of 
Purpura Haemorrhagica of Tizzoni and 
Giovannini. Obtained from the blood of 
two children dead of purpura hemorrhagica. 
aer., facanaer. , nliqf., nmot. , pg. Bacillus 
of Pyemia, Beltzow. Two forms found 
in pyemia, one of which resembles Bacillus 
cedematis maligni, Koch. Bacillus of 
Rabbit Septicemia. See Bacillus sep- 
ticemia? hemorrhagica?, Sternberg. Bacil- 
lus of Rabies. See Bacillus lyssw, Pasteur. 
Bacillus of Rag-pickers' Disease. See 
Bacillus hominis caps ulatii s , Bordoni- 
Uffreduzzi. Bacillus of Red Bread. See 
Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bacillus 
of Red Milk. See Bacillus lactis ery- 
throgenes, Hueppe ; and Bacillus prodigio- 
sus, Ehrenberg. Bacillus of Rheumatism. 
See Bacillus rheumarthritidis, Kussmaul. 
Bacillus of Rhinoscleroma. See Bacillus 
rhinoscleromatis, Cornil and Alvarez. Bacil- 
lus of Roth, I, II. Obtained from old rags. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot. , pg. Resem- 
bles Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich ; and 
Bacillus cavicidus, Burger. Bacillus of 
Rouget. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, 
Koch, etc. Bacillus of Scarlet Fever, 
Crooke. Found in the nasal mucus and tis- 
sues of the throat in a case of anginose scar- 
let fever, mot. Resembles Bacillus oedema- 
tis maligni, Koch, and the Proteus of Hau- 
ser. According to Dcehle the parasite of this 
disease is a protozoon. Cf. Micrococcus 
scarlatina?. Bacillus of Scheuerlen, Scheu- 
erlen, Rapin, and Domingo Freire. Syn. , 
Bacillus epidermidis, Bordoni Uffreduzzi. 
From cancerous tissues and from mammary 
epithelium of healthy persons. According to 
Mace possibly identical with a variety of Ba- 
cillus mesentericus vulgatus, Fliigge. aer., 
liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus of Schimmel- 
busch. Obtained from the necrotic tissues 
of a case of cancrum oris or noma, aer., 
nliqf, pg. Bacillus of Schou. See Bacil- 
lus pneumonicus agilis, Schou. Bacillus of 
Senile Gangrene, Tricomi. Bacillus of 
gangrene, Bacillus of Tricomi. Found in the 
blood, in the tissues along the line of demar- 
cation, in the subcutaneous tissue and the 
lymph-spaces of the skin, and in the ichor- 



ous discharge, aer., liqf., nmot., pg. Cf. 
Bacillus a?dematis maligni, Koch and Bacil- 
lus saprogenes, III, Rosenbach. Bacillus 
of Septicemia in Man, Klein. Bacillus 
of Southern Cattle Plague, F. S. Bil- 
lings. Syn. , Bacillus of Texas fever in cat- 
tle. Found in the blood, viscera, and man- 
ure of cattle infected with cattle plague or 
Texas fever, and in their discharges ; also in 
the ticks [Boophilus bovis, Curtice) infecting 
the cattle. The spread of the disease is 
largely due to the manure of the cattle and 
also indirectly to the ticks, aer, nliqf, mot., 
pleotn,pg. Smith and Kilborn now attribute 
this disease to the psorosperm Pyrosoma bige- 
minum. Bacillus of Spontaneous Rab- 
bit Septicemia, Eberth. See Bacillus of 
swine plague, Marseilles. Bacillus of Symp- 
tomatic Anthrax. See Bacillus chauva?i, 
Bollinger and Feser. Bacillus of Swine 
Pest, Selander. See Bacillus ex pneumo- 
enteritide suis, Klein. Bacillus of Swine 
Plague, Marseilles, Reitsch, and Jobert. 
Syn., Bacillus suis, Detmers. Bacillus of 
spontaneous rabbit septicemia ; Bacillus of 
swine plague, Detmers and Billings ; Bacil- 
lus of ferret disease. First obtained from 
swine attacked by a fatal epidemic disease 
in Marseilles, aer., nliqf, mot. pg. Caneva 
and others identify this with the Bacillus 
of ferret disease and with that of American 
swine plague ; also with the Bacillus of 
Southern cattle plague, Billings ; but this lat- 
ter seems to be a distinct species. See Ba- 
cillus tardigradus. Bacillus of Syphilis. 
See Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. Ba- 
cillus of Tetanus. See Bacillus tetani, 
Nicolaier. Bacillus of Texas Cattle 
Fever, F. S. Billings. See Bacillus of 
Southern Cattle Plague. Bacillus of the 
Blood. Bacillus of the Lungs of Cattle, 
Liistig. Found in the lungs of healthy and 
diseased cattle, aer., liqf. Bacillus of the 
Meconium, Escherich. Found in the me- 
conium. Bacillus of the Pneumoenter- 
itis of the Pig. See Bacillus ex pneumo- 
enteritide suis, Klein. Bacillus of the 
Smegma. Found in the smegma of 
the male and female genitals. Bacillus of 
Tommasoli. Found on the hair in a 
case of sycosis. Bacillus of Tricomi. 
See Bacillus of senile' gangrene. Bacillus 
of Tuberculosis of Vines. Regarded by 
Corvo as the cause of the diseased condition 
of vines usually attributed to Phylloxera vas- 
tatrix, Planchon. Bacillus of Ulcerative 
Stomatitis of Cattle, Lingard and Batt. 
Found on the skin, the mucous membranes, 
and in the lungs of young cattle. Cf. Strep- 
tocytus of ecze?na epizootica, Schottelius. Ba- 
cillus of Ulcus Molle, Krofting. Iden- 
tical with that described by Ducrey as the 



' 



BACTERIA 



113 



BACTERIA 



Bacillus of Chancroid. Bacillus of Ut- 
padel, Utpadel and Gessner. Obtained from 
the stuffing of the bed quilts in a military hos- 
pital (Augsburg), and from the intestinal 
contents of man. aer. , nliqf, mot., pg. 
Bacillus of Vagus Pneumonia. See Ba- 
cillus pneumonic us agilis. Schou. Bacillus 
of Verruga Peruana, Izquierdo. Eound 
in the intercellular spaces and blood-vessels 
in the nodules characteristic of Peruvian wart. 
Bacillus of Vignal. See Bacillus buccalis 
minutus, Vignal. Bacillus of Whooping 
Cough. See Bacillus tussis convulsive, 
Afanassiew. Bacillus of Xerosis Epithe- 
lialis Conjunctivae, Leber, Kuschbert, 
Frankel, and Neisser. Syn., Bacillus xerosis, 
Frankel ; Bacillus of Colomiatti, Bacillus of 
xerosis, Schreiber. Found in the white, fatty 
scales of the conjunctivae in cases of xeroph- 
thalmia, nmot. Does not grow on gelatin or 
potato. Pathogenesis not fully determined. 
Bacillus of Yellow Fever. Found in the 
mucous membrane of the small intestine in 
two cases of yellow fever. Sternberg has 
found many forms in the intestinal contents 
and viscera of yellow fever cadavers, the most 
frequent and abundant being the Bacilhts 
neapolitanus , Emmerich ; Bacillus cadaverus, 
Sternberg ; and Bacillus X, Sternberg. The 
last is held by Sternberg as being possibly 
concerned in the etiology of yellow fever. 
Bacillus of Yellow Milk. See Bacillus 
synxanthus, Ehrenberg and SchrSter. Ba- 
cillus ovatus minutissimus, Unna. Found 
upon the skin in cases of eczema seborrhoe- 
icum. aer. , facanaer. , nliqf., npg. Bacil- 
lus oxytocus perniciosus, Wyssokowitsch. 
Found in milk left standing a long time. 
aer., nliqf., pg. Bacillus panificans, 
Laurent. Claimed as the active agent in 
the raising of bread. Found especially in 
black bread. Dunnenberger considers it a 
mere impurity and not concerned in the leav- 
ening processes. Bacillus parvus ovatus, 
Loftier. Bacillus of false hog cholera. Found 
in the carcass of a pig dead of a disease re- 
sembling rouget. It resembles Bacillus septi- 
cczmia hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus 
pasteurianus, Hansen. Syn., Bacterium 
pasteurianum, Micrococcus pasteurianus. 
Found in beer-wort and beer, especially that 
poor in alcohol. Resembles Bacillus aceti, 
Kiitzing and Sommer. Bacillus pestifer, 
Frankland. Found in the air. aer., liqf., 
mot., npg. Bacillus phosphorescens, 
Fischer. Syn., Bacillus phosphorescens 
indicus, Fischer ; Photobacterium indicum, 
Fischer. Found in sea water (Gulf of 
Mexico), aer. , liqf. , mot., phos. , npg. Ba- 
cillus phosphorescens gelidus, Forster. 
See Bacillus phosphoreus, Cohn. Bacillus 
phosphorescens indicus, Fischer. See 



Bacillus phosphorescens, Fischer. Bacillus 
phosphorescens indigenus, Fischer. 
Found in sea water (harbor of Kiel) and 
upon herring, aer. , liqf., mot., phos., npg. 
Bacillus phosphoreus, Cohn. Syn., Mi- 
crococcus phosphoreus , Cohn ; Bacterium 
phosphorescens, Hermes ; Bacillus phosphores- 
cens gelidus, Forster. Found on sea fish, 
raw and cooked (cooked salmon, Cohn). aer. , 
nliqf., phos., npg. Bacillus plicatus, 
Zimmerman. Found in hydrant water 
(Chemnitz), aer, liqf ., nmot. , chg. (grayish 
yellow) npg. Bacillus pneumoniae, 
Fliigge. See Bacillus pneumoniae friedland- 
eri. Bacillus pneumoniae friedlanderi. 
Syn., Bacillus pneumonice, Fliigge; Diplococ- 
cus pneumonia fibrinosce, Friedlander; Micro- 
coccus pneumonia: infectiosce, Friedlander. 
Occasionally obtained from the exudates in 
the pulmonary alveoli in cases of croupous 
pneumonia, aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., 
pg. Bacillus pneumonicus agilis, Schou. 
Syn. , Bacillus of Schou ; Bacillus of Vagus 
pneumonia. Obtained from rabbits suffering 
from pneumonia induced by section of the 
vagi, aer., liqf., mot., pg. Bacillus pneu- 
mosepticus, Babes. Obtained fr^n the 
blood and tissues of a person dead of septic 
pneumonia, aer. , facanaer., nliqf., nmot., 
Pg. Bacillus polymyxa, Prazmowski. 
Syn., Claustridium polymyxa, Prazmowski. 
Found in infusion of potatoes, lupin seeds, 
etc. aer., facanaer. , npg. Bacillus 
polypiformis, Liborius. Found in cow 
dung and in the exudates , of mice 
inoculated with garden earth. anaer., 
nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus preussii, Ciesi- 
elski. See Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and 
Cheyne. Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehren- 
berg. Syn., Bacteridium prodigiosum, 
Schroter ; Bacterium prodigiosum, Micrococ- 
cus prodigiosus, Cohn ; Micrococcus imetro- 
phus, Trevisan ; Monas prodigiosa, Ehren- 
berg ; Palmella prodigiosa, Mont; Zoogalac- 
tina imetropa, Sette. frequently found upon 
food-stuffs, boiled potatoes, hard-boiled eggs, 
moist bread, etc. aer., facanaer. , liqf., mot., 
chg. (red), npg. Acts as a protective to rab- 
bits against anthrax. Bacillus pseudce- 
dema, Liborius. Syn.,- Bacillus pseudosep- 
ticus, Mace ; Pseudo-ozdembacillus, Ger. 
Obtained from the exudates of mice, after in- 
oculation with garden earth, anaer., liqf., 
pg. Resembles Bacillus osdematis maligni, 
Koch. Bacillus pseudopneumonicus, 
Passet. Syn., Bacterium pseudopneumoni- 
cum. Found in pus. aer., nliqf., nmot., 
pg. Resembles Micrococcus pneumoniae croup- 
osa, Frankel. Bacillus pseudosepticus, 
Mace. See Bacillus pseudosdema, Liborius. 
Bacillus pseudosepticus of Mice, Bien- 
stock. Syn. , Bacillus of pseudosepticcmia of 



BACTERIA 



114 



BACTERIA 



mice. Found in feces, aer., nliqf, nmot., 
pg. Found after inoculation, mostly in the 
edematous fluid and not in the blood. Ba- 
cillus pseudotuberculosis, Pfeiffer. Ob- 
tained from the viscera of a horse killed on 
suspicion of having glanders, aer., nliqf., 
nmot., pg. Bacillus puerperalis, Engel 
and Spillmann. Leptothrix of puerperal 
fever ; Bacillus of puerperal fever. Found 
in two cases of puerperal sepsis, pg. (for 
mice and rabbits) . Considered by Pasteur to 
be identical with Bacillus anthracis. Bacil- 
lus pulpae pyogenes, Miller. Obtained 
from gangrenous tooth-pulp. aer. , facanaer. , 
liqf., pg. Bacillus punctatus, Zimmer- 
mann. Found in hj'drant water (Chemnitz). 
aer., liqf., npg. Bacillus putrificus coli, 
Bienstock. Found in human feces, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus pyo- 
cyaneus a, Gessard. Syn., Bacillus aerugi- 
nosis, Bacteriian aeruginosiwi, Schroter ; 
Micrococcus pyocyaneus, Gessard. Bacillus 
of blue or green pus. A widely distributed 
form, found in purulent and serous wounds, 
in perspiration, and in the viscera of human 
cadavers, aer., facanaer., liqf. , mot., chg., 
pg. Two pigments, one fluorescent green, 
the other blue, pyocyanin. Bacillus pyo- 
cyaneus ft, Ernst. Found in pus from ban- 
dages stained green, aer. , liqf, mot., chg. 
(yellowish green), npg. Bacillus pyo- 
genes fcetidus, Passet. Syn., bacille pyo- 
gene fetide, Fr. Obtained from an ischio- 
rectal abscess, aer., nliqf., mot., pg. Ba- 
cillus pyogenes soli, Bolton. Obtained 
from the exudates of a rat after inoculation 
with garden earth, aer. , facanaer., nliqf, 
nmot., npg. Bacillus radiatus, Liideritz. 
Obtained from the exudates of mice and 
guinea-pigs after inoculation with garden 
earth, anaer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus 
radiatus aquatilis, Zimmermann. Found 
in hydrant water (Chemnitz), aer. , liqf, 
mot., npg. Bacillus ramosus, Eisenberg. 
Syn., Wurzelbacillus . Common in soil and 
water, aer., liqf, npg. Bacillus ramo- 
sus liquefaciens. Obtained from the air. 
aer. , liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus reticularis, 
Jordan. Found in hydrant water (Lawrence, 
Mass.). aer. , liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus 
rheumarthritidis, Kussmaul. Syn., Ba- 
cillus rheumarthritis, Micrococcus rheumar- 
thritis, Leyden. Found in the joint effu- 
sions in articular rheumatism. Bacillus 
rhinoscleromatis, Cornil and Alvarez, 
Von Frisch, Paltauf, Von Eiselsberg, Dit- 
trich, Stepanow, etc. Found in the newly- 
formed tubercles of rhinoscleroma. aer. , 
facanaer., nliqf., usually nmot. (becomes 
motile on cultivation), pg. Etiologic rela- 
tions not established. Considered by many 
as identical with Bacillus pneumonia 



friedlandei-i. It is less virulent, gelatin cul- 
tures more transparent, and the capsules more 
persistent. Bacillus rosaceum metal- 
loides, Dowdeswell. Bacillus rubefaciens, 
Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water 
(Chemnitz), aer. , nliqf., mot., chg. (pale 
pink), npg. Bacillus rubellus, Okada. 
Found in the exudates of guinea-pigs after 
inoculation with street dust, anaer., liqf, 
mot., chg. (red), npg. Bacillus ruber, 
Frank, Cohn, and Becker. Syn., Bacillus 
miniaceus, Zimmermann. Bacillus (or Bac- 
terium) rosaceum metalloides, Dowdeswell. 
The red bacillus of water. Found in water 
and on boiled rice, aer., liqf, mot., chg. 
(magenta red) , npg. Bacillus ruber indicus. 
See Bacillus indicus, Koch . B acillu s rube s - 
cens, Jordan. Found in sewage (Lawrence, 
Mass.). aer. , nliqf, mot., chg. (pale pink), 
npg. Bacillus rubidus, Eisenberg. Found 
in water, aer. , liqf. , mot. , chg. (brownish 
red), npg. (Lustig describes a red bacillus 
from river water which he claims to be dif- 
ferent from this). Bacillus salivarius sep- 
ticus, Biondi. See Bacillus septicus sputi- 
genus, Flugge. Bacillus sanguinis typhi, 
Brannan and Cheesman. Obtained from the 
blood of typhus-fever patients, aer. , facanaer., 
nmot. Bacillus saprogenes, I, II, III, 
Rosenbach. Found in putrefying matter on 
fetid feet, the white plugs of the pharyngeal 
follicles, etc. aer., facanaer., pg. Bacillus 
scaber, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix scaber. 
Found in cheese, aer. , nliqf, mot. , (in early 
stages becoming non-motile), npg. Bacillus 
schafferi, Freudenreich. Obtained from 
cheese and fermenting potato infusion, aer. , 
facanaer., nliqf, mot., npg. Closely resem- 
bles Bacillus neapolitanus , Emmerich. Bac- 
illus scissus, Frankland. Found in the 
soil, aer., nliqf, nmot., npg. Bacillus sep- 
ticaemia? haemorrhagicse, Sternberg. Bac- 
illus cholerce gallinarum, Flugge. Bacillus 
cuniculicida, Flugge. Bacillus cuniculici- 
dus, Koch. Bacteriian septicemia, Koch. 
Bacterium morbilli, Lanzi. Coccobacteria 
septica, Billroth. Micrococcus septicus, Cohn. 
Micrococcus cholerce gallinarum, Micrococcus 
gallicidus, Microsporon septicus, Klebs. Bac- 
illus septicus, Koch. See Bacillus ery- 
sipelatos suis, Koch. Bacillus septicus, 
Pasteur. See Bacillus ocdematis malign?', 
Koch. Cf. Proteus septicus. Bacillus sep- 
ticus acuminatus, Babes. Obtained from 
the umbilical stump, blood and viscera of a 
five days old child, dead of septic infection. 
aer. , no growth on gelatin,/^, (for rabbits 
and guinea-pigs, not for mice). Bacillus 
septicus agrigenus, Nicolaier. Obtained 
from manured garden soil. aer. , nliqf (?) 
Resembles Bacillus septicemie hemorrha- 
gica?, Sternberg. Bacillus septicus from 



BACTERIA 



115 



BACTERIA 



Sputum. See Bacillus septic us spud, I, II, 
Kreibohm. Bacillus septicus keratomal- 
aciae, Babes. Obtained from the corneal 
tissues and viscera of a child that died of 
septicemia following keratomalacia. aer., 
facanaer. , nliqf. , pg. (for rabbits and mice, 
slightly for birds, not for guinea-pigs). Bac- 
illus septicus sputi, I, II, Kreibohm. Ob- 
tained from human buccal secretions. Does 
not grow in any known culture-medium. 
Resembles Bacillus septicemia hemorrha- 
gica, Sternberg. Bacillus septicus sputi- 
genus, Fliigge. Syn., Bacterium septic um 
sputigenum, Frankel. Micrococcus pneu- 
monia crouposce, Frankel. Alicrococcus 
pasteuri, Sternberg. Diplococcus pneumonia, 
Weichselbaum. Streptococcus lanceolatus 
pasteuri, Gamaleia. Micrococcus of sputum 
septicemia, Frankel. Lancet-shaped micro- 
coccus, Talamon. Pneumococcus of Frank- 
el. Found both in healthy and in pneu- 
monic sputum, in the fibrinous exudate of 
croupous pneumonia, and in the pus of 
meningitis, in middle-ear disease, in certain 
forms of pleurisy, joint-disease, and endo- 
carditis, aer., facanaer., nmot., nliqf., pg. 
Held to be the cause of croupous pneumonia 
in man, and by some to be identical with 
Bacillus lyssae, Pasteur. Bacillus septicus 
ulceris gangraenosi, Babes. Found in the 
blood and viscera of a boy dead of septicemia 
following gangrene of the skin. aer. , liqf , 
mot.,pg. Bacillus septicus vesicae, Clado. 
Found in the urine of a patient with cystitis. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf , mot. , pg. Bacillus 
sessilis, L. Klein. Found in the blood of 
a cow supposed to have died of anthrax, aer., 
mot. (convulsive jerking), npg. Bacillus 
similis, Bienstock. See Bacillus subtilis 
simulans, I, II, Bienstock. Bacillus smar- 
agdinus fcetidus, Reimann. Found in the 
nasal secretions in a case of ozena, aer. , 
facanaer. , liqf , pg. Bacillus smaragdino- 
phosphorescens, Katz. Obtained from a 
herring in fish market (Sidney, N. S. W.). 
aer., nliqf., nmot.,phos. (emerald green) npg. 
Resembles Photobacterium phosphorescens, 
Cohn, and Photobacteriiwi pflilgeri, Ludwig. 
Bacillus solidus, Liideritz. Found in the 
exudates of mice inoculated with garden 
earth, aer. , nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus 
spiniferus, Unna. Found upon the skin 
in cases of eczema seborrhceicum. aer. x 
nliqf. ,chg. (grayish yellow), npg. Bacillus 
sputigenus crassus. See Bacillus crassus 
sputigenus, Kreibohm. Bacillus stolonatus, 
Adametz. Found in water, aer. , nliqf., mot. , 
npg. Bacillus stoloniferus, Pohl. Found 
in swamp water, aer., liqf., mot. Pathogene- 
sis not determined. Bacillus striatus 
albus, Von Besser. Found in the nasal 
secretions of healthy persons, aer. , nliqf. , 



npg. Bacillus striatus flavus, Von Besser. 
Occasionally found in nasal mucus, aer., 
nliqf , chg. (sulphur yellow), npg. Bacillus 
subflavus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant 
water (Chemnitz), aer. , nliqf. , mot. , chg. 
(pale yellow), npg. Bacillus subtilis, 
Ehrenberg, Cohn, Brefeld, Prazmowski, and 
Fitz. Syn. Bacillus glycerina, Fitz ; Bacillus 
fitzianus, Zopf; Bacterium subtile, Zopf; 
Metallacter subtile, Pertz ; Vibrio subtilis, 
Ehrenberg. DeBary confines B. subtilis to 
the form described by Brefeld and Prazmow- 
ski. The relation of the starch fermentation 
species of Fitz remains doubtful. A com- 
mon form found in the air, water, soil, 
and on plants, aer., liqf, oscl., npg. Bac- 
illus subtiliformis, Bienstock. Syn., Ba- 
cillus subtilis simulans, I, II, Bienstock. 
Bacillus similis, Bienstock. Found in hu- 
man feces, aej ., nliqf, nmot., npg. Bac- 
illus suis, Detmers. See Bacillus tardi- 
gradus. Bacillus sulfhydrogenus, Mi- 
quel. Found in water, aer., mot. Decom- 
poses albumin with evolution of H 2 S. Bac- 
illus sulfureum, Holschewnikoff and Rosen- 
heim. Two forms found in urine and in 
mud. Bacillus superficialis, Jordan. 
Common in sewage, aer. , liqf , mot. ,. npg. 
Bacillus, synxanthus, Ehrenberg and 
Schroter. Syn., Bacillus xanthogenus, Fuchs 
and Ehrenberg. Bacterium xanthinum, 
Schroter. Vibrio synxanthus, Ehrenberg. 
Vibrio xanthogenus , Fuchs. Bacillus of 
yellow milk. Found in milk that has been 
boiled, aer., mot., chg. (golden yellow), npg. 
Precipitates the casein; renders the milk 
alkaline. Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. 
Syn. , Bacillus syphilis, Lustgarten. Bacillus 
of Lustgarten. Found in syphilitic new 
growths and secretions ; does not develop 
in ordinary culture media. In staining, 
reaction seems to be identical with that 
of the Bacillus of the Smegma. Doehle 
describes parasitic infusoria as the causa- 
tive agents of syphilis. Bacillus tardi- 
gradus. Syn., Bacillus suis y Detmers. 
Micrococcus suis, Burrill. Found in dew, 
water, and in the fluids of pigs affected with 
swine plague, aer. , mot., npg. Cf. Bacillus 
of swine plague, Marseilles, Rietsch and 
Jobert. Bacillus tenuis, Duclaux. Syn., 
Tyrothrix tenuis, Duclaux. Found in de- 
composing albuminoid matter, cheese, etc. 
aer., facanaer., (?) mot., npg. Used in 
ripening certain French cheeses. Bacillus 
tenuis sputigenus, Pansini. Obtained from 
sputum, aer., nliqf, nmot. , pg. Bacillus 
termo, Dujardin and Ehrenberg. See Bac- 
terium temio, Cohn. Bacillus tetani, Nico- 
laier. Syn., Bacillus tetani tratcmatici, 
Rosenbach. Bacillus of tetanus. Found in 
garden earth and in the wounds of persons 



BACTERIA 



116 



BACTERIA 



suffering from tetanus. Spores form at one 
end and give bacillus a drum-stick appear- 
ance, anaer., liqf, mot., pg. Bacillus 
tetani traumatici. See the preceding. 
Bacillus thalassophilus, Russel. Obtained 
from mud (Bay of Naples), anaer., liqf-, 
mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus 
thermophilus, Miquel. Found in the in- 
testinal tract of man and animals, in sewage, 
and in the soil, aer., nmot. ,npg. Bacillus 
tremelloides, Schottelius. Found in hy- 
drant water (Freiburg), aer., liqf-, chg. 
(golden yellow), npg. Bacillus tremulus, 
Koch. Syn. , JMetallacter tremulus, Trevisan. 
Found as a surface pellicle on decomposing 
plant infusions. Resembles Bacillus subtilis, 
Ehrenberg. Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. 
Syn., Bacterium tuberculosis, Zopf; Bacte- 
rium tuberculosum, Bacillus tuberculi, Bac- 
illus tuberculosus. Found in the sputum, in 
tuberculous organs, and elsewhere in persons 
and animals affected with tuberculosis. Para- 
sitic, aer., facanaer., nmot., pg. Bacillus 
tuberculosis gallinarum, Maffucci. Ob- 
tained from cases of spontaneous tuberculosis 
in fowls. This seems to be a distinct species, 
characterized by its staining reactions, etc., 
its growth in pure cultures, and its patho- 
genic qualities, Koch. Bacillus tumes- 
cens, Zopf. Syn., Bacterium tumescens, 
Zopf. Found upon beets, aer., liqf., mot., 
npg. Bacillus turgidus, Duclaux. Syn., 
Tyrothrix turgidus, Duclaux. Found in 
cheese, aer. Produces alkaline reaction (car- 
bonate and butyrate of ammonium) in milk. 
Bacillus tussis convulsivae, Afanassiew. 
Syn., Bacillus of Afanassiew. Found in 
the sputum of persons affected with pertussis. 
aer., nliqf, mot., pg. Bacillus typhi 
abdominalis, Eberth, Gaffky, Klebs, Ep- 
pinger, Brautlecht. Syn. , Bacillus typhosus, 
Bacterium typhosum. Found in water and 
in milk, and in the feces and organs in typhoid 
fever, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf , mot. Bacillus 
typhi murium, Loffler. Obtained from 
mice affected with an epidemic disease, aer. , 
facanaer., nliqf, mot. Bacillus typhosus. 
See Bacillus typhi abdominalis, Eberth, etc. 
Bacillus ubiquitus, Jordan. Found in air, 
water, sewage (Lawrence, Mass.). aer., 
facanaer., nliqf, nmot., npg. Resembles 
Bacillus candicans, Frankland. Bacillus 
ulna, Cohn, and Prazmowski. Syn., Vibrio 
b, Ehrenberg. Bacterium ulna, Miller. 
Vibrio bacillus, Midler, Ehrenberg. Found 
in egg albumin, aer. , mot. , npg. Bacillus 
ulna of Vignal. Found in saliva of healthy 
persons ; perhaps identical with the preced- 
ing form, aer., liqf, npg. Bacillus urese, 
Miquel. Found in the air. aer., facanaer., 
nliqf. , npg. Perhaps identical with the pre- 
ceding form. Bacillus ureae, Leube. 



Three varieties found in old urine, aer., 
nliqf, npg., Converts urea into ammonium 
carbonate. Bacillus urocephalus, Duclaux. 
Syn., Tyrothrix urocephalus, Duclaux. One 
of the commonest forms associated with putre- 
faction of animal matter, aer. , facanaer., 
npg. Bacillus vasculosis, Sternberg. Ob- 
tained from the intestine and stomach of 
yellow-fever cadavers, aer., liqf., mot., npg. 
Bacillus vaginalis, Doderlein. Constantly 
found in the normal vaginal secretions of 
adults, aer., facanaer., nmot., (no growth 
in gelatin), npg. Bacillus varicosus con- 
junctivae, Gombert. Found in the healthy 
conjunctival sac of man. aer., facanaer., 
nliqf, 7?iot., pg. Bacillus venenosus, 
Vaughan. Found in water, aer., facanaer., 
nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus venenosus bre- 
vis, Vaughan. Found in water, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf, mot.,pg. Bacillus vene- 
nosus invisibilis, Vaughan. Found in 
water, aer. , facanaer. , nliq f. , mot. , pg. 
Bacillus venenosus liquefaciens, 

Vaughan. Found in water, aer., facanaer., 
liqf, mot., pg. Bacillus ventriculi, Rac- 
zynssky. Obtained from the stomach of 
meat-fed dogs, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., 
npg. Bacillus vermicularis, Frankland. 
Found in river water, aer. , liqf, oscl., npg. 
Bacillus vermiculosus, Zimmermann. 
Found in water, aer., liqf., oscl., npg. Bac- 
illus violaceus, Becker. Found in river 
water, aer. , facanaer. , liqf , mot. , chg. (dark 
violet). Bacillus violaceus laurentius, 
Jordan. Found in hydrant water (Lawrence, 
Mass.). aer. , facanaer., liqf., mot., npg. 
Bacillus virens, Van Tieghem. Syn., Spor- 
onema gracile . Found in stagnant water, aer., 
mot., chg. (green, held by some to be chloro- 
phyll, but not sufficiently studied), npg. 
Bacillus virescens, Frick. Found in green 
sputum. aer. , nliqf., mot., chg. (green), 
npg. Bacillus virgula, Duclaux. Syn., 
Tyrothrix virgula, Duclaux. Found in 
albuminous solutions. aer. , nmot., npg. 
Bacillus virgula. See Spirillum cholera 
asiatica, Koch. Bacillus viridis, Van f 
Tieghem. Syn., Bacteriwji viride, Van 
Tieghem, Arthrobacterhon viride, De Bary. 
Found in water collected in the hollow of a 
polyporous fungus. aer. , chg. (green). 
Not thoroughly investigated. Bacillus 
viridis flavus, Frick. Syn., Bacillus 
vii'idis pallescens, Frick. aer. , nliqf., mot., 
chg. (yellowish-green), npg. Resembles 
Bacillus virescens, Frick. Bacillus viridis 
pallescens, Frick. See Bacillus viridis \ 
flavus, Frick. Bacillus viscosus, Frank- 
land. Found in river water, aer., liqf., 
mot., chg. (fluorescent green). Per- 
haps identical with Bacillus fuorescens, 
Fliigge. Bacillus viscosus, I, II, Van 



BACTERIA 



117 



BACTERIA 



Laer. Found in ropy milk, aer., nliqf, 
npg. Bacillus viscosus cerevisiae, Van 
Laer. Found in viscous beer and in milk. 
aer., liqf., npg. Bacillus viscosus sac- 
chari, Kramer. Found in viscous saccharine 
fluids, aer.y liqf-, ngp- Bacillus vul- 
garis, Hauser ; Syn., Proteus vulgaris. 
Proteus sul/ureus, Holschenikoff. Proteus 
of Hauser. Commonly associated with putre- 
faction, aer. , facanaer., liqf., mot., pg. 
This species is probably one of those form- 
erly included under Bacterium termo. 
Bacillus X, Sternberg. Found in yellow- 
fever cadavers. Sternberg thinks it possible 
that this form is concerned in the etiology of 
the fever, pg. (for rabbits). Bacillus xan- 
thogenus, Fuchs and Ehrenberg. See 
Bacillus synxanthus, Ehrenberg. Bacillus 
xerosis, Frankel. Syn. Xerose bacillus. 
See Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis conjunc- 
tivae, Leber. Bacillus zenkeri, Hauser. 
Syn. , Proteus zenkeri. Bacille de Hauser, 
Fr. Found in putrefying animal matter. 
aer., facanaer., nliqf , mot., pg. Bacillus 
zopfii. Syn., Bacterium zopfii, Kurth. 
Arthrobacterium zopfii, De Bary. Found in 
the intestinal tract of fowls, aer., nliqf., 
mot., npg. Bacillus zurnianum, List. 
Found in water, aer. , nliqf. , nmot. , npg. 
Bacteridium prodigiosum, Schroter. See 
Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bac- 
terium aceti, Lanzi. See Bacillus aceti, 
Kiitzing. Bacterium aerogenes, Miller. 
See Bacillus aerogenes, II, Miller. Bac- 
terium aeruginosum, Schroter. See Bacil- 
lus pyocyaneus a, Gessard. Bacterium allii. 
See Bacillus allii, Griffiths. Bacterium 
anthracis, Zopf. See Bacillus anthracis, 
Pollender and Davaine. Bacterium arti- 
culatum, Ehrenberg. See Bacterium lineola, 
Cohn. Bacterium aurantiacum, Tre- 
lease ; a chromogenic form. Bacterium 
bacillus, Pasteur. See Bacteriu?n termo, 
Davaine. Bacterium brunneum, Schroter. 
Found in a putrid infusion of Indian corn, 
chg. (brown). Perhaps identical with Bacil- 
lus fuscus, Zimmerman. Bacterium butyri 
colloideum, Lafar. Found in every sample 
of natural butter examined. Cf. Bacillus 
butyri fluorescens , Lafar. Bacterium can- 
didum, Trelease. A chromogenous form, 
identical with Bacillus mesentericus fuscus, 
Fliigge. Bacterium capitatum, Davaine. 
Found in an infusion of albuminous matter. 
aer., mot. Bacterium carbuncolare, Pol- 
lender, Brauell, Delafond, and Davaine. See 
Bacillus ajithracis, Pollender and Davaine. 
Bacterium carlsbergense, Hansen. Found 
in the air. Cf. Bacterhan kochii, Hansen. 
Bacterium catenula, Dujardin. Has been 
observed especially in putrid wine or putrefy- 
ing blood, generally in albuminous liquids 



in contact with air. Coze and Feltz found 
it in typhoid fever in man. It resembles 
Bacillus acidi lactici, Davaine, Hueppe. 
Bacterium caucasicum. See Bacillus 
caucasicics, Kern. Bacterium chlorinum, 
Engelmann. Found in water, aer. , chg. 
(green). Engelmann holds this to be chlo- 
rophyll, as a small amount of oxygen is given 
off, indicating the assimilation of carbon. 
Bacterium coli commune, Escherich. See 
Bacillus neapolitanus. Bacterium com- 
mune, Pasteur. See Bacterium termo, 
Dujardin. Bacterium cuneatum, Rivolta. 
See Bacillus cuneatus. Bacterium cyano- 
genum, Fuchs. See Bacillus cyanogenus, 
Hueppe. Bacterium denitrificans. See 
Bacillus denitrificans. Bacterium dysodes, 
Zopf. See Bacillus dysodes. Bacterium en- 
chelys, Ehrenberg. Found in river water. 
Bacterium farinaceum, Wigand. Found 
in sour sponge or dough. Bacterium fitzia- 
num, Zopf. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg. 
Bacterium fcetidum, Thin. See Bacillus 
foztidus, Passet. Bacterium fusiforme, 
Warming. Found in sea water. Bac- 
terium gingivae pyogenes, Miller. See 
Bacillus gingiva: pyogenes. Bacterium 
gliscrogenum, Malerba. Syn. Bacillus 
glisc7'ogenus. Found in viscid acid urine. 
aer. , ?iliqfi, mot., npg. Bacterium gris- 
eum, Warning. Syn. Micrococcus griseus, 
Winter, a doubtful form. Bacterium 
gummis, Commes. The cause of the guni- 
mous disease of the fig, almond, and orange 
trees, and the mal nero of vines. Cf. Bac- 
terium putredinis, Davaine. Bacterium 
gummosum, Ritsert. Found to produce 
the viscosity of infusions of digitalis, aer. , 
liqf, pleom. Bacterium hessii, Guillebeau. 
One of the two forms found by Gillebeau to 
cause milk to become ropy. Thrives best in 
pasteurized milk, aer., liqf., mot., npg. Cf. 
Micrococcus freudenreichii. Bacterium 
hyacinthi, Wakker. Found in the bulbs 
and leaves of the hyacinth and causing the 
"yellows" of hyacinths. Cf. Bacillus 
hyacinthi septicus, Heinz. Bacterium 
janthinum, Zopf. See Bacillus janthinus, 
Zopf. Bacterium kochii, Hansen. Found 
in the air of Carlsberg. Cf. Bacterium 
carlsbejgense , Hansen. Bacterium lactis, 
Lister. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. 
Bacterium lactis aerogenes, Escherich. 
See Bacillus lactis aerogenes, Abelous. 
Bacterium lineola, Miiller, Cohn. Syn. 
Bacteriu7n punctum, Rivolta. Bacterium 
tremulans, Trevisan. Bacterium triloculare , 
Ehrenberg. Bacterium articulatum, Ehren- 
berg. Vibrio lineola (Miiller), Ehrenberg. 
Vibrio tremulans, Ehrenberg. Bacillus 
lineola. Found in well and other water, in 
infusions, in soil on vegetables, etc. aer., mot. 



BACTERIA 



118 



BACTERIA 



(trembling and darting back and forth), 
pleom., npg. Probably represents several 
species, or a developmental form of a spiril- 
lum. Bacterium litoreum, Warming. 
Found only in sea water, aer. , mot., npg. 
Bacterium lucens, Van Tieghem. See 
Bacillus lucens, Van T. Bacterium 
luteum, Trelease. See Bacillus luleus, 
Fliigge, Bacterium maidis, Cuboni. See 
Bacillus maidis, Cuboni. Bacterium 
merismopcedioides, Zopf. See Bacillus 
merismopcedioides , Zopf. Bacterium mor- 
billi, Lanzi. Found in the urine of persons 
with measles. Cf. Bacillus septicemics 
hcemorrhagiae, Sternberg. Bacterium 
navicula, Reinke and Berthold. See 
Bacillus butyj-icus, Prazmowski. Bacterium 
neapolitanum. See Bacillus neafclitanus, 
Emmerich. Bacterium oblongum, Bou- 
troux. Syn., Micrococcus cblo?igus, Boutroux. 
Found in beer ; the agent of gluconic fermen- 
tation. Bacterium of Butyric Acid Fer- 
mentation. See Bacillus butyricus, Praz- 
mowski. Bacterium of Diphtheria, Em- 
merich. Found in cases of diphtheria in 
man and doves. Bacterium of Fire 
Blight. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmow- 
ski. Bacterium of Infectious Pneu- 
monia in the Horse. See Streptococcus 
corytce coyitagiosce equorum, Schiitz. Bac- 
terium of Kefir. See Bacillus caucasicus, 
Kern. Bacterium of Pear Blight. Cf. 
Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski, and Micro- 
coccus amylovorus, Burrill. Bacterium of 
Sheep Pox. Found in cases of sheep pox, 
or ' ' Schaf blattem. ' ' Bacterium of Variola, 
Cose and Feltz. Found in the vesicles of 
smallpox; pathogenic for rabbiis. Bac- 
terium oleae, Arcangeli. Said to cause the 
so-called tuberculosis ("Maladie de la 
loupe;" " Rogner " ' ) of olives. Bacterium 
ovatum, Lebert. See lYosema bombycis, 
Nageli. Bacterium pasteurianum. or 
Bacterium pastorianum. See Bacillus 
pasteurianus, Hansen. Bacterium perip- 
lanetae, Tichomirow. Found in the com- 
mon cockroach [Periplaneta orie?italis), and 
producing in it a specific disease. Bac- 
terium pfliigeri, Liidwig. See Photobac- 
terium pflugeri, Ludwig. Bacterium 
phosphorescens, Hermes. Bacterium 
phosphorescens, Cohn. See Phofobacte- 
7'ium phosphorescens. See Bacillus phos- 
phoreus, Cohn. Bacterium photome- 
tricum, Engelmann. Found in water; 
motion dependent on light : possibly not a 
bacterium at all. Bacterium pneumoniae, 
Bacterium pneumoniae crouposae. Fried- 
lander. See Bacillus pneumonia fried- 
land eri. Bacterium porri, Tommasi- 
Crudeli. Found in warts. Bacterium 
prodigiosum. See Bacillus prodigiosus, 



Ehrenberg. Bacterium pseudopneu- 
monicum. See Bacillus pseud: : 
icus, Fliigge. Bacterium punctum, 
Rivolta. See Bacterium line: Mailer), 
Cohn. Bacterium putredinis. I . :.-■;.; v. e 
Found in rapidly-decaying plants. Cf. E :- 
terium gummis, Comes. Bacterium pyri- 
forme, Hansen. Found in the air. Bac- 
terium radicicola, Prazmowski. Syn., 
Bacillus radicicola, Beyernick ; Rhizobium 
leguminosa?-um, Frank. Found in the soil, 
particularly in the roots of the Leguminosa, 
where it is held to stimulate the cells to 
unusual growth, affect nitrification, consti- 
tute the " bacteroids " of Woronin, and form 
the so-called " bacteroid tissue.' 1 Bacte- 
rium rosaceum metalloides, Dowdeswell. 
See Bacillus ruber, Frank, Cohn. Bacte- 
rium rubescens, Lankester. See Beggiaioa 
roseopersicina, Zopf. Bacterium septi- 
caemias, Koch. See Bacillus tepticcemitB 
'■■'. ■"■ torrhag, v.r. Sternberg. Bacterium sep- 
ticum sputigenum. See Bacillus septicus 
tputigenus, Fliigge. Bacterium subtile, 
Buchner. See BacilL Z.irenberg. 

Bacterium sulfuratum : Bacterium sul- 
phuratum. Wanning. See Beggiaioa roseo- 
persicina, Zopf. Bacterium sulfureum, 
Rosenheim. Found in wine. nliqf. 
Evolves H ; S. Bacterium syncyaneum, 
Ehrenberg, Schr5ter. See Bacillus cyanog- 
enus, Hueppe. Bacterium synxanthurr. . 
SchrSter. See Bacillus synxanthus. Bac- 
terium termo, Dujardin and Ehrenberg. 
Syn., Bacillus termo, Davaine. Bacterium 
bacillus, Pasteur. Cryptococcus nutans, Kiiiz- 
ing. Cryptococcus ...Wwj, Kiitzing. Micro- 
coccus crepuscuhun, Cohn. Z :-'.:::. termo, 
Monas termc Mailer). A collective species. 
Bacterium termo, Vignal. Found in the 
saliva of health}- persons, aer., liqf., ? t. . 
yellowish gray . npg. Bacterium 
tholoideum. Gessner. Syn., Bacillus of 
Gessner. Found in the intestinal contents 
of healthy persons. Resembles Bacillus lactis 
aerogenes, Escherich. pg. far mice and 
guinea-pigs). Bacterium tremulans, Tre- 
visan. See Bacterium liticola, Cohn. Bac- 
terium triloculare, Ehrenberg. See Bac- 
terium lineola, Cohn. Bacterium tuber- 
culosis, Zopf. Bacterium tuberculosum, 
Koch. See Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. 
Bacterium tumescens, Zopf. See Bacillus 
tu?ne:::?::. Zopf. Bacterium ty^phosum. 
See Bacillus : typhi :>?alis, Eberth and 

Gaffky. Bacterium ulna. See Bacillus 
ulna, Cohn. Bacterium ulna, Cohn. See 
Micrococcus urece. Bacterium ureas, Taksch. 
Found in ammoniacal urine, aer., facan 
nliqf. Not sufficiently investigated. Bac- 
terium vermiforme. Ward. Found in fer- 
mented singer-beer. Bacterium viola- 



BACTERIA 



119 



BACTERIA 



ceum, Bergonzini. Syn., Chromobacterium 
violaceum, Bergonzini. Found in putrefying 
solutions of egg-albumen. chg. (violet). 
Bacterium viride. See Bacillus viridis, 
Van Tieghem. Bacterium xanthinum. See 
Bacillus synxanthus, Ehrenberg and Schroter. 
Bacterium xylinum, A. J. Brown. Found 
in solutions of carbohydrates, giving rise to 
acetic acid, and converting dextrose into glu- 
conic acid, and mannitol into levulose. Bac- 
terium zopfii, Kurth. See Bacillus zopfii. 
Bacteroides, Woronin. Microorganisms 
forming tubercles in the roots of leguminous 
plants, and assisting in the fixing of nitrogen. 
Beggiatoa alba, Vaucher. Syn. , Beggiatoa 
punctata, Trevisan. Beggiatoa leptomiti- 
formis, Meneghi. Oscillaria alba, Vaucher. 
Hygrocrocis vandelli, Meneghi. Next to 
Cladothrix the most common bacterium of 
water, forming a superficial layer in the mud. 
Beggiatoa alba, var. marina, Cohn. Syn., 
Beggiatoa cerstedtii, Rabenhorst. See Beggi- 
atoa marina, Cohn. Beggiatoa arach- 
noidal, Agardh. Syn., Oscillaria arach- 
noidea, Agardh. Oscillaria versatilis, Kutz. 
Found in swamps and sulphur springs. Beg- 
giatoa leptomitiformis, Meneghi and Tre- 
visan. Syn., Oscillaria leptomitiformis, Men- 
eghi. Found in sulphur springs. Beggiatoa 
marina, Cohn. Syn., Beggiatoa alba, var. 
marina, Cohn. Beggiatoa cerstedtii, Raben- 
horst. Found in a salt water aquarium, form- 
ing a whitish slimy layer on dead fish. Beg- 
giatoa minima, Warming. Found in sea 
water ; gray. Beggiatoa mirabilis, Cohn. 
Found in a salt water aquarium ; snow white. 
Beggiatoa multisepta. See Pragmidio- 
thrix multisepta, Engler. Held by Zopf to 
be identical with Beggiatoa alba, Vaucher. 
Beggiatoa nivea, Rabenhorst. Syn., Lep- 
tonema niveian, Symphiothrix nivea, Brug- 
ger. Found in sulphur springs. Beggiatoa 
nodosa, Van Tieghem. A doubtful form 
characterized by nodes in the filaments, which 
differ from other members of the genus in the 
absence of sulphur grains and of motion. 
Beggiatoa cerstedtii, Rabenhorst. See 
Beggiatoa alba, var. ?narina, Cohn. Beggi- 
atoa pellucida, Cohn. Found in a marine 
aquarium ; sulphur grains few. Beggiatoa 
punctata, Trevisan. See Beggiatoa alba, 
Cohn. Beggiatoa roseopersicina, Zopf. 
Syn. , Bacterium rubescens, Lankester. Bac- 
terium sulfuratum or Bacterium sulphur- 
atum, Warming. Clathrocystis roseopersi- 
cina, Cohn. Cohnia roseopersicina, Winter, 
Kiitzing. Microhaloa rosea, Kutz. Ophidi- 
omonas sanguinea, Ehrenberg. Pleurococcus 
roseopersicina, Rabenhorst. Peach-colored 
bacterium. Morphologically identical with 
Beggiatoa alba , Vaucher. Forms rose-colored 
to violet pellicles on putrid matter. Produces 



bacteriopurpurin. Beggiatoa tigrina, Ra- 
benhorst. Syn., Oscillaria tigrina, Rcemer. 
Found in swamps on submerged wood. Forms 
a thin white layer. Bienstock's Putrefac- 
tive Bacillus. Bienstock's Putrefactive 
Bacillus from the Feces. See Bacillus 
putreficus coli, Bienstock. Brieger's Ba- 
cillus. See Bacillus cavicidus, Brieger. 
Buff Bacillus of Spreading Edema, A. B. 
Harris. nliqf, aer., chg. (buff), pleom. 
Capsule Bacillus of Loeb. Obtained from 
a case of keratomalacia infantum. aer. , 
facanaer., nliqf, nmot., pg. Resembles 
Bacillus capsulatus, PfeifTer. Capsule 
Bacillus of Ozena, Marano. Found in the 
nasal secretions in ten cases of ozena. Re- 
sembles Bacillus pneumoniae friedldnderi. 
Cf. Micrococcus Icewenbergii . Capsule 
Bacillus of Smith. See Bacillus capsu- 
latus smithii. Cheese Spirillum. See 
Spirillum tyrogemim, Denecke. Chromo- 
bacterium violaceum, Bergonzini. See 
Bacterium violaceum, Bergonzini. Clado- 
thrix bovis. See Actinomyces bovis, Harz. 
Cladothrix canis. Held by Rabe to be very 
like Actinomyces bovis. Cladothrix dicho- 
toma, Cohn and Zopf. See Leptothrix och- 
racea, Kiitzing. Myconostoc gregarium, Cohn. 
Cladothrix fcersteri, Cohn. Syn., Creno- 
thrix fcersteri, Streptothrix foersteri, Cohn. 
Forms yellowish or grayish concretions 
in the human lacrymal ducts. Cladothrix 
intricata, Russel. Obtained from sea mud 
(bay of Naples), aer., Hqf, mot. Clath- 
rocystis roseopersicina, Cohn. See Beg- 
giatoa roseopersicina, Zopf. Clostridium 
butyricum, Prazmowski. See Bacillus 
butyricus, Prazmowski. Clostridium fceti- 
dum, Liborius. See Bacillus fcetidus, Pas- 
set. Clostridium of Symptomatic An- 
thrax (or Charbon), Neelsen and Ehlers. 
See Bacillus chauvcei, Bollinger and Feser. 
Clostridium polymyxa, Prazmowski. See 
Bacillus polymyxa, Prazmowski. Cocco- 
bacillus pyogenes ureae, Rorsing. See 
Diplococcus pyogenes urece. Coccobacteria 
septica, Billroth. The single term under 
which Billroth includes all putrefactive bac- 
teria. See Bacillus septiccemi<z h&mon'hagi- 
cce. Coccobacteria urese, Rorsing. See 
Diplococcus pyogenes zirece. Coccobacterium 
lyssae, Rivolta. See Bacillus lyssce. Coh- 
nia roseopersicina, Winter and Kiitzing. 
See Beggiatoa roseopersicina, Zopf. Colon 
Bacillus of Escherich. See Bacillus nea- 
politanus. Comma Bacillus, Comma Ba- 
cillus of Koch, Comma-shaped Bacillus, 
Waten. See Spirillum cholerce asiaticce, 
Koch. Corpuscles brillants. See Bacil- 
lus fcetidus, Passet. Coryza diplococci. 
See Micrococcus cereus aureus, Schroter and 
Winckler. Crenothrix fcersteri, Cohn. See 



BACTERIA 



120 



BACTERIA 



Cladothrix fcersteri. Crenothrix kiihniana, 
Saccardo and Rabenhorst. Syn., Crenothrix 
polyspora, Cohn. Hypceothrix kiihniana, 
Leptothrix kiihniana. Found in drinking 
water, to which it imparts a disagreeable 
taste. Crenothrix polyspora, Cohn. See 
Crenothrix kiihniana, Saccardo and Raben- 
horst. Cryptococcus alveareus. See 
Bacillus alvei. Cheshire and Cheyne. 
Cryptococcus clava, Wedl. Found in the 
stomachs of ruminants. Cryptococcus 
cerevisiae, Robin. Cryptococcus fer- 
mentatum, Kiitzing. See Saccharoniyces 
cerevisia, Reess and Robin. Cryptococcus 
glutinis, Fersen. See Saccharoniyces glu- 
tinis. Cryptococcus guttulatus, Robin. 
See Saccharoniyces guttulatus . Cryptococcus 
natans, Cryptococcus nebulosus, Kiitz- 
ing. See Bacterium ternio, Dujardin and 
Davaine. Cryptococcus of Yellow Fever. 
See C xanthogenicus, Freire. Cryptococ- 
cus xanthogenicus, Domingo Freire. Con- 
sidered by D. Freire to be the cause of yel- 
low fever. Cf. Bacillus of Yellow Fever. 
Denecke's Cheese Bacillus. See Spiril- 
lum tyrogenum. Dengue Micrococci. See 
Scheutzia laughlini. Detionella ochracea, 
Saccardo. See Leptothrix ochracea, Kiitz- 
ing. Diplococcus albicans amplus, 
Bumm. Grayish white micrococcus. Found 
in mucus from the healthy vagina. aer. , 
facanaer., liqf., npg. Diplococcus albi- 
cans tardus, Unna and Tommasoli. Found 
in eczema, aer., nliqf., nmot. Diplococ- 
cus albicans tardissimus. Morphologi- 
cally identical with the gonococcus ; but 
more adherent, forming small masses, aer. , 
nliqf., npg. Diplococcus citreus conglom- 
erate, Bumm. Obtained from the air, in 
dust, and from gonorrheal pus. aer. , faca- 
naer., liqf., chg. (lemon-yellow), npg. Dip- 
lococcus citreus liquefaciens, Unna and 
Tommasoli. Found on the skin in cases of 
eczema seborrhceicum. aer., liqf. n?not., 
chg. (lemon -yellow), npg. Diplococcus 
coryzse, Klebs and Hajek. Obtained from 
the nasal secretions in cases of acute nasal 
catarrh. aer. , nliqf., npg. Diplococcus 
flavus liquefaciens tardus, Unna and 
Tommasoli. Found on the skin in cases of 
eczema seborrhceicum. aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , 
chg. (chrome-yellow), npg. Diplococcus 
fluorescens fcetidus, Klamann. Obtained 
from the posterior nares. aer. , facanaer., 
liqf., chg. (grass-green to violet), npg. Diplo- 
coccus intercellularis meningitidis, Gold- 
schmidt and Weichselbaum. Found within 
the cells of the exudate in cerebro-spinal 
meningitis, aer. , nliqf, pg. Diplococcus 
lacteus faviformis, Bumm. Found fre- 
quently in the vaginal secretions. aer., 
nliqf., npg. Diplococcus luteus, Ada- 



metz. Found in water, aer. , liqf., mot., 
chg. (yellow), ;z/£\ Diplococcus of Gonor- 
rhea. See Micrococcus gonorrhoea, Neisser. 
Diplococcus of Orchitis, Hugouneng and 
Fraud. Syn. , Orchiococcus. Frequently 
found in gonorrheal pus during the first few 
days. aer. , nliqf., pg. Diplococcus of 
Ozena, Loewenberg. Found in the se- 
cretions in cases of ozena. Diplococcus of 
Pemphigus, Diplococcus of Pemphigus 
Acutus, Demme. Syn., Micrococcus of 
Demme. Found in the bullae of pemphigus. 
aer., nliqf., pg. Resembles the gonococcus. 
Diplococcus of Pneumonia in Horses, 
Schiitz. Obtained from the lungs of a horse 
affected with acute pneumonia, aer. , nliqf. , 
pg. Diplococcus pneumoniae fibrinosae, 
Friedlander. See Bacillus pneumonia fried- 
landeri. Diplococcus pneumoniae, Weich- 
selbaum. Syn., Pneumococcus of Frdnkel. 
See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. 
Diplococcus pyogenes ureae, Rorsing. 
Syn., Diplococcus urea, Rorsing. Cocco- 
bacillus pyogenes urece, Rorsing. Cocco- 
bacterium urea:, Rorsing. Found in purulent 
urine. Cf. Diplococcus urea trifoliatus, 
Rorsing. Micrococcus pyogenes urea flavus , 
Rorsing. Diplococcus roseus, Bumm. 
Found in the air. aer., facanaer., liqf., chg. 
(pink), npg. Diplococcus ureae, Rorsing. 
See Diplococcus pyogenes urea, Rorsing. 
Diplococcus ureae trifoliatus, Rorsing. 
Found in purulent urine. Cf. Diplococcus 
pyogenes urea, Rorsing. Micrococcus pyogenes 
urea flavus, Rorsing. Dispora caucasica, 
Kern. See Bacillus caucasicus, Kern. 
Drumstick Bacillus. See Bacillus puti-i- 
ficus coli. Epsilon Bacillus. See Spirillum 
finkleri. Erythroconus litoralis, CErstedt. 
See Sarcina litoralis. Feet-sweat Bacillus. 
See Bacillus fcetidus, Bacillus saprogenes, 
II, and Bacillus graveolens. Finkler-Prior's 
Bacillus. See Spirillum Finkler- Prior. 
Flesh-colored Bacillus, Tils, aer., liqf. 
mot., chg. (pink), npg. Flowers of Wine. 
See Saccharoniyces my coder ma, Reess. 
Frankel's Pneumobacillus. See Bacil- 
lus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Frog- 
spawn Bacterium of Sugar Factories, 
Frog-spawn fungus. See Leuconostoc 
mesenteroides. Gaffkya tetragenes, Sac- 
cardo. See Micrococcus tetragenus, Gaffky. 
Gas Forming Bacillus. See Bacillus 
gasoformans, Eisenberg. Ginger Beer 
Plant, Marshall Ward. Forms jelly-like, 
semi-transparent, yellowish- white, brain- 
like masses at the bottom of the fermenta- 
tion ; resembles Caucasian kephir grains ; it 
is a symbiotic association of Saccharoniyces 
pyriformis and of Bacterium ver7niforme. 
Glacier Bacillus. See Bacillus fluorescens 
nivalis, Schmolck. Gliococcus, a micro- 



BACTERIA 



121 



BACTERIA 



coccus with a slimy capsule. Golden Sta- 
phylococcus. See Staphylococcus pyogenes 
aureus, Ogston, Beeker. Gray-white mi- 
crococcus, Bumra. See Diplococcus albicans 
ampins, Bumm. Haematococcus bovis, 
Babes. Zimmermann. Obtained from the 
blood and viscera of cattle dead of an epi 
demic, infectious disease characterized by 
hemoglobinuria (in Roumania). aer. , fa- 
canaer., nliqf., pg. Hay bacillus. See 
Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg. Helicobacte- 
rium aerogenes, Miller. See Bacillus 
aerogenes, III, Miller. Helicobacterium 
klebsii, Escherich. Found in the intestine 
of guinea pigs, pleom. Helicomonas, 
Klebs. Syphilis fungus. Cf. Bacillus 
syphilidis, Lustgarten. Hormiscium cere- 
visiae, Bonard. Hormiscium vim. Hor- 
miscium vini et cerevisiae, Bonard. See 
Saccharomyces mycoderma. Hueppe's Ba- 
cillus of Butyric Acid Fermentation. 
See Bacillus butyricus, Hueppe. Hygro- 
crocis vandelli, Meneghi. See Beggiatoa 
alba, Trevisan. Hypaeothrix kiihniana. 
See Crenothrix kiihniana . Influenza-ba- 
cillus. See Bacillus of Influenza, Pfeiffer. 
Iodococcus vaginatus, Miller. Found in 
unclean mouths ; gives peculiar reaction with 
iodin, the sheath being stained yellow, the 
cocci dark blue. Koch's Bacillus. Koch's 
Comma Bacillus, Commabacillus. See 
Spirillum cholerce asiaticce, Koch. Lanceo- 
late Coccus, Lancet-shaped Micrococ- 
cus, Talamon. See Bacillus septicus sputi- 
genus, Fliigge. Lepra-bacillus. SeeBacillus 
lepra?, Hansen. Leptonema niveum. See 
Beggiatoa nivea, Rabenhorst. Leptothrix 
buccalis, Robin. Syn., Leptothrix gigantea, 
Miller. Leptothrix pulmonalis, Rasmussenia 
buccalis, Saccardo. Found in the mouth of 
man and animals. Falsely considered the 
cause of dental caries. Leptothrix buccalis 
of Vignal. See Bacillus buccalis (a), Yig- 
nal. Leptothrix epidermidis. Syn., Ba- 
cillus epidermidis, Bizzozero. Microsporon 
mifiutissimum, Burchart. Found on the epi- 
dermis between the toes, and held by Bizzo- 
zero to be nonpathogenic, but by Boeck as 
the cause of erythrasma. Leptothrix gigan- 
tea, Miller. Found on the teeth of dogs, 
sheep, cattle, and other animals affected 
with Pyorrhoea alveolaris. Some consider it 
identical with Leptothrix buccalis, Robin. 
Leptothrix hyalina, Reinsch. Found on 
marine algae. Leptothrix innominata, 
Miller. See Leptothrix buccalis, Robin. 
Leptothrix kiihniana. See Crenothrix 
kiihniana. Saccardo. Leptothrix lacrimalis. 
See Cladothrix fcersteri, Cohn. Leptothrix 
lanugo, Kiitzing. Found on marine algae 
near Heligoland. Leptothrix maxima 
buccalis, Miller. See Bacillus buccalis 



maximus, Miller. Leptothrix muralis. 
Kiitzing. See Leptothrix parasitica. Lep- 
tothrix natans. See Spha:rotilus natans, 
Saccardo. Leptothrix ochracea, Kiitzing. 
Syn., Detionetla ochracea, Saccardo. Clado- 
thrix dichotoma, Zopf. According to Zopf, 
this represents filaments of Cladothrix stained 
with oxid of iron. Leptothrix of Puer- 
peral Fever, Leptothrix puerperalis, 
Fettz. See Bacillus puerperalis, Engel and 
Spillman. Leptothrix parasitica, Kiitzing. 
Parasitic on fresh- water algae. Leptothrix 
pulmonalis. See Leptothrix buccalis, Robin. 
Leptothrix pusilla, Rabenhorst. Found 
on fresh-water algae, also in the mouth, 
Klebs. Leptothrix symplacoides, Dickie. 
Found on marine algae. Leptothrix vagi- 
nalis. Found in the vagina of animals and 
women. Leptothrix variabilis, Saccardo. 
Found in saliva of healthy persons. Leu- 
conostoc mesenteroides, Van Tieghem. 
Syn., Ascococcus mesenteroides, Cienkowski. 
Frog spawn bacterium of sugar factories, 
Frog spawn fungus. A source of great loss 
to the manufacturers of beet sugar, fre- 
quently and rapidly- converting large quanti- 
ties of the beet juice into a mucilagino-gela- 
tinous mass. Liborius's Bacillus of 
Butyric Acid Fermentation, Liborius. 
See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. Lis- 
sophyton suspectum, Hallier. See Ba- 
cillus lyssce, Pasteur. Melunella flexuosa, 
Borg. See Spirillum rugula, Miiller. 
Merismopedia chondroidea, With, Meris- 
mopedia glauca. See Sarcina renis, Hep- 
worth. Merismopedia goodsirii. See Sar- 
cina ventriculi, Goodsir. Merismopedia 
hyalina, Kiitzing. Sarcina hyalina, Kiitz- 
ing. Merismopedia litoralis, Rabenhorst. 
See Sarcina litoralis, CErstedt. Merismo- 
pedia reitenbachii, Caspary. See Sarcina 
reitenbachii, Caspary. Merismopedia urinae, 
Rabenhorst. See Sarcina zirinai, Welcker. 
Merismopedia ventriculi, Husem. See 
Sarcina ventriculi, Goodsir. Merismopedia 
violacea, Kiitzing. See Sarcina violacea, 
Kiitzing. Metallacter anthracis, Trevisan. 
See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Da- 
vaine. Metallacter tremulus, Trevisan. 
See Bacillus tremulus, Koch. Metallacter 
ulna, Trevisan. See Bacillus ulna, Cohn. 
Micoderma cerevisiae, Trecul. See Sac- 
charomyces mycoderma, Reess. Micrococcus 
aceti. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing. Micro- 
coccus acidi lactici, Marpmann. Found in 
milk ; resembles in its action Bacillus acidi 
lactici, Hueppe. aer., nliqf., nmot., npg. 
Cf. Sphcerococcus acidi lactici, Marpman. 
Micrococcus acidi lactici liquefaciens, 
Kriiger. Found in butter and cheese, aer., 
facanaer., liqf, nmot. Micrococcus aero- 
genes, Miller. Found in the intestinal 



BACTERIA 



122 



BACTERIA 



tract of man. aer., liqf, nmot., npg. 
Micrococcus agilis, Ali-Cohen. Found 
in drinking water, aer., liqf., mot., npg. 
A motile coccus, provided with a flagellum ; 
described by Menge. Micrococcus agilis 
citreus, Menge. Micrococcus (Diplo- 
coccus) albicans amplus, Bumm. Syn. 
Neisseria albicans. Frequently found in the 
vaginal secretions, aer., liqf., npg. Micro- 
coccus (Diplococcus) albicans tardus, 
Unna and Tommasoli. Found in eczema. 
aer., nliqf., nmot. Micrococcus albicans 
tardissimus, Eisenberg, Bumm. Found in 
the vaginal secretions of puerperal women. 
aer. , facanaer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus 
liquefaciens, Von Besser. Found in the 
nasal secretions of healthy persons, aer., 
facanaer. , liqf. , npg. Micrococcus albus 
urinae. See Micrococcus urinalbus. Micro- 
coccus amylovorus, Burrill and Arthur. 
Syn. , Micrococcus of apple blight. Bacte- 
rium of pear blight. Produces fermentation 
in saccharine fluids, aer., nliqf., mot., pg. 
(for apple and pear trees). Cf. Ba- 
cillus butyricus, Prazmowski. Micro- 
coccus aquatilis, Bolton. Found fre- 
quently in water. aer. , nliqf., npg. 
Micrococcus arei celsii, Buchner and 
Sehlen. Syn., Bacterium decalvans, Thin. 
Found on the diseased hairs in alopecia areata. 
Cf. Bacillus of alopecia areata, Kasauli, 
and Micrococcus of alopecia areata, Robin- 
son. Micrococcus ascoformans, Johne. 
See Micrococcus botryogenus, Rabe. Micro- 
coccus aurantiacus, Cohn. Syn., Pedio- 
coccus aurantiacus. Found in water, aer., 
nliqf., chg. (orange-yellow), npg. Micro- 
coccus biskrae. See Micrococcus of Heyden- 
reich. Micrococcus blennorrhoeus. See 
Micrococcus gonorrhoea:, Neisser. Micro- 
coccus bombycis, Cohn, Bechamp. Syn., 
Streptococcus bombycis, Bechamp. Found in 
the intestinal tract of silkworms and other 
Lepidoptera dead of the epidemic disease 
known in France as la flacherie ; etiologic 
relation demonstrated by Pasteur. Micro- 
coccus botryogenes, Bollinger, Rabe. Syn., 
Bollingera equi, Saccardo ; Ascococcus johnei, 
Cohn ; Micrococcus ascofor??ians, Johne ; 
Micrococcus of myko-desmoids of the horse. 
Found in colonies in the connective tissue of 
horses affected with " mykodesmoids." aer. , 
liqf. , pg. Micrococcus candicans, Fliigge. 
Found abundantly in air and water, aer. , 
nliqf. , npg. Micrococcus candidus, Cohn. 
Found in water, aer., nliqf, npg. Micro- 
coccus capillorum. Found on the scalp 
and said to alter the color of the hair. aer. , 
chg. (reddish-yellow). Micrococcus car- 
neus, Zimmermann. Found in water, aer. , 
nliqf, chg. (red to violet), npg. Micrococ- 
cus cerasinus siccus, List, aer., nliqf, chg. 



. (cherry-red), npg. Micrococcus cereus 
albus, Passet. Syn., Staphylococcus cereus 
albus, Passet. Found in the pus of acute 
abscesses, and by Tils in hydrant water 
(Freiburg), aer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus 
cereus aureus, Schroter and Winkler. Syn., 
Staphylococcus cereus aureus, S. and W. Found 
in the thin secretions of coryza. aer. , nliqf. , 
chg. (orange-red), npg. Micrococcus 
cereus flavus, Passet. Syn., Staphylococcus 
cereus flavus, Passet. Staphylococcus passetii. 
Found in an acute abscess, aer. , nliqf. , chg. 
(lemon-yellow), npg. Micrococcus chlo- 
rinus. Occurs in zooglosa masses, aer., chg. 
(greenish-yellow), npg. Micrococcus chol- 
erae gallinarum, Pasteur. See Bacillus 
septicaemia: hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Micro- 
coccus cinnabareus, Fliigge. Syn., Strep- 
tococcus cinnabareus, Fliigge. Found in air 
and water, aer., nliqf, chg. (reddish-brown), 
npg. Micrococcus citreus, List. Syn., 
Staphylococcus citreus, List. Found in water, 
also by Lannelongue and Achard in the 
seat of an old osteomyelitis, aer. , nliqf , chg. 
(pale-yellow), npg. Micrococcus citreus 
conglomeratus, Bumm. See Diplococcus 
citreus conglomeratus, Bumm ; Micrococcus 
concentricus, Zimmermann. Found in 
water, aer., nliqf, sap., npg. Micrococ- 
cus conglomeratus, Weichselbaum. Syn., 
Neissera conglo7?ierata, W. Micrococcus 
coronatus, Fliigge. Syn., Streptococcus 
coronatus, Fliigge. Found in the air. aer. , 
liqf., npg. Micrococcus cremoides, Zim- 
mermann. Found in water, aer., liqf, chg. 
(yellowish- white), npg. Micrococcus cre- 
pusculum, Cohn. See Bacillus termo, 
Ehrenberg and Dujardin. Micrococcus 
cumulatus tenuis, Von Besser. Found in 
abundance in the nasal mucus of man. aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus cya- 
neus, Schroter. Obtained from the air, on 
boiled potatoes. aer. , chg. (cobalt blue, 
altered to carmine by acids, restored by alka- 
lies). Micrococcus decalvans, Schroter. 
Syn. , Bacterium decalvans, Saccardo. Cf. 
Bacillus of alopecia areata, Kasauli, Micro- 
coccus arei celsii, Buchner and Sehlen ; Micro- 
coccus of alopecia areata, Robinson. Micro- 
coccus diffluens, Schroter. Found in the 
air, dust, and in excrement; common, aer., 
nliqf., chg. (yellow, with a greenish fluores- 
cence ; not modified by acids). Resembles 
Bacillus fluorescens ptitidus, Fliigge. Micro- 
coccus diphtheriticus, Oertel,Cohn, Loffler. 
Syn., Streptococcus articulorum, Loffler. 
Found in the false membranes, and in the 
tissues of diphtheria patients ; Cornil identi- 
fies this with Micrococcus pyogenes, Rosen- 
bach. aer.,nliqf.,pg. Micrococcus doy- 
enii. See Micrococcus urinae albus olearius, 
Doyen. Micrococcus endocarditicus. Syn., 



BACTERIA 



123 



BACTERIA 



Streptococcus endocarditicus. Micrococcus 
endocarditidis rugatus, Weichselbaum. 
Found in a case of ulcerative endocarditis. 
aer., nliqf, pg. Micrococcus erysipelatis, 
Micrococcus erysipelatos, Micrococcus 
erysipelatosus, Fehleisen. See Micrococ- 
cus pyogenes, Rosenbach. Micrococcus 
fermenti. See Micrococcus viniperda. 
Micrococcus fervidosus, Adametz. Found 
in water, aer., liqf, npg. Micrococcus 
fickii. Found in healthy and diseased eyes. 
Micrococcus finlayensis, Sternberg. Ob- 
tained from the viscera of a yellow-fever 
cadaver. aer. , liqf., chg. (pale-yellow), 
npg. Micrococcus fiavus. See Micrococ- 
cus fiavus liquefaciens, Fliigge. Micrococ- 
cus fiavus desidens, Fliigge. Found in 
air and water, aer., liqf., chg. (yellowish- 
brown), npg. Micrococcus fiavus lique- 
faciens, Fliigge. Syn., Micrococcus fiavus, 
Micrococcus liquefaciens. Micrococcus fia- 
vus tardigradus, Fliigge. Syn., Micrococcus 
tardigradus. Found in the air and water. 
aer. , nliqf, chg. (dark olive-green), npg. 
Micrococcus fcetidus,Klamann, Rosenbach. 
Found in the posterior nares of man. aer., 
liqf. , npg. Micrococcus fervidosus, 
Adametz. Found in water, aer. , nliqf. , 
npg. Micrococcus freudenreichii, Guille- 
beau. One of the two forms found by 
Guillebeau to produce ropiness in milk. 
aer., liqf-, npg. Cf. Bacterium hessii, 
Guillebeau. Micrococcus friedlanderi. 
See Bacillus pneumonia friedlanderi. Mi- 
crococcus fulvus, Cohn. Syn. , Staphy- 
lococcus fulvus. Found in horse and rabbit 
dung, aer. nmot., nliqf., chg. (rose), npg. 
Micrococcus fuscus, Maschek. Found 
in water. aer. , nmot., liqf., chg. (sepia- 
brown), npg. Micrococcus gallicidus. 
See Bacillus septiccemice hemorrhagica, 
Sternberg. Micrococcus gelatinosus. 
Found in milk, which it causes to coagulate 
at about 22° C. Micrococcus gingivae 
pyogenes, Miller. Found in the mouth of 
a man affected with alveolar abscess, aer. , 
facanaer., nliqf, pg. Micrococcus gon- 
orrhoeae, Neisser. Micrococcus blennorrhozus, 
Neissera gonorrhcece, Micrococcus gonococcus. 
Found in gonorrheal pus. aer. No growth 
on ordinary gelatin ; has been grown on acid 
gelatin and human blood-serum, pg. Micro- 
coccus griseus, Winter. See Bacterium 
griseum, Warming. Micrococcus haema- 
todes, Babes. Syn., Micrococcus of red 
siveat. Found in foul sweat from the axilla. 
aer., chg. (red), npg. Micrococcus hava- 
niensis, Sternberg. Syn., Bacillus hava- 
niensis, Sternberg. Obtained by Sternberg 
in his investigation of yellow fever, aer., 
nliqf, chg. (blood-red). Only found in the 
presence of free oxygen. Micrococcus of 



hepatitis enzootica of hogs. See 
Micrococcus porcelloruni. Micrococcus 
imetrophus, Trevisan. See Bacillus pro- 
digiosus, Ehrenberg. Micrococcus indicus, 
Koch. See Bacillus indicus, Koch. Micro- 
coccus influenzae, Letzerich. Syn., Strep- 
tococcus seiferti, Micrococcus of influenza, 
Seifert. See Bacillus of influenza, Pfeiffer. 
Micrococcus insectorum, Burrill, Strepto- 
coccus insectorum. Found in the cecal ap- 
pendages or pancreatic organs of the Chinch 
bug (Blissus leukopterus, Say) and the higher 
Hemiptera. Especially recommended as a 
remedy for the Chinch bug and for Halticus 
minutus, so damaging to the peanut. Micro- 
coccus intercellularis meningitidis, 
Neumann and Schaffer. Syn., Micrococcus 
meningitidis, Neumann. Neisseria Weichsel- 
baumii. Found in the tissues of the brain 
and spinal cord in cases of cerebro-spinal 
meningitis. Micrococcus lacteus favi- 
formis, Bumm. Syn., Neisseria lactea. 
Frequently found in normal vaginal mucus. 
aer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus lactis 
viscosus, Conn. Syn., Micrococcus of 
bitter milk, Conn. The cause of the bitter 
taste of milk and cream, aer. , liqf, nmot., 
npg. Micrococcus liquefaciens. See 
Micrococcus fiavus liquefaciens, Fliigge. 
Micrococcus lcewenbergii. Syn., Micro- 
coccus of ozena. Found in the secretions, in 
cases of ozena, aer., liqf., pg. Micrococ- 
cus luteus, Cohn. Found in water, the 
superficial soil, dust of bed-rooms, moist 
foods, etc. aer., nliqf., chg. (yellow), npg. 
Micrococcus lyssae, Neisser. Syn., Neis- 
seria lyssa, Micrococcus of hydrophobia, Mi- 
crococcus of rabies, P"ol. Found in the 
spinal cord of rabid animals. Cornil and 
Babes throw doubt on the culture experi- 
ments of Fol. Micrococcus major, Doyen. 
See Micrococcus urines major, Doyen. Mi- 
crococcus manfredii. Syn., Streptococczis 
manfredii. Micrococcus of progressive 
granuloma formation. Found in the sputum 
of two cases of pneumonia following measles. 
aer. , nliqf., pg. Micrococcus mastobius, 
Nocard, Mollereau and Kitt. Syn., Strep- 
tococcus nocardi. Micrococcus of bovine 
mastitis, Kitt. Micrococcus of mastitis in 
cows. Streptococcus of mastitis in cows. 
Micrococcus of contagious mammitis. Mi- 
crococcus of gangrenous mastitis in sheep, 
Nocard. Obtained from the milk of cows 
and sheep affected with mastitis, aer. , fac- 
anaer. The form found in cattle is said to 
be nonliquefactive ; that of sheep liquefies 
both gelatin and blood-serum. Sternberg 
recognizes three distinct forms producing 
mastitis. Micrococcus meningitidis, Neu- 
mann. See Micrococcus intercellularis men- 
ingitidis, Neumann and Schaffer. Micro- 



BACTERIA 



124 



BACTERIA 



coccus meningitidis purulentae, Heyden- 
reich. Micrococcus morbillosus. Syn. , 
Streptococcus morbillosus. Micrococcus na- 
salis, Hack. Found in the nasopharyngeal 
space. aer. , mot. , nliqf. , npg. Micro- 
coccus nitrificans, Van Tieghem. Found 
in water, aer. , npg. Micrococcus, II, of 
Fischel. Found in the blood of two cases of 
influenza. aer., facanaer., liqf., pg. Mi- 
crococcus oblongus. See Bacterium ob- 
longum, Boutroux. Micrococcus ochroleu- 
cus, Prove and Legrain. Syn., Streptococcus 
ochroleucus. Found in urine. aer. , nliqf., 
chg. (sulphur yellow), npg. Micrococcus 
of Acute Infectious Osteomyelitis. See 
Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach. 
Micrococcus of Alopecia areata, Von 
Sehlen, Robinson, Vaillard, and Vincent. 
Found on the hairs from the diseased patches. 
aer. , liqf., pg. Cf. Bacillus of Alopecia 
areata, and Micrococcus decalvans. Schroter. 
Micrococcus of Ammoniacal Urine. See 
Micrococcus urea, Cohn, and Micrococctis 
ttrea liquefaciens, Fliigge. Micrococcus of 
Apple Blight. See Bacillus butyricus, 
Botkin, Prazmowski, etc. Micrococcus of 
Beriberi, Lacerda. See Bacillus beri- 
bericus, Lacerda. Micrococcus of Biskra 
Button. See Micrococcus of Heydenreich. 
Micrococcus of Bitter Milk. See Micro- 
coccus lactis viscosus, Conn. Micrococcus 
of Bronchitis, Picchini. Three distinct 
forms. aer. , liqf. Cf. Bacillus of Lum- 
nitzer. Micrococcus of Bovine Mastitis, 
Kitt. See Micrococcus mastobius, Nocard, 
Mollereau, and Kitt. Micrococcus of Bo- 
vine Pneumonia, Poels and Nolen. Mi- 
crococcus of cattle pneumonia. Found in 
the lungs of cattle suffering from infectious 
pleuropneumonia. aer. , nliqf., pg. Mi- 
crococcus of Cerebrospinal Meningitis. 
See Micrococcus ijitercellularis meningitidis. 
Neumann and Schaffer. Micrococcus of 
Chicken Pox. See Staphylococcus viridis 
flavescens, Guttmann. Micrococcus of 
Contagious Mammitis. See Micrococcus 
mastobius, Nocard, Mollereau, and Kitt. 
Micrococcus of Cow Pox. See Micro- 
coccus -variola et vaccina, Cohn. Micrococ- 
cus of Dantec. Obtained from salted cod- 
fish which had turned red. aer. , nliqf, 
chg. (yellow, changing to deep red), npg. 
Micrococcus of Demme. See Diplo- 
coccus of pemphigus acutus, Demme. Mi- 
crococcus of Dental Caries. See Lepto- 
thrix vulgaris, Robin ; Leptothrix gigantea, 
Miller ; Miller 1 s epsilon bacillus, and Spirillum 
dentium, Arnt. Micrococcus of Dengue, 
McLaughlin. See Scheutzia laughlini. Mi- 
crococcus of Diphtheria. Streptococcic ar- 
ticulorum, Loffler. Micrococcus of Disse 
and Taguchi. Obtained from the blood, 



the secretions of broad condyloma, as well 
as the primary indurations of syphilis. Eti- 
ologic relations not confirmed. Micro- 
coccus of Drinking Water. See Micro- 
coccus aquatilis, Bolton. Micrococcus of 
Egyptian Ophthalmia. See Micrococcus 
of trachoma, Sattler and Michel. Micro- 
coccus of Endocarditis. See Streptococcus 
endocarditicus and Micj-ococcus endocarditicus 
rugatus, Weichselbaum. Micrococcus of 
Erysipelas, Fehleisen. See Micrococcus 
pyogenes, Rosenbach. Micrococcus of Foot 
and Mouth Disease. Syn., Streptocytus 
of eczema epizootica, Schottelius, Streptocytus 
aphthicola, Ffallier. Found in the vesicular 
eruptions about the mouth and feet of cattle, 
pigs, and sheep. Communicable to man. aer., 
facanaer. Pathogenesis not fully settled. Cf. 
Bacillus of tdcerative stomatitis of cattle. Mi- 
crococcus of Forbes. Found in the bodies 
of larvae of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapa, 
affected with an infectious disease. Micro- 
coccus of Fowl Cholera. See Bacillus 
septicamia hamorrhagica, Sternberg. Mi- 
crococcus of Freire. See Oyptococcus 
xanthogenicus. Micrococcus of Furuncle. 
See Bacillus osteomyelitidis. Micrococcus 
of Gangrenous Mastitis in Sheep, Mi- 
crococcus of Gangrenous Mammitis. See 
Micrococcus mastobius, Nocard, Mollereau, 
and Kitt. Micrococcus of Gonorrhea. See 
Micrococais gonorrhoea, Neisser. Micro- 
coccus of Gray Parrot Disease. See Mi- 
crococcus psittaci, Eberth and Wolff. Micro- 
coccus of Heydenreich. Syn., Streptococcus 
biskra. Micrococcus of Biskra Button. Found 
in the tumors and ulcers characteristic of 
Aleppo boil or Biskra button, aer. , liqf , pg. 
Micrococcus of Hydrophobia. See Mi- 
crococcus lyssa, Pasteur. Micrococcus of 
Infectious Osteomyelitis. See Micro- 
coccus pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach, and 
Micrococcus osteo?nyelitidis , Becker and 
Kraske. Micrococcus of Influenza, Seifert, 
Streptococcus seiferti. See Micrococcus in- 
fluenza, Letzerich. Micrococcus of Kirch- 
ner. Obtained from the sputum of patients 
suffering with influenza. aer.,pg. Micro- 
coccus of Manfredi. See Micrococcus 
manfredii. Micrococcus of Mastitis, 
Kitt. See Micrococcus mastobius, Nocard 
and Mollereau. Micrococcus of Measles, 
Klebs and Keating. Syn. , Streptococcus mor- 
billosus, Micrococcus morbillosus. Found in 
the blood and exudates of persons afflicted 
with measles. Fliigge considers it unim- 
portant. Micrococcus of Mykodesmoids 
of the Horse. See Micrococcus botryogenes, 
Rabe. Micrococcus of Osteomyelitis. See 
Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Ogston. Micro- 
coccus of Ozena. See Micrococcus loswen- 
bergii. Micrococcus of Pear Blight, 



BACTERIA 



125 



BACTERIA 



BurrilL See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. 
Micrococcus of Pebrine. See Nosema 
bombycis, Nageli. Micrococcus of Pneu- 
monia. See Bacillus pneumonia friedland- 

erii and Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. Mi- 
crococcus of Progressive Abscess For- 
mation in Rabbits, Koch. Found in the 
exudates of rabbits inoculated with putrefy- 
ing blood, pg. Micrococcus of Progres- 
sive Granuloma Formation. See Mi- 
crococcus manfredii. Micrococcus of 
Progressive Tissue Necrosis in Mice, 
Koch. Found in the exudates of mice 
inoculated with putrid blood, pg. Mi- 
crococcus of Pyemia in Rabbits, Koch. 
Found in the exudates of rabbits inoculated 
with putrefying flesh infusion, pg. Micro- 
coccus of Rabies, Fol. See Micrococcus 
lyssce, Neisser. Micrococcus of Red Sweat. 
See Micrococcus hcematodes, Babes. Micro- 
coccus of S. Le M. Moore. See Bacillus 
fcetidus, Liborius. Micrococcus of Salvioli. 
See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. 
Micrococcus of Scarlet Fever, Pohl and 
Pincus. See Micrococcus scarlatince. Mi- 
crococcus of Septicemia in Rabbits, 
Koch. Syn., Streptococcic Kochii. Found 
in the exudates of rabbits inoculated with 
putrefying flesh-infusion, pg. Micrococcus 
of Smallpox. See Micrococcus variolce et 
vaccines, Colin. Micrococcus of Sputum 
Septicemia. See Bacillus septicus sputi- 
genus, Fliigge. Micrococcus of Swine 
Plague or Hog Cholera. See Bacillus of 
no ine plague, Marseilles, Rietsch, and Jobert, 
and Bacilhis ex pneumo-enieritide suis, Klein. 
Micrococcus of Syphilis, Haberkorn and 
Marcus. Found in the white blood cor- 
puscles in cases of syphilis, aer., osc, chg. 
(red). Micrococcus of Trachoma, Sattler 
and Michel. Syn., Neisseria rebellis. Mi- 
crococcus of Egyptian ophthalmia. Found in 
the secretions and nodules of the conjunctiva 
in cases of trachoma, aer., nliqf ., pg. Re- 
searches of Baumgarten and Kartulis go to 
show that this form has no etiologic relation 
to the diseases mentioned. Micrococcus 
of Vaccinia. See Micrococcus variolce et 
vaccince, Cohn. Micrococcus of Whoop- 
ing Cough, Letzerich. Found in the 
sputum in cases of whooping cough. 
See Bacillus tussis convulsive, Afanassiew. 
Micrococcus olearius. See Micrococcus 
urince flavus olearius. Micrococcus os- 
teomyelitidis, Becker. Syn., Micro- 
coccus of acute infectious osteomyelitis. 
See Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach. 
Micrococcus ovalis, Escherich. Found in 
the meconium and feces of infants, aer., 
facanaer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus ova- 
tus. See Micrococcus of pebrine. Micro- 
coccus pasteuri, Sternberg. See Bacillus 



septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Micrococcus 
petechialis. Syn. , Neisseria petechialis. 
Micrococcus pfliigeri, Ludwig. See Pho- 
tobactcrium pfliigeri, Ludwig. Micrococ- 
cus phosphoreus, Cohn. See Bacillus 
phosphoreus, Cohn. Micrococcus plu- 
mosus, Brautigam. Found in water, aer., 
nliqf, npg. Micrococcus pneumoniae 
crouposae, Sternberg. See Bacillus septicus 
sputigenus, Fliigge. Micrococcus pneu- 
moniae infectiosae, Friedlander. See Bacil- 
lus pneumonic? friedlanderii. Micrococcus 
porcellorum. Syn., Micrococcus of Hepati- 
tis enzootica of hogs. Found in hogs affected 
with hepatitis (Russia), aer. ,liqf, pg. Mi- 
crococcus prodigiosus, Cohn. See Bacil- 
lus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Micrococcus 
pseudocyanus, Cohn. Found in boiled 
potatoes exposed to air. aer. , chg. (verdigris 
green), npg. Micrococcus psittaci, Wolf. 
Syn., Streptococcus pemiciosus psittacortim, 
Eberth and Wolf. Micrococcus of gray parrot 
disease. The cause of a disease of parrots re- 
sembling fowl cholera; fatal to many of the 
parrots imported from Guinea into Europe. 
Micrococcus putridus. A form emitting a 
fetid gas from gelatin when mixed with iodo- 
form. Micrococcus pyocyaneus, Gessard. 
See Bacillus pyocyaneus a, Gessard. Micro- 
coccus pyogenes, Rosenbach. Syn., Strep- 
tococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus erysipelatos, 
Streptococcus longus, Von Lingelsheim. Mi- 
crococcus erysipelatis (tos) (tosus), Streptococ- 
cus of pus. Micrococcus of erysipelas, 
Fehleisen. Found in the pus of acute ab- 
scesses, and in the skin in cases of erysipelas. 
aer. , facanaer., nliqf, pg. Micrococcus 
pyogenes albus, Rosenbach. Syn., Sta- 
phylococcus pyogenes albus, Passet. Staphy- 
lococcus epidermidis albus, Welch. Frequently 
found in company with Micrococcus pyogenes 
aureus. The cause of "stitch abscesses." 
aer. , liqf, pg. Micrococcus pyogenes 
aureus, Rosenbach. Syn., Staphylococcus 
pyogenes aureus. Micrococcus of infectious 
osteomyelitis. The species most frequently 
found in pus. Obtained from various sup- 
purations, boils, anthrax, osteomyelitis, 
ulcerative endocarditis, phlegmon, etc. aer., 
facanaer., liqf., chg. (brilliant golden 
yellow), /£\ Micrococcus pyogenes cit- 
reus, Passet. Syn., Staphylococcus pyogenes 
citreus, Passet. Micrococcus pyogenes flavus. 
Found associated with the two preceding 
forms first described in acute abscesses. 
aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , chg. (lemon yel- 
low), pg. Held by some to be but a 
variety of Micrococcus pyogenes aureus. Mi- 
crococcus pyogenes tenuis, Rosenbach. 
Syn., Micrococcus rosenbachii. Found in 
pus. Culture thin, varnish-like ; pathoge- 
nesis not settled. Cf. Micrococcus septicus, 



BACTERIA 



126 



BACTERIA 



Fliigge. Micrococcus pyogenes ureae 
flavus, Rorsing. Found in purulent urine. 
Cf. Diplococcus pyogenes urea, Rorsing ; 
Diplococcus tii'ece trifoliatus, Rorsing. Mi- 
crococcus pyosepticus, Richet. Syn., 
Staphylococcus pyosepticus, Hericourt and 
Richet. Obtained from a carcinomatous 
tumor in a dog. aer. , liqf, pg.; resembles 
Micrococcus pyogenes alb us, Rosenbach. 
Micrococcus radiatus, Fliigge. Syn., 
Streptococcus radiatus, Fliigge. Found in 
air and water, aer. , liqf., npg. Micro- 
coccus rheumarthritidis, Kiissmaul. See 
Bacillus rheumarthritidis , Kiissmaul. Mi- 
crococcus rosenbachii. See Micrococcus 
pyogenes tenuis, Rosenbach. Micrococcus 
rosettaceus, Zimmermann. Found in 
water. aer. , nliqf., npg. Micrococcus 
roseus, Eisenberg. Found in the sputum 
of a person suffering from influenza, aer. , 
facanaer., liqf., chg. (pink), npg. Micro- 
coccus roseus, Bumm. See Diplococcus 
roseus, Bumm. Micrococcus roseus, 
Maggiora, Fliigge. Syn., Neisseria rosea. 
Found on the skin, aer., npg. Micrococ- 
cus salivarius pyogenes, Biondi. Syn., 
Staphylococcus salivarius pyogenes, Biondi. 
Found in an abscess produced in a guinea- 
pig by inoculation with saliva from a child 
affected with anginose scarlatina. aer. , 
liqf. , pg. Micrococcus salivarius septi- 
cus, Biondi. Obtained from animals after 
inoculation with saliva from a person with 
puerperal septicemia, aer., nliqf, pg. Cf. 
Micrococcus sialosepticus. Micrococcus 
scarlatinas, Micrococcus scarlatinosus, 
Coze and Feltz. Syn., Perroncitoa scarlati- 
nosa. Micrococcus of scarlet fever, Pohl 
and Pincus. Found in the blood, on the 
desquamating skin, and on the palate of scar- 
let fever patients ; resembles Micrococcus 
septicus, Fliigge. Cf. Streptococcus rubigi- 
nosus, Edington, and Bacillus of scarlet fever, 
Crooke. Micrococcus septicus. Cohn. 
See Bacillus septicamia hemorrhagica , 
Sternberg. Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. 
Syn., Streptococcus septicus, Fliigge, and 
Streptococcus pyogenes , Saccardo, Streptococcus 
pneumonia, Weichselbaum. Found in soil. 
aer., nliqf, pg. Micrococcus septopy- 
aemicus. Syn., Streptococcus septopy amicus. 
Obtained from cases of phlegmonous angina 
and erysipelas of the larynx, aer., nliqf., 
pg. Resembles Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. 
Micrococcus sialosepticus. Found in 
the saliva in a case of puerperal septicemia. 
aer., nliqf, pg. Cf. Micrococcus salivarius 
septicus, Biondi. Micrococcus subflavus, 
Fliigge, Neisser. Syn., Neisseria sub/lava. 
Yellowish-white micrococcus or diplococcus, 
Bumm. Obtained from the lochia of puer- 
peral women, and from vaginal mucus, aer., 



Hqf,pg> Micrococcus suis, Burrill. See 
Bacillus tardigradus. Micrococcus tardi- 
gradus. See Micrococcus flavus tardigradus, 
Fliigge. Micrococcus tetragenes, Micro- 
coccus tetragenus, Gaffky. Syn., Gaffkya 
tetragenus, Saccardo. Obtained from a cavity 
in the lung of a person with pulmonary tuber- 
culosis, aer., facanaer., nliqf., pg. Micro- 
coccus tetragenus, Marotta. Constantly 
found in small-pox vesicles and pustules. 
aer., liqf.,pg. Produces vaccinia in calves. 
Micrococcus tetragenus febris flavse, 
Finlay. Syn., Micrococcus tetragenus versa- 
tilis, Sternberg. Obtained from the excre- 
ments of mosquitoes which had drawn blood 
from yellow fever patients ; also from the 
surface of the body in the same disease 
(Sternberg), aer., liqf., chg. (lemon-yellow), 
npg. Micrococcus tetragenus mobilis 
ventriculi, Mendosa. Found in the con- 
tents of the stomach of man. aer., nliqf., 
mot., npg. Micrococcus tetragenus sub- 
flavus, Von Besser. Found in nasal mucus. 
aer., facanaer. (no growth in gelatin), npg. 
Micrococcus tetragenus versatilis, 
Sternberg. See Micrococcus tetragenus febris 
Jlava, Finlay. Micrococcus toxicatus, 
Burrill. Syn., Micrococcus variola et vaccina, 
Cohn. Streptococcus toxicatus, Burrill. 
Found in the poison of the poison ivy, Rhus 
toxicodendron. Micrococcus ulceris mol- 
lis. See Bacillus of chancroid, Ducrey. 
Micrococcus ureae, Cohn. Syn., Bacterium 
tcrea, Cohn. Streptococcus urea. Torula urea, 
Pasteur. Found in urine, in which it pro- 
duces ammoniacal fermentation. Micro- 
coccus ureae, Pasteur and Van Tieghem. 
Found in the air and in ammoniacal urine. 
aer. t facanaer., nliqf., npg. Possibly the 
last two forms and the Bacterium urea, 
Jaksch, are identical. Micrococcus ureae 
liquefaciens, Fliigge. Syn., Streptococcus 
athebius. Found in ammoniacal urine, aer.. 
facanaer., liqf., npg. Micrococcus urin- 
albus. Syn., Micrococcus albus urina, 
Found in the urine in cases of pyelonephritis 
and cystitis. Micrococcus urinae albus 
olearius, Doyen. Syn., Micrococcus doyenii. 
Found under the same circumstances as the 
last form, aer., liqf . Micrococcus urinae 
flavus olearius, Doyen. Syn., Micrococcus 
olearius. Found in the urine of cystitis, 
with the two preceding forms, aer. , liqf. , 
chg. (golden -yellow). Micrococcus urinae 
major, Doyen. Syn., Micrococcus major. 
Found in same circumstances as the three 
preceding forms. Micrococcus versatilis. 
Found on the skin of healthy persons, also in 
the liver, spleen and kidneys after death from 
yellow fever. Not sufficiently studied. Mi- 
crococcus versicolor, Fliigge. Found in 
water, aer., nliqf., chg. (yellow), npg. 



BACTERIA 



127 



BACTERIA 



Micrococcus viniperda. Syn., Micrococcus 
ferment/. Found in spoiled wine. Micro- 
coccus violaceus, Cohn. Found in water. 
aer., nliqf., chg. (violet), npg. Micrococ- 
cus viridis flavescens, Guttmann. Found 
in the lymph of a varicella pustule, aer., 
nliqf, npg. Micrococcus viscosus, Pas- 
teur. Found in the disease of wine known 
as la graissc. Micrococcus viticulosus, 
Fliigge, Katz. Found in air and water, aer. , 
facanaer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus xan- 
thogenicus. Cryptococcus xanthogenicus, 
Freire. Found in cases of yellow fever. 
Microhaloa rosea, Kiitzing. See Beggiatoa 
roseopersicina, Zopf. Microsporon minu- 
tissimum, Burchardt. See Bacillus epider- 
midis, Bizzozero. Microsporon septicum, 
Klebs. See Bacillus septicaemia hemor- 
rhagica*, Sternberg. Microzyma bombycis, 
Bechamp. See Micrococcus bombycis, Cohn, 
Beck. Milkwhite Micrococcus. Bumm. 
See Micrococcus albicans tardissimus, Eisen- 
berg. Milk Yeast. See Saccharomyces lactis, 
Adametz. Miller's Bacillus. See Bacil- 
lus dentalis viridans, Miller, and Spirillum 
of Miller. Miller's Bacillus of the Intes- 
tine. See Bacillus aerogenes, I, If II f 
Miller. Miller's Epsilon Bacillus. See 
Epsilon Bacillus, Miller. Milzbrandbacil- 
lus. See Bacillus anthracis, Pol lender and 
Davaine. Monas prodigiosa, Ehrenberg. 
See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Mo- 
nas termo, Miiller. See Bacillus termo, 
Dujardin. Mycoderma aceti. See Bacillus 
aceti, Kiitzing. Mycoderma vini, Pasteur. 
See Saccharomyces mycoderma, Reess. My- 
conostoc gregarium, Cohn. A spiral or 
crumpled condition of a filamentous schizo- 
mycete, perhaps Cladothrix dichotoma, Cohn. 
Neisseria albicans. See Micrococcus albi- 
cans amplus, Neisser. Neisseria citrea. 
See Micrococcus citreus conglomeratus ,Bumm. 
Neisseria conglomerata. See Micrococcus 
conglomeratus, Weichselbaum. Neisseria 
gonorrhoea. See Micrococcus gonorrhoea, 
Neisser. Neisseria lactea. See Micrococ- 
cus lacteus faviformis, Neisser. Neisseria 
lyssae. See Micrococcus lyssae, Neisser. 
Neisseria petechialis. See Micrococcus pete- 
chialis, Neisser. Neisseria rebellis. See 
Micrococcus of trachoma, Sattler. Neisseria 
rosea. See Micrococcus roseus, Maggiora. 
Neisseria subfiava. See Micrococcus 
subflavus, Fliigge. Neisseria tardissima. 
See Micrococcus albicans tardissimus, Bumm. 
Neisseria weichselbaumii. See Micrococ- 
cus intercellularis mejtingitidis, Neumann 
and Schaffer. Neisseria winckleri. See 
Bacillus beribericus, Lacerda. Nitrifying 
Bacillus of Winogradsky, Nitromonas 
of Winogradsky. It is found in the soil ; 
no growth on ordinary culture media ; one 



of the very few nitrifying ferments. Nosema 
bombycis, Nageli. Syn. Micrococctis ovatus. 
It is found in the organs and the blood of silk- 
worms suffering hon\ pebrine. Ophidomonas 
jenensis,Ophidomonas sanguinea, Ehren- 
berg. See Beggiatoa roseopersicina, Zopf. 
Orchiococcus. See Diplococcus of Orchi- 
tis, Hugouneng and Eraud. Oscillaria 
alba, Vaucher. See Beggiatoa alba, Trevi- 
san. Oscillaria arachnoidea, Agardh. 
See Beggiatoa arachnoidea, Trevisan. Os- 
cillaria leptomitiformis, Meneghi. See 
Beggiatoa leptoi7iitiformis, Trevisan. Oscil- 
laria tigrina. See Beggiatoa tigrina, Raben- 
horst. Oscillaria versatilis, Kiitzing. 
See Beggiatoa arachnoidea, Trevisan. Pal- 
mella infusionum, Ehrenberg. See Bacil- 
lus termo, Dujardin. Palmella prodigiosa, 
Mont. See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. 
Palmellina capillorum (Radlkoffer), Bulh. 
Syn., Zoogloza capillorum, Bulh. Found in 
the epidermis of the head ; supposed to affect 
the color of the hair. Panhystophyton 
ovatum. Syn. of Nosema bombycis. Pas- 
set's Putrefying Bacillus of Pus. See 
Bacillus pyogenes fojtidus, Passet. Peach- 
colored Bacterium, Lankester. See Beg- 
giatoa roseopersicina, Zopf. Pediococcus 
acidi lactici, Lindner. Found in hay infusion 
and in mash from malt. aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , 
npg. Pediococcus albus, Lindner. Found 
in well water, aer. , liqf , npg. Pediococcus 
aurantiacus, Cohn. See Micrococcus auran- 
tiacus, Cohn. Pediococcus cerevisiae, 
Balcke. Syn., Sarcina cerevisiae, Lindner. 
Found in beer and in the air of breweries. 
aer. , facanaer., nliqf, npg. Peroncitoa 
scarlatinosae. See Micrococcus scarlatina?, 
Pohl-Pincus. Pfeiffer's Bacillus. See 
Bacillus capsulatus, Pfeiffer. Photobacte- 
rium balticum, Fischer. Found in the 
waters of the Baltic, aer., liqf, phos., npg. 
Cf. Bacillus phosphorescent indigenus, 
Fischer. Photobacterium fischeri, Katz. 
Found in the waters of the Baltic, aer. , 
liqf, phos., npg. Photobacterium indi- 
cum, Fischer. See Bacilhis phosphorescens, 
Fischer. Photobacterium luminosum, 
Beyerinck. Found on many of the phospho- 
rescent animals, crustaceous polyps, infusoria, 
of the North Sea. aer. , liqf , phos. , npg. 
Photobacterium pflugeri, Ludwig. Syn., 
Bacterium pflugeri, Micrococcus pflugeri. 
Found upon butcher's meat and upon market 
fish. The most phosphorescent of all light- 
producing bacteria. aer., liqf, phos., 
npg. Photobacterium phosphorescens, 
Fischer. See Bacillus phosphoreus, Cohn. 
Photobacterium phosphorescens, Cohn. 
Syn., Bacterium phosphorescens. Pink 
Bacillus of Spreading Edema, A. B. 
Harris, aer., nliqf., pleom., dig. (pink), 



BACTERIA 



128 



BACTERIA 



n Ps- Cf. Bacillus aedcmatis maligni, Koch. 
Pleurococcus roseopersicina, Raben- 
horst. See Beggiatoa roseopersicina, Zopf. 
Pneumobacillus friedlanderi. See Bacillus 
pneumonuz friedlanderi. Pneumobacillus 
liquefaciens bovis. See Bacillus lique- 
faciens bovis, Arloing. Pneumococcus, 
Friedlander's ; Pneumoniacoccus of 
Friedlander, Sternberg. See Bacillus pneu- 
::.e friedlanderi. Potato Bacillus. 
Applied to Bacillus mesentericus fuscus, 
Fliigge. Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus, 
Fliigge. Bacterium mesentericum riibrum, 
Globig. Pragmidiothrix multisepta, 
Engler. Syn. , Beggiatoa multisepta. Found 
in sea- water upon crustaceans (Kieler Bucht). 
It is distinguished from Beggiatoa by the 
absence of sulphur grains. Prazmowski's 
Bacillus of Butyric Acid Fermentation. 
See Bacillus butyricus, Botkin, Prazniowski. 
Proteus capsulatus septicus. Proteus 
hominis capsulatus. See Bacillus hominis 
capsulatus, Banti. Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Pro- 
teus lethalis. See Bacillus lethalis, Babes. 
Proteus mirabilis. See Bacillus mirabilis, 
Hauser. Proteus of Karlinski. See Ba- 
cillus murisepticus pleomorphic , Karlinski. 
Proteus septicus. See Bacillus septicus, 
Pasteur. Proteus sulfureus. See Bacillus 
. -:■. ■r'ureus, Lindenborn. Proteus sulfureus 
of Holochenikoff, Proteus vulgaris, 
Hauser. See Bacillus vulgaris, Hauser. 
Proteus zenkeri. See Bacillus zenkeri, 
Hauser. Pseudodiphtheria Bacillus. 
LSffler, Von Hoffmann. Roux, Yersin, and 
Abbott. Found in the mucus from the 
pharynx and tonsils of children suffering 
from nondiphtheric throat affections. Pseu- 
dodiplococcus pneumoniae. Bonome. Ob- 
tained from the serofibrinous exudate of a 
person dead of cerebrospinal meningitis. 
aer., nliqf., pg. Cf. Micrococcus menin- 
gitidis, Neumann, and Bacillus meningitidis 
purulcntce, Neumann. Rasmussenia buc- 
calis, Saccardo. See Leptothrix buccalis, 
Robin. Rauschbrand-bacillus. See Ba- 
cillus chamnei, Bollinger and Feser. Red 
Bacillus of Water. See Bacillus ruber, 
Frank and Becker. Saccharomyces al- 
bicans, Robin. Syn.. Oidium albicans, 
Robin; the cause of thrush. Saccharomyces 
apiculatus, Reess. Occurs in fermented 
wine and beer, and, in the hot seasons, on 
sweet succulent fruits ; in winter, in the soil 
beneath the trees that bear these fruits. 
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Reess and 
Robin. Syn., Cryptococcus cerez'isice, Kiitz- 
ing, Cryptococcus fermentation, torula cere- 
visia, yeast plant. Under this heading are 
included a series of different yeasts. Sac- 
charomyces conglomeratus, Reess. As 
the result of Hansen's investigations this 



species has been dropped by recent writers. 
Saccharomyces ellipsoideus I, II, Han- 
sen, a "wild" species of wine ferment. 
Saccharomyces exiguus, Hansen. Found 
in German yeast ; acts toward sugar exactly 
as does Saccharomyces marxianus. Sac- 
charomyces glutinis. Syn., Cryptococcus 
glutinis, Fersen. A pullulating yeast that 
forms beautiful rose-colored patches on 
cooked potatoes. Saccharomyces guttu- 
latus, Robin. Syn., Cryptococcus guttulatus, 
Robin, Winter. Found in the esophagus, 
stomach," and intestines of mammals, birds, 
and reptiles. The feces of patients suffering 
from tunnel anemia, or anchylostomiasis, 
frequently contain this species of saccharomy- 
ces. Saccharomyces lactis, Adametz. 
Syn. . Milk-yeast. Found in milk, of which 
it ferments the milk-sugar. Saccharomy- 
ces marxianus. Found in wine ; acts 
vigorously on saccharose, inverting and fer- 
menting it with great activity ; it also acts 
on dextrose. Saccharomyces membrani- 
faciens. Forms a bright yellow, tough scum 
on beer-wort ; liquefies gelatin ; has no fer- 
mentative action on ordinary carbohydrates, 
and does not invert cane-sugar. Sacchar- 
omyces minor, Engel. According to En- 
gel this is the cause of fermentation in bread. 
Saccharomyces mycoderma, Reess. Syn. , 
Mycoderma mesentericum, Pers. Mycoderma 
cerez'isice et vini, Desm. Hormiscium vini 
et cerevisice, Bonard. Mycoderma vini. Pas- 
teur. Mycoderma cerevisicz, Trecul. Found 
on the surface of wine and beer, forming the 
so-called "flowers of wine." Saccharo- 
myces pasteurianus, Reess. Accord- 
ing to Hansen, this represents a group of 
three forms that cause changes in beer and 
wine. Saccharomyces pyriformis,Ward. 
Found in the fermentation of ginger-beer. 
A yeast which develops much C0 9 but 
little alcohol ; it inverts cane-sugar and fer- 
ments the products ; does not ferment milk- 
sugar, aer., facanaer. Saccharomyces 
ruber, Demme. Found in milk and cheese, 
forming red spots in the latter, and red sedi- 
ment in the former. nliqf. Sacchar- 
omyces vacciniae, Pfeiffer. Found in the 
lymph of a vaccinia pustule ; nothing is 
known of its action. Sarcina alba, Eisen- 
berg. Found in air and water. aer. , 
Hqf, npg. Sarcina aurantiaca. Syn., 
Orange Sarcina, Koch. Found in air and 
water, aer. , liqf. , chg. (orange yellow), npg. 
Sarcina aurea, Mace. Found in the pul- 
monary exudates of a person dead of a pneu- 
monia complicated with purulent pleurisy. 
aer., liqf., chg. (brilliant golden yellow). 
Sarcina botulina, Van den Corput. Found 
in cases of poisoning with tainted sausage 
{botulismus) and believed to be the active 



BACTERIA 



129 



BACTERIA 



apent. Cf. Bacillus of allantiasis. Sarcina 
Candida, Reinke. Found in the air of 
breweries, aer. , Hqf, npg. Sarcina cere- 
visiae, Lindner. Syn., Pediococcus cerevisicc, 
Balcke. Found in beer and the air of brew- 
eries, aer. , facanaer., nliqf, npg. Sar- 
cina flava, De Bary. Found in beer. aer. , 
Hqf. , chg. (yellow), npg. Sarcina fusees - 
cens, Falkenheim. Found in the human 
stomach. Sarcina hyalina, Kiitzing. 
Syn., Merismopedia hyalina, Kiitzing. 
Found in swamps. Sarcina intestinalis, 
Zopf. Found in the intestines of chickens 
and turkeys, principally in the cecum. 
Sarcina litoralis, CErstedt. Syn., Meris- 
mopedia li tor a lis, Rabenhorst, Erythroconis, 
CErstedt. Found in sea-water ; forms a thin 
reddish layer between decomposing algae on 
the shore. Sarcina lutea, Schroter. Found 
in the air and in fungus cultures, aer. , Hqf. , 
c/ig. (yellow), npg. Sarcina minuta, De 
Bury. Occurred spontaneously in a culture 
of sour milk on a microscopic slide ; resem- 
bles Sarcina welckeri. Sarcina mobilis, 
Maurea. Found in old ascitic fluid. aer. , 
Hqf, mot., chg. (brick-red). Sarcina mor- 
rhuae. Obtained from codfish. Sarcina 
of the Lungs. See Sarcina puHnonum, 
Hauser. Sarcina of the Urine. See 
Sarcina urince, Welcker. Sarcina palu- 
dosa, Schroter. Found in bog water. 
Sarcina pulmonum, Hauser. Syn., Sar- 
cina of the lungs. Found in sputum, aer., 
nliqf., npg. Sarcina reitenbachii, Cas- 
pary. Syn., Merismopedium reitenbachii. 
Found in fresh water on decaying plants. 
Sarcina renis, Hep worth. Found in the 
lungs of persons dead of pulmonary tuber- 
culosis. Sarcina rosea, Menge. Found 
in milk and other food-stuffs. Held to be 
distinct from the form described by Schroter. 
aer., Hqf., chg. (rose-red), npg. Sarcina 
rosea, Schroter. Found in the air. aer., 
Hqf, chg. (intense red, giving same reaction 
as the pigment of Sarcina aurantiaca), npg. 
Sarcina urinae, Welcker. Syn., Merismo- 
pedia urince, Rabenhorst. Found in the 
bladder ; appears to be destitute of zymotic 
action. Sarcina ventriculi, Goodsir. 
Common in the stomach of man and 
animals. aer. , nliqf. , npg. Sarcina 
welckeri, Rossmann. Repeatedly found 
in the human bladder and voided for 
months at a time in the urine, which is 
usually abnormally rich in phosphates, the 
patient retaining good health. Scheutzia 
laughlini. Syn. , Micrococcus of Dengue, 
Staphylococcus of Dengue, Dengue Micro- 
coccus. Found in the blood of patients suf- 
fering from dengue. Pathogenetic relations 
not determined. Schweinerotlauf bacillus. 
See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Koch. 
9 



Smegma bacillus. See Bacillus of the 
smegma. Sphaerococcus acidi lactici, 
Marpmann. Found in fresh cow's milk. 
aer., nliqf, npg. Sphaerotilus natans, 
Kiitzing, Saccardo. Syn., Leptothrix natans. 
Found in running and stagnant water. Old 
portions yellowish, younger portions color- 
less. Spirillum amyliferum, Van Tieghem. 
Found in water. Forms granulose at cer- 
tain developmental stages ; gives the blue 
reaction with iodin. Cf. Bacillus butyricus, 
Prazmowski. Spirillum anserum. Syn., 
Spirochcete anserina, Sakharoff. Found in 
the blood of geese affected with a fatal form 
of septicemia due to this microbe. A disease 
prevalent in the swampy regions of Caucasia. 
aer., mot. , pg. (not for chickens) . Spirillum 
a of 'Weibel. See Spirillum saprophiles a, 
Weibel. Spirillum attenuatum, Warming. 
Found in sea water. Spirillum aureum. 
Syn., Vibrio aureus, Weibel. Found in the 
air and slime of sewers, aer. , nliqf., nmot., 
chg. (golden yellow), npg. Spirillum /3 
of Weibel. See Spirillum saprophiles /3, 
Weibel. Spirillum . cholerae asiaticae, 
Koch. Syn., Spirillum cholera:. Spirillum 
of cholera, Bacillus of cholera, Comma 
bacillus of Koch. Found in the discharges 
of cholera patients and in the intestines of 
cholera cadavers. aer. , facanaer., Hqf., 
mot., pg. Spirillum concentricum, 
Kitasato. Found in putrefying blood, aer. , 
nliqf., mot., npg. Spirillum denticola, 
Miller ; or, Spirillum dentium, Arnt. 
Syn., Spirochcete dejiticola, Spirochcete den- 
titan. Found under the margins of the 
gums in the mouths of healthy persons ; 
biologic characters unknown, as it does not 
thrive in culture fluids. Spirillum endo- 
paragogicum, Sorokin. Found in a glairy, 
liquid exuding from a poplar tree. Spirillum 
finkleri, Spirillum Finkler- Prior. Syn., 
Vibrio proteus. Bacillus of Finkler-Prior. 
Found in the feces of persons affected with 
cholera nostras, after allowing the discharge 
to stand for some time. aer. , facanaer. , 
Hqf, mot. Pathogenetic relation not con- 
firmed. Spirillum flavescens. Syn., 
Vibrio flavescens , Weibel. Found in the 
slime of sewers, aer., nliqf., nmot.) chg. 
(yellowish-green), npg. Spirillum flavum. 
Syn. , Vibrio flavescens, Weibel. Found in 
the slime of sewers, aer. , nliqf. , nmot. , chg. 
(ocher yellow), npg. Spirillum jenensis, 
Ehrenberg. Syn., Ophidomonas jenensis, 
Ehrenberg. A doubtful species. Spirillum 
leukomelaenum, Perty. Found in water 
containing decaying algae. Spirillum 
linguae. Syn., Vibrio lingua lis. Found in 
the deposit on the tongue of a mouse, after 
inoculation. aer., facanaer., nliqf, nmot., 
npg. (for mice). Spirillum litorale, Warm- 



BACTERIA 



130 



BACTERIA 



ing. Sym , Vibrio spirillum, Miiller ; 
Melunella spirillum, Borg. Found in bog 
water. Spirillum metschnikovi. Syn.. 
Vibrio metschnikovi, Gameleia. Found in 
the intestinal contents of chickens affected 
with an epidemic infectious disease re- 
sembling fowl cholera. aer., facanaer. 
(?), Uqf, mot., pg. Spirillum nasale. 
Syn., Vibrio nasale, "VYeibel. Found in 
nasal mucus, aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot. , 
7ipg. Spirillum obermeieri. Cohn. Syn., 
SpirocJuzta obermeieri. Spirillum of relaps- 
ing fever. Found in the blood of persons 
affected with relapsing fever. aer., mot., 
(efforts to cultivate thus far unsuccessful) , pg. 
Spirillum of Asiatic cholera. Spirillum oi 
cholera. See Spirillum cholerce asiaticce, 
Koch. Spirillum of Denecke. See Spir- 
illum tyrogenum, Denecke. Spirillum of 
Finkler and Prior. See Spirillum Jinkleri. 
Spirillum of Miller. Syn.. Miller" s bacil- 
lus. Found in carious teeth, aer.. fac- 
anaer., Uqf., mot., npg. Spirillum of 
Relapsing Fever. See Sririllum oberme : .r<:. 
Cohn. Spirillum of Smith. Found in 
the intestines of swine, aer., nliqf., mot., 
npg. Spirillum plicatile. Dujardin. Syn., 
Spirocluzte plicatilis, Ehrenberg ; Spirulina 
plicatilis, Cohn. Found in water containing 
decomposing algae. Biologic characters un- 
determined. Spirillum rosaceum. Ob- 
served upon excrement in water, aer., chg. 
(red), npg. Spirillum rosenbergii. "Warm- 
ing. Found in brackish water. Contains 
refractive sulphur grains, aer. , mot. Spir- 
illum roseum. Mace. Found in a tube 
culture of blennorrhagic pus. aer., nliqf, 
mot., chg. (rose-red), npg. Spirillum 

rubrum. von Esmarch. Obtained from the 
putrefying body of a mouse, aer., facanaer. , 
nliqf.. met., chg. (pink), npg. Spirillum 
rufum. Perty. Found in cistern water. 
aer., nu>t., chg. (rose-red), npg. Spirillum 
rugula, Miiller. Syn., Vibrio rugi 
Found in swamp water and frequently in the 
alimentary canal, on the teeth, etc. aer., 
facanaer., mot., npg. According to Praz- 
mowski this species gives rise to decomposi- 
tion of cellulose. Spirillum sanguineum. 
See Beggiatoa roseopersicina. Zopf. Spir- 
illum saprophiles a of Weibel. Syn.. 
T'ibrio saprophiles a of Weibel. Found in 
rotting hay infusion and in the slime of 
sewers, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. Spirillum 
saprophiles 3 of Weibel. Syn.. Vibrio 
:::'-::'::'/: 5. Wei: el. Found in rotting hay 
infusion, aer., nliqf, mot., npg. Spiril- 
lum saprophiles j of Weibel. Syn., 
V\ :'io saprophiles y, Weibel. Found in the 
slime of sewers, aer. , nliqf, mot., npg. 
Spirillum serpens, Miiller. Syn.. Vibrio 
serpens, Miiller. Found in stagnant water 



containing decaying plants, etc. Biologic 
characters not determined. Spirillum 

sputigenum, Miller. Common in the neg- 
lected mouths of healthy persons. Does 
not grow on culture media. Spirillum 
tenue, Ehrenberg. Found in putref 
plant infusions. Biologic characters unde- 
termined. Spirillum t3Togenum, Denecke. 
Spirillum of Denecke, Bacillus of cheese, 
Denecke" s cheese spirillum. Found in old 
cheese. aer., facanaer., Uqf, mot., pg. 
(for guinea pigs). Spirillum undula. Conn, 
Miiller. Syn.. Vibrio undula, Miiller; 
Vibrio prolifer, Ehrenberg. Found in zo- 
oglea masses in swamp water, vegetable in- 
fusions, etc. aer. . mot., npg. Spirillum 
violaceum, Warming. Found in brackish 
water ; cell contents violet, with a few sul- 
phur grains. Spirillum volutans, Ehren- 
berg. Syn., Vibrio spirillum, Miiller; Me- 
lunella spirillum, Borg. Found in infusions 
and in bog water. Biologic characters unde- 
termined. Spirochaete anserina, Sakha- 
roff. See Sririllum anserum. Spirochaete 
denticola. Miller, or Spirochaete dentium, 
Arnt. See Sririllum dentium. Spirochaete 
obermeieri. See Spirillum obermeu 
Cohn. Spirochaete plicatilis, Ehrenberg. 
See Spirillum plicatile, Dujardin. Spirc- 
monas cohnii, Wanning. Found in foul 
water. Spiromonas volubilis, Pertz. 
Found in putrefying infusions and in bog 
water. Sporonema gracile. See Bacillus 
virens, Van Tieghem. Staphylococcus 
albus liquefaciens, Escherich. Syn.. 
White liquefying staphylococcus. Found in 
the alvine discharges of healthy infants. <:.- y. , 
Uqf, npg. Staphj-lococcus biskrae. 
See Micrococcus of Heydenreich. Sta- 
phylococcus cereus albus, Passet. See 
Micrococcus cereus albus, Passet. Staphy- 
lococcus cereus aureus, SchrSter and 
Winkler. See Micrococcus cereus aureus, S. 
and W. Staphylococcus cereus fiavus. 
P.isset. See Micrococcus cereus faz-us, Pas- 
set Staphylococcus citreus. See Micro- 
coccus citreus, List. Staphylococcus epi- 
dermidis albus, Welch. See Micrococcus 
pyogenes albus, Rosenbach. Staphylo- 
coccus of Dengue, McLaughlin. See 
Scheutzia laughlini. Staphylococcus of 
pemphigus. De Michele. Obtained from 
the skin, kidney, and spleen of a case of 
pemphigus chronica. Staphylococcus pas- 
setti. See Micrococcus n i fiavus, Passet. 
Staphylococcus pyogenes albus, Rosen- 
bach. See Micrococcus pyogenes albus, 
Rosenbach. Staphylococcus pyogenes 
aureus, Ogston, Becker. See Micrococ- 
i pyogenes aureus. Rosenbach. Sta- 
phylococcus pyogenes citreus, Passet. 
See Micrococcus pyogenes citreus, Pa — 



BACTERIA 



131 



BACTERIA 



Staphylococcus pyosepticus, Hericourt 
and Richet. See Micrococcus pyosepticus, 
Richet. Staphylococcus salivarius pyo- 
genes, Biondi. See Micrococcus salivarius 
pyogenes, Biondi. Staphylococcus viridis 
flavescens, Guttmann. Syn., Micrococcus 
of chicken-pox. Found in the vesicles of 
varicella, aer. , nliqf., chg. (greenish-yellow), 
npg. Streptococcus acidi lactici, Groten- 
feldt. Found in coagulated milk in Finland. 
anaer. (not strictly), nliqf., npg. Strep- 
tococcus aethebius. See Micrococcus urece 
liquefaciens, Fliigge. Streptococcus albus, 
Maschek. Found in hydrant water (Freiburg). 
aer., liqf., npg. Streptococcus apthicola, 
Hallier. See Streptocytus of eczema epizoo- 
tica, Schottelius. Streptococcus articu- 
lorum, Loffler. Syn., Micrococcus of diph- 
theria. Obtained from the affected mucous 
membrane in cases of diphtheria. Possibly 
a variety of Micrococcus pyogenes, pg. (for 
mice). Streptococcus bombycis. See 
Micrococcus bombycis, Cohn. Streptococ- 
cus brevis, Von Lingelsheim. Obtained 
from normal human saliva, aer. , facanaer. , 
nliqf, npg. Streptococcus cadaveris, 
Sternberg. Found in the liver of a yellow- 
fever cadaver, aer. , facanaer., nliqf, npg. 
Probably identical with the preceding species. 
Streptococcus cinnabareus. See Micro- 
coccus cinnabareus, Fliigge. Streptococcus 
coli gracilis, Escherich. Found in the 
feces of healthy children living on a meat 
diet, aer., facanaer., liqf, npg. Strep- 
tococcus conglomeratus, Kurth. Ob- 
tained from cases of scarlet fever, pg. (for 
mice). Streptococcus coronatus, Fliigge. 
See Micrococcus coronatus, Fliigge. Strep- 
tococcus coryzae contagiosse equorum, 
Schiitz. Found in the pus from affected lym- 
phatic glands in horses suffering with the dis- 
ease known in Germany as Druse des Pferdes. 
aer., facanaer., pg. (for horses and mice), 
npg. (for rabbits, guinea pigs, and pigeons). 
Streptococcus endocarditicus. See Mi- 
crococcus endocarditicus rugatus, Weichsel- 
baum. Streptococcus erysipelatis (ery- 
sipelatos), Fehleisen. See Micrococcus 
pyogenes, Rosenbach. Streptococcus fer- 
menti. See Micrococcus viniperda. Strep- 
tococcus giganteus urethrae, Lustgarten 
and Manneberg. Found in the healthy 
human urethra, aer., npg. Streptococcus 
havaniensis, Sternberg. Found in the acid 
vomit of a yellow-fever patient. Biologic 
characters undetermined. Streptococcus in - 
sectorum, Burrill. See Micrococcus insecto- 
rum, Burrill. Streptococcus kochii. See 
Micrococcus of septicemia in rabbits, Koch. 
Streptococcus lanceolatus pasteuri, 
Gamaleia. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, 
Fliigge. Streptococcus liquefaciens, 



Sternberg. Obtained from the intestines and 
livers of yellow-fever cadavers, aer., fac- 
anaer., liqf, npg. Streptococcus longus, 
von Lingelsheim. See Micrococcus pyogenes, 
Rosenbach. Streptococcus lucae. See 
Micrococcus ulceris mollis. Streptococcus 
manfredii. See Micrococcus manfredii. 
Streptococcus meningitidis. See Micro- 
coccus intercellularis meningitidis, Naumann 
and Schaffer. Streptococcus monomor- 
phus, Bujwid, Heryng. Found in benign 
pharyngeal ulcers. npg. Streptococcus 
morbillosus. See Micrococcus of measles. 
Streptococcus nocardi. See Micrococcus 
mastobius, Nocard. Streptococcus ochro- 
leukus. See Micrococcus ochroleukus, Prove 
and Legrain. Streptococcus of Bonome. 
Obtained from the exudations in the cerebro- 
spinal meninges and from hemorrhagic extra- 
vasations in the lungs, in cases of epidemic 
cerebrospinal meningitis. pg. (for white 
mice and rabbits). Streptococcus of gran- 
uloma fungoides, Rindfleisch and Auspetz. 
See Streptococcus of mycosis fungoides. 
Streptococcus of Manneberg. Obtained 
from the urine in cases of acute nephritis. 
aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , pg. (for dogs and 
rabbits). Streptococcus of Mastitis in 
Cows. See Micrococcus mastobius, Nocard 
and Mollereau. Streptococcus of Myco- 
sis fungoides. Streptococcus of granuloma- 
fungoides, Rindfleisch and Auspetz. Found 
in the capillaries and subcutaneous tissue in 
the parts affected by this disease. Not suf- 
ficiently investigated. Streptococcus of 
Pus. See Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. 
Streptococcus perniciosus psittacorum, 
Eberth and Wolf. See Micrococcus psittaci, 
Wolf. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Weich- 
selbaum. See Micrococcus pyogenes, Fliigge. 
Streptococcus putrefaciens. Micrococ- 
cus of putrefaction. Refers to any one of 
the many micrococci found in putrefying sub- 
stances. Streptococcus pyogenes, Rosen- 
bach. See Micrococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach. 
Streptococcus pyogenes, Saccardo. See 
Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. Streptococcus 
pyogenes maligni, Krause and Fliigge. 
Found in necrotic masses in a leukemic 
spleen, pg. (for mice and rabbits). Strep- 
tococcus pyogenes ureae, Rorsing. Found 
in purulent urine. Cf. Micrococcus pyogenes 
urece flavus, Rorsing. Streptococcus radi- 
atus. See Micrococcus radiatus, Fliigge. 
Streptococcus rubiginosus, Edington. 
Found in cases of scarlatina, npg. Does 
not appear till late in the disease. Strep- 
tococcus seiferti. See Micrococcus influ- 
enza, Letzerich. Streptococcus septicus, 
Fliigge. See Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge. 
Streptococcus septicus liquefaciens, 
Babes, Obtained from the blood and viscera 



BACTERIA 



132 



BACTERIOID 



of a child that died of septicemia following 
scarlatina, aer., liqf., pg. (for mice and 
rabbits). Streptococcus septopyaemicus. 
See Micrococcus septopycetnicus, Biondi. 
Streptococcus toxicatus. See Micrococcus 
toxicatus, Burrill. Streptococcus ureae. 
See Micrococcus urecB, Cohn. Streptococ- 
cus ureas rugosus, Rorsing. Found in 
urine. Streptococcus vermiformis, Ma- 
schek. Found in hydrant water (Freiburg), aer. 
liqf. , npg. Streptocytus of Eczema epizoo- 
tica, Schottelius. Syn., Streptococcus apthi- 
cola, Hallier. Micrococcus of foot-and-mouth 
disease. Found in vesicular eruptions about 
the mouth and feet of cattle, pigs, and sheep. 
Communicable to man. aer. , facanaer. 
Pathogenesis not fully settled. Cf. Bacillus 
of ulcerative stomatitis of cattle. Strepto- 
thrix fcersteri, Cohn. See Cladothrix fosr- 
steri, Cohn. Swine Plague Schizophyte, 
Detmers. See Bacillus of swine plague, 
Marseilles, Rietsch, and Jobert. Syphilis 
Bacillus. See Bacillus syphilidis, Lust- 
garten. Syphilis Bacillus of Eve and 
Lingard. Obtained from the blood and 
diseased tissues of syphilitic persons who 
have not undergone mercurial treatment. 
aer. , chg. (pale yellow or brown). Patho- 
genetic relations not settled. Not stained by 
Lustgarten's method; capable of develop- 
ment on blood-serum. Tetanus Bacillus. 
See Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier. Thiothrix 
nivea. See Beggiatoa nivea, Rabenhorst. 
Thiothrix tenuis, Winogradsky. Found 
in sulphur springs. Thiothrix tenuissima, 
Winogradsky. Found in sulphur springs. 
Torula cerevisiae. See Saccharomyces cere- 
visice, Reess and Robin. Torula ureae, 
Pasteur. See Micrococcus urea:, Cohn. 
Tubercle bacillus. See Bacillus tuberculo- 
sis, Koch. Typhus bacillus. See Bacillus 
typhi abdomvialis, Eberth. Tyrothrix cat- 
enula. T. claviformis. T. distortus. T. 
filiformis. T. geniculatus. T. scaber. T. 
tenuis. T. turgidus. T. urocephalus. T. 
virgula. See the corresponding terms 
under Bacillus. Ulvina aceti, Kiitzing. 
See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing. Urobacillus 
duclauxi, Miquel. Found in sewage and 
river water, aer. , facanaer. , mot. , liqf. 
Pathogenesis not determined. Urobacillus 
freudenreichii, Miquel. Obtained from air, 
dust, sewage, aer., liqf., mot. Pathogene- 
sis not determined. Urobacillus maddoxi, 
Miquel. Obtained from sewage and river 
water, aer., liqf. , mot. Pathogenesis not 
determined. Urobacillus pasteuri, Miquel. 
Obtained from decomposing urine, aer. , 
liqf, mot. Pathogenesis not determined. 
Urobacillus schutzenbergii, Miquel. Ob- 
tained from sewage and river water, aer. , 
liqf., mot. Pathogenesis not determined. 



Vibrio aureus, Weibel. See Spirillum 
aureum. Vibrio bacillus, Miiller, Ehrenberg. 
See Bacillus tilna, Cohn. Vibrio cholerae. 
See Spirillum cholera asiaticte, Koch. 
Vibrio cyanogenus, Ehrenberg. See 
Bacillus cyanogenus, Fuchs. Vibrio flaves- 
cens, Weibel. See Spirillum flavescens, 
Weibel. Vibrio flavus, Weibel. See 
Spirillum Jlavum , Weibel. Vibrio lineola, 
Miiller and Ehrenberg. See Bacterium 
lineola, Cohn. Vibrio lingualis. See 
Spirillum lingua, Weibel. Vibrio met- 
schnikovi, Gamaleia. See Spirillum 7net- 
schnikoviy Gamaleia. Vibrio nasalis, Wei- 
bel. See Spirillum nasale, Weibel. Vibrio 
proteus. See Spirillum finkleri. Vibrio 
rugula, Miiller. See Spirillum rugula, 
Miiller. Vibrio saprophiles a, Weibel. 
See Spirillum saprophiles a, Weibel. Vibrio 
saprophiles f 3, Weibel. See Spirillum 
saprophiles (3, Weibel. Vibrio saprophiles 
y, Weibel. See Spirillum saprophiles y, 
Weibel. Vibrio serpens, Miiller. See 
Spirillum serpe?ts, Miiller. Vibrio syn- 
cyanus, Ehrenberg. See Bacillus cyanoge- 
nus, Fuchs. Vibrio synxanthus, Ehren- 
berg. See Bacillus synxanthus, Ehrenberg 
and Schroter. Vibrio tremulans, Ehren- 
berg. See Bacterium lineola, Cohn. Vibrio 
undula, Miiller. See Spirillum tindula, 
Miiller. Vibrio Xanthogenus, Fuchs. 
Bacillus synxanthus, Ehrenberg and 
Schroter. Violet Bacillus. See Bacillus 

Janthiuus, Zopf. Zooglcea capillorum, 
Buhl. See Palmellina capillorum, Radl- 
kofer. Zooglcea termo, Miiller, Cohn. 
See Bacillus termo, Dujardin. Zooglcea 
ramigera. A tree-like variety of Cladothrix 
dichotoma. Zoogalactina imetropa, Sette. 
See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. 

Bacteriaceae (bak-te-re-a' '-se-e) [j3anT?}piov, a 
little stick]. The Schizomycetes. 

Bacterial (bak-te' '-re-al) [ t 3aiiT7/ptov, a little 
stick]. Resembling, of the nature of, or 
derived from bacteria. 

Bactericidal (bak-te-ris-i' '-dal) [flaKryptov, 
a little stick; cadere, to kill]. Destructive 
to bacteria. 

Bactericide [bak-te' '-ris-ld) [fiaicrqptov, a 
little stick; cardere, to kill]. I. Destructive 
to bacteria. 2. An agent that destroys bac- 
teria. 

Bacteridium {bak-ter-id' '-e-uni) [jSanrr/piov, a 
little stick]. According to Davaine, a genus 
of Bacteriacea characterized by immobility 
of the elements at all periods of their exist- 
ence. The distinction does not now 7 obtain. 

Bacterioid (bak-te' '-re-oid) \_3anrijpLov, a little 
stick; ndoq, form]. Applied to certain 
microorganisms flourishing in and around the 
roots of leguminous plants, assisting in the 
accumulation of nitrogen, and giving rise to 



BACTERIOLOGIST 



133 



BALSAM 



tubercles. They may be cultivated in artifi- 
cial media like ordinary bacteria. 

Bacteriologist (bak-te-re-ol' '-o-jist) [fianTTjpiov, 
a little stick; Xoyog, science]. One who 
makes a special study of bacteriology. 

Bacteriology (bak-te-re-ol' '-o-je) [(iaKTr)ptov, 
a little stick ; loyoq, science]. The science 
concerned with the study of bacteria. 

Bacterioprotein (bak-te-re-o-pro'-te-in) 
[_f3aK.Tr/piov, a little stick; irpurog, first]. A 
protein contained in bacteria. 

Bacteriopurpurin (bak-te-re-o-per' '-pu-riri) 
\J$aK.Tf)piov, a little stick; purpura, purple]. 
A peach-colored pigment found by Lankester 
in the protoplasm of Beggiatoa roseopersicina. 
It is insoluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, 
ammonia, acetic and sulphuric acids. 

Bacterioscopic (bak-te-re-o-skop' '-ik) [/3a/c- 
rrjpiov, a little stick; gkotteIv, to view]. 
Pertaining to bacterioscopy. 

Bacterioscopy (bak-te-re-os r -ko-pe) [fiaKTr)- 
pcov, a little stick ; gkottbIv, to view]. The 
microscopic study of bacteria. 

Bacteriotherapy (bak-te-re o-ther' '-ap-e) [/3a/c- 
rrjpcov, a little stick; deptnreia, treatment]. 
The treatment of disease by the introduction 
of bacteria into the system. 

Bacterium (b'ak-te f -re-um) [(3aK.Tijpiov, a little 
stick; dim. of flanTypia, a stick, staff: pi. , 
Bacteria\ I. A unicellular vegetable mi- 
croorganism. The word is a generic term 
and includes the groups bacillus, coccus, and 
spirillum. 2. Formerly, a genus of fungi 
characterized by inflexible linear filaments. 

Bacteroid (bak f -ter-oid) \\$aKTt)piov , a little 
stick; elSog, form]. Resembling bacteria. 

Bael (ba f -el). See Bela. 

Bag (bag) [AS., boslg~\. I. A sac. 2. The 
scrotum. B., Barnes's. A rubber bag 
shaped somewhat like a lyre, used for dilat- 
ing the cervical canal. B., Politzer's, a soft 
rubber bag for inflating the middle ear. B. of 
Waters, the fetal membranes enclosing the 
liquor amnii and projecting through the os 
uteri early in labor. The sac usually ruptures 
when the cervix is dilated. 

Bagnio (ban f -yo) [It. , bagno]. I. A house 
of prostitution. 2. A bath-house. 

Bakers' Itch. An eczematous affection of the 
hands, caused by the irritation of the yeast. 
B. Leg, knock-knee, or genu valgum. B. 
Salt, a synonym of smelling salts, or the car- 
bonate of ammonium; it is sometimes used 
by bakers in leavening cakes. 

Balance (bal f -ans) [bilanx, having two 
scales]. I. An instrument for weighing. 
2. The harmonious adjustment of related 
parts. 

Balanic (baV-an-ik) [/3dXavoc, the glans 
penis]. Pertaining to the glans of the penis 
or of the clitoris. 

Balanitis (bal-an-i' '-tis) [fiakavoq, the glans 



penis; ltlq, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the glans penis. 

Balanoblennorrhea (bal-an-o-blen-o-re' '-all) 
[fiaVXavoc;, the glans ; fi'kevva, mucus; pola, a 
flow] . Gonorrheal balanitis. 

Balanoplasty (bal-an' -o-plas-te) [ fiakavoq, 
the glans penis ; TrXdaaeiv, to form] . Plastic 
surgery of the glans penis. 

Balanoposthitis (bal-an-o-pos-thi 1 '-tis) [(3d- 
Aavoq, the glans penis ; Tzoadr], prepuce ; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the glans 
penis and of the prepuce. 

Balantidium (bal-an-tid' '-e-um) [(3a2.avTidtov, 
dim. of ftaAavTiov, a bag]. A genus of pro- 
tozoa. B. coli, a protozoan parasite that 
inhabits the intestine of the pig. 

Balbuties (bal-bu' '-she-ez) [balbutire, to stam- 
mer]. Stammering. 

Baldness (bawld f -nes) [ME., balde, bald]. 
Loss of hair ; alopecia. 

Ball (bawl) [ME., bal~\. An object having 
a round or spheric shape. B.-and-Socket 
Joint. See Diarthrosis and Enarthrosis. 
B. Thrombus. See Thrombus. 

Ballottement (bal-ot / -7non(g) ) [Fr. , from 
ballotte, a ball]. A method of diagnosticat- 
ing pregnancy from the fourth to the eighth 
month. A push is given the uterus by the 
finger inserted into the vagina, and if the 
fetus be present, it will rise and fall again 
like a heavy body in water. 

Balm (bahm) \_balsamum, a balsam]. I. A 
popular synonym of balsamum. 2. Any 
soothing application or ointment. B. of 
Gilead. See Balsam, Abies, and Melissa. 

Balneography (bal-ne-og' '-ra-fe) [balneum, a 
bath; ypayrj, a writing]. A treatise on 
bathing and baths. 

Balneology (bal-ne-oV - o-je) [balneum, a 
bath; loyog, science]. The science of baths 
and their effects upon the system. 

Balneotherapy (bal-ne-o-ther' '-ap-e) [bal- 
neum, a bath ; depa-eia, treatment]. System- 
atic bathing for therapeutic purposes, or the 
treatment of disease by baths. 

Balneum (bal' -ne-um) [L. ]. A bath. See 
Bath. B. arenae, a sand-bath. See Am- 
motherapy. B. lacteum, a milk-bath. B. 
luteum, a mud-bath. B. pneumaticum, 
an air-bath. 

Balsam (bawF-sam) [f3alaa/iov, the resin of 
the balsam tree]. The resinous, volatile, 
aromatic substance, liquid or solid, obtained 
from certain trees by natural exudation or by 
artificial extraction. Balsams are divided 
into two classes, those with, and those with- 
out benzoic and cinnamic acids. In general 
they are mixtures of various essential oils, 
resins, and acids. B. Apple, the plant 
Afomordica balsamina, and its warty, gourd- 
like fruit. It is purgative, but its tincture is 
chiefly used in domestic medicine as a vul- 



BALSAMATION 



134 



BANDAGE 



nerary. Unof. B. Bog, a singular stone- 
like, woody, umbelliferous plant, Bolax, or 
Azorella glebaria, of the Falkland Islands 
and Patagonia. Its aromatic gum is locally 
prized as a vulnerary, desiccative, and anti- 
gonorrheal remedy. Unof. B., Canada, a 
turpentine gathered from the natural blisters 
of the bark of Abies balsamum. It is used 
as a mounting-medium by microscopists. 
B. of Copaiba. See Copaiba. B. of Fir. 
Same as Canada Balsa/n. B., Friar's. 
See Benzoin. B. of Gilead, the balm 
of the Old Testament ; an oleoresin ob- 
tained from the Balsamodetidron gileadense. 
B. of Peru, the balsam obtained from 
Myroxylon pereirce ; antiseptic, stimulant to 
the circulation, and sedative to the nervous 
system, tonic, and expectorant. Applied 
locally, it is useful in chronic inflammatory 
skin-diseases. Dose of the emulsion Tr^x- 
xxv (0.65-I.6). B. Root, a popular name 
for certain composite-flowered plants of the 
genus Balsamorrhiza. B. hookerii, B. 
macrophylla, B. sagittata are common in the 
Pacific States and abound in a resinous bal- 
sam. Unof. B. of Tolutan, or of Tolu, 
obtained from Myroxylon tohiifera. Its pro- 
perties are due to a volatile oil, toluene. 
It possesses an agreeable odor, and is a basis 
for many cough-mixtures. It is expectorant. 
Tinct. tolutana contains IO per cent, of the 
balsam in 90 per cent, of alcohol. Dose 
TT^x-xxx (o 65-2.0). Syr. tolutanus. Dose 
f^j-ij (4.0-8.0). 

Balsamation (bawl-sam-a / -shun) [fia/.oauov, 
the resin of the balsam tree]. Embalmment 
with balsamic or aromatic spices. 

Balsamic (bavjl-sam f -ic) \_3a'/aauov , the resin 
of the balsam tree]. Having the nature or 
qualities of a balsam. 

Balsamodendron [bawl ' - sam-o-den f -dron). 
See Myrrh and Bdellium. 

Balsamum {pal' ' -sam-um) [fia/tfafiov, bal- 
sam]. A balsam. B. dipterocarpi. See 
Gurjun Balsam. 

Balser's Fat-Necrosis. See Diseases, Table 
of. 

Bamberger's Fluid. An albuminous mer- 
curic compound used in the treatment of 
syphilis. It is made as follows : To 100 
c.c. of a filtered solution of white of egg (con- 
taining 40 c.c. of albumin and 60 c.c. of 
water) there are added 60 c.c. of a solution 
of mercuric chlorid (containing 5 per cent., 
or 3 grams, of bichlorid of mercury) and 60 
c.c. of a solution of sodium chlorid (con- 
taining 20 per cent.) ; finally, 80 grams of 
distilled water are added, which brings the 
bulk of the solution up to 300, containing 
0.010 mercuric chlorid in every cubic centi- 
meter. 

Bamboo [barn-boo') [E. Ind. , bambu]. A 



popular name for many tree-like, woody- 
stemmed grasses, especially those of the 
genus Bambusa. B. arunditiacea is em- 
ployed as an alterative, anthelmintic, and de- 
purative. Unof. B. Brier, the root of Smilax 
sarsaparilla, habitat, Southern United States. 
Its properties are identical with those of 
sarsaparilla. Dose of the fid. ext. f^ss-ij 
(2.0-8.0). Unof. 

Banana {ban-an f -ah) [Sp.]. The fruit of 
the common banana, Musa sapientum, said 
to be a valuable alterative, and useful in 
strumous affections. Dose of the fid. ext. 
Tl^x-xxx (0.65-2.0). Unof. 

Band (band) [ME., bande\ That which 
binds. A stripe. A ligament. B., Axis, 
the primitive streak. B., Belly, a flan- 
nel band wound around the abdomen. B., 
Head, a strap for securing a minor to the 
forehead. B., Horny, of Tarinus, the fore 
part of the taenia semicircularis. B., Moder- 
ator. See B.,ReiPs. B., Reil's, a fibro- 
muscular fillet that frequently extends across 
the right ventricle of the heart ; it is also 
called the moderator band. B. of Remak. 
See Fiber, axial ; also Purkinje, Axis Cyl- 
inder of . B. of Tarinus. See B., Horny. 

Bandage [ban'-ddj) [Fr., bande, a strip]. 
Bandages are usually strips of muslin or other 
material, of varying widths and lengths, used 
in surgery for the purpose of protecting, com- 
pressing, etc., a part, or for the retention of 
dressings and applications. A simple ban- 
dage or roller consists of one piece ; a coi7i- 
pound, of two or more pieces. Starch, 
plaster-of- Paris, silica, dextrin, tripolith, etc., 
etc. , are used for making stiff and immovable 
dressings or bandages. According to their 
direction bandages are classed as : I. Circu- 
lar, circular turns about the part. 2. Figure- 
of-8, the turns crossing each other like the 
figure 8. 3. Oblique, covering the part by ob- 
lique turns. 4. Recurrent, the turns return- 
ing successively to the point of origin. 5. 
Spica, the turns resembling the arrangement 
of the husks of an ear of corn. 6. Spiral, 
each turn covering one-half of the preceding. 
7. Spiral reverse, the bandage is reversed in 
order better to adapt it to the part. Ban- 
dages are also classed according to the part 
to which they are applied. B., Genga's. 
See B., Theden's. B., Heliodorus's, the 
T-bandage. B., Hueter's, a spica bandage 
for the perineum. B., Langier's, a many- 
tailed paper bandage. B., Larrey's, a form 
of many-tailed bandage, the edges being 
glued together. B., Maisonneuve's, a 
variety of pi aster- of- Paris bandage, formed 
from cloths folded, these being supported 
by other bandages. B., Recurrent, is used 
after amputations, to support the flaps of 
the stump. B., Richet's, a form of plaster- 



BANEBERRY 



135 



BAROGRAPH 



of-Paris bandage to which a small amount of 
gelatin has been added. B. of Scultetus, 
a compound bandage, similar to a spiral 
reverse in appearance and action, used in 
compound fractures, so that the short pieces 
of which it is composed may be removed 
without motion of the limb. T. -Bandages 
bandages shaped like the letter T. B., The- 
den's, a form, of roller bandage applied from 
below upward over a graduated compress, to 
control hemorrhage from a limb. (For a 
more complete description of bandages, with 
illustrations, see Gould's Illustrated Dic- 
tionary.*) 

Baneberry [ban'-ber-e). See Actcea. 

Bang, Bhang, or Bangue [bang). See 
Cannabis indica. 

Banian {ban'-yan) [Ar. , banyan, a trader]. 
A South Asiatic fig-tree, Ficus bengalensis, 
remarkable for the development of roots and 
secondary trunks from its branches. The 
bark and seeds are tonic, diuretic, and anti- 
pyretic. Unof. 

Bantingism (ban ; -ting-izm) [from Banting, 
the name of the inventor]. A method for the 
treatment of obesity, consisting in the absti- 
nence from saccharine and farinaceous foods. 

Banyan (ban f -ya>i). See Banian. 

Baobab Tree. See Adansonia digitata. 

Baptin (bap / -tin) ^d-rrTiacg , a dipping]. 
A purgative glucosid, obtainable from Bap- 
tisia tinctoria. 

Baptisia (bap-tiz' '-e-ah) [ffaTrricng, a dipping]. 
Wild Indigo. The root bark of B. tinctoria 
the properties of which are due to an impure 
glucosid, the so-called Baptism. It is laxative 
and stimulant in moderate doses ; emetic and 
cathartic in large doses, and is used in 
amenorrhea, typhus and typhoid fevers, and 
as a local application to indolent ulcers and 
gangrenous sores. B., Extract. Dose gr. 
j-x (0.065-0.65). B., Ext. Fid. Dose 
TTLij-xx (o. 13-1.3). B., Tinct. Dose 
rr^v-xxx (0.32-2.0). Dose of the resin gr. 
j-v (0.065-0.32). All unof. 

Baptisin {bap / -tiz-in) [/3d7r-no7c, a dipping]. 

1. A precipitate from the tincture of Baptisia 
tinctoria,- antiseptic, purgative, ecbolic, re- 
solvent. Dose gr. j-iij (0.065-0.2). Unof. 

2. A bitter glucosid obtainable from the 
plant, Baptisia tinctoria ; it has little medici- 
nal activity. 

Baraquet (bar-ah-kwef) [Fr.]. Synonym 

of Influenza. 
Barba [bar' -bah) [L.]. The beard. 
Barbadoes Leg (bar-ba'-doz leg). See 

Elephantiasis Arabum. B. Aloes. See 

Aloes. B. Nut. See Purging Nut. 
Barbaloin [bar-bal' '-o-in) \_Barbadoes ; aXorj, 

aloe], C 17 H 20 O 7 . The aloin derived from 

Barbadoes aloes. 
Barber's Itch [bar'-berz ich). Tinea barbae. 



Barberry (bar f -ber-e). See Berberis. B. 
Gum, a commercial name of certain varie- 
ties of gum-arabic. 

Bardana (bar-da f -nah) [L.]. The burdock. 
See Lappa. 

Baregin [bar-a'-zhin). See Glaisin. 

Baresthesiometer [bar-es-the-ze-om f -et-er) 
[fiapoc, weight ; alaOrjoig, perception ; 
fiETpov, a measure]. An instrument for esti- 
mating the sense of weight or pressure. 

Baric {ba'-rik) [ftapor, weight]. Pertaining 
to or containing barium. 

Barilla {bar-il f -ah) [Fr., barille, impure 
soda]. The ashes obtained by burning vari- 
ous chenopodiaceous plants of the genera 
Salicornia and Salsola. They contain 
about 30 per cent, of sodium carbonate. 

Barium [ba f -re-um) [fiapog, weight]. Ba = 
1,36. 8; quantivalence.il. A metal of the 
group of alkaline earths, of pale, yellow 
color, characterized by a strong affinity 
for oxygen. The salts are poisonous. B. 
Carbonate, BaC0 3 , used in the prepara- 
tion of the chlorid. B. Chlorid, BaCl 2 .- 
2H 2 0, soluble, used as a test for sulphates, 
which it precipitates as barium sulphate, 
and also as a cardiac and vasomotor stimu- 
lant. Dose gr. ss-v (0.032-0.32). B. Hy- 
drate, Ba(OH).,, caustic baryta; a crystalline 
substance, soluble in water, and used as a 
test for sulphates, which it precipitates as 
barium sulphate. B. Iodid, formerly used 
as an alterative. Dose gr. | (0.008). It is 
employed in ointments. Unof. B. Oxid, 
BaO, baryta. B. Sulphate, BaS0 4 . 

Bark (bark) [ME., barke\. I. The cortex 
or covering surrounding the wood of exo- 
genous trees. 2. A synonym of cinchona 
or calisaya bark. B., Peruvian. See 
Cinchona. (For other barks, see the names 
of the plants or trees that produce them.) 

Barley (bar'-le) [ME., barly\ A cereal be- 
longing to the order Graminece ; the most 
common variety, Hordeum distichon, is used 
as a food, and also in the preparation 
of malt. B. Decoct. (B. P.). Dose f^j- 
iv (32.0-128.0). B., Pearl, is the decorti- 
cated grain, rounded and polished. B. 
Water, decoctum hordei, a decoction consist- 
ing of two ounces of Pearl B. boiled in one 
and one-half pints of water and afterward 
strained. It is used as a demulcent and food 
in the diarrheas of children. 

Barnes's Curve \_Barnes, an English ob- 
stetrician]. In obstetrics, the segment of 
a circle, having for its center the sacral 
promontory, its concavity looking backward. 
B.'s Dilators, graduated rubber bags used 
for dilating the cervix uteri in the induction 
of abortion or premature labor. 

Barograph (bar f -o-graf)\_&apoc, weight; ypd- 
(f>eiv, to record] . A self-registering barometer. 



BAROMETER 



136 



BASILAR 



Barometer [bar-om'-et-er) \_3dpoq, weight ; 
uerpov, a measure]. An instrument for de- 
termining the weight and tension of the 
atmosphere. It consists essentially of a glass 
tube about 36 inches long, closed at one 
end, filled with mercmy, and inverted in a 
basin of mercury. The mercury will sink 
in the tube until it rests at a height of about 
30 inches (760 mm. ) at the sea-level, the 
height varying as the atmospheric pressure 
increases or diminishes. B., Aneroid, a 
metallic box from wirier! the air has been 
exhausted, the tension being indicated by the 
collapsing or bulging of the thin corrugated 
cover, which is connected with a movable 
index. B. -maker's Disease, a form of 
chronic mercurial poisoning among the work- 
men who make barometers. It is due to the 
inhalation of the fumes of mercury. 

Barometrograph [bar-o-jnef '-ro-graf). See 
Barograph. 

Baroscope {bar' '-o-skof) \_3dpoq, weight ; 
GKOwelv, to observe]. An instrument used 
for determining the loss of weight of a body 
in air, compared with its weight in a vacuum. 
A form of baroscope has been invented by 
Esbach for the quantitative determination of 
urea. 

Barosma {bar-oz' -mah) \_3dpoc, weight; bcufj, 
smell]. A plant of the order Rutacece, 
native to the Cape of Good Hope and vicinity, 
several species of which yield the Buchu of 
commerce. 

Barosmin {bar-oz' -?nin)\_3dpoc, weight; bain), 
smell]. A precipitate from the tincture of 
Barosma crenata. Dose grs. ij-iij (0.13— 
0.2). Unof. 

Bartholin, Duct of {bar'-tho-liri). An ex- 
cretory duct of the sublingual gland emptying 
into Wharton's duct. B., Glands of, the 
vulvovaginal glands, a pair of glands situated 
at the entrance of the vagina, one on each 
side, and corresponding to Cowper's glands 
in the male. 

Barton's Fracture. See Diseases, Table of. 

Baruria {bar-u* '-re-a/i) [3dpog, weight ; oi'pov, 
urine] . The passage of urine having a high 
specific gravity ; also the condition of the 
body associated therewith. 

Baryencephalia {bar- e- en -sef-a / -le-ah) 
\_3apvg, heavy; hytieoaAoq, brain]. Dulness 
of intellect. 

Baryglossia {bar-e-glos / -e-ah)\_^apvq, heavy; 
y/.tjcoa, a tongue]. Thick, slow utterance. 

Barylalia {bar-e-la' -le-ah) \_3apvg, heavy; 
/.a/.td, speech]. Thickness of speech. 

Baryta, or Barytes {bar-i'-tah, or bar-i'-tes) 
\_3apvc, heavy]. Oxid of barium. See 
Barium. 

Barythymia {bar - e - thi'-me - all) [3apig, 
heavy; 6vu.de, mind]. A melancholy, 
gloomy, or sullen state of mind. 



Basal [ba'-sal) [3dcic, a foundation]. Per- 
taining to or located at the base. B . Ganglia, 
the optic thalamus and corpus striatum of the 
brain. 

Bascule Movement (bas'-kul moov r -?nent) 
[Fr., bascule, a swing]. The recoil of the 
heart in its systolic motion. 

Base {bas) \_3daiq, a foundation]. The low- 
est part of a body or the foundation upon 
which anything rests. In chemistry, an ele- 
ment or radicle that combines with an acid 
to form a salt. The electropositive mole- 
cule or radicle of a compound. In phar- 
macy, the most important part of a pre- 
scription. 

Basedow's Disease. Exophthalmic Goiter, 
or Graves' Disease. See Goiter and Dis- 
eases, Table of. 

Basement {bds f -ment) [Fr. , bassemetzt'j. 
The fundamental portion. B. Membrane. 
See Membrane. 

Bas -fond {bahfon(g)) [Fr.]. The floor or 
lowest portion of the urinary bladder. 

Basham's Mixture. Liquor ferri et ammo- 
nii acetatis. 

Basial {ba / -ze-al) [fidcic, a foundation]. Re- 
lating to a base, or to the basion. 

Basic {ba'-sik) \_fidoic, a foundation]. Hav- 
ing properties of a base ; i. e. , capable of 
neutralizing acids. 

Basicity {bas-zY-it-e) [fiaoig, foundation]. I. 
The quality of being basic. 2. The com- 
bining power of an acid. 

Basicranial {bas-e-kra' -ne-al) [pdoic, founda- 
tion ; upaviov, ■ the skull]. Relating to the 
base of the skull. B. Axis, a line running 
from a point midway between the occipital 
condyles through the median plane to the 
junction of the ethmoid and presphenoid. 

Basifacial {bas-e-fa' -shal)\_fiaGic, foundation ; 
fades, face]. Pertaining to the lower por- 
tion of the face. B. Axis, in craniometry, 
a line from the anterior point of the premax- 
illato the anterior point of the basicranial axis. 

Basihyal {bas-e-hi'-al) \_3dmg, foundation ; 
voei6t)c, from v, upsilon ; eldog, resemblance]. 
Either one of the two bones, one on each 
side, that form the principal part of the body 
of the hyoid arch. 

Basihyoid {bas-e-hi'-oid). See Basihyal. 

Basilar (bas'-il-ar) \_3daiq, foundation]. Per- 
taining to the base. B. Artery. See Arter- 
ies. Table of. B. Membrane, a membranous 
division-wall separating the scala vestibuli 
from the scala tympani, extending from the 
base to the apex of the cochlea, and support- 
ing the organ of Corti. B. Process, a 
strong quadrilateral plate of bone in front 
of the foramen magnum. B. Suture, the 
suture formed by the junction of the basilar 
process of the occipital bone with the pos- 
terior surface of the body of the sphenoid. 



BASILATERAL 



137 



BATH 



Basilateral {bas-e-lat? -er-al) [fiaouQ, founda- 
tion; latus, side]. Both basilar and lateral. 

Basilic (bas-H'-ilS) \_3naihKog, royal]. Illus- 
trious ; eminent. B. Vein, a large vein of 
the arm on the inner side of the biceps. 

Basilicon Ointment [bas-il* '-ik-on oint'- 
Hienf). Ceratum resinse. Itconsistsofresin35 
grams, yellow wax 15 grams, lard 50 grams. 

Basilysis {bas-il'-is-is) [3doig, foundation ; 
/.icig, a loosening]. The breaking up of 
the fetal skull in craniotomy. 

Basilyst (bas'-il- ist) \_3doig, foundation; 
/I'ff/c, a loosening]. An instrument for use 
in perforating the cranial vault and breaking 
up the base of the skull. 

Basin {ba'-sin) [ME.,tew]. I. The third 
ventricle of the brain. 2. The pelvis. B.- 
Trap, a trap or seat in the outlet of the basin 
of a water-closet, placed there to prevent the 
escape into the apartment of noxious and 
offensive vapors and gases. 

Basinasal {bas-e-na' 'sal) \_3daig, foundation ; 
nasus, the nose]. Relating to the basion 
and the nasion. 

Basioccipital (bas - e - ok - sip' '- it - al) \_3daic, 
foundation ; occiput, the back of the head] . 
A bone, separate in many of the lower ver- 
tebrate animals, forming the central axis of 
the skull. In adult human life, it is the 
basilar process of the occipital bone. 

Basioglossus {bas-e-o-glos f -us) [3dac, founda- 
tion ; y/.uaaa, the tongue]. That part of the 
hyoglossus muscle that is attached to the base 
of the hyoid bone. 

Basion {ba'-se-ori) \j$daig, foundation]. A 
point located at the middle of the anterior 
margin of the foramen magnum. 

Basiotribe {bas f -e-o-trib) \_3dctg, foundation ; 
rpi3en>, to grind or crush]. An instrument 
used for perforating or crushing the fetal head. 

Basiotripsy {bas-e-of '-rip-se) \jSdaiq, founda- 
tion ; rpifciv, to. grind or crush]. The 
operation of crushing the fetal head. 

Basirrhinal (bas-e-rin'-al) [,3d<7tc, founda- 
tion; pig, nose]. Relating to the base of 
the brain and to the nose. Applied to a 
cerebral fissure located at the base of the 
olfactory lobe. 

Basis (ba / -sis) \_3dcig, foundation]. Base. 

Basisphenoid {bas-e-sfe' -noid) [fidacg, foun- 
dation ; coijv, wedge ; elSog, form] . The 
lower part of the sphenoid bone. 

Basisylvian {bas-e-sW '-ve-a)i)\_3daig, founda- 
tion; Sylvius, an anatomist]. Applied to 
the transverse basilar portion or stem of the 
Sylvian fissure. 

Basitemporal {bas - e - tern'- po - ral ) \_3doig, 
foundation; tempora, the temples]. Relating 
to the base or lower part of the temporal bone. 

Basivertebral {bas - e - ver f - te - bral ) {fidcig, 
foundation; vertebra, a joint]. Relating to 
the basis or centrum of a vertebra. 



Basophile (bas / -o-/il). See Basophilous. 

Basophilic {bas-o-fil f -ic) \_3doig, foundation ; 
o/'/.tniv, to love]. Combining readily with 
bases ; stainable by means of basic dyes. 

Basophilous {bas-off f -il-us) \_3daig, founda- 
tion ; (pi?^eiv, to love]. Stained by basic 
rather than by acid dyes. 

Bass-deafness {bds-def / -nes)[_7r ., basse, fern, 
of bas, low ; ME., ^/]. Deafness to certain 
bass-notes, the perception of the higher notes 
being retained. 

Bassorin (bas'-o-rin) \_Bassora, an Asiatic 
town] C 6 H 10 O 5 , or 2C 6 H 10 O 5 . A tasteless, 
odorless, vegetable mucilage, insoluble in cold 
water, but rendered soluble by alkalies ; it is 
found in gum-tragacanth (of Bassora) and in 
cherry and plum gums. 

Bast {bast) [AS., bast, a lime-tree]. The 
inner bark of exogenous plants. The fibrous 
parts of the bark are used in making cordage, 
and have a limited use in surgery. 

Bastard {bas f -tard) [OF., bastard, son of a 
bast, or pack-saddle]. I. An illegitimate 
child. 2. Illegitimate. 

Bastards (bas'-tardz) [see bastard ']. The 
name given to an impure sugar procured 
by concentrating molasses and allowing it to 
crystallize slowly in molds. 

Basyl (ba'-sil) [3dcug, foundation]. The 
electropositive constituent of a compound. 

Bateman's Drops. The tinctura pectoralis, 
N. F.; a weak tincture of opium, camphor, 
and catechu ; a popular remedy in coughs. 

Bath {bath) [AS., bath, a bath]. I. A bath- 
ing-place or room. 2. The medium in which 
the body is wholly or partly immersed. As 
therapeutic agents, baths are classified ac- 
cording as water, vapor, air, etc. , is used ; 
according to the temperature, as hot, temper- 
ate, cold, etc.; according to the end desired, 
as nutritional, medicinal, stimulant, etc. 
Special forms of bath are the moor, peat, 
mud-slime, pine-leaf, herb (hay, gentian, 
camomile, juniper, marjoram, etc.), brine, 
sand, tan, bran, malt, glue, soup, milk, whey, 
blood, wine, guano, starch, soap, acid, iron, 
sulphur, carbonic acid, compressed air, mus- 
tard, electric, etc. B., Acid, add I y z ounces 
of nitric acid and I to 3 ounces of hydrochloric 
acid to 30 gallons of warm water in a wooden 
or earthenware vessel, and immerse the pa- 
tient in this for from 10 to 20 minutes. 
For a foot-bath, add y^ ounce of nitric acid 
and I ounce of hydrochloric acid to 4 gallons 
of warm water. This is said to be useful in 
cases of dyspepsia, with sluggish liver and 
constipation. B., Air, a bath in which but 
little water is employed, the body being ex- 
posed freely to the air. It is employed in 
those cases in which there is a tendency 
to catch cold on slight exposure. B., 
Alcohol, one in dilute alcohol, used to 



BATH 



BATH 



reduce temperature in fever. B., Alkaline, 
add 3 ounces of potassium carbonate, or 6 of 
sodium carbonate, to 25 or 30 gallons of hot 
water. It is used in chronic squamous skin- 
diseases, chronic rheumatism, and lithemia. 
It should be taken in a wooden, earthenware, 
or enameled tub. B., Bog, a bath made 
by mixing bog-earth (produced by the de- 
composition of plants in the presence of 
water and found at iron and sulphur springs) 
with warm water to form a pulpy or mushy 
consistence. This is used as a mud-bath. 
B., Borax, borax, 4 ounces ; glycerol, 
3 ounces ; water, 30 gallons. It is used 
in the same class of cases as the bran- 
bath. B., Bran, boil I pound of bran in 
I gallon of water, strain, and add 30 
gallons of water. This is a soothing and 
emollient bath, and is of service in squamous 
and irritable conditions of the skin. ' B., 
Chemic, in chemistry, an apparatus for 
regulating the temperature of chemic pro- 
cesses by surrounding the substance with 
water, sand, oil, or mercury, through which 
the heat is communicated. B., Cold, a bath 
of cold water, the temperature of the latter 
varying from 32°-70° F. (o°-2i° C). It is 
used to reduce fever and as a general stimu- 
lant. B., Foot, a bath for the feet, used as 
a derivative agent in cases of cold, etc. B., 
Full, one in which the patient's body is 
entirely covered by water, so that his chin 
just clears it. B., Graduated, one in which 
the temperature of the water is gradually 
lowered by the addition of cold or ice- 
water. B., Herb ; this is made by using 
the extract of pine-needles, or of some 
aromatic herbs, and is used as a tonic. 
B., Hip. See B., Sitz. B., Hot, one 
in which the temperature of the water 
ranges from 104 to no° F. (40°-43.3° C). 
It acts upon the skin, producing free perspira- 
tion, and accelerates the pulse and respira- 
tion. B., Hot-air ; Turkish bath. A bath in 
hot air. It is useful as a diaphoretic, and in ca- 
tarrhal, neuralgic, and rheumatic conditions, 
but is contraindicated in fatty degeneration 
of the heart. B., Medicated, a bath in which 
medicinal substances, as mineral salt, sulphur, 
etc., are dissolved or held in suspension. 
B., Mercurial, for the treatment of syphilis. 
A bath in the vapor of mercury, usually pre- 
pared by vaporizing calomel over an alcohol 
lamp. B., Milk, a bath in milk, for nutri- 
tive purposes. B., Moor, a bath in water 
mixed with the earth of moors. B., Mud, 
a bath prepared by mixing well-seasoned 
earths, containing more or less mineral mat- 
ter, with water containing the same sub- 
stances. It is useful in chronic rheumatism. 
B., Mustard, made by enclosing from two 
to four ounces of ordinary mustard in a piece 



of muslin or thin linen and hanging it in 
about four gallons of hot water until the 
latter becomes yellow, or simply by adding 
mustard to water. It is used as a general 
bath for infants in collapse, convulsions, or 
severe bronchitis, the child being left in until 
the skin becomes distinctly reddened. It is 
also used as the foot or sitz-bath in amenor- 
rhea. B., Pack, or Sheet, one in which 
the body is wrapped in wet cloths. B., 
Pine, prepared by adding a decoction of 
pine-needles, or some pine-extract, to hot 
water. It is mildly stimulating, and is em- 
ployed in hysteria, gout, and rheumatism 
B., Rain, consists of from four to six three- 
fourths circles of pipes secured together at a 
distance of two to three inches. Each pipe 
has three lines of fine perforations, from 
which the stream issues under pressure, 
striking the body of the patient at all points 
with considerable force. B., Russian, a 
vapor-bath, the vapor being generated by 
throwing water upon heated mineral or 
metallic substances. Syn., B., Vapor. B., 
Sand, the body of the patient is placed in a 
layer of dry sand that has been heated. In 
chemistry, the immersion of a crucible, etc., 
containing a chemic compound, in a vessel 
containing fine sand, the latter being heated 
gradually to a high temperature. B., Sheet, 
the application of cold water to the body 
through the medium of a wet sheet or towel 
of fine or coarse texture, placed upon the 
skin. It is used to reduce temperature. B., 
Shower, a douche in which the water is 
delivered against the body from a nozzle with 
numerous perforations. B., Sitz, one in 
which only the buttocks and hips are im- 
mersed in water. It is useful in pelvic in- 
flammations, amenorrhea, and retention of 
urine. B., Slime, a bath in water mixed 
with the slimy deposit of organic matter 
found in rivers or ponds. B., Sponge, one 
in which the patient's body is rubbed with a 
wet sponge. It is used to reduce tempera- 
ture. B., Sulphur, potassium sulphid 4 to 
8 ounces in 30 gallons of water; a little sul- 
phuric acid may be added. It is used in 
certain skin diseases, scabies, lead colic, and 
lead palsy. B., Sun, the exposure of the 
naked body to the sun's rays. B., Tepid, 
the temperature of the w T ater ranges from 
85 to 95 F. (2o.4 -35° c -)- lx - acts as a 
sedative, cleansing, and detergent agent ; the 
pulse, respiration, excretion, secretion, and 
temperature are practically unaffected. B., 
Turkish, one in which the bather is placed 
successively in rooms of higher temperature, 
then shampooed or rubbed, and finally stimu- 
lated by a douche of cold w T ater. See Bath, 
Hot-air. B., Vapor. See B. , Russian. 
B.tWarm, a bath in water having a tem- 



BATOPHOBIA 



139 



BATTERY 



perature of from 90 to 104 F. (32.2 - 
40 C). It is used to calm the nervous 
system, produce sleep, and allay reflex irrita- 
bility. B., Water, a bath of water. In 
chemistry, a bath of water for immersing 
vessels containing substances that must not be 
heated above the boiling-point of water. 

Batophobia [bat-o-fo' '-be-ah) \_fiar6c, a 
height; Qoftog, fear]. I. Acrophobia; 
dread of being at a great height. 2. Dread 
of high objects ; fear of passing near a 
higlr building, or of going through a deep 
valley. 

Battarism {bat'-ar-izni) ^(Sarrapia/uog , a 
stuttering]. Stuttering or stammering. 

Battery (bat'-er-e) \_batte?'ia, a beating ; bat- 



tery]. A series of two or more pieces of 
apparatus arranged to produce increased 
effect,, as battery of boilers, prisms, lenses, 
galvanic cells. It is usually applied to a series 
of cells producing electricity (voltaic or gal- 
vanic battery) ; also, frequently to a single 
cell. B., Faradic, one giving a favadic cur- 
rent. B., Galvanic, one giving a galvanic 
or chemic current. B., Primary, the com- 
bination of a number of primary cells so as 
to form a smgle battery. B., Secondary, 
the combination of a number of storage-cells 
to form a single electric source. The follow- 
ing table shows the materials used in the 
more important batteries, and the electro- 
motive force (E. M. F.) in volts. 



NAMES, ELEMENTS, FLUIDS, ETC., OF THE PRINCIPAL BATTERIES. 



Name of 
Cell. 


Positive 
Element. 


Negative Ele- 
ment. 


Exciting Agent. 


Depolarizing 
Agent. 


E. M. F. 
in Volts. 


Bunsen. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Sulphuric acid, di- 
lute. 


Nitric acid. 


1.75 to 1.96 


Beetz. 


Zinc. 


Copper. 


Zinc sulphate in 
plaster-of-Paris. 


Copper sulphate, in 
plaster-of-Paris. 


1.04 


Callaud. 


Zinc. 


Copper. 


Solution of zinc sul- 
phate. 


Cupric sulphate. 


1.0 to 1. 14 


Daniell. 


Zinc. 


Copper. 


Zinc sulphate. 


Cupric sulphate. 


1. to 1. 14 


Edison-La- 
lande. 


Zinc. 


Cupric oxid and 
carbon. 


Potassium hydroxid. 


Cupric oxid. 


0.75 


Fuller. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Zinc chlorid. 


Potassium dichro- 
mate and hydro- 
chloric acid. 


i-5 


Gravity. See 


Callaud. 










Gaiffe. 


Zinc. 


Silver. 


Zinc chlorid. 


Silver chlorid. 


1.02 


Grenet. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Sulphuric acid and 
potassium dichro- 
mate. 


Chromic acid. 


2.0 


Grove. 


Zinc. 


Platinum. 


Sulphuric acid, di- 
lute. 


Nitric acid. 


i.Q4 to 1.97 


Latimer Clark. 


Zinc. 


Mercury. 


Mercuric sulphate. 


Mercuric sulphate. 


1.436 


Leclanche. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Ammonium chlorid. 


Manganese dioxid. 


1.42 


Lelande Chap- 
erone. 


Zinc. 


Copper or iron. 


Potassium hydroxid. 


C*ipric oxid. 


0.98 


Maische. 


Zinc scraps 
in a bath of 
mercury. 


Platinized carbon. 


Common salt solu- 
tion. 


None separate. 


1.25 


Marie-Davy. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Sulphuric acid, di- 
lute. 


Mercuric sulphate. 


1.52 


Maynooth. 


Zinc. 


Iron. 


Sulphuric acid, di- 
lute. 


Nitric acid (strong). 




Niaudet. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Common salt solu- 
tion. 


Chlorated lime. 


1.63 


Poggendorf. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Potassium dichro- 
mate and sulphuric 
acid. 


Chromic acid. 


1.93 


Schanschieff. 


Zinc. 


Carbon. 


Mercurial solution. 


None separate. 


1.56 


Scrivanoff. 


Zinc. 


Silver. 


Potassium hydroxid. 


Silver chlorid. 


i-5 


Smee. 


Zinc. 


Platinized silver. 


Sulphuric acid, di- 
lute. 


None. 


5 to 1.0 


Walker. 


Zinc. 


Platinized carbon. 


Sulphuric acid, di- 
lute. 


None. 


0.66 


Warren de la 
Rue. 


Zinc. 


Silver. 


Ammonium chlorid. 


Silver chlorid. 


1.05 



BATTLEDORE 



140 



BEGGIATOA 



Battledore {bat'-l-dor) [ME., batyldoure, a 
bat for beating clothes]. An instrument 
shaped like a racket. B. Placenta,, one in 
which there is a marginal insertion of the cord. 

Baudelocque's Diameter {bo'-del-oks). In 
obstetrics, the external conjugate diameter 
of the pelvis. 

Bauhin, Valve of {bo'-hiri). The ileocecal 
valve. 

Baunscheidtism {boiun'- shit-izm) [named 
from Baunscheidt, the inventor]. A mode 
of treating rheumatism and chronic neu- 
ralgias by counterirritation, the latter being 
produced by pricking the exterior of the part 
affected with fine needles dipped in oil of 
mustard, formic acid, or other irritant. 

Bavarian {bah-va' '-re-an) [Bavaria]. Per- 
taining to Bavaria. B. Dressing. See 
B. Splint. B. Splint, a variety of immov- 
able dressing in which the plaster is applied 
between two flannel cloths. 

Bayberry {ba'-ber-e) [ME., bay; bery]. I. 
The berry of the Laurus nobilis, bay, or 
noble laurel. 2. The wax-myrtle, Myrcia 
cerifera, and its fruit. See Myrcia. 3. The 
pimento, or allspice. B. Rum and B., Oil 
of. See Myrcia. B. Tree, the Laurus no- 
bilis; also Prunus laurocerasus ; commonly 
called the laurel and the cherry-laurel. 

Bazin {ba'-zin). Synonym of Molluscum 
contagiosum. 

Bazin's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Bdellium (del'-e-um) [Heb., b'dolach]' A 
resinous gum exuding from various species 
of Balsamodendron. It resembles myrrh. 
B., Indian, has been recommended as an 
emmenagogue. 

Beads, Rhachitic. " Rhachitic rosary-;" 
the so-called "beading of the ribs" in 
rickets ; a succession of visible and palpable 
swellings at the points where the ribs join 
their cartilages. 

Beak {bek) [ME.,fefc]. 1. The mandibu- 
lar portion of a forceps. 2. The lower end 
of the calamus scriptorius. 3. The pad or 
splenium of the corpus callosum. 

Beaker {be'-ker) [ME., biker\ A wide- 
mouthed glass vessel used in chemic labora- 
tories. B.-cell, the goblet-cell found in 
mucous membranes. 

Bean {ben) [ME., bene]. The seeds of sev- 
eral plants, mostly Leguminosce, especially 
that of the common bean, Faba -vulgaris. 
B. of St. Ignatius. See Ignatia. 

Bearberry. See L'va itrsi. 

Bear's-foot. Leaf-cup. A composite-flow- 
ered plant, Polymnia uz'edalia of N. America. 
A popular remedy for enlargement of the 
spleen, or the "ague-cake"' of malarious 
regions. 

Beat {bet) [ME., beten]. The pulsation of 
the arteries, or the impulse of the heart. 



Beauperthuy's Method (bo / - per-thzvez). 
A method of treating leprosy by bathing 
with olive oil, the internal administration 
of mercuric chlorid. abstinence from salted 
meats, and good hygiene. 

Beberin {be'-ber-in). See Xectandra. 

Bechic {bek'-ik) \_3jiE, a cough]. Relieving 
cough ; a remedy against cough. 

Bechterew's Nucleus {bek'-ter-iis). The 
accessory auditory nucleus. 

Beclard's Hernia. See Diseases, Table of. 

Becquerel's Pills (bek'-a-relz). Pills con- 
taining quinin, extract of digitalis, and col- 
chicum seeds, for use in gout. 

Bed {bed) [AS., bedd]. The couch or 
support on which the body may rest in 
sleep ; usually a mattress of straw, hair, or 
similar substance. B., Air, a mattress of 
rubber or leather that can be inflated with 
air. B.-bug, an apterous insect, Cimex lec- 
tularius, that infests filthy bedsteads, and at 
times is parasitic upon the human body. B.- 
pan, a large shallow vessel for receiving the 
alvine discharges of bedridden patients. 
B.-rest, an apparatus for propping up 
patients in bed. B. -ridden, confined to 
bed. B.-sore, a sore produced on any part 
of the body by prolonged pressure against the 
bed, or by trophic changes in paralyzed parts. 
B., Water, a rubber mattress containing 
water ; it is used to prevent the formation 
of bed-sores. 

Bedlam [bed' -lam) [ME., bedlem, a corrup- 
tion of Bethlehem']. An insane asylum. 

Bedlamism {bed' -lam-ism) [see Bedlam]. 
Insanity. 

Bedlamite {bed'-lam-lt) [see Bedlam]. A 
madman ; an insane person. 

Bednar's Aphthae. See Aphthce, and 
Diseases, Table of. 

Beef (figf) [ME., befe]. The flesh of 
domestic cattle. Good beef should be of 
red color, possess firm texture, and be 
free from unpleasant smell. Beef consists 
of water 73, fibrin 15, gelatin 4, albumin 3, 
fat and other substances 5 per cent. B.- 
extract, the soluble fibrin of lean meat partly 
desiccated. B. -measles. See Cysticercus 
bovis. B.-tea, the soluble extractive matter 
of beef, made by steeping finely-cut lean 
beef with its weight of water, and straining. 

Beer {ber). See Malt-liquors. 
Beer's Cataract Knife. A knife with a 
triangular-shaped blade, for making section 
of the cornea in the removal of the crystal- 
line lens. 
Beeswax {bez'-zcaks). Cera flava ; wax 
secreted by bees, of which their cells are 
constructed. It is used in making candles, 
ointments, and pomades. 
Beet {bet). See Beta. 
Beggiatoa {bej-e-at-o'-ah) [after the Italian 



BEHEN-NUT 



141 



BENZENE 



botanist, J. Beggiato]. A genus of bacteria 
founded by Trevisan, consisting of swinging 
or gliding, milk-white, gray, rosy, or violet 
threads. They decompose sulphur com- 
pounds, and store up sulphur granules in 
their protoplasm. They are found in stag- 
nant, fresh, or salt water, particularly in that 
contaminated with sewage or factory- waste. 
See Bacteria, Table of. 

Behen-nut {be' -hen nut). The seed of 
Moringa pterygosperma, and M. aptera, trees 
of tropical countries. They afford Oil of 
Behen, or Oil of Ben. 

Bela (be'-la/i) [Hind.]. The dried, half- 
ripe fruit of Aegle marmelos, or Bengal 
quince. It is recommended as a remedy for 
chronic diarrhea and dysentery. The ripe 
fruit is slightly laxative. Dose ^ss-j (2.0- 
4-0). B., Ext., Liq. (B.P.). Dose fgj-ij 
(4.0-8.0). Unof. 

Belching {belch' -ing) [ME., belchen]. The 
expulsion of gas from the stomach ; eructation. 

Belemnoid {bel-em'-noid) [fielsjuvov, a dart ; 
eldog, form]. I. Dart-shaped; styloid. 2. 
The styloid process of the ulna or of the 
temporal bone. 

Bell (bel) [ME., bel\ A hollow, metallic, 
sounding instrument. B. Gastrula. See 
Archigastrula. B. Metal, an alloy of cop- 
per, zinc, tin, and antimony. B., Nerves 
of, the external and internal respiratory 
nerves, i. e., the posterior thoracic and phrenic 
nerves. B. Sound, B. Tympany, the 
sound produced in pneumothorax by strik- 
ing a coin, placed flat upon the chest, with 
another coin. It can be heard through 
the stethoscope placed over the affected 
side. 

Belladonna {bel-ah-don' '-all) [It., belladonna, 
beautiful lady]. Deadly night-shade. A 
perennial plant of the order Solanacece, indi- 
genous to Southern Europe and Asia, and cul- 
tivated in the U. S. Its properties are due to 
two alkaloids, atropin and belladonnin,th.e lat- 
ter thought to be identical with hyoscyamin. 
Both leaves and root are employed. It is 
used as an antispasmodic, as a cardiac and 
respiratory stimulant, and to check secretion, 
as that of the sweat and milk. B., Folia, 
the leaves of belladonna. B., Radix, 
the root of belladonna. The preparations of 
the leaves are: B., Extractum, Alcoholi- 
cum. Dose gr. y 1 — \ (0.0065-0.032). B., 
Tinct., 15 per cent. Dose Try-xxx (0.065- 
2.0). B., Unguent., contains extract IO, 
dilute alcohol 6, benzoated lard 84 parts. 
From the root are prepared : B., Abstrac- 
tum. Dose gr. J^-j (0.0065-0.065). B,, 
Emplastrum, made with resin-plaster. B., 
Extractum, Fluidum. Dose tt\j-v (0.065- 
0.32). B., Linimentum, fluid extract 95, 
camphor 5. B., Succus (B. P.). Dose 



rr\v-xv (0.32-1.0). Atropin Sulphate, the 
most frequently used preparation. Dose gr. 
ritf - sV (0-00036-0.0008). Lamellae At- 
ropinae (B. P.), each containing of atro- 
pin ^L^ grain (0.0000 1 3). Liq. Atropinae 
Sulphatis (B. P.). Dose rr\j-vj (0.065- 
0.40). 

Belladonnin {bel-ah-don' -in) [see Bella- 
donna], C n H 23 N0 3 . An alkaloid found in 
Belladonna. It resembles atropin, hyoscya- 
min, and hyoscin. It occurs with atropin, 
and is likewise decomposed into tropic acid 
and oxytropin, C 8 H 15 N0 2 . See Belladonna. 

Bellocq's Canula {bel'-oks). An instrument 
used in plugging the nares. 

Bell's Disease. See Periencephalitis and 
Diseases, Table of. B. Mania. See Peri- 
encephalitis and Diseases, Table of. B. 
Palsy or Paralysis. See Diseases, Table 
of. 

Belly {bel'-e) [ME., bely\ See Abdomen. 
B.-ache. See Colic. B. -bound, a vulgar 
term for constipated. B. -button, the navel. 

Ben, or Benne Oil {ben, or ben'-e). Oleum 
balatinum, is obtained by expression from 
the seeds of the several species of Moringia. 
It is a colorless, odorless oil, not readily 
turning rancid. It is used for extracting 
odors, and for lubricating clocks and light 
machinery. 

Benedikt, Syndrome of. Paralysis of the 
muscles supplied by the oculomotor nerve 
of one side and tremor and paresis of the 
upper extremity of the other side. 

Bengalin {ben'-gawl-in) [Hind., Bengal]. 
A blue pigment derived from the benzene 
colors. 

Benign, or Benignant {be-nln', or be-nig'- 
nant ) [benignics, kind] . Not endangering 
health or life ; applied to certain tumors. 

Benzaldehyd (ben-zal'-de-hid) [benzoin; 
aldehyd~\, C 7 H 6 0. Bitter-almond oil; a 
compound that results from the oxidation of 
benzyl alcohol. 

Benzanalgen, C 9 H 5 OC 2 H 5 .NHCOC 6 H 5 N. 
A derivative of chinolin. It is antiseptic, 
antipyretic, and antineuralgic, and has the 
power of dissolving uric acid. It is used in 
rheumatism, tabes dorsalis, and chronic gout. 
Dose gr. viiss-xlv (0.5-3.0). 

Benzanilid {ben-zan'-il-id) [benzoin; an- 
ilin~\, C 13 H u NO. Benzoyl anilid, prepared 
by the action of benzoyl chlorid on anilin. 
It is used as an antipyretic in children, in 
doses of gr. iij-viij (0.20-0.50). Unof. 

Benzene {ben'-zen) [benzoin], C 6 H 6 . A hy- 
drocarbon contained in coal-tar. It is formed 
by the dry distillation of all benzene acids. 
It is a mobile, ethereal-smelling liquid, of 
specific gravity 0.899 a * °°- ^ solidifies 
about o°, melts at + 6°, boils at 80. 5 , and 
burns with a luminous flame. It readily 



BEXZIMID 



142 



BERBERIS 



dissolves resins, fats, sulphur, iodin, and phos- 
phorus. Anilin and the anilin-colors are de- 
rived from it. B.-sulphonic Acid, C 6 H 5 .- 
S0 3 H, is prepared by boiling together equal 
parts of benzene and H 2 S0 4 . It occurs in 
small plates, readily soluble in alcohol and 
water, and which deliquesce in the air. 

Benzimid {ben f -zim-id) [benzoin; amid], 
C 23 H 18 N 2 2 . A compound formed by the 
action of hydrocyanic acid on hydrid of 
benzoyl. It occurs also in the resinous resi- 
due of the rectification of the oil of bitter 
almonds. 

Benzine (ben'-zin). See Benzinum. 

Benzinum {ben-zi* '-mini) [L.]. Benzine, 
Petroleum ether. A purified distillate 
from American petroleum, having a spe- 
cific gravity of .77 to .79, boiling at 8o° 
to 90 C, colorless, of ethereal odor, and a 
slightly peppermint-like taste. It is a valu- 
able solvent for oils, fats, resins, caoutchouc, 
and some alkaloids. It has been used against 
tapeworm. It should be distinguished from 
Benzol, which is called Benzene by English 
chemists. Dose gtt. v-x (0.33-0.66), on 
sugar or in mucilage. 

Benzoate (ben'-zo-at) [benzoin]. Any salt 
of benzoic acid. B. of Naphtol. See 
Benzonaphtol. 

Benzoated {ben'-zo-a-ted) Xbenzoin\. Im- 
pregnated with benzoin or with benzoic acid. 

Benzoic (ben-zo f -ik) [benzoin]. Pertaining 
to or derived from benzoin. B. Acid. See 
Acid. 

Benzoin {ben' '-zo-in or -zohi) [origin ob- 
scure]. A resin obtained from Sty fax ben- 
zoin, a tree native to Sumatra and Siam. It 
is a ketone alcohol, C u H 12 2 , and may 
be produced by oxidizing hydrobenzoin with 
concentrated HNO r It is sparingly soluble 
in water, cold alcohol, and ether, and crys- 
tallizes in shining prisms, melting at I34 . 
It yields benzoic and cinnamic acids, 
is antiseptic and disinfectant, and is used 
mainly as a stimulant expectorant in 
chronic bronchitis. Adeps benzoinatus, 
benzoinated lard, contains 2 per cent, of ben- 
zoin. B., Tinct., 20 per cent, of the resin 
in alcohol. Dose f^ss— j (2.0-4.0). B., 
Tinct. Comp., Friar's Balsam, benzoin 12, 
aloes 2, storax 8, balsam of Tolu 4, alcohol, 
sufficient to make 100 parts. Dose f^ss— ij 
(2.0-8.0). 

Benzol {ben'-zol) [benzoin], C 6 H 6 . A hy- 
drocarbon formed by the dry distillation of 
organic substances, but in commerce chiefly 
derived from coal-tar. It is inflammable, 
volatile, and a solvent for fats. It is em- 
ployed externally as a parasiticide ; internally, 
as a pulmonary antiseptic, in influenza, and 
in trichiniasis. Its vapor is used in whoop- 
ing-cough. Dose gtt. v-x (0.32-0.65). 



Benzonaphtol (ben-zo-naf'-tol) [benzoin; 
va<pda, a kind of asphalt], C 10 H.O(C.H 5 O). 
The benzoate of beta-naphtol, used as an intes- 
tinal antiseptic in typhoid fever and other intes- 
tinal diseases. Dose gr. ij-viij (0.13-0.52). 

Benzonitrile (ben-zo-ni '-tril) [benzoin; ni- 
trnm, niter], C 7 H 5 X. A substance obtained 
from benzene-sulphonic acid by distillation 
with potassium cyanid. It is an oil with an 
odor resembling that of oil of bitter almonds, 
and boils at 191 ; its specific gravity is 
1.023 at °°- 

Benzosol {ben f -zo-sol) [benzoin], C 15 H 12 3 . 
Benzoyl-guaiacol, a substitute for creasote in 
tuberculous affections. It also has antipy- 
retic properties. Dose gr. iv-x (0.20-0.65). 
B.-eugenol, C 1T H 16 3 , a derivative of 
eugenol, used in tuberculosis. B. -guaiacol, 
C 14 H 12 3 , benzosol. It is the benzoate of 
guaiacol and contains 54 per cent, of guaiacol. 
Its chief uses are as an intestinal antiseptic, 
and in pulmonary tuberculosis. Dose gr. 
iij-xij (0.2-0.75). 

Benzoyl (ben'-zo-il) [benzoin], C 7 H 5 0. 
The radicle of benzoic acid, of oil of 
bitter almonds, and of an extensive series 
of compounds derived from this oil, or con- 
nected with it by certain relations. B.- 
ecgonin, C 16 H 1S X0 4 H, a substance inter- 
mediate in composition between cocain and 
ecgonin. B.-glycocoll. See Acid, Hippnric. 

Benzyl (ben'-zil) [benzoin], C V H-. A uni- 
valent hydrocarbon radicle that does not 
exist in the free state, but in combination 
forms a considerable number of compounds. 
B. Alcohol. See Alcohol. 

Benzylidene [ben-ziV ' -id-en)[benzoin], C-H 6 . 
A bivalent hydrocarbon radicle derived from 
benzoin compounds. 

Berard's Aneurysm. See Aneurysni and 
Diseases, Table of. 

Beraud, Ligament of [ba-roh'). The liga- 
ment that suspends the pericardium. B., 
Valve of, a valve supposed to exist at the 
bottom of the lacrymal sac over the entrance 
to the nasal duct. 

'BeTbeT'm(ber / -ber-in)[berberina],C w l : [- ll ~SO i . 
An alkaloid found in the bark of Berberis, 
and in many other plants. It is recommended 
as a tonic and antiperiodic, and is an ingre- 
dient of various lotions for mucous mem- 
branes ; it is useful in nasal catarrh, etc. 
Dose gr. j-x (0.065-0.65). Unof. 

Berberis (ber'-ber-is) [L.]. Barberry. The 
root of Berberis vulgaris, or common bar- 
berry. Its properties are due to an alkaloid, 
be?'berin, C 20 H 1T NO 4 . It is an astringent, 
bitter tonic ; in large doses a cathartic. It has 
been used locally in conjunctivitis, and inter- 
nally in malarial and typhoid fevers. B., 
Ext., Fid. Dose rr\v-xxx (0.32-2.0). B., 
Tinct., contains 20 per cent, of the root. 



BERGAMOT, OIL OF 



143 



BIAURICULAR 



Dose n^x-f^j (0.65-4.0). Berberin, the 
alkaloid. Dose gr. j-x (0.065-0.65). B. 
Hydrochlorate, is used locally in gonor- 
rhea. All unof. B. asiatica, B. aquifolium 
(or Oregon grape), and B. lye i ion are all 
medicinally active, and have similar proper- 
ties to those of the common barberry. 

Bergamot, Oil of {ber* -gatn-ot} [Bergamo, 
a town in Italy], C 10 H 16 . A volatile oil de- 
rived from the rind of the Citrus bergamia. 
It is used mainly as a perfume, and as a 
clearing-agent in histologic work. 

Bergeron's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Beriberi (ber f - e - ber f - e) [Cingalese, beri, 
weakness]. Synonyms: Kakke, Panneu- 
ritis epidemica. An infectious disease, en- 
demic in various countries of Asia (Ceylon, 
India, China, Japan), Africa, and Australia, and 
presenting the features of a multiple neuritis. 
Bad food and defective hygienic conditions 
are predisposing causes; the true etiologic 
factor is probably a microorganism. Various 
types of the disease have been described, 
particularly an anasarcous form and an atro- 
phic form. The main symptoms are anesthe- 
sia, paralysis, wasting of the muscles, edema, 
changes in the electric reactions, dyspnea, 
and palpitation. The mortality is variable ; 
often it is very great. True beriberi has 
been met with in the seaport towns of the 
United States, introduced there by East In- 
dian sailors, and an affection resembling it 
seems to occur among certain fishermen of 
New England. 

Bernard's Granular Layer. The inner zone 
of the cells lining the acini of the pancreas. 
It is granular in appearance and stains but 
slightly with carmin. 

Berry (ber f -e) [ME., bery\ An indehis- 
cent fruit with a pericarp that is succulent 
throughout, as the grape and gooseberry. 

Bertillonage (ber-til-lon-a(h)j) [Bertillon, a 
French criminologist]. A system of care- 
fully-recorded measurements and descriptions 
of criminals, for the purpose of future iden- 
tification, introduced into France by Bertil- 
lon and adopted by the police of many large 
cities of the U. S. 

Bertin, Bones of. The sphenoidal turbin- 
ated bones, partly closing the sphenoidal 
sinuses. B., Column of, a cortical column 
of the kidney ; the part separating the med- 
ullary pyramids. B., Ligament of, the ilio- 
femoral ligament. 

Berthollet's Law. See Law. 

Beryllium (ber-W '-e-um) [^fjpv?JAoQ, beryl], 
A bivalent metal obtained from the beryl, 
whence its name ; it is called also glucinum. 
See Elements, Table of. 

Bestiality (bes-te-aP '-it-e) [bestia, a beast]. 
Unnatural intercourse with an animal. 

Bestucheff's Mixture or Tincture. The 



ethereal tincture of chlorid of iron, used in 
erysipelas. It is made as follows : 1£ . 
Tinct. ferri chloridi, I part ; sp. aether, ni- 
trosi, 4 parts. Mix and expose to the rays 
of the sun in well-closed bottles until the 
brownish color disappears. The dose is from 
one to two teaspoonfuls every three hours. 

Beta (ba'-tah) [L.]. 1. The beet. 2. The 
second letter of the Greek alphabet, used in 
chemic nomenclature, to indicate the second 
of two isomeric compounds. B.-naphtol. 
See Naphtol. 

Betacism (ba'-tas-izm) [beta, f3?]ra, the 
second letter of the Greek alphabet]. The 
too-frequent use of the £-sound in speech, or 
the conversion of other sounds into it. 

Betain (be-ta f -in) [beta, a beet], C 5 H u N0 2 , 
or C 10 H 22 N 2 O 4 . Called also oxyneurin and 
lycin. A basic substance obtained by the 
careful oxidation of cholin. It occurs 
already formed in the sugar-beet (Beta vul- 
garis} and crystallizes from alcohol with one 
molecule of water in shining crystals that 
deliquesce in the air; it has an alkaline re- 
action and a sweetish taste. 

Beta-naphtol Bismuth. A preparation con- 
taining 80 per cent, of bismuth oxid and 20 
per cent, of beta-naphtol. It is a brown 
powder, insoluble in water and decomposed 
into its component parts in the intestine, 
the beta-naphtol being absorbed and dis- 
charged with the urine, while the bismuth 
is evacuated with the stools. It is an intes- 
tinal antiseptic. Dose gr. xv-xlv (1.0-3.0). 

Betel (be'-tel) [E. Ind.]. A masticatory used 
in the East. A few grains of the nut of the 
Catechu palm, Areca C. , are rolled up with 
a small amount of quicklime in a leaf of 
Piper betel, and chewed. It is tonic, 
astringent, stimulant, and aphrodisiac, and 
seems to increase the powers of endurance. 
Dose of fid. ext. f^j-iij (4.0-12.0). Unof. 

Betol {be' -tot), C 10 H 7 O. C 7 H 5 2 . Salinaph- 
tol. Naphthalol. A salicylic ether of 
naphtol, used in rheumatism and cystitis. It 
resembles salicylic acid in its properties. 
Dose gr. x-xv (0.65-1.0). 

Betula (bef-u-laJi). See Birch. 

Betulin [bet' '-tt-lin) [betula, birch], C 36 H 60 O 3 
(Hausmann). Birch-resin, or birch-camphor, 
derived from the bark of the white birch. 

Bezoar (be'-zo-ai-) [Pers. , pad-zahr, the be- 
zoar-stone, a supposed antidote against poi- 
son]. A concretion found in the stomach or 
intestines of some animals (especially rumin- 
ants), formerly believed to be efficacious in 
preventing the fatal effects of poison. 

Bhang (bang). See Cannabis indica. 

Bhel (bel). See Bela. 

Biauricular (bi-aw-rik' '-tt-lar) [bis, twice ; 
auricula, the ear]. Relating to two auricles, 
or to two corresponding auricular points. 



BIBULOUS 



144 



BILICYANIN 



Bibulous [bib' '- u - his) [bibere, to drink]. 
Having the property of absorbing moisture, 
as, B. Paper. 

Bicarbonate (ln-kar' '-bon-at ) [bis, twice ; 
carbo, a coal]. Any salt of carbonic acid 
that has two carbonic acid equivalents for 
one of the base. 

Bicaudal, Bicaudate (bi-kaw'-dal, bi-ka-d/- 
dat) [bicaudalis, two-tailed]. Having two 
tails or appendages. 

Biceps (hi' ' -seps) [bis, twice ; caput, the 
head]. Having two heads, a term applied 
to several muscles, as B. brachii, B . exten- 
sor, B. flexor cruris. 

Bichat (be' '-shah) Canal of. See Canal. B., 
Fissure of. See Fissure. B., Foramen 
of. See Fora?nina, Table of. B., Tunic 
of, the intima of the blood-vessels. 

Bichlorid (bi-klo r -rid) [bi, two; chlorin~\. 
A salt containing two equivalents of chlorin. 

Bichromate (bi-kro' -mat) [bi, two ; chro- 
miuiri\. A salt containing two equivalents 
of chromic acid. 

Bicipital (bi-sip f -it-al) [bi, two ; caput, the 
head]. Pertaining to the biceps muscle. 

Biconcave (bi-kon f -kav). See Lens. 

Biconvex (bi-kon'-veks). See Lens. 

Bicuspid (bi-kus f -pid) [bi, two ; cuspis, the 
point of a spear] . Having two cusps, as B. 
Teeth. B. Valve, the mitral valve of the 
heart. 

Bidder's Ganglia. See Ganglia, Table of. 

Bidet (be-def ', or -da) [Fr. for pony]. A 
tub or basin with fixed attachments for the 
administering of injections ; also for use as a 
sitz-bath or hip-bath. 

Biedert's Cream Mixture. An infant's 
food made by mixing 4 oz. of cream with 
12 oz. of warm water, and adding }4. oz. of 
milk-sugar. It contains I per cent, of casein, 
2.5 per cent, of fat, and 3.8 per cent, of 
sugar. As the child grows older a larger 
proportion of milk is added. 

Biermer's Change of Note. See Signs and 
Sy?nptoms , Table of. 

Bifid (bi / -fid)[bis, twice; findere, to cleave]. 
Divided into two parts ; cleft, as bifid tivula. 

Bifocal (bi-fo f -kal) \_bi, two ; focus, a point] . 
Having a double focus. Applied to a system 
of lenses or spectacle-glasses with two foci, 
chiefly used for the correction of presbyopia, 
w T hen there is at the same time an error of 
refraction for distant vision. The distance 
lens is above that for near work. These are 
sometimes called Pantoscopic lenses, and also 
Franklin spectacles, because the device was 
first made by Benjamin Franklin. They are 
also called Cement lenses, because now made 
by cementing the lower segment to the dis- 
tance lens. 

Bifurcate (bi-fer' '-hat) \_bi, two ; furca, a 
fork]. Divided into two, like a fork. 



Bifurcation (bi -fer - ka f - s/ncn) \bifurcatio ; 
from bi, two ; furca, a fork] . Division into 
two branches, as of the trachea or of the 
aorta. 

Bigelow's Ligament. The Y-ligament of 
the hip-joint ; iliofemoral ligament. B.'s 
Septum, in anatomy, a layer of hard bony 
tissue in the neck of the thigh-bone. 

Bilateral (bi-laf '-er-al) [bi, two; latus, a 
side]. Relating to two sides; pertaining to 
or affecting both sides of the body. B. 
Symmetry, the symmetry of right and left 
halves. 

Bilateralism (bi-lat'-er-al-izni) [bi, two; 
latus, a side]. Bilateral symmetry. 

Bile (bil) [bills, the bile]. The substance 
secreted by the liver. It is mucilaginous, 
golden-brown, and is composed of biliary 
salts, cholesterin, mucus, and certain pig- 
ments. The principal salts are the sodium 
salts of taurocholic acid (C 9fi H 45 NS0 7 ), and 
glycocholic acid (C 96 H 43 ]S'0 6 ). The taste of 
bile is intensely bitter, its reaction feebly 
alkaline, and its density from 1026 to 1032. 
It exercises a diastatic action on starch, emul- 
sifies fats, and precipitates soluble peptone ; 
it is also the natural antiseptic of the intes- 
tines, and has an action on the intestinal mu- 
cous membrane through which absorption is 
favored. Its composition varies, but accord- 
ing to Hoppe-Seyler, in 100 parts bile there 
. are of — 

llorga'nicmauer,: \ '. '. \ \ '.} 91-68 Parts. 

Organic matter, 8.32 

Mucus 1.29 

Taurocholate of sodium, . 0.87 

Glycocholate of sodium, . 3.03 

Saponified fat, 1.39 

Cholesterin, 0.35 

Lecithin, 0.53 

Fat, 0.73 

B. Pigments, the coloring-matters of the 
bile. 

Bilharzia (bil-har f -ze-ah) [named after Theo- 
dor Bilharz, a physician of Cairo]. A genus 
of trematode worms, established by Cobbold, 
characterized by having the sexes separate. 
B. haematobia. See Distoma. 

Bilharziosis (bil-har-ze-o' '-sis) [Bilharzia~\. 
The group of symptoms produced by the 
presence in the intestine of worms of the 
genus Bilharzia. 

Biliary (bil ; -e-a-re) [bills, bile]. Pertaining 
to the bile. B. Acids, glycocholic and tau- 
rocholic acids. B. Colic, colic produced by 
the passage of gall-stones. B. Diabetes, 
Hanot's disease, or hypertrophic cirrhosis of 
the liver with icterus. B. Ducts, the hep- 
atic and cystic ducts, and the ductus commu- 
nis choledochus, together with the small 
ducts in the liver itself. 

Bilicyanin (bil-e-si' '-an-in) [bills, bile ; /a>d- 



BILIFLAVIN 



145 



BIOMETRY 



veog, blue]. Cholecyanin, choleverdin. A 
blue pigment obtained from bilirubin. 

Biliflavin (bil-e-fla'-vin) \_bilis, bile ; Jlavus, 
yellow]. A yellow coloring-matter deriva- 
ble from biliverdin. 

Bilifulvin (bil-e-fuF-vin) [bills, bile ; fulvus, 
fulvous]. An impure form of bilirubin ; also 
a yellow bile-color from ox-gall, not normally 
present in human bile. 

Bilifuscin (bil-e- fus' '-in) [bills, bile ; fuscus, 
brown], C lfi H., N. 2 O 4 . A pigment occurring 
in bile and in gall-stones. 

Bilihumin (bil-e-hu'-min) [bills, bile ; hu- 
mus, earth]. An insoluble residue left after 
treating gall-stones with various solvents. 

Bilin (bi'-lin) \_l>ilis, bile]. A mixture of the 
taurocholate and glycocholate of sodium, 
forming a constituent of the bile. 

Bilineurin (bil-e-nu'-riii). Cholin. 

Bilious (bil'-yus) \biliosus, full of bile]. A 
term popularly applied to disorders supposed 
to arise from a too free secretion of bile. B. 
Fever, a remittent fever characterized by the 
vomiting of bile. 

Biliousness (biV -yus-nes) [biliosus, full of 
bile]. A popular name for a condition char- 
acterized by anorexia, constipation, coated 
tongue, lassitude, and headache, and sup- 
posed to be due to an excessive secretion of 
bile. 

Biliprasin (bil-e-pra'-sin) [bills, bile ; irpaoov, 
leek; Ttpdaivog, leek-green], C 16 H 22 N 2 6 . 
A pigment occurring in gall-stones, icteric 
urine, and bile. 

nn) [bilis, bile ; ruber, 
A red coloring-matter, 
the chief pigment of the bile, and also 
found in the urine in jaundice. It is insoluble 
in water, and almost so in ether and alcohol, 
but it is readily soluble in alkaline solutions. 
It crystallizes in rhombic plates or prisms. 

Biliverdin (bil-e-ver' -din)[bilis, bile ; viridis, 
green], C 12 H 20 N 2 O 5 , or C 8 H 9 N0 2 . A green 
pigment, the first product of the oxidation of 
bilirubin. It gives the characteristic color 
to the bile of herbivora, and occurs in the 
urine in jaundice, and in gall-stones. 

Billroth 's Mixture. See Anesthetic. 

Bimanual (bi-man f -u-al) [bi, two ; manns, 
a hand]. With both hands ; two-handed. B. 
Palpation, palpation by means of both 
hands. 

Binary (bi f -nar-e) [binus, a couple]. In 
chemistry, compounded of two elements. 
In anatomy, separating into two branches. 

Binaural (bin-azv f -ral) [bis, twice ; auris, 
ear]. Pertaining to or having two ears; 
used for both ears. B. Stethoscope, a 
stethoscope with two tubes, one for each ear. 

Binauricular (bin-aw-rik' '-u-lar) [bis, twice ; 
auricula, the ear]. Pertaining or belong- 
ing to both ears. 
IO 



Bilirubin (bil-e-ru'-bi 
red],C 16 H 18 N 2 3 . 



Binder (blnd'-er) [ME., byndere\. A wide 
bandage about the abdomen, worn by women 
after labor, or after celiotomy, to support the 
abdominal walls. B., Mammary, a sling or 
suspensory for the mamma. 

Biniodid [bin-i f -o-did). Having two atoms 
of iodin in the molecule. 

Binocular [bin-ok* '-u-lar) [bi, two ; oculus, 
an eye]. Pertaining to both eyes. In 
optics, an instrument with two eye-pieces 
for use with both eyes at once. B. Vision, 
the faculty of using both eyes synchronously 
and without diplopia. 

Binoxid (bin - oks f - id) [bi, two; oxid~\. 
See Dioxid. 

Bioblast (bi f -o-blast ) [/3/oc, life ; fiAaarog, a 
germ]. A plastidule or formative cell; a 
corpuscle that has not yet become a cell. 

Biochemics (bi - o - kem' '- iks) [/3/oc, life; 
Xqiueia, chemistry]. The chemistry of life. 
See Biochemy. 

Biochemistry (bi-o-kem* -is-tre) [/3/oc, life ; 
Xqfieia, chemistry]. The chemistry of the 
living body, or of life. 

Biochemy (bi'-o-kem-e) [/3/oc, life ; x ? ?{ l£ ' ia > 
chemistry]. Chemic force as exhibited in 
living organisms. 

Biodynamics (bi-o-di-nam f -iks) [/3/oc, life ; 
dbva/nig, power]. The dynamics of life; 
dynamic biology. 

Biogenesis (bi - o -jen'- es - is) [/3/oc, life ; 
yeveacg, origin]. I. The doctrine that living 
things are produced only from living things — 
the reverse of abiogenesis. 2. Reproduction 
from living parents. 

Biogenetic (bi - o -jen - et f - ik) [/3/oc, life ; 
yeveacg, origin]. Pertaining to biogenesis. 
B. Law, the fact that a certain tendency 
directs the drift or trend of development of 
a being along a line parallel with that of 
the series of forms ancestral to it. The 
being in the course of its development 
briefly recapitulates that of the ancestral 
series to which it belongs. This is also 
called Millie r" 1 s Law. 

Biogeny (bi-oj v -en-e) [/3/oc, life ; yeveaig, 
origin]. In biology, the evolution of or- 
ganic forms, either considered individually 
(ontogeny) or tribally (phytogeny). 

Biologic (bi-o-lof-ik) [/3/oc, life ; loyog, 
science]. Pertaining or belonging to biology. 

Biologist (bi-oV-o-jist) [/3/oc, life ; Xoyog, 
science]. One who is a student of biology. 

Biologos (bi-o-log / -os) [/3/oc, life ; Xoyog, a 
word]. A designation proposed for the 
intelligent living power displayed in cellular 
and organic action and reaction. 

Biology (bi-oV-o-je) [/3/oc, life ; Myog, sci- 
ence]. The science embracing the structure, 
function, and organization of living forms. 

Biometry (bi-07?i f -et-re) [/3/oc, life ; fierpov,a. 
measure]. Life-measurement; the estima- 



BIONDI'S FLUID 



146 



BISMUTH 



tion of the probable duration of any given 
life-form — in the past or future. 

Biondi's Fluid. A staining medium used 
in histologic laboratories. It is a mixture of 
orange-G, methyl-green, and acid-fuchsin. 

Bionergy (bi-on'-er-je) [ftiog, life ; epyov, 
work]. Life-force; force exercised in the 
living organism. 

Bionomy (bi-on'-o-me) [fi't-og, life ; vd/uog, a 
law]. Dynamic biology ; biodynamics ; the 
science of the laws of life. 

Biophagous (bi-off' '-ag-us)[fiiog, life ; (paytlv, 
to eat]. Feeding upon living organisms, or 
upon living tissue, as insectivorous plants. 

Biophysiography (bi-o-fiz-e-og' '-ra-fe) [fiiog, 
life ; (buoig, nature; ypdcpecv, to write]. De- 
scriptive or structural biology ; organography, 
as distinguished from biophysiology. 

Biophysiology (bi - o -fiz - e - ol'- o -je) [ j3i6g, 
life; (pveig, nature; Xoyog, science]. The 
branch of biology including organogeny, 
morphology, and physiology. 

Bioplasm (bi'-o-plazm) [f3log, life ; irldajua, 
form]. Any living matter, but especially 
germinal or forming matter ; matter possess- 
ing reproductive vitality. 

Bioplast (bi'-o-plast) [/3ioc, life ; TrTiaordg, 
formed]. A mass or cell of bioplasm that 
is a unit of living matter. 

Biorbital (bi-or'-bit-al) [bi, two; orbita, a 
circle]. Relating to both orbits. 

Bioscope (bi'-o-skop) [(3log, life ; Gnoirelv, to 
view]. An instrument used in bioscopy. 

Bioscopy (bi-os'-ko-pe) [filog, life ; ckottsiv, 
to examine]. Examination of the body to 
ascertain whether life is present. B., Elec- 
tro-, examination by the aid of the electric 
current. The muscular reaction is lost to fara- 
dic stimulation in about two hours after death 
in the tongue ; after three or four hours in the 
extremities ; after five or six hours in the 
trunk. The reaction to galvanism persists 
somewhat longer. 

Biosis (bi-o'-sis) [(3iog, life]. Life ; vitality. 

Biostatics (bi-o-staf '-iks) [(3iog, life ; cran- 
Kog, causing to stand] . Static biology ; the 
science of the determinate parts of biology, 
including anatomy, and the physics of the 
living body. 

Biotic (bi-ot'-ik) [/3tog, life]. Pertaining to 
life or to the laws of animal and vegetable 
progress and evolution. 

Biotomy {pi- of '-o-me) [(3log, life ; Te/uveiv, to 
cut] . Vivisection. 

Biparas"itic (bi-par-as-if '-ik) [bi, two ; Trapd- 
GLTog, a parasite]. Parasitic upon a parasite. 

Biparietal (bi-par-i' -et-al) \_bi, two; paries, 
a wall]. Relating to both parietal bones. 
B. Diameter, the distance from one parietal 
eminence of the cranium to the other. 

Biparous (bip'-ar-tts) [bi, double ; parere, to 
bring forth]. Producing two at a birth. 



Bipartite {pi-par' '-fit) [bi, two ; pars, a part]. 
In biology, composed of two parts or divi- 
sions. 

Biped (bi'-ped)[bi, two ; pes, a foot]. I. Hav- 
ing two feet. 2. An animal with two feet. 

Bipolar {pi-po f -lar) [pi, two ; polus, a pole]. 
Having two poles. B. Nerve-cells, nerve- 
cells that have two prolongations of the 
cell -matter. They are found chiefly in the 
spinal ganglia. 

Birch {perch) [AS., birce\ Any tree of the 
genus Betida. Birch-tar, or the tarry oil of 
B. alba, is useful in certain skin-diseases. 
The bark of B. lenta, the American black 
birch, yields a fragrant volatile oil, identical 
with that of Gaidtheria procumbens, for 
which it is extensively substituted. B. Cam- 
phor. Same as B. Resin. B. Resin. See 
Betulin. 

Bird-lime (berd'-lim). A viscous vegetable 
substance used in Japan as a local dressing 
for wounds. 

Bird's Formula. The last two figures of 
the specific gravity of urine nearly represent 
the number of grains of solids to the ounce 
contained in the urine. The same two figures 
multiplied by 2 ( Trapp's Factor) give the 
parts per 1000. 

Birth {berth) [ME.,byrth~\. I. The delivery 
of a child ; parturition. 2. That which is 
brought forth in parturition. B.-mark. See 
Nczvus pigmentosus. B. -palsy, any paralytic 
affection due to an injury received at birth ; 
less correctly, a congenital paralytic affection 
due to a lesion that existed in the fetal state. 

Bisacromial {bis-ak-ro' '-me-al) [bis, two; 
acrom ioii\ . Relating to the two acromia. 

Biscara Button (bis'-kar-ah btti'-un). See 
Furunculus orientalis. 

Bisexual (bi-seks'-u-al) [bi, two; sexus, sex]. 
Having the reproductive organs of both 
sexes ; hermaphrodite. 

Bisiliac (bis-il'-e-ak) [bis, two; iliacus\ 
Relating to the two most distant points of 
the two iliac crests. 

Biskra Boil, or Button. See Ftirunculus 
orientalis. 

Bismarck Brown. A brown, basic anilin 
dye, extensively used as a stain and counter- 
stain in histology. 

Bismuth, or Bismuthum (biz'- muth, biz- 
mu'-thum) [L. ]. Bi = 2io; quantivalence 
I, in, v. A pinkish- white crystalline metal. 
Its commercial salts often contain arsenic. 
The insoluble salts of bismuth are feebly 
astringent. The derivatives of bismuth are 
chiefly employed as astringents and sedatives 
to mucous membranes and as gastrointestinal 
antiseptics. The soluble salts are irritant in 
large doses. B. et Ammonii Citras, sol- 
uble in water. Dose gr. j-v (0.065-0.32). 
B. et Ammon. Citratis, Liquor (B. P.). 



BISMUTHOSIS 



147 



BIZYGOMATIC 



Dosef^ss-j (2.0-4.0). B.Carbonas (B.P.), 
(Bi 2 0,CQ 3 ) 2 ,H 2 0. Dosegr. v-xx (0.32-1.3). 
B. Citras, BiC 6 H 5 0-, soluble in water of 
ammonia. Dose gr. ij-v (0.13-0.32). B. 
Oxid (B. P.), Bi 2 3 . Dose gr. v-xv 
(0.32-1.0). B. Oxychlorid, pearl white. 
Unof. It is used as a cosmetic. B., Pulvis, 
Comp., Ferrier* s Snuff", contains two grains 
of hydrochlorate of morphin in one ounce, 
with bismuth and acacia. It is used in 
the treatment of coryza. B. Salicylas, 
Bi(C 7 H 5 3 ) 3 .Bi 2 3 . Dose gr. v-x (0.32- 
0.65) ; an intestinal antiseptic. B. Sub- 
carbonas, (BiO) 2 C0 3 .H 2 0, insoluble. Dose 
gr. X-3J (0.65-4.0) ; feebly astringent and 
sedative. B. Subgallas. See Dermatol. 
B. Subiodid, BiOI, used as an antiseptic 
dusting-powder, like iodoform. B. Subni- 
tras, BiON0 3 . H 2 0, the salt chiefly used in 
medicine as a sedative astringent to the 
gastrointestinal mucous membrane. Dose 
gr. x- 3J (0.65-4.0). B., Trochisci (B. P.), 
each contains gr. ij (o. 13). 

Bismuthosis {biz-muth-o f -sis). Chronic bis- 
muth-poisoning ; it may follow the use of the 
soluble salts. 

Bistoury (pis' -too-re) [Fr. bistouri]. Along, 
slender knife, straight or curved, used in 
surgery. 

Bisulphate (bi-suV-fdt) \bi, two; sulphur"]. 
A sulphate in which the base replaces but 
one of the two hydrogen atoms of the acid. 
Any acid sulphate having twice the amount 
of acid contained in the corresponding nor- 
mal sulphate. 

Bitartrate (bi-tar' '-trat) \bi, two ; rdprapov, 
tartar] . Any tartrate in which one replaceable 
hydrogen atom has been replaced by a base. 

Bitemporal (bi-tem f -por-aT) \bi, two; tem- 

pora, the temples]. Pertaining to the two 
temples. 

Bitter (bit'-er) [AS., bitan, to bite]. A pe- 
culiar, well-known taste, of which that of 
quinin is an example ; unpalatable. B. Al- 
mond, the nut of the Amygdalum amarwn. 
It contains hydrocyanic acid. B. Almond 
Oil, oleum amygdalae amarae. See Benzalde- 
hyd. B. Apple, the fruit of the colocynth, 
a purgative remedy. B. Blain, a West Indian 
herb, Vandellia diffusa, employed in fevers 
and in hepatic disorders. Unof. B. Bugle- 
weed, the herb Lycopus europceus, alterative 
and tonic. Dose of fid. ext. f^ss-j (16.0- 
32.0). Unof. B. Cucumber, colocynth. 
B. Cup, a cup made of quassia wood. It 
is a tonic. B. Purging Salt, magnesium 
sulphate. B. Root, the root of Gentiana 
catesbcei, a tonic. B. Tincture, the tinc- 
tura a;na?-a(N. F. ), prescribed also in the 
German pharmacy ; it is a tincture of gen- 
tian, centaury, bitter orange-peel, orange- 
berries, and zedoary ; it is known also as 



Stomach-drops. B. Wine of Iron, a solu- 
tion of white wine, syrup, citrate of iron, and 
quinin. 

Bitters (bit'-ers) [AS., bitan, to bite]. Medi- 
cines characterized by a bitter taste. B., 
Aromatic, medicines that unite the proper- 
ties of aromatics with those of simple bitters. 
B., Simple, medicines that stimulate the 
gastrointestinal tract without influencing the 
general system. B., Styptic, medicines 
that add styptic and astringent properties to 
those of bitterness. 

Bittersweet {bit f -er-swet). See Dulcamara. 

Bitumen [bit-u' '-men) [L., bitumen']. Min- 
eral pitch or oil, composed of various hydro- 
carbons. In the solid form it is usually 
called asphalt ; in the liquid form, petroleum. 
An intermediate form is known as mineral 
tar or maltha. By distillation, bitumen 
yields benzol, naphtha, paraffin, and various 
other hydrocarbons, liquid and gaseous. 

Biuret (bi'-u-ret) \bi, two; ovpov, urine], 
C 2 H 5 N 3 2 -\~ H 2 0. A compound formed by 
exposing urea to a high temperature for a long 
time. It is readily soluble in water and in 
alcohol ; it crystallizes with one molecule of 
water in the form of warts and needles. 
When anhydrous, biuret melts at 190 with 
decomposition. B. Reaction, or Test, a 
reaction given by proteids and by urea when 
heated (when biuret is formed). It consists 
in the development of a violet color when a 
few drops of a solution of cupric sulphate 
and an excess of potassium or sodium hydrate 
are added to the substance. 

Bivalence (biv f -al-ens) \bi, two; valens, hav- 
ing power]. In chemistry, a valence or satu- 
rating power double that of the hydrogen 
atom. 

Bivalent (biv' '-al-eni) \bi, two ; valens, hav- 
ing power]. In chemistry, applied to an 
element of which an atom can replace two 
atoms of hydrogen or other univalent ele- 
ment, or to a radicle that has the same valence 
as such an element. 

Bivalve [pi' ' -valv) \bi, two ; valva, a valve]. 
Having two valves or shells, as a speculum. 

Biventer (bi-ven' '-ter) [bi, two ; venter, a 
belly]. Having two bellies, as a muscle. 
B. cervicis, the inner portion of the com- 
plexus muscle. B. maxillae, the digastricus 
muscle. 

Biventral (bi-ven' '-tral) \bi, two ; vent rum, 
a stomach]. Having two stomachs ; having 
two bellies, as the digastric muscle. 

Bixin (biks'-in) \_Bixa, a genus of plants], 
C 16 H 26 2 . An orange-red coloring-matter 
found in annatto. 

Bizygomatic {bi-zi-go-maf '-ik) \bi, two ; 
C,vyu[ia, the zygomatic arch]. Relating to 
the most prominent points on the two zygo- 
matic arches. 



BIZZOZERO'S BLOOD-PLATES 



148 



BLASTOCYST 



Bizzozero's Blood-plates. See Blood- 
plates. 

Black (blak) [AS., blcec\ Characterized by 
an absence of color. The appearance of an 
object from the surface of which none of the 
spectrum colors are reflected. B. Alder. 
See Prinos. B. Antimony, antimonium 
tersulphid, SbS 3 . B. Ash, the bark of 

v Fraxinus sambucifolia, a mild tonic and 
astringent. Dose of fid. ext. f^ss-j (2.0— 
4.0). Unof. B. Blood, venous blood. B. 
Cohosh. See Cimicifuga. B. -damp, carbon 
dioxid gas, which is found in greater or less 
quantity in all collieries, being given off by 
many coals, either mixed with fire-damp, or 
separately, or produced in various other ways, 
as by the exhalations of the miners, by fires, 
and by explosions of fire-damp. Also called 
choke-damp. B. Death. See Plague. B. 
Disease, a disease of malarial origin and 
pernicious course, characterized by extreme 
darkening of the skin, which maybe brown 
or black in color. It occurs in the Garo 
Hills in Assam. B. Draught. See Senna. 
B.Drop. See Oj>ium. B. Erysipelas. Syn- 
onym of Anthrax. B. Eye, livor (or sugil- 
latio) oculi ; ecchymosis of the tissues about 
the eye, usually from injury. B. Haw. See 
Viburnum. B.-head. See Comedo. B. 
Hellebore. See Hellebore. B. Jaundice, an 
excessive jaundice arising from obstruction 
of the gall-ducts. The color of the skin 
is greenish-black. B. Lead, a form of car- 
bon properly known as the mineral graphite. 
B.-Leg, a febrile, generally fatal disease 
chiefly affecting cattle and sheep, which 
is characterized by the rapid appearance of 
irregular nodules in the skin and muscular 
tissues, that' are at first tense and very painful, 
but rapidly become painless and crepitating. 

Tt is caused by the Bacillus chauvsei, or B. 
of Symptomatic Anthrax. It is also called 
Symptomatic Anthrax. B. Measles, ru- 
beola nigra ; a grave or malignant form of 
measles. B. Pepper. See Piper nigrum. 
B. Phthisis, a synonym of Miner's 
Phthisis. B. Sickness, cerebrospinal fever. 
B. Snake -root. See Cimicifuga. B. 
Spauld. See Black-Leg. B. Spit. See 
Miner's Phthisis. B. Tongue. I. A 
name given to a condition characterized by 
the formation upon the dorsum of the tongue 
of a hair-like deposit that passes through 
various stages of coloration from yellow to 
brown and finally black, ultimately disap- 
pearing by desquamation as gradually as it 
came. Repeated recurrence is the rule. It 
is probably an undue proliferation of the epi- 
thelium, the result of irritation. 2. A term 
applied to erysipelatous glossitis. B. Vomit, 
the coffee-ground vomit of yellow fever, etc. 
B. Walnut, the leaves of Juglans nigra, a 



tonic, alterative, and deobstruent. Dose of 
fid. ext. TTL xx-xxx (1.3-2.0). Unof. B. 
"Wash. See Hydrargyrum. B. Willow, 
the buds of Salix nigra, a bitter tonic with 
aphrodisiac properties. Dose of fld. ext. TT^ 
xv-f^j (1.0-4.0). Unof. 

Blackberry {blak' -ber-e) [AS., blcec ; berie, 
berry]. See Rubus. B. Cordial, the 
cordiale rubi fructus (N. F. ) . Its formula is : 
blackberry juice, 3 pints ; cinnamon, in 
coarse powder, 2 Troy oz.; cloves and nut- 
meg, in coarse powder, each y z Troy oz.; 
dilute alcohol, 2 pints ; syrup, 3 pints. 

Blackwater-fever. A very fatal infectious 
disease occurring especially on the low 
coasts of tropic Africa, but also in Sicily, 
Greece, Central and South America, Java, 
and New Guinea. The disease is almost ex- 
clusively confined to the white race and is 
characterized by a chill, an irregular inter- 
mittent or remittent fever, vomiting, dyspnea, 
jaundice, and hemoglobinuria. An almost 
invariable complication is nephritis. Studies 
of the blood have revealed the presence of a 
small, annular, non-pigmented, intracellular 
parasite ; also forms having a rosette or cres- 
cent shape. 

Bladder {blad'-er) [AS., blcedre, a blister]. 
I. A membranous sac serving for the recep- 
tion of fluids or gases. 2. The receptacle for 
the urine. B., Atony of, inability to expel 
the urine, from deficient muscular power. 
B., Catarrh of. See Cystitis. B., Extro- 
phy, or Extroversion of, absence of the 
anterior wall of the bladder, and more or 
less deficiency of the corresponding part of 
the abdomen. B., Gall-, the receptacle 
for the bile, situated on the lower surface of 
the liver. B., Irritable, a condition char- 
acterized by constant desire to urinate. B., 
Neck of, the constricted portion continuous 
with the urethra in front. B., Nervous, a 
condition in which there is a frequent desire 
to pass water, with inability at the same time 
to perform the act perfectly, and consequent 
slight dribbling at its close. B., Sacculated, 
pouches formed between the hypertrophied 
muscular fibers. B. Worm. See Worm. 

Blancard's Pills (blang'-kards). Pills of 
the iodid of iron. 

Bland {bland') \blandus, mild]. Mild ; 
soothing. 

Blastema {blas-te ; -mah) [filaorrjua, from 
p.aordveiv, to germinate]. The formative 
lymph or rudimentary tissue, from which, by 
differentiation, tissues and organs are de- 
veloped. 

Blastochyle (blas'-to-kll) [filacroq, a germ ; I 
ji'^df, juice]. The colorless fluid in the 
blastodermic vesicles. 

Blastocyst {bias' -to-sist) \j$\acT6q, a germ ; 
kvgtic, a bladder] . The germinal vesicle. 



BLASTODERM 



149 



BLEPHAROSPASM 



Blastoderm (blas f -to-derm) [3?.aar6c, a 
germ; dipua, the skin]. In embryology, 
the germinal membrane formed by the cells 
of the morula, lying on the internal surface 
of the vitelline membrane of the impreg- 
nated ovum. The whole hollow sphere, 
with its surrounding cells, is called the blas- 
todermic vesicle, and is formed about the 
tenth day. The ectoderm (or epiblast) and 
the endoderm {entoderm or hypoblast) layers 
are simply due to a proliferation of the 
blastodermic cells about the germinal area, 
whereby the blastoderm is doubled, thus 
forming these outer and inner layers. The 
mesoblast or middle layer is developed after 
the others, and probably from the hypoblast. 

Blastodermic (blas-to-der' -mik) [,3Zacr~dc, a 
germ; dipua, the skin]. Relating to the 
blastoderm. 

Blastodisc (blas f -to-disk) \_filao-6c, a germ ; 
diciiog, disc]. A blastodermic disc; amass 
or disc capping one pole of the yolk. 

Blastogeny (bias-toy -en-e) \JS7Aotoq, a germ ; 
yiveaic, generation]. Haeckel's term for the 
germ-history of an individual organism ; a 
division of ontogeny. 

Blastomere (blas / -to-mer) [filaoroc, a germ ; 
p.epog, a part]. Any one of the nucleated 
cells or segments into which the fecundated 
vitellus divides. 

Blastoneuropore (blas-to-md -ro-por) [/3/lacr- 
toc, a germ; vevpov, a. nerve; rropoc, a 
pore]. In biology, the temporary aperture 
in certain embryos formed by the coales- 
cence of the blastopore and nenropore. 

Blastophore (blas f -to-for) \_fi\aor6c, a germ ; 
(bepeiv, to bear]. That part of a sperm-cell 
that does not become converted into sper- 
matozoa. 

Blastophyllum (blas-to-fil f -um) \fi\aar6q, a 
germ; <pv7./.ov, a leaf]. The endoderm or 
ectoderm ; a primitive germ-layer. 

Blastophyly (blas-toff / -il-e) [fiXacToc, a germ ; 
<pv\i], a tribe]. The tribal history of indi- 
vidual organisms. 

Blastopore (blas r -to-por) [ftTiacToc, a germ ; 
iropoc, passage, pore]. The small opening 
leading into the notochordal canal, or, after 
the canal has fused with the yolk-cavity, lead- 
ing into the archenteron. It is situated at 
the hind end of the primitive axis, and is a 
small portion of the gastrula mouth. 

Blastula (blas f -tu-lah) [dim. of (S7^aar6c, a 
germ]. The blastodermic vesicle. 

Blaud's Pill (blohs). A pill containing equal 
parts iron sulphate and potassium carbonate ; 
for use in anemia, etc. 

Bleach (blecJi) [ME., blcecan, to make 
white]. To make white or pale. Bleach- 
ing Powder, chlorinated lime, a mixture of 
calcium chlorid and calcium hypochlorite, 
containing free chlorin-gas. It is used as a 



disinfectant. Bleaching Fluid, can de Jav- 
elle, a fluid obtained by passing chlorin-gas 
into an emulsion of calcium hydrate. 
Bleacher's Eczema (blech'-erz ek'-zem-ah). 
Eczema of the hands of bleachers, due to 
the use of hot water and strong lye. 



Blear Eye (ble 



See Blepharitis ulcerosa. 



Bleb (bleb). See Bulla. 

Bleeders (ble r -derz) [AS., bledan, to bleed]. 
A popular term for those who are subjects 
of the hemorrhagic diathesis. B.'s Dis- 
ease. See Hemophilia. 

Blennorrhagia (blen-or-a f -je-ah) \_(3?ievva, 
mucus; psyvvvcu, to burst forth]. I. An 
excessive mucous discharge. 2. Gonorrhea. 

Blennorrhagic (blen-or-a ; -jik) [fi/Jvva, mu- 
cus ; peyvvvac, to burst forth]. Relating to 
blennorrhagia. 

Blennorrhea (blen-or-e'-ah) [filhva, mucus ; 
peeiv, to flow]. Same as Blennorrhagia. 

Blennorrheal (blen-or-e' '-al) \_fi'Xkvva, mu- 
cus ; 'peeiv, to flow] . Relating to blennor- 
rhea. 

Blepharadenitis (blef-ar-ad-en-i' '-tis) \_j31e- 
(papov, the eyelid ; adijv, a gland ; ltlc, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the Meibo- 
mian glands. 

Blepharitis (blef-ar-i' -tis) \j$\e<bapov, the 
eyelid; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the eyelids. B. ciliaris, or B. margin- 
alis, inflammation of the ciliary or marginal 
border of the lids. B. ulcerosa, an ulcera- 
tive inflammation of the eyelids. 

Blepharoadenitis (blef -ar-o - ad- en - i r -tis). 
See Blepharadenitis . 

Blepharoadenoma (plef - ar-o- ad - en - o f - 
mah) [fiteQapov, the eyelid ; adi]v, a gland ; 
bjia, a tumor]. An adenoma of the eyelid. 

Blepharoatheroma (blef -ar-o- ath-er - o f - 
mah) \J$\'e$apov, an eyelid ; adrjpr}, gruel ; 6/xa, 
tumor] . A sebaceous cyst of the eyelid. 

Blepharochromidrosis (blefar-o-kro-mid- 
ro'-sis) [(3/i£(j)apov , the eyelid ; XP&I 10 -) color ; 
idpuc, sweat]. Colored sweat of the eyelids, 
usually of a bluish tint. 

Blepharophimosis (blefar-o-fi-mo' '-sis) [/5^.e- 
<papov, the eyelid; §ip.uciQ, a shutting up]. 
Abnormal smallness of the palpebral aperture. 

Blepharoplasty (blef ' -ar-o-plas-te) [filetyapov , 
the eyelid ; irJAaaetv, to form] . An operation 
for the restoration of any part of the eyelid. 

Blepharoplegia (blefar-o-ple' '-je-ah) [f3?,i(pa- 
pov, the eyelid; irtyyq, a stroke]. Paralysis 
of an eyelid. 

Blepharoptosis (blef-ai'-op-to> '-sis) [^ifyapov, 
the eyelid; Trrao^c, a fall]. Drooping of 
the upper eyelid. 

Blepharorrhaphy (blefar-or f -a-fe)\_fi?ie<papov, 
the eyelid; pacprj, a seam]. The stitching 
together of a portion of the edges of the lids. 

Blepharospasm (blef f -ar-o-spazm) \_ft7ietyapov, 
the eyelid; airac/ioc, a spasm]. Spasm of 



BLEPHAROSTAT 



150 



BLOODLETTING 



the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle ; exces- 
sive winking. 

Blepharostat {blef'-ar-o-stat) [{3?.ed)apov, the 
eyelid ; lardvat, to cause to stand]. An 
instrument for holding the eyelids apart whilst 
performing operations upon the eyes or lids. 

Blepharostenosis {blef-ar-o-ste-no f -sis) \fi\k- 
(papo v, the eyelid; ore vog, narrow]. Diminu- 
tion of the space between the eyelids. 

Blepharosynechia [blef- ar-o-sin - ek - i'-aJi) 
\jfhmapov, the eyelid ; cvvexEia, a holding 
together] . The adhesion or growing together 
of the eyelids. 

Blepharotomy {blef-ar-ot f -o-?ne) \_fi7xoapov , 
the eyelid; re/j-veiv, to cut]. Incision into 
the eyelid. 

Blessed Thistle {dies' '-ed this' '-/). See Cen- 
tanrea benedicta. 

Blind {blind) [AS.,&lind]. Without sight; 
deprived of sight. B. Spot, that part of the 
fundus of the eye where the optic nerve enters. 

Blindness {blind / -nes) [AS., blind"]. Want 
of vision. B., Color-, imperfect color-per- 
ception. This condition is found in about 
4 per cent, of persons, is more frequent in 
men than in women, and is probably due to 
non-exercise of the color-sense. Complete 
Color-B. is very rare, the different colors 
probably appearing as different intensities or 
shades of white light. In Partial Color-B. 
defective perception of red is the most fre- 
quent, green, blue, and yellow, respectively, 
being next in order. Tests for Color-B. 
usually consist in matching and classifying 
colored yarns. B., Cortical, blindness due 
to lesion of the cortical center of vision. 
B., Day-. See Nyctalopia. B., Mind-. See 
B., Psychic. B., Moon-, a rare condition of 
retinal anesthesia said to be due to exposure 
of the eyes to the moon's rays in sleeping. 
B., Night-. See Hemeralopia. B., Object-. 
See Apraxia. B., Psychic, loss of conscious 
visual sensation from destruction of the cere- 
bral visual center ; there is sight but not re- 
cognition. B., Snow-, photophobia and con- 
junctivitis due to exposure of the eyes to the 
glare of sunlight upon snow. B., Word-. 
See Aphasia. 

Blister {bits' '-ter) [ME., blister, a vesicle]. 
A vesicle resulting from the exudation of 
serous fluid between the epidermis and true 
skin. Also the agent by which the blister is 
produced. B., Fly-, a blister of cantharides. 
See Cantharis. B., Flying, a blister that 
remains long enough to produce redness of 
the skin and not vesication. 

Blistering {blis f -ter-ing) [ME. , blister, a vesi- 
cle]. Forming a vesicle upon the skin. B. 
Collodion, a solution of cantharidin in collo- 
dion. B. Liquid. Same as B. Collodion. 
B. Paper, paper saturated with cantharides; 
used for producing vesication. 



Blood {bind) [AS., Mod]. The fluid that 
circulates through the heart, arteries, and 
veins, supplying nutritive material to all parts 
of the body. In the human being the blood 
of the arteries is bright-red and dichroic ; that 
of the veins dark -red and monochroic. Blood 
consists of plasma and corpuscular elements, 
the latter being the red corpuscles, the white 
corpuscles, and the blood-plaques. In a 
cubic millimeter there are about 5,000,000 
red and 10,000 white corpuscles. The red 
color of the blood is due to the hemoglobin 
contained in the red corpuscles. The total 
amount of blood is estimated at yV of the 
body-weight. "When exposed to the air it 
coagulates, forming a red clot and a vellow- 
ish fluid called serum. Healthy blood con- 
sists of 78 per cent, of water, and 22 per 
cent, solids. B. -Casts, tube-casts to which 
red blood-corpuscles are attached. B. -Cor- 
puscles, Red, circular, biconcave discs float- 
ing in the blood. Red corpuscles are circu- 
lar in mammals (except the camel), and 
elliptical in birds and reptiles. In man they 
are about 3- 2V0 ^ ncn (7 f 1 ) * n diameter and 
T^o^o m ch thick. Colorless corpuscles are 
about one-third larger in diameter, 27V0 mcn 
(10 ft). They exhibit movements similar to 
those of the ameba. B.-crasis, the mixture 
of the constituents of the blood. When the 
blood-crasis is diseased or disordered, the 
condition is known as dyscrasia. B.- crys- 
tals, crystals of hematoidin. B., Defibri- 
nated, blood from which the fibrin has been 
removed by agitating it with twigs. B.- dis- 
ease, a synonym of Dyscrasia.. B. -fluke. 
See Bilharzia hematobia. B. -islands, a 
term applied to the groups of corpuscles de- 
veloped during the first days of embryonic 
life, within the large branched cells of the 
mesoblast. B. -plaque. See B. -platelets. B.- 
plasma, the liquor sanguinis, or fluid part 
of the blood. B. -plate. See B. -platelets. 
B. -platelets, circular or oval, light-gray 
bodies found in the blood. They are from I 
to 1.3 //in size, and number from 18,000 to 
300,000 in the cubic millimeter. Their func- 
tion is not definitely known ; they are an im- 
portant factor in thrombosis. B. -poisoning, 
a morbid state due to the circulation of bac- 
teria or their products, or both, in the blood, as 
the result of a local infection. B. -pressure, 
the tension of the blood in the arteries. B.- 
root. See Sangninaria. B. -tumor. See 
Hematoma. 

Bloodless {blud'-les) [AS., blod\ With- 
out blood. B. Operations, surgical opera- 
tions, such as amputations, in which the 
member is so bandaged by compresses and 
elastic bands that the blood is expelled and 
kept from the part to be operated upon . 

Bloodletting {bind- letting) [AS., blod ; 



. 



BLUE 



151 



BONE 



letan\ The artificial abstraction of blood 
from the body. B., General, venesection or 
phlebotomy. B., Local or Topic, the re- 
moval of a small quantity of blood by cup- 
ping, leeching, or scarification. 

Blue {bleu) [ME., blew]. One of the colors 
of the spectrum. B.-baby, a child with 
congenital cyanosis. B. -bottle. See Cen- 
taurea. B. Blindness, defective color-per- 
ception for blue. B. Cohosh. See Caulo- 
phyllum. B. Disease, cyanosis of the new- 
born, usually due to congenital disease of the 
heart. B. Flag. See Iris. B. Gentian, 
the root of Gentiana catesbm, tonic and 
stomachic. Dose of fid. ext. Tn^x-xl (0.65- 
2.65). Unof. B. Gum Tree. See Eu- 
calyptus. B. Cardinal Flower. Synonym 
of Lobelia syphilitica. B. Edema, a puffed 
and bluish appearance of the limb sometimes 
seen in hysteric paralysis. B. Mass. See 
Hydrargyrum. B., Methylene. See Methy- 
lene Blue. B. Ointment. See Hydrargy- 
rum. B. Pill. See Hydrargyrum. B., 
Prussian, ferric ferrocyanid, Fe 4 3Fe(C 3 N 3 ) 2 . 
B. Stick. Same as B. Stone. B. Stone, 
copper sulphate. B., Turnbull's, ferrous 
ferrocyanid, Fe 3 Fe 2 (C 3 N 3 ) 4 . B. Vitriol, 
copper sulphate. 

Blunt-hook (blunt' -hook). An obstetric in- 
strument, used mainly in embryotomy. 

Boas's Reagent. A reagent for detecting the 
presence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric 
juice. It consists of resorcin 5, sugar 3, di- 
lute alcohol 100 parts. 

Bochdalek's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table 
of. 

Body (bod / -e) [AS., bodig\ I. The animal 
frame with its organs. Also a caclaver or 
corpse. 2. The important and largest part 
of an organ, as the body of the uterus. See 
also Corpus and Corpora. B. Louse. See 
Pediculus. 

Boil (boil) [ME., boile\ A furuncle ; a lo- 
calized inflammation of the skin and subcu- 
taneous connective tissue attended by the 
formation of pus. See Furunculus. B., 
Aleppo, or B., Delhi, a peculiar ulcerative 
affection endemic in India, due to a specific 
microorganism. 

Boiled Oil. Linseed oil that has been heated 
to a high temperature (130 C. and upward), 
while a current of air is passed through or 
over the oil, and the temperature increased 
until the oil begins to effervesce from evolu- 
tion of products of decomposition. 

Boiler-makers' Deafness. See Deafness. 

Boiling (boiV-ing) [ME., boilen, to stir]. 
The vaporization of a liquid when it gives off 
vapor having the same tension as the sur- 
rounding air. 

Boldo (boV-do). See Boldus. B.-glucine, 
an aromatic glucosid obtained from Peumus 



boldo and other species. It is an hypnotic in 
doses of gr. xx-gj (1.3-4.0). Unof. 

Boldus (bol'-dus) [L.j. Boldo. The 
leaves and stems of an evergreen, Peumus 
boldo, native to Chili, sometimes used in 
anemia and general debility as a substitute 
for quinin. It contains a bitter alkaloid, 
Boldin, an hypnotic in doses of gr. iij (0.2). 
B., Ext., Fid. Dose mj-iv (0.065-0.26). 
B., Tinct., contains 20 per cent, of the drug. 
Dose rt\v-viij (0.32-0.52). 

Bole (bol) \_(3c)Xoc, a clod of earth]. A 
translucent, soft variety of clay formerly much 
used in medicine, internally as an astringent, 
externally as an absorbent. Several varie- 
ties are used, as the Armenian bole, the 
Lemnian, and the French bole. 

Boletus (bo-le' '-tus) [/taAjr^c, a kind of mush- 
room]. A genus of fungi, some species of 
which are edible, while others are highly 
poisonous. 

Bolus (bo'-lus) [L.]. I. A large pill. 2. 
The rounded mass of food prepared by the 
mouth for swallowing. 3. See Bole. 

Bone (bon) [AS., ban, a bone]. A hard tis- 
sue that constitutes the framework or skele- 
ton of the body. Bone usually consists of a 
compact outer mass covered with periosteum, 
surrounding a reticulated inner structure that 
encloses a central cavity filled with marrow. 
A transverse section of a long bone shows 
bone-tissue to be composed of a number of 
nearly circular zones, each having a central 
tube, the Haversian canal, through which the 
blood circulates. Surrounding the Haver- 
sian canal are concentrically arranged 
laminae, or layers of bone, between which are 
found irregular spaces called lacunae, con- 
taining bone corpuscles and communicating 
with the Haversian canal and each other by 
means of canaliculi, through which the nu- 
trition is conveyed to all parts of the bone. 
B. Ash, the calcic phosphate remaining 
after bones have been incinerated. B. Car- 
tilage. See Ostein. B., Collar, the clav- 
icle. B. -conduction, the transmission of 
sound-waves to the auditory nerve by means 
of sonorous vibrations communicated to the 
bones of the skull. B.-cyst, a tumor dis- 
tending and thinning bone, and filled with 
serum or bloody fluid ; in rare cases bone- 
cysts contain hydatids. B., Epipteric [erri, 
upon ; irrepov, a wing] , a small Wormian 
bone sometimes found between the great 
wing of the sphenoid and the anterior infe- 
rior angle of the parietal bone. B., Flat, a 
bone more or less in the form of a plate. 
B. -gelatin. See Gelatin. B., Long, one 
consisting of a narrow shaft and two ex- 
panded ends. B., Rider's, an ossification 
of the lower tendon of the adductor longus 
or magnus from pressure. B., Sesamoid. 



BONESET 



152 



BOVININE 



See Sesamoid. B., Short, one the three 
dimensions of which are approximately equal. 
B., Wormian, small bones in the sutures 
of the skull. 

Boneset. See Eupatorium. 

Bonnet's Capsule. See Tenon's Capsule. 

Boot, Junod's. See Junod's Boot. 

Boracic Acid {bo-ras'-ik as / -id). See Acid, 
Boric, and Boron. 

Borate {bo'-raf) [Ar., buraq, borax]. Any- 
salt of boric acid. 

Borax {bo r -raks). See Boron. 

Borborygmus [bor-bor-ig' -nius) \_(3op/3opvy- 
fiog, a rumbling] . A rumbling of the bowels. 

Boric Acid (bo'-rik as'-id). See Boron. 

Borneo Camphor {bor f -ne-o kam'-for). See 
Bomeol. 

Borneol {bor f -nc-ol) [Borneo], C 10 H 18 O. 
Borneo Camphor ; a substance that occurs in 
Dryobalanops camphorce, a tree growing in 
Borneo and Sumatra. It is artificially pre- 
pared by treating the alcoholic solution of 
common camphor with sodium. 

Boroglycerid (bo-ro-glis f -er-id). A mixture 
of boric acid, 62 parts, with glycerol, 92 
parts. It is antiseptic. Unof. 

Boron {bo f -ron)[Kx., buraq, borax]. B = II; 
quantivalence ill, v. A non-metallic ele- 
ment occurring in two allotropic forms — as a 
powder and as a crystalline substance. It is 
the base of boric acid and of the mineral 
borax. Boracic, or, more properly, Boric 
Acid, H3BO3, a crystalline substance, found 
native in the volcanic lagoons of Tuscany. It 
occurs in white, transparent crystals, soluble 
in water and alcohol ; it is antiseptic. Dose 
gr. v-xx (0.32-1.3). Unguent. Acidi Borici 
(B. P.), contains hard paraffin 2, soft paraffin 
4, boric acid I. It is used as an antiseptic 
and in dermatology. Borax, Na 2 B 2 O r ,- 
ioH 2 0, sodium biborate, occurs as white, 
transparent crystals, soluble in water, alcohol, 
and glycerol. It is used as an antiseptic. 
Dose gr. v— xl (0.32-2.6). Glycerintim 
Boracis (B. P.), contains borax, glycerol, 
and distilled water ; it is used as a local 
application. Mel Boracis (B. P.), borax 
honey, contains borax, clarified honey, and 
glycerol (about I in 7) ; it is used as a local 
application. 

Bosselated (bos'-el-a-ted) [ME., bos']. Cov- 
ered with bosses or small nodules. 

Bot [hot) \botus, a belly worm]. The larva 
of certain species of flies of the genus CEstrus, 
which are conveyed into the stomach of man, 
where they hatch. Also the thread-worm, 
Oxyuris vermicularis. 

Botal, or Botallo, Duct of. See Duct. B., 
Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. 

Botalismus (bot-al-iz' -mtis) . See Botulis- 
mus. 

Botany {bo^-ait-e) [fioravrj, an herb]. The 



science of plants — their classification and 
structure. 

Bothriocephalus {both-re-o-sef '-al-us) \_fiod- 
plov, a pit; at^akr], a head]. A genus of 
tapeworms. B. latus, the fish tapeworm, 
a common parasite of man in certain Euro- 
pean localities. It may reach twenty-five 
feet in length, with a breadth of three-fourths 
of an inch. It is also called Tcenia lata 
and Dibothrium latum. 

Botryoid {bof '-7-e-oid) [ftorpvg, a cluster ; 
elSog, likeness]. Resembling in shape a 
bunch of grapes. 

Bottcher's Cells. Small cells in the cochlea, 
occurring in a single layer on the basilar mem- 
brane. B.'s Crystals, peculiar microscopic 
crystals formed by adding a drop of a one 
per cent, solution of phosphate of ammonia 
to a drop of prostatic secretion. They are 
composed of a phosphate formed from a base 
that exists in prostatic fluid, and that is sup- 
posed to impart to it its peculiar odor. 

Bottger's Test. A test for sugar in the 
urine. The urine is alkalinized with sodium 
hydrate, a little bismuth subnitrate is added, 
and the urine boiled. A black color, due to 
the reduction of the bismuth, will be produced 
if sugar is present. Albumin, if present, 
must previously be removed. 

Botulism, Botulismus {bot'-u-lizm, bot-ti- 
liz'-mzis) \botulus, a sausage]. Sausage- 
poisoning. 

Bougie {boo-zhe') [Fr. , a candle]. A slen- 
der, cylindric instrument made of waxed silk, 
catgut, etc., for introduction into the urethra 
or other passage, for the purpose of dilatation, 
exploration, etc. B. a boule. See B. , 
Bulbous. B., Armed, a bougie with a piece 
of silver nitrate or other caustic attached to 
its extremity. B., Bulbous, a bougie with 
a bulbous tip. B., Filiform, a whalebone 
or other bougie of very small diameter. 

Bouillon (boo-e-yon(gV) [Fr.]. 1. A broth 
made by boiling meat, usually beef, in water. 
2. A liquid nutritive medium for the culture 
of microorganisms prepared from finely 
chopped beef or beef-extract. 

Bourdin's Paste. A mixture of nitric acid 
with flowers of sulphur; it is used as an 
escharotic. 

Bourdonnement [boor-dun-monigY) [Fr., 
bourdonner, to buzz]. Any buzzing sound. 
The murmur that is heard when the stetho- 
scope is applied to any part of the body. It 
is thought to result from contraction of the 
muscular fibrillse. 

Bovine (bo'-vin) \bovinus, of an ox]. Ox- 
like. B. Heart, the immensely hypertro- 
phied heart of aortic valvular disease. 

Bovinine (bo f -mn-in) [bos {gen. bovis), an 
ox]. A proprietary preparation of beef used 
as a food for invalids and convalescents. 



BOVISTA 



153 



BR ANCI 1 1 E 



Bovista (bo-ris'-tah) [L.]. I. A genus of 
fungi closely allied to Lycoperdon ; some of 
the species are edible. 2. The Lycoperdon 
bovista, a fungus or puff-ball. When dry it 
is a good styptic, and its tincture has been 
used for nervous diseases. 

Bowels (bow'-elz) [OF., doe/, from L. botellus, 
a sausage]. The intestines. 

Bow-leg [ME., bowe\. An arching out- 
ward of the lower limbs. See Genu varum. 

Bowman's Capsule. The expanded portion 
forming the beginning of a uriniferous tubule. 
B. Discs, the products of a breaking up 
of muscle-fibers in the direction of the trans- 
verse striations. B. Glands, glands found 
in the olfactory mucous membrane. B. Mem- 
brane, a thin, homogeneous membrane rep- 
resenting the uppermost layer of the stroma 
of the cornea, with which it is intimately con- 
nected. B. Muscle. See Muscles, Table 
of. B. Probe, a probe used in dilating 
strictures of the lacrymal duct. 

Boyle's Law. See Law. 

Bozeman's Catheter. A double-current 
catheter. 

Brachia (bra f -ke-aJi). Plural of Brachium. 

Brachial (bra f -ke-al) [brachium, the arm]. 
Pertaining to the arm. B. Artery, the con- 
tinuation of the axillary artery, extending 
along the inner side of the arm. See 
Arteries, Table of. B. Glands, the lymphatic 
glands of the arm. B. Plexus, the plexus of 
the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth cervical 
and the first dorsal nerves. B. Veins, the 
veins of the arm that accompany the brachial 
artery. 

Brachialgia [bra-ke-aU - je-aJi) [ppax'icov, the 
arm; akyoQ, pain]. Pain or neuralgia in the 
arm or in the brachial plexus. 

Brachinin (brak f -in-in) [j3paxi'C, short]. A 
substance obtained from the bombardier 
beetle, Brachinus crepitans, of Europe. It 
is said to be efficacious against rheumatism. 
Unof. 

Brachiocephalic (bra-ke-o-sef-al' '-ik) [(3pa- 
X'tuv, the arm ; neya/j, head] . Pertaining to 
the arm and the head. B. Artery and 
Vein, the innominate artery and vein. 

Brachiocubital (bra-ke-o-ku' '-bit-al) [/3pa- 
X'lo>v, the arm; cubitus, forearm]. Relating 
to the arm and forearm ; as the brachiocubi- 
tal ligament. 

Brachium (bra' '-ke-tim) [brachium, ftpax'iuv, 
the arm]. The arm, especially the upper 
arm. B. cerebri or B. of Optic Lobes, the 
bands connecting the nates and testes with 
the optic thalamus. B. cerebelli, the pe- 
duncles of the cerebellum. B. pontis, the 
brachium of the pons, being also the middle 
peduncle of the cerebellum. 

Brach-Romberg Symptom. See Signs 
and Symptoms, Table of. 



Brachycardia {brak-e-kar'-de-afi). Same as 

Bradycardia . 

Brachycephalic (brak-e-sefal' '-ik) [f}pa%bg, 
short ; necpa/J/, a head]. I. Applied to skulls 
of an egg-like shape, with the larger end be- 
hind. 2. Having a skull the transverse diam- 
eter of which is more than eight-tenths of the 
long diameter. 

'Bvachycephai\ous(brah-e-sef / -al-us)[Ppaxvg, 
short ; atfal//, a head] . Brachycephalic. 

Brachymetropia (brak - e - met - ro f -pe - all) 
[fSpaxh, short ; fierpov, a measure ; uip, the 
eye]. See Myopia. 

Bradycardia (brad-e-kar' '-de-ah) [fipadvc-, 
slow ; napdia, the heart]. Slowness of the 
heart-beat. 

Bradyesthesia (brad-e-es-the' '-ze-ah) [j3pa6vg, 
slow; aiodijOLc-, perception]. Dulness of 
perception. 

Bradylalia (brad-e-la' '-le-ah) [SpaSvg, slow ; 
AaAdv, to talk]. A slowness of utterance. 

Bradypepsia [brad '- e - pep' '- se - ah) [fipadvc, 
slow ; Tretlug, digestion] . Slow digestion. 

Bradyphasia (brad- e-fd- ze - ah) [ftpadvc, 
slow; (pactc-, speech]. Bradylalia. 

Bradyphrasia (brad-e-fra' '-ze-ah) [ftpadvc, 
slow; (ppacrtc, utterance] . Slowness of speech. 

Braidism (brdd / -izm) [Braid, the originator]. 
The hypnotic state produced by fixation of 
the eyes upon a shining object; described by 
James Braid in 1 842. 

Brain (bran) [AS., brcegen\ That part 
of the central nervous system contained 
in the cranial cavity, and consisting of the 
cerebrum, the cerebellum, the pons, and the 
medulla oblongata. B., Abdominal, the 
solar plexus. B., After-. See Metenceph- 
alon. B.-axis, that portion of the brain- 
substance including the island of Reil, the 
basal ganglia, the crura, pons, medulla, and 
cerebellum. B. -bladder, a cerebral vesicle 
of the embryo. B. Fever. See Meningi- 
tis; also synonym of Typhoid Fever. B., 
Fore-. See Prosencephalon. B., Hind-. 
See Epencephalon. B., Mid-. See Mesen- 
cephalon. B., Railway-, a condition ana- 
logous to railway spine and characterized by 
cerebral disturbance. See Erichsen 's Dis- 
ease, in Diseases, Table of. B. Sand, a gritty 
mineral matter found in and about the pineal 
gland, consisting mainly of calcium and mag- 
nesium carbonates and phosphates. B.-tire, 
a condition of brain-exhaustion due to exces- 
sive functional activity. 

Bran (bran) [Breton, bran\ The epidermis or 
outer covering of the seeds of most cereals. 
B. Bath. See Bath. B. Dressing, a 
dressing formerly used for compound fracture 
of the leg. The leg was placed in a fracture 
box and surrounded with clean bran. 

Branchiae (brang' '- ke - e) [j3payx ia , gills]. 
The gills of fishes. 



BRANCHIAL 



154 



BREATH-SOUNDS 



Branchial [brang'-ke-al) \fipayxta, gills]. 
Pertaining to the branchiae. B. Arches. 
See Arches. B. Openings. See Clefts, 
Visceral. 

Branchiogenous [brang-ke-oj' en-us) \_fipay- 
%ia, gills ; yevvdv, to produce] . Produced 
or developed from a branchial cleft. 

Brandy {bran' -de). See Spiritus. 

Brassica [bras' -ik-ah) [AS., brassica, cab- 
bage]. A genus of plants, Nat. Order, 
Cmciferce, including the common cabbage. 

Brawn [brawn) [OF., braon, a piece of 
flesh]. The flesh of a muscle; well-devel- 
oped muscles. 

Brawny [brawn' -e) [OF., braon, a piece of 
flesh]. Fleshy; muscular. B. Induration, 
pathologic hardening and thickening of the 
tissues. 

Brayera [bra-ye' -rah) [Fr. , brayer\. Kousso, 
Cusso, Koso. The female flowers of B. an- 
thehnintica, containing tannic acid, a volatile 
oil, and a crystalline principle, Koussin, 
C 31 H 38 O 10 . It is valuable as an anthelmintic 
against tapewonn. In large doses it produces 
nausea and emesis. Dose ^ij-^ss (8.0- 
16.0), in infusion of boiling water. Cusso, 
Ext., Fid., dose f^ij-f^j (8.0-32.0). In- 
fusum Cusso (B. P.). Dose f^iv-viij 
(128.0-256.0). 

Bread [bred)[AS. , bread"]. A mixture of flour 
and water rendered porous by carbon dioxid, 
and baked. The flour may be of wheat, corn, 
oat, or rye. The carbon dioxid may be intro- 
duced by decomposing an alkaline carbonate 
(sodium or potassium), by an acid (" cream 
of tartar"), or by fermenting the starch 



with yeast. B., Brown, a kind of bread 
made from a mixture of corn, rye, and 
wheat-flour. B., Graham, made from 
unbolted wheat-flour ; it contains more 
gluten, diastase, and mineral phosphates 
than ordinary bread. B. Poultice, a poultice 
made with bread-crumbs. B., White, bread 
made from bolted wheat-flour, and there- 
fore deficient in diastase, gluten, and mineral 
phosphates. Other kinds, such as rye (or 
black), corn, bran, barley, etc., indicate their 
composition by their name. B. -paste, a cul- 
ture-medium for bacteria and molds. Stale, 
coarse bread is dried, ground to powder and 
made into a paste with water. 

Break [brdk) [AS. , brecan]. In electricity, to 
open the circuit of a battery. B.-bone 
Fever. See Dengue. B. Shock, a term 
sometimes employed in electrotherapeutics 
for the physiologic shock produced on the 
opening or breaking of an electric circuit. 

Breast(£r<?.rf) [ME. , brest, the breast]. I . The 
anterior part of the chest. 2. The mamma. 
B.-bone, the sternum. B., Broken, ab- 
scess of the mammary gland. B., Chicken, 
Pectus carinatum, a deformity marked by 
prominence of the sternal portion of the 
chest. B., Gathered, mammary abscess. 
B. Pang, angina pectoris. B., Pigeon. 
Same as B., Chicken. B. Pump, a suction- 
apparatus for removing the milk from the 
breast. 

Breath [breth) [AS., brath]. The air ex- 
haled from the lungs. B. -sounds, the 
respiratory sounds heard upon auscultation. 
A Table of Breath-sounds is given. 



TABLE OF BREATH-SOUNDS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 

{Altered and enlarged from J. K. Fowler.) 



Vari- 
ety of 
Breath- 
ing. 


Period. 


Pitch. 


Quality. 


Inter- 
val. 


Duration. 


Inten- 
sity. 


Where 
Heard. 


Condition 

in which 

Heard. 


Vesicu- 
lar. 


1. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Low. 
Lower. 


Vesicular. 


None. 


Shorter 
than inspi- 
ration or 
absent. 


Variable. 

Faint or 
absent. 


Over the 

lungs, 
in health. 


In health. 


Bron- 
chial. 


1. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


High. 
Higher. 


Tracheal. 


Dis- 
tinct. 


Equal to 
or longer 
than inspi- 
ration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


In health, 
in regions of 
seventh cer- 
vical spine. 

In disease, 
over areas of 
consolidation 


In health ; 
pulmonary 
tuberculosis, 
lobar pneu- 
monia, large 

pleuritic 
effusions, tho- 
racic aneu- 
rysm, medi- 
astinal 
tumors. 



BREATHING 
TABLE OF BREATH-SOUNDS 


155 BRIGHT'S DISEASE 
IN HEALTH AND DISEASE.— Continued. 


Variety 
of 

Breath- 
ing. 


Period. 


Pitch. 


Quality. 


Inter- 
val. 


Duration. 


Inten- 
sity. 


Where 
Heard. 


Condition 
in which 
Heard. 


Broncho- 
vesicu- 
lar. 


i. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Higher 

than in 

vesicular 

breathing 

Higher 

than in 

vesicular 

breathing 


More or 

less 
tracheal. 

More or 

less 
tracheal. 


Slight. 


About 

equal to 

inspiration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


In health, 
ant., over ster- 
nal portion of 
infraclavic. 
region; post., 
upper part of 
interscapular 
region. In 
disease, over 
slight con- 
solidation. 


In health ; 
pneumonia, 

pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 


Am- 
phoric. 


1. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Low. 
Lower. 


Hollow and 

metallic. 
Both char- 
acters more 
marked. 


Dis- 
tinct. 


Longer 
than inspi- 
ration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


Over a large 
cavity com- 
municating 

with an open 
bronchus. 


Pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 


Cavern- 
ous. 


1. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Low. 
Lower. 


Blowing 
and hollow. 
Both char- 
acters more 
marked. 


Dis- 
tinct. 


Longer 
than inspi- 
ration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


Over a cavity 
communicat- 
ing with an 
open bron- 
chus. 


Pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 


Tubular. 


i. Inspira- 
tion. 

2. Expira- 
tion. 


Higher 

than in 

bronchial 

breathing 

Higher. 


Laryngeal 
or whirring. 

Laryngeal 
or whiffing. 


Dis- 
tinct. 


Equal to 
or longer 
than inspi- 
ration. 


Variable. 
Greater. 


Over 

consolidated 

areas. 


Lobar 

pneumonia, 

pulmonary 

tuberculosis. 



Breathing [brethf-ing] [AS., brceth\ See 
Respiration. B., Abdominal, breathing in 
which the abdominal walls move decidedly 
and in which the diaphragm is actively en- 
gaged. B., Interrupted, Wavy, or Cog- 
wheel, a broken or interrupted inspiratory 
sound produced by nervousness, irregular 
contraction of the muscles of respiration, or 
irregular expansion of the lung from disease. 
B., Mouth, habitual respiration through the 
mouth. B., Puerile, the breathing nor- 
mally heard in children, and heard in adults 
when the respiratory murmur is exaggerated. 
B., Suppressed, entire absence of breath- 
sounds, as in pleuritic effusion and certain 
solid conditions of the lung. B., Tho- 
racic, respiration in which the thoracic walls 
are actively moved. 

Breech (brech) [ME. , breech]. The buttocks. 
B. Presentation, presentation of the but- 
tocks of the child at the os uteri during 
labor. 

Bregenin {breg' ' -en-in) [Low Ger. , bregen, 
brain], C 40 H 87 NO 5 . A name given by 
Thudichum to a viscous principle, soluble 
in and crystallizable from alcohol, by means 
of which it has been extracted from brain- 



tissue. It is fusible like a fat, but is mis- 
cible with water. 

Bregma (breg'-mah) [[3pey/u,a, the sinciput]. 
The part of the skull corresponding to the an- 
terior fontanel. 

Bregmatic [breg-mat' -ik) [fipeyfia, the sin- 
ciput] . Relating to the bregma. 

Brick-dust Deposit {brik> '-dust de-pos' '-it). A 
reddish sediment in the urine consisting of 
urates. 

Bricklayers' Itch {brik f -la-erz itch). Eczema 
due to irritation of lime-mortar. 

Brickmakers' Anemia. See Anchylosto- 
miasis. 

Bridle {bri f -dl) [AS., bridel\ A band or 
filament stretching across the lumen of a 
passage, or from side to side of an ulcer, scar, 
abscess, etc. B. Stricture, a stricture due to 
the presence of a delicate band stretched 
across the lumen of the urethra. 

Bright's Disease (brlts dis-ez') [Bright, an 
English physician] . A term applied to any 
disease of the kidney associated with albu- 
minuria. Acute Bright's Disease, an acute 
inflammation of the kidney ; it may be paren- 
chymatous, interstitial, or diffuse. Chronic 
Bright's Disease, a chronic inflammation 



BRIM 



156 



BRONCHIECTASIS 



of the kidney, affecting the parenchyma, the 
connective tissue, or both. Amyloid degen- 
eration is also considered a chronic form of 
Bright's disease. 

Brim (brim) [ME., brim~\. An edge or mar- 
gin, as the brim of the pelvis. 

Briquet's Ataxia. See Diseases, Table of. 

Brisement (brez-mon{g)') [Fr. ]. A crush- 
ing ; the forcible breaking up of structures 
causing ankylosis of a joint. 

Bristle-cell [AS., byrst, a bristle]. Any 
one of the ciliated cells at the terminations 
of the auditory nerve-filaments. 

British (brit'-ish) [AS., Bryttisc, Britons, 
the original inhabitants of Britain]. Of or 
pertaining to Great Britain. B. Gum. See 
Dextrin. 

Broad (brod) [AS., brad\ Wide, extensive. 
B. Ligament. See Ligament. B. Tape- 
worm. See Bothriocephalic latus. 

Broca's Area. The speech-center in the 
frontal convolution. B. Auricular Point, 
the center of the external auditory meatus. 
B. Convolution, the third left frontal con- 
volution ; the center for voluntary speech. 
B. Fissure. See Fissures, Table of. 

Brodie's Abscess. See Diseases, Table of 
B. Disease. Same as Brodie's Knee. B. 
Joint. See Diseases, Table of. B. Knee. 
See Diseases, Table of 

Brokaw Ring (br ok' -aw ring). A ring used 
in intestinal anastomosis, made of segments 
of rubber drainage-tubing and threaded with 
catgut strands. 

Bromal (bro'-mal) [fiptiuoc, a stench; alde- 
hyd~\, CBr 3 .CHO. Tribromaldehyd, analo- 
gous to chloral, and produced by the action 
of bromin on alcohol. It is a colorless, oily 
fluid, of a penetrating odor, and sharp, burn- 
ing taste, boiling at I72°-I73° ; it has been 
used in medicine, having properties similar 
to those of chloral. B. Hydrate, CBr 3 .- 
CHO -f- H 2 0, a fluid of oily consistence, 
having a structure similar to that of chloral 
hydrate, but more irritating and narcotic than 
the latter. It is used as an hypnotic and in 
epilepsy. Dose gr. j-v (0.065—0.32). Unof. 

Bromamid (bro / -mam-id) [/3p6)/zoc, a stench ; 
amid\ A bromin compound of the anilin 
group with the formula, C 6 H 2 Br 3 NH.HBr. 
It contains 75 per cent, of bromin, and is 
used as an antipyretic in 10 or 1 5 -grain doses 
(0.65-1.0). 

Bromate (bro f -mat) [f3pu/j.og, a stench]. A 
salt of bromic acid. 

Bromid (bro'-mid) [/?pw//oc, a stench]. A 
salt of hydrobromic acid ; those of calcium, 
iron, ammonium, potassium, and sodium are 
used in medicine. They allay nervous ex- 
citement, and are employed as sedatives. B. 
of Ethyl. See Ethyl bromid, under Bromin. 

Bromidrosis (bro - mid '- ro' '- sis) [flpchfiog, a 



stench ; ISpug, sweat]. Osmidrosis ; an af- 
fection of the sweat-glands in which the 
sweat has an offensive odor. 

Bromin, Bromum (bro'-min, or -mum) 
[/3pw//oc, a stench] . Br = 80 ; quanti- 
valence 1. A reddish-brown liquid, which, 
at ordinary temperatures, gives off a heavy, 
suffocating vapor. It is a very active es- 
charotic, and internally a violent poison. 
It is used as an escharotic and disinfectant. 
The salts of bromin are cerebrospinal and 
cardiac depressants, and are employed as 
sedatives, particularly in epilepsy, eclampsia, 
spasmodic affections, insomnia, hysteria, mi- 
graine, etc. The salts of the alkaline metals 
are those most commonly used. Ammonii 
bromidum, NH 4 Br. Dose gr. v-xx (0.32- 
1.3). Calcii bromidum, CaBr 2 . Dose gr. 
v ~k) (°-3 2 -4-°)- Ethyl bromid, C 2 H 5 Br, 
useful in spasmodic coughs. Dose Tl^x-f 3 j 
(0.65-4.0). Ferri bromidi, Syr., contains 
ten percent, of the salt. Dosef^ss-j (2.0- 
4.0). Lithii bromidum, LiBr. Dose gr. v- 
xx (0.32-1.3). Nickel bromidum. See 
Nickel. Potassii bromidum, KBr. Dose 
gr. v-pjj (0.32-4.0). Sodii bromidum, 
NaBr. Dose gr. v-^j (0.32-4.0). Strontii 
bromidum, SrBr 2 . Dose gr. xv-xx (1.0- 
1.3). Zinci bromidum, ZnBr 2 . Dose gr. 
ss-ij (0.032-0.13). 

Brominism, Bromism (bro f -min-izm, bro'- 
mizm) [/3p£>//oc, a stench]. Certain peculiar 
phenomena produced by the prolonged ad- 
ministration of the bromids. The most 
marked symptoms are headache, coldness 
of the extremities, feebleness of the heart's 
action, somnolence, apathy, anesthesia of the 
soft palate and pharynx, pallor of the skin, 
and a peculiar eruption of acne which is one 
of the earliest and most constant symptoms. 
There is also anorexia and at times loss of 
sexual power and atrophy of the testes or 
mammae. 

Bromoform (bro f -mo-form)\j$p£dp:oQ, a stench; 

fortjia, form], CHBr 3 . A bromid having a 
structure like that of chloroform, CHC1 3 ; it 
is sedative and anesthetic and is used in 
whooping-cough, and in seasickness, in doses 
of gtt. ij-v (0.13-0.32). Unof. 

Bromum. See Bromin. 

Bronchial (brong / -he-al ) (ppoyxoc, the wind- 
pipe]. Relating to the bronchi. B. Arteries. 
See Arteries, Table of. B. Fluke. See 
Distoma ringeri. B. Glands, the chain of 
lymphatic glands running beside the bronchi. 

Bronchiectasis (brong-ke-ek' -tas-is) \fipoy- 
^oc, the windpipe ; e/craaic, dilatation]. Dil- 
atation of the walls of the bronchi. It occurs 
in chronic bronchitis, in fibroid pneumonia, 
and tuberculosis of the lung. It may in- 
volve a tube uniformly, producing the cylin- 
dric form ; or it may occur irregularly in sacs 



BRONCHIOLE 



157 



BROW 



or pockets, — the sacculated form. The char- 
acteristic symptom of bronchiectasis is par- 
oxysmal coughing, with the expectoration of 
large quantities of mucopurulent, often fetid, 
matter. Cavernous breathing may be heard 
over the dilated tubes. 

Bronchiole {brong f -ke-el) [dim. oi bronchus']. 
One of the smallest subdivisions of the bronchi. 

Bronchiolitis {bron-ke-o-W '-lis) \bronchiolus, 
a little bronchus; itiq, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the bronchioles. B. exuda- 
tiva, an inflammation of the bronchioles, 
with exudation, a condition by some held to 
be the cause of bronchial asthma. 

Bronchitic {brong-kit ; -ik) \_(3p6yx°Q> the wind- 
pipe]. Relating to, of the nature of, or 
affected with, bronchitis. 

Bronchitis {brong-ki' '-tis) [fipoyxoQ, the wind- 
pipe; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the mucous membrane of the bronchial 
tubes. B., Acute, is due to exposure to 
cold, to the inhalation of irritant vapors, to 
certain infectious agents, etc. It is charac- 
terized by fever, cough, substernal pain, and 
by dry rales in the early, and moist rales in 
the later stages. B., Capillary, an acute 
bronchitis of the finer bronchioles ; it is 
generally the result of a downward extension 
of an acute bronchitis. Children are most 
frequently affected. Dyspnea, nervous de- 
pression, and cyanosis are prominent symp- 
toms. Catarrhal pneumonia is a common com- 
plication. B., Catarrhal, a form attended 
with profuse mucopurulent discharges. B., 
Chronic, a form of bronchitis usually occur- 
ring in middle or advanced life, characterized 
by cough and by dry and moist rales. It may 
be due to repeated attacks of acute bronchitis, 
to gout, rheumatism, or tuberculosis, or it may 

'be secondary to cardiac and renal disease. B., 
Croupous, Fibrinous, or Plastic, a rare va- 
riety attended with the expectoration of casts 
of the bronchial tubes, containing Charcot- 
Leyden crystals and eosinophile cells, after 
a paroxysm of dyspnea and violent coughing. 
B., Dry, that unattended by expectoration. 
B., Mechanic, or Potter's, a form caused by 
the inhalation of dust, etc. B., Potter's. See 
B., Mechanic. B., Putrid, or Fetid, a 
variety of chronic bronchitis characterized by 
the discharge of a copious, half-liquid, ex- 
tremely offensive sputum. B., Summer, 
hay -fever. 

Bronchocele {brong f -ko-sel, or -se / -le) [fipoy- 
X<*s, the windpipe ; ktjai], a tumor]. Really 
a tumor of a bronchus, but generally signify- 
ing goiter. 

Bronchocephalitis {prong -ko-sef- al-i'- tis). 
Synonym of Whooping-cotigh. 

Broncholith {brong' -ko-lith) [(3p6yxoc 9 the 
windpipe; IWoq, a stone]. A calculus or 
concretion formed in a bronchial tube. 



Bronchomycosis(brong-ho-mi-/co / -sis)\_(3p6y- 
Xog, the windpipe; /j-vk?/£, a fungus]. The 
growth or presence of fungi in a bronchial 
tube. 

Bronchopathy {brong-kop' '-a-the) \_fip6yx°S> 
the windpipe ; iradog, disease] . Any disease 
of a bronchus. 

Bronchophony {brong-koff f -o-ne) \_fipoyxog, 
the windpipe; (jhdv?j, the voice]. The reson- 
ance of the voice within the bronchi as heard 
on ausculting the chest. It is normally pres- 
ent over the lower cervical spines, in the 
upper interscapular region, and over the 
sternal portion of the infraclavicular regions. 
The most frequent pathologic cause is con- 
solidation of the lung. B., Whispered, 
bronchophony elicited by causing the patient 
to whisper. 

Bronchoplasty {brong' '-ko-plas-te) [fipoyxog, 
the trachea ; 7r2,daaeiv, to form] . The closure 
of a tracheal or bronchial fistula by operation. 

Bronchopneumonia {brong- ko - nu-mo'-ne- 
ah) [ftpoyxog, the windpipe ; ttvev/huv, the 
lung]. Lobular pneumonia, a term applied 
to inflammation of the lungs, which, begin- 
ning in the bronchi, finally involves the 
parenchyma of the lungs. This disease is 
most frequently encountered in children, but 
may occur in old age, and may be a simple 
catarrhal or a tuberculous process. 

Bronchorrhagia {brong-kor-a f -je-aK) \_fipoy- 
Xog, the bronchus ; prjyvvvaL, to burst forth]. 
Hemorrhage from the bronchial tubes. 

Bronchorrhea {brong -hor-e' -ah) [ftpoyxog, 
the bronchus; peeiv, to flow]. A form of 
bronchitis attended with profuse expectora- 
tion. 

Bronchotome {brong f -ko-toni) \_fip6yxoq, the 
windpipe ; rejiveiv, to cut]. An instrument 
for cutting the larynx or trachea in the opera- 
tion of bronchotomy. 

Bronchotomy {brong-hot' '-o-me) [/?poyjoc, 
bronchus; re/uveiv, to cut]. Incision into 
the larynx, trachea, or bronchus. 

Bronchotracheal {brong - ho - tra f - he - al) 
[(3p6yxog, the bronchus ; rpaxtia, the wind- 
pipe]. Relating to a bronchus (or to both 
bronchi) and to the trachea. 

Bronchovesicular {brong- ko-ves - ik f -u-lar) 
\_j3poyxoQ, the bronchus; vesicula, a vesicle]. 
Both bronchial and vesicular. See Breath- 
Sounds, Table of. 

Bronchus {brong' '-his) [ftpoyxoc, bronchus]. 
One of the primary divisions of the trachea 

Bronzed {bronzd) \bronzium, bronze]. 
Tanned ; of a bronzed color. B. Skin, a 
symptom of Addison's Disease. B.-skin 
Disease. See Addison' 's Disease, Diseases, 
Table of. 

Broom {broom). See Scoparius. 

Broth {broth) . See Bouillon. 

Brow {brow) [AS., hrti\. The forehead; 



BROWN 



158 



BUBO 



the upper anterior portion of the head. B.- 
Ague, neuralgia of the first division of the 
fifth cranial nerve, generally due to malaria. 
B.-pang. Synonym of Hemicrania. B. 
Presentation, presentation of the fetal brow 
in labor. 

Brown {brown) [AS., brun\. Having a 
dark color inclining toward red or yellow. 
B. Atrophy, an atrophy of a tissue associ- 
ated Avith a deposit therein of a brown or 
yellow pigment. B., Bismarck. See Bis- 
7?iarck Brown. B. Induration of Lung, 
a state of the lung due to long-continued 
congestion, usually arising from valvular heart 
disease. It is characterized by an increase in 
connective tissue and an excess of pigment. 
B. Mixture. Mistura glycyrrhizae composita. 
B. Ointment, the unguentum fuscum, N.F.; 
called also unguentum matris, or "mother's 
salve." It is composed of " brown plaster" 
two parts, oil one part, suet one part. B. 
Plaster, the emplastrum fuscum camphor- 
atum, N. F.; called also emplastrum matris 
camphoratum, or " camphorated mother's 
plaster;" official in German pharmacy. It 
is made of red oxid of lead thirty parts, 
oil of olives sixty parts, yellow wax fifteen 
parts, camphor one part. 

Brownian Movement. An oscillatory move- 
ment observed under the microscope in very 
fine granules, drops, etc., when suspended in 
a liquid. The movement is not locomotion, 
and is to be distinguished from that of the 
self-motility of living microorganisms. Its 
cause is not definitely known, but it may be 
due to heat, light, electricity, osmosis, etc. 

Brown-Sequard's Disease. See Diseases, 
Table of. B. Paralysis. See Diseases, 
Table of. 

Brucin {bru'-shi) \_Brticea, a genus of shrubs], 
C 93 H 26 N 2 4 . A poisonous alkaloid found in 
Strychnos nux vomica and in Strychnos igna- 
tius. It crystallizes in prisms containing 
4H 2 0, and melts at 1 7 8°. Its taste is ex- 
ceedingly bitter and acrid. Its action on the 
animal economy is similar to but much less 
powerful than that of strychnin. 

Bruit {bru-e f ' ) [Fr., a noise or report]. An 
adventitious sound heard on auscultation. B . , 
Aneurysmal. The blowing murmur heard 
over an aneurysm. B. d'airain, the ringing 
note heard through the stethoscope applied to 
the chest wall when a coin is struck against 
another pressed against the surface of the chest 
on the opposite side. It is pathognomonic of 
a collection of gas in the pleural cavity. B. 
de clap6tement, a splashing sound often 
heard in cases of well-marked dilatation of 
the stomach when pressure is made upon the 
abdominal walls. B. de cuir neuf, the 
creaking sound, like that of new leather, 
sometimes heard in pericarditis. B. de 



diable, a humming, rushing sound heaid in 
the veins in anemia. B. de galop, a can- 
tering rhythm of the heart sounds, in which 
owing to a reduplication of the second sound, 
three sounds are heard. It occurs most fre- 
quently in mitral stenosis. B. de pot fele, 
The cracked-pot sound. B. de rappel, a 
sound resembling the double beat upon a 
drum. B. de soufnet, the bellows-murmur. 
B., Placental, the uterine souffle, a blowing 
sound heard over the uterus in pregnancy. 

Brunner's Glands. See Glands. 

Brunonian Movement. See Brownian 
Movement. B. Theory, Brownism ; a doc- 
trine, taught by Dr. J. Brown (1735-88), that 
both physiologic and pathologic phenomena 
are due to variations in a natural stimulus, 
its excess causing sthenic and its deficiency 
producing asthenic diseases. 

Brush {brush) [OF., broce\ An instru- 
ment consisting of a collection of some 
flexible material fastened to a handle. In 
medicine, various forms of brush are em- 
ployed, as the acid brush, of glass threads ; 
the electric brush, an electrode in the form of 
a brush ; the laryngeal brush ; the nasal, 
pharyngeal, and stomach brush. B.-burn, 
the injury produced by violent friction, and 
the resulting heat ; it often resembles a burn 
or scald. 

Bryce's Test. A test to determine if 
systemic infection has taken place after vac- 
cination. It consists in repeating the in- 
oculation during the evolution of the vaccine 
disease. If systemic infection has occurred, 
the second inoculation will mature rapidly, 
so as to overtake the first. 

Bryonia {bri-o f -ne-ah) [(3pvcovia, bryony]. 
Bryony. The root of B. alba and B. dio- 
ica ; indigenous to Europe. Its properties are 
due to an intensely bitter glucosid, bryonin, 
C^HggOjg, which is a strong irritant when ap- 
plied to the skin or mucous membrane, often 
producing vesication. It is used in pleurisy, 
pleuropneumonia, rheumatic fever, and colds. 
Dose of the powdered root gr. x-xxx (0.65- 
2.0). B., Infusum (unof.), has a strength 
of I to 16. Dose f% ss-ij (16.0-64.0). B., 
Tinct., a 10 per cent, solution of the root 
in alcohol. Dosef^j-ij (4.0-8.0). 

Bryonin {bri'-o-nin) \fipvuvia, bryony] . See 
Bryonia. 

Bryony {bri'-o-ne). See Bryonia. 

Bubo {bu f -bo) \JSovfiuv, the groin]. Inflam- 
mation and swelling of a lymphatic gland, 
particularly of the groin, and usually fol- 
lowing chancroid, gonorrhea, or syphilitic 
infection. B., Indolent, one which has no 
tendency to break down ; a syphilitic bubo. 
B., Parotid. See Barotitis. B., Pestilential, 
that associated with the plague. B., Prim- 
ary, a slight adenitis of the groin due to 



BUBON D'EMBLEE 



159 



BULLA 



mechanic irritation or other cause ; for- 
merly supposed to be due to syphilis without 
a chancre having preceded. B., Sympa- 
thetic, one caused by irritation, friction, 
injury, etc., and not arising from an infec- 
tious disease. B., Syphilitic, that due to 
syphilis. B., Venereal, that due to venereal 
disease. 

Bubon d'emblee [Fr.]. See Bubo, Prim- 
ary. 

Bubonic [bu-bon'-ik) [fiovfiuv, the groin]. 
Relating to a bubo. B. Plague. Syno- 
nym of the Plague. 

Bubonocele (bu - bon' '- o - set) [/3ov/?wv, the 
groin ; ntjfo], tumor]. Inguinal hernia when 
the gut does not extend beyond the inguinal 
canal. 

Buccal {buk f -al) \biccca, the cheek]. Per- 
taining to the cheek. 

Buccinator (bu&'-sin-a-tor) [L., a trumpeter]. 
The thin, flat muscle of the cheek. 

Buccula {buk f -u-laJi) [L., dim. of bucca, the 
cheek]. The fleshy fold seen beneath the 
chin, and forming what is called a double 
chin. 

Buchu [bu'-kit) [native African]. The leaves 
of several species of Barosma, yielding a vol- 
atile oil, to which its properties are probably 
due, and a bitter extractive, barosmin. Dose 
gr. j-v (0.065-0.32). It causes a sensation of 
glowing warmth over the body, stimulates the 
appetite, and increases the circulation. It is 
useful in cystitis and other affections of the 
genitourinary mucous membrane. Dose of 
the leaves, gr. xv-xxx (1. 0—2.0). B., Ext., 
Fid. Dose rr\x-f3j (0.65-4.0). B., In- 
fusum (unof), 1-16. Dose fjss-ij 
(16.0-64.0). B.jlnfusum (B. P.). Dose 
fgj-iv (32.0-128.0). B., Tinctura (B. P.). 
Dose f^j-ij (4.0-8.0). 

Buck's Fascia. The superficial perineal 
fascia. 

Buckbean [buk f -ben). Bog-bean. The rhi- 
zome of Menyanthestrifoliata, tonic, antiscor- 
butic, and emmenagogue. It has been recom- 
mended as a vermifuge, and has been used 
in functional amenorrhea. Dose of fld. ext., 
Tl\v-xxx (0.32-2.0). Unof. 

Buckeye Bark {buk f -i bark) . The bark of 
ALscidus glabra, astringent and tonic, used in 
rectal irritation, prolapsus, and various uterine 
derangements. Dose of fid. ext. gtt. iij-v 
(0.2-0.32). Unof. 

Buckthorn {buk f -thorn). See Frangula. B., 
California. See Cascara sagrada. 

Budding (bud'-ing) [ME., budden~\. In 
biology, a form of reproduction or cell- divi- 
sion, occurring among the polyps and infu- 
sorians, in which a bud is given off by the 
parent and comes to resemble the latter. The 
process is also called gemmation. 

Buffy Coat {buf'-e hot). A grayish or buff- 



colored crust or layer sometimes seen upon a 
blood-clot, after phlebotomy, and once looked 
upon as a sign of inflammation. It is caused 
by the partial subsidence of the red blood- 
corpuscles. 

Buhl's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Bulb {bulb) [f3olj36g, a. bulb]. I. An oval or 
circular expansion of a cylinder or tube. 2. 
The medulla oblongata. B. of a Hair, the 
swelling at the root of a hair. B., Olfactory, 
one of the two bulbs of the olfactory nerve 
situated on either side of the longitudinal fis- 
sure upon the under surface of each anterior 
lobe of the cerebrum. B. of Urethra, the 
posterior expanded part of the corpus spongi- 
osum penis. B. of the Vagina, a small 
body of erectile tissue on each side of the 
vestibule of the vagina, homologous to the 
bulb of the urethra of the male. B. of Vena 
Jugularis, the dilatation at the termination 
of the external jugular vein. 

Bulbar {bid' -bar) [/3o/l/3oc,abulb]. Bulbous. 
Pertaining to the medulla. B. Disease, or 
Paralysis, a term applied to the progressive 
and symmetric paralysis of the. muscles of 
the mouth, tongue, pharynx, and some- 
times those of the larynx. This paralysis is 
due to a disease of the motor nuclei in the 
medulla oblongata ; an acute and a chronic 
form are met with. The acute form is due to 
hemorrhage or softening ; the chronic to de- 
generation. The disease is also called labio 
glossolaryngeal paralysis. There is also a 
pseudobulbar paralysis, due to symmetric 
lesions of the motor cerebral cortex. 

Bulbi vestibuli {but' '-bi ves-tib' '-u-li) [L.]. 
A name sometimes given to the glands of 
Bartholin. 

Bulbocavernosus {bid- bo - kav '- em - o' '- sus) 
\_(3o?i(36g, a bulb; caverna, a cavern]. The 
accelerator urinae muscle, corresponding to the 
sphincter vaginae of the female. 

Bulbourethral {bid-bo-u-re' -thral) [/3o/l/5dc, 
a bulb ; ovpfjdpa, the urethra]. Relating to 
the bulb of the urethra. 

Bulbous \_j3oXf36g, a bulb]. Terminating in a 
bulb. B. Urethra. See Urethra. 

Bulesis {bu-le'-sis) [ffovfycig, the will]. The 
will, or an act of the will. 

Bulimia {budim' '-e-ah) \_fiov, increase ; ?u/uoc, 
hunger]. Excessive, morbid hunger; it 
sometimes occurs in idiots and insane per- 
sons, and it is also a symptom of diabetes 
mellitus and of certain cerebral lesions. 

Bulimic {bu-lim' '-ik) \_ftov, increase ; TiifWQ, 
hunger]. Pertaining to or affected with 
bulimia. 

Bulla {bull' -ah) {bulla, abubble]. A bleb or 
blister, consisting of a portion of the epider- 
mis detached from the skin by the infiltra- 
tion beneath it of watery fluid, the result 
of a liquefaction-necrosis. B. ethmoid- 



BULLET FORCEPS 



160 



BUTYROID 



alis, a rounded projection into the middle 
meatus of the nose, due to an enlarged ethmoid 
cell. B. ossea, the inflated or dilated part 
of the bony external meatus of the ear. 

Bullet Forceps. A forceps for extracting 
bullets. 

Bullous {bull* -us) [bulla, a blister]. Marked 
by bullae ; of the nature of a bulla. 

Bundle (bun'-dl) [AS., bindan, to bind]. In 
biology, a fascicular grouping of elementary 
tissues, as nerve-fibers or muscle-fibers. 

Bunion (bun'-yun) [origin uncertain]. A 
swelling of a bursa of the foot, especially of 
the great toe. 

Bunsen Burner. See Burner. B. Cell. 
See Batteries, Table of. 

Buphthalmia {poof -thai' '-me-ah), or Buph- 
thalmos (poof -thai' -mos) [8ovg, ox ; b(f>Ba'Afj.6g , 
eye]. See Keratoglobus. 

Burdach, Column of. The posteroexternal 
column of the spinal cord. 

Burdock (ber'-dok). See Lappa. 

Buret, or Burette (bu-ret') [Fr.]. A grad- 
uated tube designed for measuring small 
quantities of a reagent. It is usually held 
vertically in a stand and is provided with a 
stopcock. 

Burgundy Pitch. See Pix. 

Burn [ME., bernen, to burn]. I.' To become 
inflamed. 2. To be charred or scorched. 3. 
To have the sensation of heat. 4. An injury 
caused by fire or dry heat. 5. A disease in 
vegetables. 6. In chemistry, to oxygenize. 
7. In surgery, to cauterize. 

Burner [ME., bernen, to burn]. A common 
name for a lamp or heating apparatus used in 
laboratories for chemic and pharmaceutic 
purposes. B., Argand, uses gas or oil, and 
contains an inner tube for supplying the 
flame with air. B., Bunsen, a form in 
which, before ignition, the gas is mixed 
with a sufficient quantity of air to produce 
complete oxidation. 

Burns, Ligament of. The falciform pro- 
cess of the fascia lata. 

Burrowing (bur'-o-ing) [ME., borwgh, a 
lurking-place]. The term given to the pass- 
age of pus through the tissues, after the for- 
mation of an abscess. 

Bursa (bur'-sali) [bursa, a purse]. A small 
sac interposed between parts that move upon 
one another. B. Pharnygea, a blind pouch 
projecting upward from the pharynx toward 
the occipital bone. B., Popliteal, a bursa 



situated in the popliteal space between the ten- 
don of the semimembranosus and the tendon 
of the inner head of the gastrocnemius, where 
they rub against each other. B., Prepatel- 
lar, a bursa situated over the patella and the 
upper part of the patellar ligament. B., 
Synovial, found between tendons and bony 
surfaces. 

Bursitis {bur-si* -tis) [bursa, a purse ; trig, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of" a bursa. 

Butter of Cacao. See Theobroma. 

Butterin (but'-er-in) [butyrum, butter]. An 
artificial substitute for butter, made prin- 
cipally of beef-fat. 

Buttocks (but'-uks) [dim. of butt, an end]. 
The nates. The fleshy part of the body pos- 
terior to the hip-joints, formed by the masses 
of the glutei muscles. 

Button (but' -uii) [ME., boton\ See Furun- 
culus orientalis. B.,Amboyna. See Bra m- 
besia. B., Belly, the navel. B., Biskra. 
See Burunculus orientalis. B.-bush, the 
bark of Cephalanthus occidentalis, a tonic, 
febrifuge, and diuretic. Dose of fld. ext. 
f^ss-j (2.0-4.0). Unof. B., Corrigan's, 
a steel button-shaped cautery-iron, introduced 
by Sir J. C. Corrigan (1802-80). B.-hole 
Mitral, an advanced degree of constriction of 
the mitral orifice of the heart. B. -makers' 
Chorea. See Chorea. B., Murphy, a device 
used in gastroenterostomy or intestinal anas- 
tomosis. B.-snakeroot, the root of Liatris 
spicata, and of Eryngium yucccEfolium ; a 
stimulant, tonic, diuretic, and emmenagogue. 
Dose of fld. ext. f^ss-j (2.0-4.0). Unof. 

Butyl (bu'-til) [butyrtim, butter], C 4 H 9 . A 
hydrocarbon alcohol radicle. B. Chloral. 
See Chloral butylicum. B.- chloral Hy- 
drate. See Chloral btttylicum. 

Butylamin (bu-til'-am-in) [butyrum, butter ; 
amin~\, C 4 H 9 NH 2 . A substance contained in 
cod-liver oil, possessing diuretic and diapho- 
retic properties. 

Butylene (bu'-til- en) [butyrum, butter], 
C 4 H g . A hydrocarbon belonging to the olefin 
series. It exists in three isomeric forms, all 
of which are gases at ordinary temperatures. 

Butyrin (bu'-lir-in) [butyrum, butter], C 3 H 5 - 
(C 4 H 7 2 ) 3 . A constant constituent of butter, 
together with olein, stearin, and other glycer- 
ids. It is a neutral, yellowish, liquid fat, 
having a sharp, bitter taste. 

Butyroid (bu'-tir - oid) [butyrum, butter]. 
Buttery ; having the consistence of butter. 



: 



381 



CAFFEA 



C. I. The chemic symbol of Carbon. 2. 
The abbreviation of Centigrade. 

Caballine Aloes {kab'-al-in aV-os). An 
inferior quality of aloes, known also as fetid, 
or horse aloes. 

Cabbage {kab f -dj). See Brassica. C.Rose. 
See Rosa centifolia. C, Skunk, a fetid 
plant of N. America, Symplocarpus fcetidus. 
Its tincture and fluid extract are prescribed as 
antispasmodic and antasthmatic. 

Cacao (hah - a f - 0). See Theobroma. C. 
Butter, oleum theobroma;, is obtained from 
seeds or nibs of Theobroma cacao. It is a 
pure white fat, with a pleasant odor and 
taste ; it fuses at 86° F. (30 C.) ; its speci- 
fic gravity is from .945 to .952. It is used in 
cosmetics and for pharmaceutic preparations. 
See also Theobroma. 

Cachectic {kak-ek' -tic) [/ca/cdc, bad ; egig, a 
habit]. Characterized by cachexia. 

Cachet (hash-a') [Fr. ]. A pharmaceutic 
preparation consisting of two concave pieces 
of wafer, varying in size from ^ to 1^ 
inches in diameter, round or oblong in shape, 
in one of which the powder to be adminis- 
tered is placed, and the other, having previ- 
ously been moistened, is then laid over the 
powder and the two margins are pressed to- 
gether, when they adhere and completely en- 
close the powder. 

Cachexia [kak-eks' ' -e-ali) \_kuk6q, bad ; e^tg, a 
habit]. A depraved condition of general 
nutrition, due to some serious disease, as 
syphilis, tuberculosis, carcinoma, etc. C, 
Lymphatic. Synonym of Hodghiti's Dis- 
ease. C, Pachydermic. See Myxedema. 
C. strumipriva, the condition allied to, if not 
identical with, myxedema, following the ex- 
tirpation of the thyroid gland. C. thyreo- 
priva. See Myxedema. C. virginum. See 
Chlorosis. 

Cacodyl {kak'-o-dil). See Kakodyl. 

Cacoplastic {kak-o-plas' '-tik) \_KaKoq, bad ; 
7r/la(xrdc, formed]. Characterized by a low 
degree of organization. 

Cacosmia, or Kakosmia [kak-oz 1 '-me-ah) 
[/ca/cdc, foul ; bafirj, smell] . A disgusting 
smell. 

Cacotrophy (hah - of- ro -fe) [/ca/cdf , bad ; 
rpe<peiv, to nourish] . Disordered or defective 
nutrition. 

Cactina (kak-ti' '-nah) [/cd/crof, a prickly 
plant] . A proprietary preparation said to be 
a proximate principle derived from night- 
blooming cereus (Cereus grandiflora and C. 
mexicana). It is a cardiac stimulant, recom- 
mended as a substitute for digitalis. Unof. 

Cactus Grandiflorus, Cereus grandiflorus , 
11 



Night-blooming Cereus. The preparations of 
cactus are stimulant to the spinal cord, the 
vasomotor center, and the cardiac ganglia. 
They have been used as substitutes for digi- 
talis. C. G., Tinct. Dose n\xv-xx (1.0- 
1.3). C. G., Ext., Fid. Dose TT^v-x 
(0.32-0.65). 

Cacumen (kak-u> '-men) [L. : pi. , Cacu- 
mina~\. I. The top, as of a plant. 2. The 
culmen of the vermis superior of the cere- 
bellum. 

Cadaver (kad-av' '-er) \_cadere, to fall]. The 
dead body, especially that of a human being. 

Cadaveric (kad-av'-er-ik) \_cadere, to fall]. 
Pertaining to the cadaver. C. Alkaloids, 
ptomains. C. Ecchymoses, C. Lividity, 
certain postmortem stains, closely resembling 
in their general appearance the effects of 
bruises or contusions. They occur on the 
lowest and most dependent parts of the body. 
C. Spasm, the early, at times instantaneous, 
appearance of rigor mortis, seen after death 
from certain causes. It is also called instan- 
taneous rjgor and tetanic rigidity. 

Cadaverin (kad-av f -er-in) \_cadere, to fall], 
C 5 H 14 N 2 . A ptomain, occurring very fre- 
quently in decomposing animal tissues. It is 
obtained from human hearts, lungs, livers, 
etc., after three days' decomposition at ordin- 
ary temperature, — also from horseflesh, from 
putrid mussel, from herring, and haddock. 
It is a constant product of the growth of 
the comma-bacillus. It is a thick, clear, 
syrupy liquid, having an exceedingly un- 
pleasant odor. 

Cade [had) [a Languedoc name]. See Jtmi- 
perus. C, Oil of {oleum cadimtm), a tarry 
oil from the wood oi Juniper us communis ; it 
is used in the treatment of skin diseases. 

Cadmium (had' '-me-tim) [mdfita, calamin]. 
Cd= 112 ; quantivalence II . Sp. gr. 8.60- 
8.69. A bluish-white metal resembling zinc 
in its general properties. In its physiologic 
action it is escharotic and astringent ; inter- 
nally, in large doses, it produces emesis and 
violent gastritis. C. iodidum, Cdl 2 ,used as 
an ointment, I to 8 of lard. C. sulphas, 
CdS0 4 .4H 2 0, an astringent in gonorrhea and 
in corneal opacities ; used in a lotion in 
strength of gr. % or 4 to ^ j of water, or as 
an ointment I to 40 of fresh lard. 

Caecal (se'-hal). See Cecal. 

Caecitis (se-si'-tis). See Cecitis. 

Caecum (se'-hum). See Cecum. 

Caesarean Operation (se-sar f -e-dn). See 
Cesarean. 

Caesium (se f -se-uni). See Cesium. 

Caffea [kaf'-e-ah) [L.]. The seeds of C. 



CAFFEIC ACID 



162 



CALCIUM 



arabica. The dried and roasted seeds are 
almost universally used in infusion as a bev- 
erage, forming a cerebral stimulant and 
stomachic tonic. They are valuable in pro- 
moting digestion and allaying hunger and 
fatigue. The properties are due to an alkaloid, 
Caffein, C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 .H 2 O, identical with 
Thein. See Tea and Caffein. Dose of the 
alkaloid gr. j-v (0.065-0.32). C. citrate. 
Dose gr. j-v (0.065-0.32). C. valerianas, 
for nervous vomiting in hysteria. Dose gr. 
j-iv (0.065-0.26). Ext. Caffeae Viridis 
Fid., is intended as a substitute for the Fluid 
Extract of Guarana. Unof. Dose f^ss-ij 
(2.0-8.0). See Guarana. Injectio Caf. 
hypodermatica, one grain of caffein in 
three minims. Dose TT\j— vj (0.065-0.39). 

Caffeic Acid {kaf-e f -ik), C 9 H 8 4 . A crystal- 
line acid substance found in coffee. 

Caffein {kaf'-e-in) \_caffea, coffee], C 8 H 10 N 4 - 
2 -j- H 2 0. An alkaloid found in the 
leaves and beans of the coffee-tree, in tea, in 
Paraguay tea, and in guarana, the roasted 
pulp of the fruit of Paullinia sorbilis. It 
occurs in long, silky needles, slightly soluble 
in cold water and alcohol, with a feebly bitter 
taste. It is a cerebrospinal, circulatory, and 
renal stimulant. See Caffea. Q. citrate. 
Dose gr. j-v (0.065-0.32). Sodium and 
Caffein benzoate, and Sodium and Caffein 
salicylate are used hypodermically. Dose 
gr. iij— v (0.2-0.32). 

Caffeinism [kaf-e r -in-izm) \caffea, coffee]. 
Chronic coffee-poisoning ; a train of morbid 
symptoms due to excess in the use of coffee. 

Caisson Disease {ka'-son diz-ez). Diver's 
disease or tunnel disease, a morbid condition 
due to increased atmospheric pressure, some- 
times occurring in divers, caisson- workers, 
etc. Paraplegia, hemiplegia, anesthesia, or 
apoplectic attacks are common, coming on 
only after return to the normal atmosphere. 
The nature of the lesion is obscure. 

Cajeput Oil {kaj'-e-pid oil) [Malay, " white 
wood ; " oleum, oil]. A volatile oil distilled 
from the leaves of Leukadendron cajuputi. 
It resembles oil of turpentine. It is used in 
flatulent colic, hysteria, cutaneous disorders, 
and toothache. Dose Tt\j-v (0.065-0.32). 
C, Spiritus (B.P.), contains 2 per cent, of 
the oil. Dose f^ss-j (2.0-4.0). 

Cajuputol (kaj-u-pid -tol) [Malay, Cajuputi, 
' ' white wood " ] . The more limpid part of oil 
of cajuput ; it is found also in some other 
fragrant volatile oils. 

Calabar Bean {kaV -ab-ar ben). See Physos- 
tigma. 

Calabarin [kal '- ab' '- ar - in) [Calabar]. An 
alkaloid from Calabar bean. 

Calamin [kal f -am-in) [calamina, a corruption 
of cadmia\. Native zinc carbonate. Cala- 
mina praeparata, the prepared calamin, 



washed and pulverized, is used mainly as an 
external exsiccant and astringent. Unguen- 
tum calaminse, Turner's cerate. Unof. 

Calamus {kal'-am-us) [L. , a reed]. Sweet 
flag. The rhizome of Acorus calavnis. It 
contains a volatile oil and acorin, a bitter 
nitrogenous principle. The root is an aro- 
matic, stomachic tonic, and a common ingre- 
dient of many popular " bitters." C, Draco, 
a species of rattan-palm that affords a part 
of the so-called Dragon's Blood of com- 
merce. C, Ext., Fid. Dose tt^xv-fgj 
(1.0-4.0). C. scriptorius (a writing pen 
or reed). The groove on the floor of the 
fourth ventricle, at the end of which is the 
ventricle of Arantius. 

Calcaneum {kal-ka' -ne-uni) [L., the heel]. 
The os calcis, or heel-bone. 

Calcareous [kal-ka' '-re- us) [calx, limestone]. 
Pertaining to or having the nature of lime- 
stone. C. Infiltration. See Infiltration. 

Calcarine (kal'-kar-en) \_calcar, a spur]. 
Spur-shaped ; relating to the hippocampus 
minor. C. Fissure. See Fissure. 

Calcic {kal'-sik) [calx, lime]. Of or pertain- 
ing to lime. 

Calcicosis {kal-sik-o' '-sis) [calx, lime]. Mar- 
ble-cutter's phthisis; a chronic inflammation 
of the lung due to the inhalation of marble- 
dust. 

Calcification [kal-sif-ik-a' '-shun) [calx, lime ; 

fiere, to become]. The deposit of calcareous 
matter within the tissues of the body. C, 
Metastatic, that resulting from an excess of 
lime-salts in the blood, as occurs in the rapid 
breaking down of bones from osteomalacia. 

Calcine (kaU-sin or kal-sln') [calcinare, to 
calcine]. To separate the inorganic elements 
of a substance by subjecting it to an intense 
heat. 

Calcium {kaU-se-um) [calx, lime] . Ca = 40; 
quantivalence II. A brilliant, silver- white 
metal, the basis of limestone, characterized by 
strong affinity for oxygen, and isolated with 
great difficulty. It is best known in the form 
of calcizim oxid, quicklime ; C. hydrate, 
slaked lime ; and C. carbojiate, limestone 
or chalk. C. benzoas, Ca(C 7 H 5 2 ) 2 , used 
in nephritis and albuminuria of pregnancy. 
Dose gr. v-x (0.32-0.65). C. bromidum, 
used as a sedative. Dose gr. xx-xxx (1.3- 
2.0). C. chloridum, CaCl 2 , soluble in 
water ; used internally to increase the coagu- 
lability of the blood. Dose gr. x-xx (0.65- 
1.3). C. chlorid.,Liq., (B.P.). Dosenpcv-l 
(1.0-3.2). Calcis, Liquor, lime-water, con- 
tains about I ]/ z parts of lime in 1000 of water. 
Dose f,fss-ij (16.0-64.0). Calcis, Liq., 
Saccharatus (B. P.). Dose V(\x\-{^) 
(1.0-4.0). Calcis, Syr., saccharated syrup of 
lime, contains 5 per cent, lime, 30 per cent, 
sugar, 65 per cent, water. It is the antidote 



CALCULOUS 



163 



CALUMBA 



to poisoning by phenol or oxalic acid. Dose 
^ss-ij (2.0-8.0). Calx, CaO, calcium oxid, 
quicklime. 

Calculous {kaV-ku-lus) [calculus, a stone]. 
Of the nature of a calculus. 

Calculus {kal' '- kit - lus) [dim. of calx, 
chalk]. A calcareous or stone-like con- 
cretion found in the body, particularly in 
cavities. C, Arthritic, a gouty concretion. 
C, Biliary, a gall-stone. C, Bronchial, a 
concretion in an air-passage. C, Cutane- 
ous. See Milium. C, Dental, tartar on 
the teeth or gums. C, Fusible, a urinary 
calculus composed of phosphates of ammo- 
nium, calcium, and magnesium. C, Lacteal, 
or Mammary, a calcareous nodule some- 
times obstructing the lactiferous ducts. C, 
Mulberry, the oxalate-of-lime variety, resem- 
bling a mulberry in shape and color. C, 
Nasal, one found in the nasal cavities. C, 
Prostatic, one in the prostate gland. C, 
Renal, a calculus found in the kidney. C, 
Salivary, one formed in the ducts of the sali- 
vary glands. C, Uterine, an intrauterine 
concretion ; a womb-stone ; formed mainly by 
calcareous degeneration of a tumor. C, 
Vesical, a calculus found in the urinary 
bladder. 

Calendula (kal-en' '-du-lah) [calends, the 
first day of the month]. Marigold. The flow- 
ering plant known as the garden-marigold, C. 
officinalis. C, Tinct., contains 20 per cent, 
of the leaves and stems. It is used as a local 
application to wounds, bruises, and ulcers, 
and has been vaunted as a cure for car- 
cinoma. 

Calendulin {kal-en' '-du-lin) [calendce, the first 
day of the month] . An amorphous principle 
obtainable from calendula. 

Calenture (kal' ' -en-tur) [Sp. , calentura, 
heat; L., calere, to be hot]. I. A tropical 
remittent fever with delirium ; formerly, a 
supposed fever of this kind that attacked 
mariners, leading them to leap into the sea. 
2. Sunstroke. 

Calf (kal/) [Icel., kdlfi]. The thick, fleshy 
part of the back of the leg, formed by the 
gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. 

California Buckthorn. See Cascara sagrada. 

Calipers (kal f -ip-erz) [corruption of caliber]. 
Compasses with curved legs. 

Calisaya (kal-is-a' '-yah) [South America]. 
Cinchona bark, especially that of Cinchona 
calisaya. See Cinchona. 

Calisthenics, or Callisthenics (kal-is-then f - 
iks),\jia'K6q, beautiful ; adivog, strength] . The 
practice of various rhythmic movements of the 
body, intended to develop the muscles and 
produce gracefulness of carriage ; light gym- 
nastics, especially designed for the use of 
girls and young women. 

Calix {ka'-lix) [L.]. A cup; especially one 



of the cup-like divisions of the pelvis of the 
kidney into which the pyramids project. 

Callosal (kal-o / -sal) \_callosus, hard]. Per- 
taining to the corpus callosum. 

Callositas (Jzal-os' -it-as). See Callosity. 

Callosity (cal-os f -it-e) [callus, hardness]. 
Callositas, Tylosis, Tyloma, Keratoma. A 
hard, thickened patch on the skin produced 
by excessive accumulation of the horny layers. 

Callosomarginal (kal-o-so-mar' '-jin-al) [cal- 
losus, hard ; margo, margin] . Relating to 
the callosal and marginal gyri of the brain. 

Callosum (kal-o'-sum). Same as Corpus 
callosu/u. 

Callous (kaV-us) [callosus, hard]. Hard; 
tough, like callus. 

Callus (kal ; -us) [L.]. I. A callosity; hard- 
ened and thickened skin. 2. The new 
growth of incomplete osseous tissue that 
surrounds the ends of a fractured bone during 
the process of repair. C, Permanent, the 
permanent bond of bony union after reab- 
sorption of the C. Provisional, or cartilage- 
like, plastic material first thrown out. C. of 
Skin, induration and thickening of the skin. 

Calmative (kah'-ma-tiv) [F. , calme, still]. 
Calming; sedative. 

Calomel (kal'-o-mel) [/ca/loc, fair; ixkTioq, 
black]. See Hydrargyrum. 

Calor (ka'-lor) [L.]. I. Heat. 2. Moder- 
ate fever-heat ; less than fervor and ardor. 
C. animalis, animal heat. C. febrilis, fever- 
heat. C. fervens, boiling heat. C. innatus, 
natural or normal heat. C. internus, inward 
fever ; fever not appreciable on the surface 
of the body. C. mordax, C. mordicans, 
biting or pungent heat. C. nativus, 
native or animal heat ; blood-heat ; normal 
heat. 

Calorie (kal f -or-e) [Fr.]. See Calory. 

Calorifacient (kal-or-if-a' '-she-ent) [calor, 
heat; facere, to make]. Heat-producing 
(applied to certain foods). 

Calorimeter (kal-or-im'-et-er) [calor, heat; 
juerpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
measuring the amount of heat that bodies 
produce or absorb. 

Calorimetry (kal-or-im f -et-re) [calor, heat ; 
[xerpov, a measure]. The estimation of the 
heat-units by the calorimeter. 

Calory (kaV-or-e) [Fr., Calorie']. A heat- 
unit ; the amount of heat required to raise 
the temperature of one kilogram of water 
one degree Centigrade. 

Calumba (kal-um' '-bah) [native Mozambique, 
kalumb]. Columbo. The root of C. jateor- 
rhiza, native to South Africa and parts of the 
E. Indies. It is an excellent example of a 
simple bitter, and contains a bitter principle, 
calumbin, C 21 H 22 7 , of which the dose is 
gr.j-iij (0.065-0.2). It is not astringent, and 
may be prescribed with salts of iron. It is use- 



CALVARIA 



164 



CANAL 



fulin atonic dyspepsia, and as a mild, appeti- 
zing tonic in convalescence. C, Ext. (B. P.). 
Dose gr. ij-x (0.13-0.65). C., Ext. Fid. 
Dose TT^v-xxx (0.32-2.0). C, Infus. (B. 
P.). Dose f^j-ij (32.0-64.0). CTinct., 
contains ten per cent, of C. Dose fgss-ij 
(2.0-8.0). 

Calvaria, Calvarium {kal-va'-re-ah, kal-va'- 
re-tini) \_calva, the scalp]. The upper part 
of the skull. 

Calvities {kal '- vish' '- e .- ez) [calvus, bald]. 
Baldness. 

Calx (kalks) [L.]. 1. The heel. 2. The 
oxid of calcium, CaO. See Calcium. C. 
chlorata (U. S. P.), C. chlorinata (B. P.), 
chlorinated lime. C. sulphurata (U. S. P., 
B. P.), consists largely of calcium sulphid ; 
used externally and internally in skin dis- 
eases. Dose J-q grain (0.006). 

Cambodia, Cambogia (kam-bo'-je-ah) \_Cam- 
boja, or Cambodia, \x\ Siam]. Gamboge. A 
resinous gum from Carcinia hanburii, a tree 
native to Southern Asia. Its properties are 
due to gambogic acid. It is a drastic, hy- 
dragogue cathartic, decidedly diuretic. C, 
Pil. Comp. (B. P.), contains gamboge, Bar- 
badoes aloes, hard soap, compound powder 
of cinnamon, and syrup. Dose gr. v-x (0.32- 
0.65). It is also officially a constituent of 
Pil. Cathartic. Comp. See Colocynth. Dose 
gr. ij-v (0.13-0.32). 

Camera {kam'-er-aJi) \_i<a/udpa, an arched roof 
or chamber] . A box or chamber. In optics, 
the chamber or dark-box of the apparatus 
used for photography. C. lucida, an optic 
device for superimposing or combining two 
fields of view in one eye, invented by the 
chemist, Wollaston. 

Camisole (kam-is-ol') [Fr.]. The straight- 
jacket, formerly used for the restraint of vio- 
lently insane persons. 

Camomile, or Chamomile {kam f -o-mil\ 
See Anthemis and Matricaria. 

Camp Fever. Synonym of Typhus Fever. 

Camphenes [kam'-fenz) \_camphor\ The 
volatile oils or hydrocarbons having the gen- 
eral formula C 10 H 16 , isomeric with oil of tur- 
pentine. Many camphenes exist ready- 
formed in plants, as oil of cloves, etc. They 
are liquid at ordinary temperatures. 

Campho-phenique {kam-fo-fen-ek'} [Fr.]. 
A proprietary preparation combining camphor 
and phenol ; it is recommended as an anti- 
septic and local stimulant. Unof. 

Camphor {kam' '-for') \_camphora, camphor], 
C 10 H 16 O. A solid, volatile oil obtained from 
Cinnamomum camphora, a tree indigenous to 
Eastern Asia. It yields camphoric and cam- 
phonic acids, also C. Cymol when exposed to 
a high heat in close vessels. It is antispas- 
modic, anodyne, diaphoretic, and stimu- 
lant. Applied locally, it is rubefacient. It is 



used in cholera, vomiting, the typhoid state, 
headache, diarrhea with pain, etc. , cardiac 
depression, and affections requiring an anti- 
spasmodic. C, Aqua, consists of camphor 
8, alcohol 5, distilled water sufficient to make 
ioooparts. Dose f 3 j-iv (4.0-16.0). C. Ball, 
an English preparation used as an application 
to chapped skin. Its composition is sperma- 
ceti 4, white wax 12, oil of almonds 5 ; melt 
in a water bath, and add flowers of camphor 
4. Dissolve and when nearly cold pour into 
boxes or mould in gallipots. C, Borneo. 
See Borneo!. C, Carbolated, a mixture 
of iy 2 parts of camphor with one each of 
phenol and alcohol ; it is a good antiseptic 
dressing for wounds. C, Ceratum, consists 
of camphor liniment 3, olive oil 12, simple 
cerate 85. It is used for itching skin-affec- 
tions. C, Chloral, a fluid prepared by mixing 
equal parts of camphor and chloral. It is an 
excellent solvent for many alkaloids, and 
is used externally as a sedative application. 
C.-ice, the ceratum camphorce compositum, 
N. F. C, Linimentum, has camphor 20, 
cottonseed oil 80 parts. C, Liniment. 
Comp. (B. P.), contains camphor and oil of 
lavender dissolved in rectified spirit, and 
strong solution of ammonia added. C, 
Monobromated, C 10 H ]5 BrO, camphor in 
which one atom of hydrogen has been re- 
placed by an atom of bromin. It resembles 
the bromids in therapeutic action. Dose gr. 
j-x (0.065-0.65). C. salicylate, pre- 
pared by heating together 14 parts of cam- 
phor with II of salicylic acid. It is used 
as an ointment. C, Spt., contains cam- 
phor 10, alcohol 70, water 20 parts. 
Dose tt\v-xx (0.32-1.3). C, Tinct., Comp. 
(B. P.), contains opium, benzoic acid, cam- 
phor, oil of anise, and proof spirit. Dose 
Ti^xv-f^j (1.0-4.0). C, Tinct., Rubini's. 
Unof. A saturated solution of camphor in 
alcohol. Dose nyj-v (0.13-0.32). 

Camphorated {cam'-for-a-ted) \_camphora, 
camphor]. Containing camphor. 

Camphoric Acid {kam- for' '-ik). See Acid. 

Campimeter {kam-pim' '-et-er). See Per- 
imeter. 

Canada {kan f -a-daJi) [Sp.]. A British pos- 
session in North America. C. Balsam, 
the oleoresin of Abies balsamea used as a 
mounting medium in microscopy. C. Hemp. 
See Apocynuvi. 

Canadol \k'an f -ad-ol ) . A transparent volatile 
liquid resembling benzene in smell. It is 
a local anesthetic used in minor surgical oper- 
ations. Unof. 

Canal, or Canalis (kan-aV , or kan-a / -lis) 
\cannalis~\ . A tubular channel or passage. 
C., Abdominal. See C, Inguinal. C, 
Alcock's, a strong sheath of the obturator 
layer of the pelvic fascia containing the in- 



CANAL 



165 



CANAL 



ternal pudic artery. C, Alimentary, the 
whole digestive tube from the mouth to the 
anus. C, Alisphenoid, in comparative 
anatomy, a canal in the alisphenoid bone, 
opening anteriorly into the foramen rotun- 
dum, and transmitting the external carotid 
artery. C, Alveolar, Anterior, one located 
in the superior maxilla ; it transmits the an- 
terior superior dental nerve. C, Alveolar, 
Inferior, the inferior dental canal. C, 
Alveolar, Median, one located in the supe- 
rior maxilla and transmitting the middle 
superior dental nerve. C, Alveolar, Pos- 
terior, one situated in the superior maxilla ; 
it transmits the posterior superior dental 
nerve. C, Alveolodental. See C, Den- 
tal. ' C, Arachnoid, a space formed be- 
neath the arachnoid membrane of the brain ; 
it transmits the vence magnas Galeni. C. 
of Arantius, the ductus venosus. C, 
Archinephric, the duct of the archine- 
phron or primitive kidney. C, Arterial. 
See Ductus arteriosus. C, Atrial, the cav- 
ity of the atrium. C, Auditory, External, 
that from the auricle to the tympanic mem- 
brane. C, Auditory, Internal, that be- 
ginning on the posterior surface of the 
petrous bone, and extending outward and 
backward for a distance of about four lines ; 
it transmits the auditory and facial nerves, 
and the auditory artery. C, Auricular. I. 
See C, Auditory, External. 2. The con- 
striction between the auricular and ventric- 
ular portions of the fetal heart. C, Avant, 
the anterior portion of the male urethra. 
C, Bartholin's, the duct of Bartholin's 
gland. C, Bernard's, a supplementary 
duct of the pancreas. Also called San- 
torini's canal. C, Bichat's. See C, Arach- 
noid. C, Biliary. See C, Hepatic. C, 
Blastoporic. See C, Neurenteric. C. of 
Bone, a canaliculus of bone. C, Braun's. 
See C, Neurenteric. C, Braune's, the con- 
tinuous passage formed by the uterine cavity 
and the vagina during labor, after full dilata- 
tion of the os uteri. C, Breschet's. See C. 
of the Diploe. C, Bullular. See C. of 
Petit. C, Caroticotympanic, two or three 
short canals extending from the carotid canal 
to the tympanum ; they transmit branches of 
the carotid plexus. C, Carotid, one in the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone; it 
transmits the internal carotid artery. C. 
of Cartilage, the canals in ossifying car- 
tilage, during its vascularization intended 
to receive prolongations of the osteogenetic 
layer of the periosteum. They radiate 
in all directions from the center of ossifi- 
cation. C, Central (of the modiolus), 
a canal running from the base to the apex 
of the cochlea. C, Central (of spinal 
cord), the small canal that extends through 



the center of the spinal cord from the conus 
medullaris to the lower part of the fourth 
ventricle. It represents the embryonic ecto- 
dermal canal. C, Cerebrospinal. I. The 
neural or craniovertebral canal formed by 
the skull and the spine, and containing the 
brain and spinal marrow. 2. The primitive 
continuous cavity of the brain and spinal 
cord, not infrequently more or less exten- 
sively obliterated in the latter, but in the 
former modified in the form of the several 
ventricles and other cavities. C, Cervical. 
See C. of Cervix Uteri. C, Cervicouterine. 
See C, Uterine. C. of Cervix Uteri, that 
portion of the uterine canal that extends be- 
tween the internal and external os. C. of 
Chorda Tympani, a small canal in the 
temporal bone, between its squamous and 
petrous portions, parallel with the Glaserian 
fissure ; it transmits the chorda tympani 
nerve. C, Ciliary. See C. of Fontana. C. 
of Cloquet. See C, Hyaloid. C, Cochlear, 
the spiral and snail-like cavity of the cochlea, 
28 to 30 mm. long. The base is turned in- 
ward toward the internal auditory meatus, and 
the apex outward toward the tympanum. 
C, Connecting, the arched or coiled portion 
of a uriniferous tubule, joining with a collect- 
ing tubule. C. of Corti, the triangular 
canal formed by the pillars of Corti, the base 
of which corresponds to the membrana 
basilaris. It extends over the entire length 
of the lamina spiralis. C. of Cotunnius. 
See Aqueduct of Cotunnius. C, Cranio- 
vertebral. See C, Cerebrospinal, and C, 
Neural. C, Crural. See C. , Femoral. C. 
of Cuvier, the ductus venosus. C, Cystic, 
the cystic duct. C, Deferent, the vas 
deferens. C, Demicircular. See C, Semi- 
circular. C, Dental, Anterior, one extend- 
ing into the facial portion of the superior 
maxilla ; it transmits the anterior dental 
vessels and nerves. C, Dental, Inferior, 
the dental canal of the inferior maxilla ; it 
transmits the inferior dental nerve and 
vessels. C, Dental, Posterior, two canals' 
in the superior maxilla. They transmit the 
superior posterior dental vessels and nerves. 
C, Dentinal, the minute canals in dentine, 
extending approximately at right angles to 
the surface of a tooth from the pulp-cavity, in- 
to which they open, to the cementum and 
enamel. C, Digestive. See C, Alimentary. 
C. of Diploe, canals in the diploe of the 
cranium transmitting Breschet's veins. C, 
Ejaculatory. See Duct, Ejaculato7y. C. of 
Epididymis, a convoluted tube, about 20 feet 
long when straightened, forming the epididy- 
mis and continuous with the vas deferens. C, 
Ethmoidal, Anterior, one between the eth- 
moid and frontal bones ; it transmits the nasal 
branch of the ophthalmic nerve, and the an- 



CANAL 



166 



CANAL 



terior ethmoidal vessels. C, Ethmoidal, 
Posterior. See C., Orbital, Posterior, In- 
ternal. C, Eustachian, one in the petrous 
portion of the temporal bone, containing a 
portion of the Eustachian tube. C, Facial, 
the aqueduct of Fallopius ; it transmits the 
facial nerve. C, Fallopian. See C. Facial. 
C, Femoral. I. The inner compartment of 
the sheath of the femoral vessels behind Pou- 
part's ligament. 2. See C, Hunter' 's. C. of 
Ferrein, a triangular channel, supposed to ex- 
ist between the free edges of the eyelids when 
they are closed, and to serve for conducting 
the tears toward the puncta lacrymalia 
during sleep. C. of Fontana, a series of 
small spaces formed by the interlacing of the 
connective-tissue fibers of the framework of 
the peripheral processes of the iris, situated in 
the angle of the anterior chamber, and 
serving as a medium for the transudation of 
the aqueous humor from the posterior to the 
anterior chamber of the eye. They are also 
called C. of Hovius, C, Ciliary, and Fon- 
tana 's Spaces. C, Galactophorous, the 
lactiferous tubules of the mammary gland. C. 
of Gartner, in the female, the remains of the 
main portion of the Wolffian duct of the em- 
bryo ; it is a tube extending transversely along 
the broad ligament, and is the homologue of 
the vas deferens. C, Genital, in comparative 
anatomy, any canal designed for copulation or 
for the discharge of ova. C. of Guidi. See 
C. , Vidian. C. of Havers. See C, Haver- 
sian. C, Haversian, canals in the compact 
substance of bone forming a wide-meshed 
network, and establishing communication be- 
tween the medullary cavity and the surface of 
the bone. Their average diameter is ^-1^ 
inch, and they are lined by a continuation of 
the endosteum ; they transmit blood-vessels, 
lymph- vessels, and nerves. C, Hemal, the 
ventral of the two canals of which, according 
to R. Owen, the vertebrate animal is com- 
posed. It contains the heart and the other 
viscera, while the neural canal encloses the 
•central nervous system. C. of Henle, a 
portion of the uriniferous tubules. C., He- 
patic. I. The excretory duct of the liver. 2. 
The radicles of the hepatic duct. C, Her- 
nial, one transmitting a hernia. C, of Hovius. 
See C. of Fontana. C. of Huguier. See 
C. of the Chorda Tympani. C, Hunter's, 
a triangular canal formed in the adductor 
magnus muscle of the thigh ; it transmits the 
femoral artery and vein and internal saphen- 
ous nerve. C. of Huschke, one formed by 
the junction of the tubercles of the annulus 
tympanicus. This is generally obliterated 
after the fifth year, but may persist through 
life. C., Hyaloid, a canal running antero- 
posteriorly through the vitreous body, through 
which in the fetus the hyaloid artery passes, 



to ramify on the posterior surface of the crystal- 
line lens. C., Incisor, a canal that opens 
into the mouth by an aperture just behind the 
incisor teeth of the upper jaw; it is formed 
by a groove on the adjoining surfaces of the 
superior maxillse, and has two branches that 
open into the nasal fossae. C, Infraorbital, a 
small canal running obliquely through the 
bony floor of the orbit ; it transmits the in- 
fraorbital artery and nerve. C, Inguinal, 
a canal about one and one-half inches long, 
running obliquely downward and inward 
from the internal to the external abdominal 
ring, and constituting the channel through 
which an inguinal hernia descends ; it trans- 
mits the spermatic cord in the male, and the 
round ligament of the uterus in the female. 
C., Intestinal, that portion of the alimentary 
canal that is included between the pylorus 
and the anus. C, Intralobular, Biliary, 
the radicles of the bile-ducts, forming a fine 
network in and around the hepatic cells, and 
communicating with vacuoles in the cells. 
C. of Jacobson. See C. , Tympanic. C. of 
Kowalevsky. See C. , Neitrenteric . C, 
Lacrymal. I . The bony canal that lodges 
the nasal duct. 2. One of the lacrymal 
canaliculi. C. of Loewenberg, that portion 
of the cochlear canal that is situated above 
the membrane of Corti. C, Malar, one in 
the malar bone transmitting the malar division 
of the temporomalar branch of the superior 
maxillary nerve. C, Maxillary. See C, Den- 
tal. C, Median. I. The central canal of the 
spinal cord. 2. The aqueduct of Sylvius. 
C., Medullary. I. The hollow cavity of a 
long bone, containing the marrow. 2. See 
C, Vertebral. 3. The centra] canal of the 
spinal cord. 4. An Haversian canal. 5- I* 1 
embryology, the medullary tube. C, Med- 
ullary, Cerebrospinal, the central canal 
of the spinal cord. C, Membranous, of 
the Cochlea, a canal in the cochlea, follow- 
ing the turns of the lamina spiralis ; it is 
bounded by the basilar membrane, the mem- 
brane of Reissner, and the wall of the coch- 
lea. C, Membranous, Semicircular. See 
C, Semicircular. C. of Modiolus, the 
spiral canal of the cochlea. C, Myelonal, 
the central canal of the spinal cord. C, 
Nasal. I. See C, Lacrymal. 2. An occa- 
sional canal found in the posterior portion of 
the nasal bone ; it transmits the nasal nerves. 
C, Nasolacrymal. See C, Lacrymal. 
C, Nasopalatine. See C, Incisor. C, 
Neural. See C, Vertebral. C, Neuren- 
teric, of Kowalevsky, also called blasto- 
pore canal, in the embryo, a passage leading 
from the posterior part of the medullary tube 
into the archenteron. C, Neurocentral. 
See C , Vertebral. C. of Nuck, a pouch of 
peritoneum which, in the female fetus, de- 



CANAL 



167 



CANAL 



scends for a short distance along the round 
ligament of the uterus into the inguinal canal ; 
it is the analogue of the processus vaginalis 
in the male. It sometimes persists after birth. 
C, Nutritive. See C, Haversian. C, 
Obstetric. See C, Parturient. C, Obtu- 
rator, a canal in the ilium transmitting the 
obturator nerve and vessels. C, Olfactory, 
in the embryo, the nasal fossae at an early 
period of development. C, Omphalo- 
mesenteric, in the embryo, a canal that 
connects the cavity of the intestine with the 
umbilical vesicle. C, Orbital, Anterior 
Internal. See C, Ethmoidal, Anterior. C, 
Orbital, Posterior Internal, the posterior of 
two canals formed by the ethmoid bone and 
the orbital plate of the frontal bone. It trans- 
mits the posterior ethmoidal vessels. C, Pala- 
tine, Accessory Posterior, one or two canals 
in the horizontal plate of the palate bone, near 
the groove entering into the formation of the 
posterior palatine canal. C, Palatine, An- 
terior, formed by the union of the incisive 
canals ; it opens on the palate behind the in- 
cisor teeth. C, Palatine, Descending. 
See C, Palatomaxillary. C, Palatine, 
External, Small, a small canal in the pyra- 
midal process of the palate bone, close to its 
connection with the horizontal plate. It 
transmits the external palatine nerve. C, 
Palatine, Posterior. See C, Palatomax- 
illary. C., Palatine, Smaller. See C, 
Palatine, Posterior. C, Palatine, Supe- 
rior, one formed by the palate bone and the 
superior maxilla, transmitting the large pala- 
tine nerve and blood-vessels. C, Palato- 
maxillary, one formed by the outer surface 
of the palate bone and the adjoining surface 
of the superior maxilla. It transmits the 
large palatine nerve and blood-vessel. C, 
Parturient, the channel through which the 
fetus passes in parturition, comprising the cav- 
ity formed by the uterus and vagina consid- 
ered as a single canal. C, Pelvic, the canal 
of the pelvis, from the superior to the inferior 
strait. C, Perivascular, the lymph spaces 
about the blood-vessels. C. of Petit, a space, 
intersected by numerous fine interlacing 
fibers, existing between the anterior and pos- 
terior laminae of the suspensory ligament of 
the crystalline lens. It extends from the 
periphery of the lens, nearly to the apices of 
the ciliary processes, and transmits the secre- 
tion from the posterior chamber. C, Pe- 
tromastoid, a small canal, not always pres- 
ent, situated at the angle of union between 
the mastoid and petrous bones. It transmits a 
small vein from the middle fossa of the skull to 
the transverse sinus. C, Petrosal, two canals 
on the upper surface of the petrous portion of 
the temporal bone, transmitting the large and 
small superficial petrosal nerves. C, Plas- 



matic, an Haversian canal. C, Pore. See 
C. , Porous. C, Porous, a canal in the ovule, 
supposed to serve for the entrance of the 
spermatozoids in fecundation. C, Portal, 
the space in the capsule of Glisson of the 
liver, in which the portal vein, hepatic 
artery, and bile-duct lie. C, Primi- 
tive, the neural canal of the embryo. 
C, Pseudostomatous, the processes of 
branched cells that extend from a subepi- 
thelial or endothelial layer to the free surface, 
their free ends forming the pseudostomata. 
C, Pterygoid. See C, Vidian. C, Ptery- 
gopalatine, one formed by the root of the 
internal pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone 
and the sphenoidal process of the palate 
bone. It transmits the pterygopalatine ves- 
sels and nerve. C, Pulmoaortic. See 
Ductus arteriosus. C. of Recklinghausen, 
minute channels supposed to exist in all 
connective tissue, which are directly continu- 
ous with the lymphatic vessels, and hence 
may be said to form their origin. C. of 
Reissner. See C, Membranous, of the 
Cochlea. C. of Rivinus, the duct of the 
sublingual gland. C. of Rosenthal. See 
C, Spiral, of the Modiolus. C, Sacculo- 
cochlear, one connecting the sacculus 
and the cochlea. C, Sacculoutricular, 
one connecting the sacculus and the 
utricle. C, Sacral, the continuation of 
the vertebral canal in the sacrum. C. of 
Schlemm, an irregular space or plexiform 
series of spaces occupying the sclerocorneal 
region of the eye ; it is regarded by some as 
a venous sinus, by others as a lymph-chan- 
nel. C, Semicircular, bony canals of the 
labyrinth of the internal ear. They are three 
in number, the external, superior, and pos- 
terior, and contain the membranous semicircu- 
lar canals. C, Semicircular. Anterior. 
See C, Semicircular, Superior. C, Semi- 
circular, Anterior Vertical. See C, Semi- 
circular, Superior. C, Semicircular, Ex- 
ternal, that one of the semicircular canals of 
the labyrinth having its plane horizontal and 
its convexity directed backward. C, Semi- 
circular, Frontal. See C, Semicircular, 
Superior. C, Semicircular, Horizontal. 
See C, Semicircular, External. C, Semi- 
circular, Inferior. See C, Semicircular, 
Posterior. C, Semicircular, Inner. See 
C, Semicircular, Posterior. C, Semi- 
circular, Internal. See C. , Semicircular, 
Posterior. C, Semicircular, Lateral. See 
C. , Semichrular, External. C, Semi- 
circular, Osseous. See C, Semicircular. 
C, Semicircular, Posterior, that one of 
the semicircular canals having its convexity 
directed backward, and its plane almost 
parallel to the posterior wall of the pyramid. 
C, Semicircular, Posterior Vertical. See 



CANAL 



168 



CANCRUM 



C, Semicircular, Posterior. C, Semicir- 
cular, Sagittal. See C, Semicircular, 
Posterior. C, Semicircular, Superior, 
that one of the semicircular canals having its 
convexity directed toward the upper surface 
of the pyramid. C, Seminal, the seminif- 
erous tubules. C, Serous, any minute 
canal connected with the lymph- vessels and 
supposed to be filled with lymph. C, 
Sheathing, the communication between the 
cavity of the tunica vaginalis of the testicle 
and the general peritoneal cavity. It soon 
closes in man, leaving the tunica vaginalis a 
closed sac. C, Spermatic. I. The vas 
deferens. 2. The inguinal canal in the 
male. C, Sphenopalatine. See C, 
Pterygopalatine. C, Spinal. See C, Verte- 
bral. C, Spiral, of the Cochlea, one that 
runs spirally around the modiolus, taking two 
turns and a half, diminishing in size from the 
base to the apex, and terminating in the cu- 
pola. C, Spiral, of the Modiolus, a small 
canal winding around the modiolus at the 
base of the lamina spiralis. C, Spiroid, of 
the Temporal Bone. See C, Fallopian. 
C. of Steno, the duct of the parotid gland. 
C. of Stilling. See C. , Hyaloid, and C, 
Central, of 'Spinal Cord. C, Suborbital. See 
C, Infraorbital. C, Supraorbital, one at 
the upper margin of the orbit. It transmits 
the supraorbital artery and nerve. C, Tem- 
poral. See C, Zygomaticotemporal. C, 
Temporomalar. See C. , Zygo?naticotem- 
poral. C, Thoracic, the thoracic duct. 
C, Tympanic, one that opens on the lower 
surface of the petrous bone, between the 
carotid canal and the groove for the internal 
jugular vein. It transmits Jacobson's nerve. 
C, Uterine, the cavity of the uterus, includ- 
ing the body and neck. C, Uterocervical, 
the cavity of the cervix uteri. C, Utero- 
vaginal. I. The common canal formed by 
the uterus and vagina. 2. In embryology, 
the duct of Midler. C, Vaginal, the canal 
of the vagina. C, Vascular. See C, Hav- 
ersian. C, Vector, the oviduct. C, Ven- 
ous, the ductus venosus. C, Vertebral, the 
canal formed by the vertebrae. It contains 
the spinal cord and its membranes. C, 
Vidian, a canal of the sphenoid bone at the 
base of the internal pterygoid plate, opening 
anteriorly into the sphenomaxillary fossa, and 
posteriorly into the foramen lacerum. It trans- 
mits the vidian nerve and vessels. C, Vul- 
var, the vestibule of the vagina. C, Vulvo- 
uterine, the vagina. C, Vulvovaginal. I. 
The vagina and the vulva considered as a 
single canal. 2. The orifice of the hymen. 
C. of Wirsung, the pancreatic duct. C. of 
Wolff. See Wolffian Duct. C, Zygomatic. 
See C. , Zygomaticotemporal. C, Zygomati- 
cofacial. See C, Malar. C, Zygomati- 



cotemporal, the temporal canal of the malar 
bone, running from its orbital to its temporal 
surface. It transmits a branch of the supe- 
rior maxillary nerve. 

Canalicular {kan-al-ik' '-u-lar) \_canalis, a 
channel] . Canal-shaped. 

Canaliculus {kan-al-ik / -u-lus) [L.]. I. A 
small canal ; especially that leading from the 
punctum to the lacrymal sac of the eye. 2. 
Any one of the minute canals opening into 
the lacunae of bone. 

Canalization {kan-al-iz-a' '-shwi) \_canalis, a 
canal]. I. The formation of canals, as in 
tissues, etc. 2. A system of wound-drainage 
without tubes. 

Cancellous {kan f -sel-zis) \cancelli, lattice- 
work]. Resembling lattice- work, as the 
tissue in the articular ends of long bones. 

Cancer (ka?i / -ser). See Carcinoma. C. 
aquaticus. Synonym of Stomatitis, Gan- 
grenous. C. -bandage, a crab-shaped band- 
age ; a split cloth of eight tails. C.-cell, an 
epithelial cell of peculiar distorted shape, 
found in the interior of cancer-nests. It is an 
ordinary epithelial cell altered in outline by 
pressure. C, Clay-pipe. See C, Smokers' . 
C, Colloid, one containing colloid material. 
C, Encephaloid. See C. , Soft. C. en 
cuirasse, disseminated cancer of the skin of 
the thorax. C, Hard, one containing an ex- 
cess of fibrous tissue. C. -juice, the milky 
fluid yielded by the cut surface of a can- 
cer on scraping. C, Medullary. See C, 
Soft. C, Melanotic, a pigmented form. C, 
Scirrhous. See C, Hard. C, Smokers', 
epithelioma of the lip due to the irritation of a 
pipe. C, Soft, one in which the cells pre- 
dominate, the connective tissue being very 
small in amount. 

Cancerin {kan' -ser-bi) \cancer, a crab]. The 
name given to a ptomain obtained from the 
urine in cases of carcinoma of the uterus. It 
is a white substance crystallizing in fine 
needles and soluble in alkaline solutions. Its 
formula is C 8 H.N0 3 . 

Cancerous {kan' '-ser-us) \cancer, a crab]. 
Having the qualities of a cancer ; malignant. 

Canceromyces {Jean - ser - o - mi'- sez). See 
Cladosporium cancerogenes. 

Cancroid {Jiang' '-kroid) \cancer, a crab]. 
Cancer-like. C. Corpuscles, the pearly 
bodies of squamous epithelioma. C. Ulcer. 
See Rodent Ulcer. 

Cancroin {kan' '-kro-in) \cancer, a crab]. A 
substance (said to be identical with neurin), 
introduced by Adamkiewicz as a material for 
hypodermic injection in cases of malignant 
disease, it being regarded by him as an alexin 
destructive of cancer-tissue. 

Cancrum {kang' '-kruvi) \cancer, a crab]. 
A cancer or rapidly-spreading ulcer. C. oris, 
canker of the mouth, gangrenous stomatitis, 



CANE SUGAR 



169 



CANTHARIS 



noma, gangrenous ulceration of the mouth. 
It is a disease of childhood between the ages 
of one and five, characterized by the forma- 
tion of foul, deep ulcers of the buccal surfaces 
of the cheeks or lips. There is but slight 
pain, but the prostration is great, and death 
usually results from exhaustion or blood- 
poisoning. The disease is bacterial, poor 
hygienic surroundings and a debilitated sys- 
tem being predisposing causes. 

Cane Sugar. See Saccharztm. 

Canella (kan-el' '-ah) [dim. of Carina, a reed] . 
The bark of C. alba deprived of its corky 
layer and dried. It is a native of the West 
Indies and is an aromatic tonic and bitter 
stomachic. Dose of the powdered bark, gr. 
xv-xxx (1.0-2.0). It is official in the B. P. 

Canine (ka'-nui) \_canis, a dog] . Partaking 
of the nature of, relating to, or resembling a 
dog, or the sharp tearing-teeth of mammals, 
located between the incisors and the molars. 
C. Appetite, bulimia. C. Eminence, a 
prominence on the outer side of the upper 
maxillary bone. C. Fossa. See Fossa. C. 
Laugh, a sardonic smile or grin. C. Mad- 
ness, rabies, hydrophobia. C. Muscle, the 
levator anguli oris. C. Teeth, dentes canini ; 
cynodontes ; dentes laniarii ; dents angulaires ; 
cuspidati ; conoides ; eye-teeth. The cuspid 
teeth next to the lateral incisors ; so called 
from their resemblance to a dog's teeth. 

Canities (kan-ish'-e-ez) [Lat.]. Poliosis; 
hoariness ; blanching of the hair. 

Canker {kang'-ker) [cancer, a crab]. An 
ulceration of the mouth, or any ulcerous 
or gangrenous sore ; cancrum oris ; in far- 
riery, a fetid abscess of the horse's foot. 
See Cancrum oris. C.-rash. Synonym 
of Scarlet Fever. 

Canna (kan'-ah) \_navva, a cane]. A genus 
of large-leaved marantaceous plants. C. 
indica, has an acrid and stimulant root ; it 
is alterative, diuretic, and diaphoretic. 
Unof. The rhizome of C. speciosa affords 
canna-starch, a substitute for arrow-root. 

Cannabene {kan'-ab-eri). See Cannabis. 

Cannabin. See Cannabis. 

Cannabinin {kan - ab f - in - in) \_cannabis, 
hemp]. A volatile alkaloid from cannabis 
indica. 

Cannabinon, Cannabinone {kan-a¥ -in-on) 
\_cannabis, hemp]. An amorphous bitter 
resinoid from Indian hemp, used as an hyp- 
notic. Dose 1 to 3 grains (0.065-0.2). Unof. 

Cannabis {kan f -ab-is) [L.]. Hemp. Indian 
hemp. The flowering tops of C. saliva, of 
which there are two varieties, C. indica and 
C. americana, the former being the more 
potent. They contain a resin, cannabin, and 
a volatile oil, from which are obtained can- 
nabene, C 18 H 20 , a light hydrocarbon, and 
hydrid of cannabene, a crystalline body. 



It is antispasmodic, narcotic, and aphrodisiac. 
In large doses it produces mental exaltation, 
intoxication, and a sensation of double con- 
sciousness. It is used in migraine, in para- 
lysis agitans, in spasm of the bladder, in sexual 
impotence, in whooping-cough, in asthma, 
and in other spasmodic affections. Bang, 
Bhang, Gunjah, Churrus, and Hashish are 
the various Indian names by which the drug 
is known. C. indica, Ext., dose gr. */£-j 
(0.01-0.065). C. m d., Ext., Fid., an alco- 
holic preparation. Dose fflj-v (0.065-0.32). 
C. ind., Tinct., contains 20 per cent, of 
the drug. Dose TT^xx-f 3 j (1.3-4.0). Can- 
nabin Tannate. Dose as an hypnotic gr. 
v-x (0.32-0.65). 

Cannula {kan' '-u-lah) [dim. of canna, a 
tube]. A tube used for withdrawing fluids 
from the body. It is generally fitted with a 
pointed rod for puncturing the integument. 

Canquoin's Paste. A paste of flour, water, 
and zinc chlorid ; it is a powerful escharotic. 

Cantani's Diet. An exclusive meat-diet in 
diabetes. 

Cantering Rhythm [kan' '-ter-ing rithm). 
See Bruit de Galop. 

Canthal {kan' -thai) \kclvQ6q, a canthus]. 
Relating to a canthus. 

Cantharidal {kan-thar' -id-al) \_navdapiQ, a 
blistering fly]. Relating to or containing 
cantharides. 

Cantharides {kan-thar' '-id-ez) . Plural of 
Cantharis. 

Cantharidin [kan-thar' '-id-in) \_navdaplg, a blis- 
tering fly], C ]0 H 12 O 4 . The bitter principle 
contained in Spanish flies and other insects ; 
it crystallizes in prisms or leaflets, and melts 
at 218 . It has an extremely bitter taste, 
and produces blisters on the skin. See 
Cantharis. 

Cantharis [kan r -thar-is) [navdapic, a blister- 
ing fly: pi., Cantharides']. Spanish fly. 
The dried body of a species of beetle, C. 
vesicatoria (nat. ord. Coleoptera). It contains 
a powerful poisonous principle, cantharidin, 
C 10 H 12 O 4 . Locally applied, cantharis is a rube- 
facient and vesicant ; internally it is an irri- 
tant, causing pain and vomiting. In toxic doses 
it produces severe gastroenteritis, strangury, 
and priapism. It is used as an external 
counterirritant in the form of ' ' blisters. ' ' 
Internally it is employed as a stimulant to the 
genitourinary mucous membrane, especially 
in cystitis, atony of the bladder, amenorrhea, 
etc.; also in skin diseases. C, Acetum (B. 
P.), of the strength of I to 8. C, Ceratum, 
cantharides 35, yellow wax 20, resin 20, lard 
35 parts", alcohol q. s. C, Ext., Ceratum, 
cantharides 30, resin 15, yellow wax 35, lard 
35, alcohol q. s. C, Charta, cantharides I, 
Canada turpentine I, olive oil 4, spermaceti 
3, white wax 8, water 10 parts, spread on 



CANTHECTOMY 



170 



CAPSULAR 



paper. Charta epispastica (B. P.), blister- 
ing-paper (white- wax, spermaceti, olive oil, 
resin, Canada balsam, cantharides, distilled 
water). C. cum collodio, cantharides 60, 
flexible collodion 85, chloroform q. s. Em- 
plastrum picis cum cantharide, warming 
plaster, Burgundy pitch 92, cerat. canthar. 
8 parts. Emplastrum calefaciens (B. P.), 
cantharides, expressed oil of nutmeg, yellow 
wax, resin, resin-plaster, soap-plaster, boiling 
water. C, Emplastrum (B. P.), cantharides, 
yellow wax, prepared suet, prepared lard, 
resin. C, Liniment., cantharides 15 parts, 
oil of turpentine q. s. ad 100. C, Tinct., 
contains 5 per cent, of the drug. Dose 3—10 
drops (0.09-0.3). C, Unguent. (B. P.), 
cantharides, yellow wax, olive oil. 

Canthectomy [kan-t/iek' '-to-me) [navdoc, can- 
thus ; EKTOfiq, a cutting out]. Excision of a 
canthus. 

Canthitis {/can - thi f - tis) [xavdoc, canthus ; 
itic, inflammation] . Inflammation of a can- 
thus. 

Canthoplasty {kan ; -tho-plas-te) [navdoc, can- 
thus ; 7T?Aaaeiv, to form]. An operation for 
increasing the size of the palpebral fissure by 
cutting the outer canthus. 

Canthorraphy [kan-thor f -a-fe) [navdoc, can- 
thus ; paor], a seam]. An operation to re- 
duce the size of the palpebral fissure by 
suture of the canthus. 

Canthotomy {lian-thot' -o-ine) [aavQoc, can- 
thus ; rofiT], a cutting]. Surgical division of 
a canthus. 

Canthus {kan f -thus) [mvOoc, canthus]. The 
angle formed by the junction of the eyelids. 

Canula [kanf -u-laK). See Cannula. 

Caoutchouc {koo'-chuk) [S.American]. In- 
dia-rubber. The chief substance contained 
in the milky juice that exudes upon incision 
of a number of tropic trees belonging to 
the natural orders Euphorbiacece, Artocar- 
pacece, and Apocynacece . The juice is a vege- 
table emulsion, the caoutchouc being sus- 
pended in it in the form of minute transparent 
globules. "When pure, caoutchouc is nearly 
white, soft, elastic, and glutinous ; it swells 
up in water without dissolving ; the best sol- 
vents are carbon disulphid and chloroform. It 
melts at about 150 C, and decomposes at 
200 C. 

Capacity [kap-as'-it-e) [capacitas, capacity]. 
The power of holding or containing ; mental 
or physical ability. C, Vital, the total 
amount of air that can be expelled by the 
most forcible expiration after the deepest in- 
spiration. 

Capillarity {kap-il-ar' '-it-e) [capillus, a hair]. 
Capillary attraction : the force that causes 
fluids to rise in fine tubes or bores. 

Capillary {kap f -il-a-re) [capillus, a hair]. I. 
Hair-like : relating to a hair, or to a hair-like 



filament, or to a tube with a hair-like bore. 
2. A minute blood-vessel connecting the 
smallest ramifications of the arteries with 
those of the veins. C. Attraction. See Cap- 
illarity. C. Bronchitis. See Bronchitis. 
C. Fissure, C. Fracture, a linear fracture, 
without displacement. C. Nevus. See 
A'cevus vascularis. C. Pulse, pulsation of 
the capillaries sometimes seen in aortic re- 
gurgitation. C. Vessels, the capillaries. 
Capillaries, Meigs's, branching capillaries 
discovered by A. V. Meigs in the human 
heart. 

Capital {kap f -it-al) [caput, the head]. 1. 
Pertaining to the head, or to the summit of a 
body or object. 2. Of great importance, as 
a capital operation in surgery. 

Capitellum {kap-it-eF-um) [dim. of caput]. 
The rounded, external surface of the lower 
end of the humerus. 

Capitulum [kap-it f -u-lu7)i)[capitulum, a small 
head]. A little head. C. of Santorini, 
a small elevation on the apex of the arytenoid 
cartilage corresponding in position to the pos- 
terior extremity of the vocal band. 

Capric Acid (kap'-rik as / -id). See Acid. 

Caprin ikap'-rin) [caper, a goat] . An oily and 
flavoring constituent of butter ; glycerol cap- 
rate. 

Caproic Acid [ka-pro'-ik as' -id). See Acid. 

Caprone {kap'-ron) [caper, a goat], C u H 22 0. 
Caproic ketone ; a clear, volatile oil found in 
butter, and forming the larger part of the oil 
of rue. 

Caproylamin {kap-ro-W -am-iii) [caper, a 
goat ; amin~\ , C 6 H 15 N. Hexylamin. A pto 
main formed in the putrefaction of yeast. 

Caprylic Acid {kap-ril'-ic as f -id). See Acid. 

Capsicin (hap'-sis-in), C 9 H u 2 . The active 
principle of Cayenne pepper. It is a thick, 
yellowish-red substance. 

Capsicol {Imp' '-sik-ol) [capsicu?n ; oleum, 
oil]. A red oil obtainable from the oleo- 
resin of capsicum. 

Capsicum {kap f -sik-twi) [capsa, a box]. 
Cayenne pepper. The fruit of C fastigi- 
atum, native to tropic Africa and America. 
Its odor and hot taste are due to a vola- 
tile oil, capsicin, C 9 H u 2 , which is irri- 
tant to the skin and mucous membranes. In- 
ternally, it is a stomachic, tonic, diuretic, and 
aphrodisiac. It is useful in atonic dyspepsia, 
flatulent colic, and in intermittent fever. C, 
Emplastrum, prepared from the oleoresin 
and resin plaster. C, Ext., Fid. Dose TT\v- 
f^j (0.32-4.0). C, Linimentum, 1 in 10, 
for chest-affections, rheumatism, etc. C, 
Oleoresin, Ethereal. Dose TT\j-v (0.065- 
0.32). C, Tinct., contains 5 per cent, of 
capsicum. Dose TT^x-fgj (0.65-4.0). 

Capsitis {kap-si'-tis). Same as Capsulitis. 

Capsular {kap' '-su-lar) [capsula, a. small 



CAPSULE 



171 



CARBOLIZE 



box]. Pertaining to a capsule. C. Cataract, 
an opacity of the capsule of the crystalline 
lens. C. Hemiplegia, a hemiplegia due to 
a lesion in the internal capsule. 

Capsule (kap'-siil) [dim. of capsa, a chest]. 
A receptacle or bag. In pharmacy, a small, 
spheroidal shell composed of glycerol and 
gelatin, divided so that the parts fit together 
like a box and cover. It is used for 
the administration of nauseous medicines. C, 
Atrabiliary. See C. , Suprarenal. C, 
Bonnet's, the posterior portion of the sheath 
of the eyeball. C, Bowman's, the cov- 
ering of the tuft of vessels of a renal 
glomerulus. It is the beginning of the urin- 
iferous tubule. C, External, a layer of 
white nerve-fibers forming part of the exter- 
nal boundary of the lenticular nucleus. C. 
of Glisson, the connective-tissue sheath of 
the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile-duct. 
C, Internal, a layer of nerve-fibers on 
the outer side of the optic thalamus and cau- 
date nucleus, which it separates from the len- 
ticular nucleus, and containing the continu- 
ation upward of the crus cerebri. C. of the 
Lens, a transparent, structureless membrane 
enclosing the lens of the eye. C, Malpi- 
ghian, the commencement of the uriniferous 
tubules. See C, Bowman'' s. C, Muel- 
ler's. See C, Bowman's. C, Suprarenal, 
the ductless, glandular body at the apex of 
each kidney. C. of Tenon, the tunica vag- 
inalis of the eye. 

Capsulitis {kap-su-W '-tis) \capsula, a small 
box ; trig, inflammation] . Inflammation of 
the capsule of the lens, or of the fibrous cap- 
sule of the eyeball. 

Capsulolenticular [kap-su-lo-len-tik' ' -u-lar) 
\capsida, a little box; lenticida, a lentil]. 
Relating to the lens and to its capsule. 

Capsulotome (kap'-su-lo-tom). See Cysto- 
tomy 

Capsulotomy {kap-su-lof '-o-me) \capsula, a 
capsule ; re/avecv, to cut]. The operation of 
rupturing the capsule of the crystalline lens 
in cataract-operations. 

Captation [kap-ta f -shun) \_captare, to desire]. 
The first or opening stage of the hypnotic 
trance. 

Capuron, Cardinal Points of. See Pelvis. 

Caput (kap'-ut) [L.]. The head; also the 
chief part or beginning of an organ. C. 
coli, the head of the colon. C. cornu pos- 
terioris. Same as C. gelatinosum. C. gal- 
linaginis. See Verumontanum. C. gelat- 
inosum, the name given to the translucent 
gray matter covering the dorsomesal periph- 
ery of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. It 
is a peculiar, striated substance composed of 
numerous closely crowded cellular elements, 
in part connective-tissue cells, in part nerve- 
cells. C. medusae, the peculiar plexus of 



veins surrounding the umbilicus in periportal 
cirrhosis of the liver. It represents collateral 
paths for the return of the venous blood from 
the abdominal viscera. C. obstipum. Syn- 
onym of Wry-neck. C. quadratum, the rec- 
tangular head of rickets, flattened upon the 
top and at the sides, with projecting occiput 
and prominent frontal bosses. C. succeda- 
neum, a tumor composed of a serosanguineous 
infiltration of the connective tissue situated 
upon the presenting part of the fetus. 

Caramel (kar'-am-el) [Fr., burnt sugar]. 
Cane-sugar deprived of two molecules of 
water. It is a viscid, brown-colored liquid. 

Caraghen (ka' -ra-ghen) . Irish moss. 

Caraway (kar'-ah-zva). See Carum. 

Carbamic Acid (kar-bam' '-ik as / -id). See 
Acid. 

Carbamid {kar f -bam-id) \_carbo, a coal ; 
amid~\, CH 4 N 2 0. Urea. 

Carbinol (car'-bin-ol) \carbo, a coal]. Me- 
thyl alcohol, CH3OH. Also a generic term 
for the alcohols formed by substituting hydro- 
carbon radicles for the hydrogen in the methyl 
radicle of carbinol. 

Carbazotic Acid (kar-baz-ot'-ik). See Acid, 
Picric. 

Carbo (kar f -bo) [L.]. A coal; charcoal. 
C. animalis, animal-charcoal ; bone-black ; 
it is used in pharmacy and in manufacturing 
chemistry largely as a decolorizing agent and 
as a filter. C. ligni, wood-charcoal ; an 
absorbent, disinfectant, and deodorizer, used 
in poulticing wounds and dressing ulcers. It 
is used internally in gastrointestinal irritation. 

Carbohydrate (kar-bo-hi 1 '-drat) [carbo, coal ; 
vSup, water]. An organic substance contain- 
ing six carbon atoms or some multiple of six, 
and hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion 
in which they form water ; that is, twice as 
many hydrogen as oxygen atoms. The car- 
bohydrates form a large class of organic 
compounds, and may be arranged into three 
groups : the glucoses (monoses) ; the disac- 
charids, or sugars ; and the polysaccharids. 
The glucoses are the aldehyd derivatives or 
ketone-derivatives of the hexahydric alco- 
hols, into which they may be converted by 
the absorption of two hydrogen atoms. They 
are mostly crystalline substances, very soluble 
in water, but dissolving with difficulty in 
alcohol. They possess a sweet taste. The 
disaccharids and polysaccharids are ethereal 
anhydrids of the glucoses. All of them may 
be converted into the glucoses byhydrolytic 
decomposition. The disaccharids are ether- 
like anhydrids of the hexoses. 

Carbolic {kar-bol' '-ik) \_carbo, a coal ; oleum, 
oil]. Containing or derived from coal-tar 
oil. C. Acid. See Acid, Carbolic. 

Carbolize {kar' '-bol-lz) [carbo, a coal ; oleum, 
oil]. To impregnate with carbolic acid. 



CARBON 



172 



CARDIAC 



Carbon (kar'-bon) [carbo, charcoal]. Char- 
coal. C = I2; quantivalence II, IV. A 
nonmetallic element occurring in the various 
forms of diamond, graphite or "black lead," 
charcoal, and lamp-black. It is the central or 
characteristic element of organic compounds. 
Carbo animalis purificat., purified animal 
charcoal. Dose gr. xx-^j (1.3-4.0). C, 
Cataplasma(B. P.), charcoal -poultice; wood- 
charcoal I, bread-crumb I, linseed-meal 3, 
boiling water 20 parts. C. dioxid, the acid, 
gaseous product, having the composition of 
C0 2 , commonly known as " carbonic acid 
gas," or carbonic acid. It is a colorless gas, 
having a sp. gr. of 1.52, soluble in cold water, 
and possessing a pungent smell and an acid 
taste. Inhaled, it destroys animal life by 
asphyxiation. C. disulphid, bisulphid of 
carbon, CS 2 , a colorless, transparent liquid 
of offensive odor, highly inflammable, very 
poisonous. It is used as a solvent for 
caoutchouc and as a reagent. C. monoxid, 
CO, carbonic oxid, a colorless, tasteless, 
and inodorous gas, one of the products 
of imperfect combustion. It is actively 
poisonous. C. nitrid, CN, cyanogen. C. 
tetrachlorid, CCl i5 anesthetic, used in asthma 
by inhalation. Unof. C. oxysulphid, a body, 
COS, formed by conducting sulphur-vapor 
and carbon monoxid through red-hot tubes ; 
it is a colorless gas, with a faint and peculiar 
odor. It unites readily with air, forming an 
explosive mixture, and is soluble in an equal 
volume of water. It is present in the waters 
of some mineral springs. 

Carbonate [carbo, a coal]. A salt of car- 
bon dioxid. 

Carbonemia [kar-bon-e' -me-aJi) [carbon, 
charcoal; ai/ia, the blood]. An accumula- 
tion of carbon dioxid in the blood. 

Carbonic Acid (kar-bofi'-ik as'-iJ). See 
Carbon dioxid. 

Carbonization {kar-bon-iz-a' 'shun) [carbo, 
coal]. The process of decomposing organic 
substances by heat without air, until the vola- 
tile products are driven off and the carbon 
remains. 

Carbonyl (/ear' '-bon-il) [carbo, charcoal]. A 
hypothetic organic radicle having the formula 
CO. 

Carboxyhemoglobin {kar-boks-y-hem-o-glo' '- 
bill) [carbo, coal; b^'vq, sharp; aljua, blood]. 
The compound of carbon monoxid and 
hemoglobin, formed when CO is present in 
the blood. The carbon monoxid displaces 
the oxygen and checks the respiratory func- 
tion of the red corpuscles. 

Carboxyl [kar-boks'-il) [carbo, charcoal ; 
bgvr, sharp]. The group, CO. OH, charac- 
teristic of the organic acids. The hydrogen 
of this can be replaced by metals, forming 
salts. 



Carbuncle {kar' -bung-kl) {carbo, a live 
coal]. A hard, circumscribed, deep-seated, 
painful, suppurative inflammation of the sub- 
cutaneous tissue. It differs from a boil in 
having greater size, a flat top, and several 
points of suppuration. It is erroneously 
called anthrax. 

Carcinoma (kar - sin - o f - mah) [napnivo/ua ; 
Kapicivog, a crab; 6/j.a, tumor]. A malignant 
epithelial tumor composed of a connective- 
tissue stroma, surrounding groups or nests of 
epithelial cells. Three varieties are generally 
described — the squamous, the cylindric, and 
the glandular. C, Colloid, affects chiefly 
the alimentary canal, uterus, etc.; the deli- 
cate connective-tissue stroma is filled with 
colloid matter, the result of a colloid degen- 
eration of the epithelial cells. In some 
cases the degeneration is mucoid, instead of 
colloid. C, Cylindric, one in which the 
cells tend to assume a cylindric or columnar 
shape. This shape is best seen in the cells 
nearest the periphery of the nests. C, En- 
cephaloid, is of rapid growth, with a small 
amount of stroma, large alveoli, and greater 
amount of cells and blood-vessels. C, 
Glandular, a carcinoma in which the cells 
are of the glandular or secreting type. C, 
Squamous, one derived from squamous 
epithelium ; the cells are cuboidal in shape. 

Carcinomatous (kar-sin-o' -mat-us) [napidvoc, 
a crab]. Relating to or affected with car- 
cinoma. 

Carcinosis {kar-sin-o f -sis) [napnivog, a crab]. 
1. A carcinomatous cachexia; a tendency to 
the development of malignant disease. 2. A 
form of carcinoma, usually fatal, beginning 
generally in the uterus or the stomach and 
spreading to the peritoneum. C, Acute, 
rapidly fatal carcinosis. C. , Miliary, one in 
which there are many secondary nodules the 
size of miliary tubercles. 

Cardamomum (kar-dam-o f -mtwi)[\j.~\. Car- 
damom. The fruit of C. elettaria, cultivated 
in Malabar. Its properties are due to a vola- 
tile oil, C I0 H 16 . It is an aromatic, carmina- 
tive stomachic, used as an ingredient of sev- 
eral " bitters." It is useful when combined 
with purgatives to prevent griping. C. , In- 
fusum. Unof. Dose f^ij (64.0). C, 
Tinct., 15 per cent, strength. Dose f.^j-ij 
(4.0-8.0). C, Tinct., Comp. , cardamom 
20, cinnamon 20, caraway 10, cochineal 5, 
glycerol 60, dilute alcohol, q. s. ad 1000 
parts. Dose f^j-ij (4.0-8.0). 

Cardia [kar'-de-ah) [napdia, the heart]. The 
heart. C. of the Stomach, the esophageal 
orifice of the stomach. 

Cardiac [kar f -de-ak) [mpSia, the heart]. Per- 
taining to the heart or to the cardia of the 
stomach. C. Cycle, the period included 
between the beginning of one heart-beat and 



CARDIALGIA 



173 



CARNAL 



the beginning of another. C. Dropsy, a 
dropsical effusion due to heart-disease with 
loss of compensation. C. Ganglia, ganglia 
lying in the grooves and substance of the heart 
— the principal ones are Remak's and Bid- 
der's, the first on the surface of the sinus 
venosus, and the latter (two) at the auriculo- 
ventricular groove. C. Impulse, the eleva- 
tion caused by the movement of the heart, 
usually seen in the fifth left intercostal space. 
C. Murmurs. See Murmurs. C. Orifice, 
of the stomach, the esophageal orifice. C. 
Passion, pain in the heart or the stomach. 
C. Plexus. See Plexus. C. Rhythm, the 
term given to the normal regularity in the 
force and volume of the individual heart- 
beats. 

Cardialgia [Jiar-de-aV -je-ah) [napdia, heart ; 
aXyoc, pain]. Pain in the region of the heart, 
usually due to gaseous distention of the 
stomach ; heart-burn. 

Cardinal {Jiar f -din-al) [cardo, a hinge] . Im- 
portant ; preeminent. C. Flower, a common 
name for several species of Lobelia, chiefly 
L. cardinalis. C. Points of Capuron. See 
Pelvis. C. Veins, the venous trunks which, 
in the embryonic stage, form the primitive 
jugular veins. 

Cardiocele (kar'-de-o-sel) [napdia, heart ; 
nrjlrj, tumor]. Hernial protrusion of the 
heart. 

Cardiocentesis {kar-de-o-sen-te' '-sis) [napdia, 
heart ; kevttjgiq, puncture]. Puncture of one 
of the chambers of the heart to relieve en- 
gorgement. 

Cardiodynia {kar - de - o - din' - e - all) [napdia, 
heart; bdbvi], pain]. Pain in or about the 
heart. 

Cardiogram {kar' ' -de-o-grani) [napdia, heart ; 
■ypd/j.fj.a, a writing]. The tracing made of 
the cardiac impulse by the cardiograph. 

Cardiograph {kar f -de-o-graf) [napdia, heart ; 
■ypd<peii>, to write] . An instrument for regis- 
tering graphically the modifications of the 
pulsations of the heart. 

Cardioinhibitory (kar- de - o - in - Mb' - it- o - re) 
[napdia, the heart ; inhibere, to restrain] . 
Inhibiting or diminishing the heart's action. 
The C. fibers pass to the heart through the 
pneumogastric nerves. 

Cardiomalacia {kar-de-o-mal-a f -se-aK) [nap- 
dia, heart; /aaXania, softness]. Softening of 
the substance of the heart. 

Cardiopathy (kar - de - op* '- a - the) [napdia, 
heart; iradog, disease]. Any disease of the 
heart. 

Cardiopericarditis (kar-de-o-per-e-kar-di ; - 
tis) [napdia, heart ; rcepi, around ; napdia, the 
heart; ltlq, inflammation]. Associated car- 
ditis and pericarditis ; inflammation of the 
heart-tissues and of the pericardium. 

Cardioplegia (kar-de-o-ple' -je-ah) [napdia, 



heart; izhfjyrj, a stroke]. Paralysis of the 
heart. 

Cardiopneumatic (kar-de-o-nu-maf '-ik) [nap- 
dia, heart; irvei>fj,a, the breath]. Pertain- 
ing to the heart and respiration. C. Move- 
ments, those movements of the air in the 
lungs that are caused by the pulsations of the 
heart and larger vessels. 

Cardiopneumograph (kar - de- o - nu f - mo- 
graf) [napdia, heart ; wvsv/ua, breath ; ypd- 
(f>eiv, to write]. An instrument designed for 
graphically recording cardiopneumatic move- 
ments. 

Cardiopuncture (kar-de-o-punk' '-ckur) [nap- 
dia, heart; punctura, a puncture]. Cardio- 
centesis, especially on lower animals. 

Cardiovascular (kar-de-o-vas' '-ku-lar) [nap- 
dia, heart; vasculum, a small vessel]. Per- 
taining to the heart and the blood-vessels. 

Carditis (kar-di' '-lis) [napdia, the heart ; mc, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the heart. 
C, Internal. Synonym of Endocarditis. 

Cardol (kar f -dol). See Anacardium. 

Carduus [kar' '-du-us) [L., a thistle]. The 
seeds of C. marianus, St. Mary's thistle, and 
C. benedictus, blessed thistle. A decoction 
of the former, ^ij ad Oj, constitutes an old 
and popular remedy for hemoptysis. The 
latter is also a popular cure-all, used mainly 
as a tonic bitter. Dose of decoction f % j-f ^ ss 
(4.0-16-0) ; of a tincture, tt\x-xx (0.65-1.3). 

Carica Papaya (kar'-ik-ahpap-a'-yaK). See 
Papain. 

Caricin (kar f -is-in). See Papain. 

Caries (ka / -re-ez) [caries, rottenness]. A 
molecular death of bone, corresponding to 
ulceration in the soft tissues. C, Necrotic, 
when portions of the bone lie in a suppur- 
ating cavity. C. sicca, a form of tuberculous 
caries characterized by absence of suppuration, 
obliteration of the cavity of the joint, and 
sclerosis and concentric atrophy of the ar- 
ticular extremity of the bone. C. of Spine, 
or Pott's Disease, tuberculous osteitis of 
the bodies of the vertebrae and intervertebral 
fibrocartilage, producing curvature of the 
spine. C. of Teeth, a chemic decomposi- 
tion of the earthy part or any portion of a 
tooth, accompanied by a partial or complete 
disorganization of the animal framework of 
the affected part. 

Carious {ka'-re-us) [caries, rottenness]. Per- 
taining to or affected with caries. 

Carmalum, Mayer's. A stain consisting of 
carminic acid I, alum 10, water 200 parts. It 
is well adapted for sections cut on the freez- 
ing microtome. 

Carmin {kar f -miri\, C 17 H 18 O 10 . A coloring- 
matter extracted from cochineal. 

Carnal (kar'-nal) [camalis, fleshly]. Per- 
taining to flesh. C. Knowledge, sexual in- 
tercourse. 



CARNAUBA 



174 



CARYOCINESIS 



Carnauba [kar-na-oo' -baJi) [Braz.]. The 
root of Corypha cerifera, a wax-producing 
palm-tree of tropic America. It is used in 
Brazil as an alterative and resembles sarsa- 
parilla in its properties. Dose of the fid. 
ext. rrLxxx-f^j (2.0-4.0). Unof. 

Carnification (kar - nif- ik - a / - shun) \_caro, 
flesh ; jiei'i, to become]. A term indicating 
the alteration of tissue, especially the lung, to 
a dense fleshy appearance. 

Carnin (kar'-nin) \caro, flesh], C-H 8 N 4 3 . 
A leukomain isolated from American meat- 
extract, but not from muscle-tissue itself; 
also obtained from yeast and wine. 

Carnivorous [kar-niv' '-o-rus) \_caro, flesh ; 
vorare, to devour]. Flesh-eating. 

Caroba [kar-o f -bah) [L.]. The leaflets of 
Jacaranda procera and of Cybistax anti- 
syphilitica. It is a popular Brazilian remedy 
as an emetocathartic, alterative, and tonic in 
syphilis and in yaws. Dose of the fid. ext. 
rr\, xv-f £j (1.0-4.0). Unof. 

Carotid [kar-of '-id) [napuTir ; napoeiv, to 
produce sleep]. 1. The carotid artery, the 
principal large artery on each side of the 
neck. See Arteries, Table of. 2. Of or re- 
lating to the carotid artery. 

Carpal (ka?p'-al) [napirog, the wrist]. Per- 
taining to the wrist. 

Carphologia {kar-fo-lo f -je-ah) . See Carphol- 
ogy. 

Carphology {kar-fol f -o-je) [napoog, chaff; 
Tiiyetv, to collect]. The aimless picking at 
the bedclothes, seen in grave fevers, partic- 
ularly in the so-called typhoid state. 

Carpometacarpal [kar -po -met '- a- kar' '-pal) 
\_mp-6g, carpus ; f/erd, between, among ; 
napTToc, carpus] . Relating to the carpus and 
to the metacarpus. 

Carpopedal [kar-po-pe f -dal) [xap-oQ, car- 
pus ; pes, pedis, a foot]. Affecting the wrists 
or the hands and feet. C. Spasm, a spasm 
of the hands and feet, or of the thumbs and 
great toes, associated with the laryngismus 
stridulus of children. C. Contraction. See 
Contraction. 

Carpozyma (karpo-zi'-mah) [nap -6c, fruit ; 
Cvjxrj, ferment] . A genus of microorganisms 
producing fermentation. 

Carpus {ka7p f -us) [/capTrdc, the wrist]. The 
eight bones collectively forming the wrist. 

Carrageen, or Carragheen (kar'-ag-en) 
[Carragheen in Ireland]. Irish moss. See 
Chondrns . 

Carron Oil [kar f -on oil). See Linum. 

Carswell's Grapes. Pulmonary tubercles 
when they occur in a racemose distribution at 
the extremities of several adjacent bronchioles. 

Cartilage [kar' '-til-aj) \_cartilago, gristle]. 
Gristle; a white, semi-opaque, nonvascular 
connective tissue composed of a matrix con- 
taining nucleated cells which lie in cavities or 



lacunae of the matrix. When boiled, cartil- 
age yields a substance called chondrin. 
C, Articular, that lining the articular sur- 
faces of bones. C, Costal, that occupying 
the interval between the true ribs and the 
sternum or adjacent cartilages. C, Ensi- 
form, the third piece of the sternum. It 
is also called the xiphoid appendix. C, 
Epactal, small cartilaginous nodules on the 
upper edge of the alar cartilages of the nose. 
C, Hyaline, is distinguished by a granular 
or homogeneous matrix. C, Fibro-, distin- 
guished by a fibrous matrix. C. of Meckel, 
a process from the first branchial arch, from 
which the internal lateral ligament of the 
lower jaw is formed. C.„ Reticular, a 
peculiar cartilage found in the auricle of the 
ear, the epiglottis, and Eustachian tubes. Its 
peculiarity consists in a network of yellow 
elastic fibers pervading the matrix in all 
directions. C. of Santorini, a nodule at 
the apex of each arytenoid cartilage, the 
corriiculum laryngis. C. of Weitbrecht, 
the interarticular fibrocartilage that exists in 
the acromioclavicular articulation. C. of 
Wrisberg, the cuneiform cartilages, one on 
each side of the fold of membrane stretching 
from the arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis. 
C, Yellow. See C. , Reticular. 

Cartilaginous {kar-til-af -in-us) \_cartilago, 
cartilage] . Made up of or resembling cartil- 
age. 

Carum (ka / -7-um) \_mpov, caraway]. Cara- 
way. The seeds of C. Carui, indigenous to 
Europe and an allied species native to the 
Pacific coast of America. Its odor and 
taste are due to a volatile oil. It is used 
chiefly as a flavor. C, Aqua (B. P.). 
Dose f^j-ij (32.0-64.0). C, Infusum, 
unof., 3J-ij, ad Oj. Dose f t ^ss-ij (16.0- 
64.0). C, Oleum. Dose rry-v (0.065- 
0.32). 

Caruncle (kar'-ung-kl) \cai-wicula, dim. of 
caro, flesh]. A small, fleshy growth. C, 
Lacrymal, one upon the conjunctiva near 
the inner canthus. C, Urethral, a small, 
bright-red growth situated on the posterior 
lip of the meatus urinarius ; a frequent con- 
dition in women. The caruncle varies in 
size from a hempseed to a filbert ; it is very 
painful, especially during micturition and 
coitus, and bleeds readily. 

Carunculse (kar-img'-ku-le) \cartincula, a 
caruncle]. The nymphae. C. myrtiformes, 
the projections of membrane near the orifice 
of the vagina, thought to be the remains of 
the hymen after its rupture. 

Carvacrol (karv f -ak-rol) [Ital., carvi, cara- 
way; anpog, sharp], C ]0 H 13 .OH. A liquid 
body occurring in the oil of certain varieties 
of satureia. 

Caryocinesis ikar-e-o-sin-e' -sis) \Kapvov, a 



CARYOLYSIS 



175 



CASTANEA 



nut (nucleus) ; nivrjoic, movement]. See 
Karyokinesis. 

Caryolysis [kar-e-oV -is-is) \y.apvov, nucleus ; 
Xveiv, to loose]. The process of the dissolu- 
tion of cell-nuclei. 

Caryomitosis. See Karyomitosis. 

Caryophyllin {kar-e-o-fit f -in\ [napvov, a nut ; 
tyvAlov, a leaf], C 10 H lfi O or C 20 H 3 . 2 O 2 . The 
neutral crystalline principle of cloves. 

Caryophyllus (kar-e-o-Jil'-us) [\'dpt>ov, a nut ; 
<pv7.Aov, a leaf]. Clove. The unexpanded 
flowers of Eugenia caryophyllata, distin- 
guished by their pungent, spicy taste. Its 
properties are due to a volatile oil, which is 
antiseptic, stimulant, and irritant. It also 
contains a crystalline body, eugenin, C 10 H 12 - 
2 , and a camphor, caryophyllin, C 10 H 16 O. 
It is useful as a stomachic, and to prevent 
"griping" when combined with purgatives. 
C, Infusum (B. P.). A strength of I to 40 is 
recommended. Dose f^j-ij (32.0-64.0). C, 
Oleum, contains an acid and a phenol com- 
pound. Dose Tty-iv (0.065-0.26). It is 
used also by microscopists to clarify pre- 
parations and tissues for mounting. 

Caryoplasm {kar f -e-o-plazm) [aapvov, a nu- 
cleus ; irXdcFfia, that which is formed]. 
The plasm of a cell-nucleus ; nuclear plasm. 

Casca Bark [kas r -kah bark). Sassy bark ; 
Ordeal bark. The bark of Erythrophlceum 
guinense, a tree native to Africa. Its prop- 
erties are due to an alkaloid. It is valuable 
in intermittent fevers, and as a heart-tonic ; 
in over-doses it produces nausea and vomit- 
ing. Erythrophlein, the active alkaloid, 
unof., is a local anesthetic. C, Ext., Aq. 
Dose gr. j (0.065). C., Ex *-, F l d - Dose 
rr\v-xv (0.32-1.0). C, Tinct., 25 per cent, 
in strength. Dose TT^ x (0.65). Unof. 

Cascara [kas-kar' -ah) [Sp., "bark"]. The 
bark. C. amarga, Honduras bark. The 
bark of a tree native to Mexico, much used 
as an alterative tonic in syphilis and skin 
affections. C. Cordial, a trade preparation. 
Dose TT\,xv-f3ij (1.0-8.0). C, Ext., Fid. 
Dose f^ss-j; (2.0-4.0); of the powdered 
extract gr. v-x (0.32-0.65). Unof. C. sag- 
rada, Chittem bark, Sacred bark. The 
bark of Rhamnus purshiana, or California 
Buckthorn. Its properties are due to a vola- 
tile oil. It is useful in the treatment of 
chronic constipation. Case, sagrad., Ext. 
(B. P.). Dose gr. ij-viij (0.13-0.52). Case, 
sagrad., Ext., Liquidum (B. P.). Dose 
rr\v-f3J (0.32-4.0). 

Cascarilla [kas-kar-W '-ah) [Sp. , dim. of casca, 
bark]. The bark of Croton eluteria, native 
to the Bahama Islands, an aromatic bitter, in- 
creasing the natural secretions of the diges- 
tive organs. C, Infus. (B. P.). Dose f t f j- 
ij (32.0-64.0). C, Tinctura (B. P.^. 
Dose f 3 ss— ij (2.0-8.0). 



Cascarillin (kas-kar-il'-ui) \cascarilla, dim. 
of casca, bark], C 6 H 9 2 . The active prin- 
ciple of cascarilla- bark ; a white, crystalline, 
bitter substance, scarcely soluble in water. 

Caseation {ka-ze-a* '-shun) \_caseum, cheese]. 
The precipitation of casein during the coagu- 
lation of milk. Also a form of degeneration 
in which the structure is converted into a soft, 
cheese-like substance. 

Casein {ka f -ze-in) \_caseum, cheese]. A de- 
rived albumin, the chief proteid of milk, 
precipitated by acids and by rennet. It is 
closely allied to alkali-albumin, but contains 
more nitrogen and a large amount of phos- 
phorus. It constitutes most of the curd of 
milk. C. Saccharid, a compound of dry 
casein one part, cane-sugar nine parts, and 
sodium bicarbonate enough to render it 
slightly alkaline. It is useful in preparing 
emulsions of oils, balsams, tei penes, resins, 
or gum-resins. C. , Vegetable, two varieties 
have been described, — Legumin, in peas, 
beans, etc., and Conglutin, in hops and 
almonds. 

Caseous {Jza f -ze-us) \yaseum, cheese] . Hav- 
ing the nature or consistency of cheese. 

Cassava {Jzas-a'-vah) [Sp. , casabe\ . The 
fecula of manioc, Janipha manihot, sepa- 
rated from the juice. Unof. See Tapioca. 

Casserian (kas-e'-re-an). See Gasserian. 

Cassia {cash' '-e-ah) \jiaaia, a perfume]. 1. 
A genus of leguminous plants, several species 
of which afford senna. 2. An old name, 
still used commercially, for the coarser 
varieties of cinnamon. See Cinnai7ion. 
C. Bark, Cassia lignea. See Cinnamon. 
C. Buds, the immature fruit of Chinese 
cinnamon ; used chiefly as a spice. C. 
marilandica, of N. America, produces the 
leaves called American senna, which are less 
active as a cathartic than the true senna. C. 
Oil, a variety of oil of cinnnamon, used in 
pharmacy and in perfumery. The pulp, C, 
Pulpa (B. P.), is a mild laxative. Dose £j- 
ij (4.0-8.0). C, Purging, is the fruit of a 
tree, C. fistula, growing in tropic regions. 

Cast {kast) [ME., casten, to throw]. 1. A 
mass of fibrous or plastic material that has 
taken the form of some cavity in which it has 
been moulded. From their source, casts may 
be classified as bronchial, intestinal, nasal, 
esophageal, renal, tracheal, urethral, vaginal, 
etc. Of these, the renal casts are the most 
important, by reason of their significance in 
diseases of the kidney. Classed according 
to their constitution, casts are epithelial, fatty, 
fibrinous, granular, hyaline, mucous, san- 
guineous, waxy, etc. See Tube-casts. 2. 
Strabismus. 

Castanea {kas-ta' '-ne-ah) [L.]. Chestnut. 
The leaves of C. vesca. They contain tannic 
and gallic acids and other principles the 



CASTOR 



176 



CATARACT 



value of which is not known. They are used 
in infusion or decoction as a remedy for 
whooping-cough. C, Ext., Fid. Dose TT\, 
v-lx (0.32-2.6). 

Castor {kas'-tor). See Castoreum. C. Bean 
and C. Oil. See Ricinus. 

Castoreum (kas - to' - re - tint) [/cdorcjp, the 
beaver]. The dried preputial follicles and 
their secretion, obtained from the beaver, 
Castor fiber. It is a reddish-brown sub- 
stance with a strong odor. It is antispas- 
modic and stimulant, its action resembling that 
of musk. C, Tinct. Dose f 3 ss-j (2.0-4.0). 

Castration [kas-tra f -shun) \castrare, to cut]. 
Orchectomy ; the excision of one or both 
testicles. C, Female, removal of the ova- 
ries ; oophorectomy; spaying. 

Catabolergy, or Katabolergy [kat-ab'-ol-er- 
je) \jiard, down ; fidXketv, to throw ; spyov, 
work] . Energy expended in katabolic pro- 
cesses. 

Catabolic [kat-ab-oV -ik) [/card, down ; j3dX- 
Aeiv, to throw]. Of the nature of, or per- 
taining to, catabolism. 

Catabolism {kat-ab' -o-lizni) \_Kaid, down ; 
ftdXAeiv, to throw]. Destructive metamor- 
phosis ; disassimilation ; physiologic disinte- 
gration. 

Catacrotic {kat-ah-krot f -ik) [/card, down ; 
Kporog, a striking]. Interrupting the line 
of descent in a sphygmogram. 

Catalepsy (kat'-al-ep-se) \_Kard, down ; Xaji- 
ftdvetv, to seize]. A condition of morbid 
sleep, associated with a loss of voluntary 
motion and a peculiar plastic rigidity of the 
muscles, by reason of which they take any 
position in which they are placed and pre- 
serve it for an indefinite time. The condi- 
tion is associated with hysteria, with forms 
of insanity, and is a stage of the hypnotic 
sleep. C, Local, that affecting a single 
organ or group of muscles. 

Cataleptic {kat-al-ep' '-tik) [/card, down ; Aa/u- 
fidveiv, to seize]. Relating to, affected with, 
or of the nature of, catalepsy. 

Cataleptiform (kat-al-ep / -tif-brm) [/card, 
down; Aa/ufidveiv, to seize; forma, form]. 
Resembling catalepsy. 

Catalysis ikat-al' '-is-is) \K.araAvuv, to dis- 
solve]. In chemistry, a reaction that ap- 
pears to take place owing to the mere pres- 
ence of another body that apparently under- 
goes no change. 

Catalytic (kat-al-it'-ik) [naraAveiv, to dis- 
solve]. I. Of the nature of, or character- 
ized by, catalysis. 2. Any medicine that is 
supposed to break down, destroy, or counter- 
act morbid agencies existing within the 
economy. 

Catamenia (kat-am-e / -ne-ah) [/cord, concern- 
ing, according to ; jir]v, month]. The recur- 
rent monthly discharge of blood during 



sexual life from the genital canal of the 
female. 

Catamenial {kat-am-e 1 '-ne-al) [nard, con- 
cerning; [X7jv, a month]. Pertaining to the 
catamenia. 

Cataphoresis [kat-af-or-e f -sis) [/card, down ; 
(j>opesiv, to carry]. The introduction of drugs 
into the system through the skin, by means 
of ointments or solutions applied by the 
electrode of a battery. 

Cataphoric {kat-afor' '-ik) [/card, down ; 
(j)ope£tv, to carry]. Passing or causing to 
pass from the anode to the kathode, through 
a diaphragm or septum. 

Cataplasm (kaf ' -ap-laziii) [naTair'Aac/ia, a 
poultice]. See Poultice. 

Cataplasma {kat-ap-laz f -mah). A poultice. 
C. fermenti (B. P.), a mixture of beer 
yeast, wheaten flour, water at ioo° F. It is 
a stimulant and antiseptic for indolent ulcers. 

Cataract (kat'-ar-akt) [naTappdnTrjc; , a water- 
fall]. Partial or complete opacity of the 
crystalline lens or its capsule. C., Capsular, 
cataract due to opacity of the capsule. C. , 
Cortical, one due to loss of transparency of 
the outer layers of the lens. C, Diabetic, 
is associated with diabetes. C, Discission 
of, an operation preliminary to absorption, or 
extraction by suction, consisting in rupturing 
the capsule, so that the aqueous humor gains 
access to the lens. C, Extraction of, 
removal of the cataractous lens by surgical 
operation. C^. Fluid, the breaking up of 
an opaque lens into a milky fluid. C, 
Green, a name given to a grayish-green 
reflex seen in glaucoma ; it is also seen when 
the pupil is dilated and the media are not 
completely transparent. C, Hard. See C, 
Senile. C., Immature, only a part of the 
lens-substance is cataractous. C, Incipient, 
one still in its early stages. C, Lacteal, 
See C, Fluid. C, Lamellar, one due to 
opacity of certain layers between the cortex 
and nucleus, the remaining layers being 
transparent. C, Lenticular, one occurring 
in the lens proper. C, Mature, one in 
which the whole lens-substance is cataractous. 
C, Morgagnian, when an over-ripe C. 
shrinks and leaves a nucleus floating in the 
dissolved outer layers. C, Polar (anterior 
or posterior) , the opacity is confined to one 
pole of the lens. C., Pyramidal, the 
opacity is at the anterior pole and is conoid, 
the apex extending forward. C, Recur- 
rent Capsular, or Secondary, capsular 
cataract, appearing after the extraction of the 
lens. C, Ripe. See C. , Mature. C, 
Senile, the cataract of old persons, the most 
frequent form, and that understood when not 
specified as congenital, juvenile, traumatic, 
"soft, etc. C, Soft, is especially that of the 
young ; the lens matter is of soft consistency 



CATARACTOUS 



177 



CATOPTRIC TEST 



and milky appearance. C, Unripe. See 
C, Immature. C, Zonular. See C, 

Lamellar. 

Cataractous {kat-ar-ak'-tus) [naTappatiTtft, a 
waterfall]. Of the nature of or affected with 
cataract. 

Catarrh {kat-ahr f ) [jcarapp&tv, to flow down]. 
Inflammation of a mucous membrane. 
The term is also applied to certain inflam- 
mations of the tubules of the kidney and the 
air-vesicles of the lung. C, Epidemic. 
.See Influenza. C, Gastric, gastritis. C, 
Intestinal, enteritis. C, Nasal, coryza. 
C, Pulmonary, bronchitis. C, Suffocative. 
Synonym of Bronchitis, Capillary. C, 
Uterine, endometritis. C, Venereal. 
Synonym of Gonorrhea. C, Vesical, cys- 
titis. 

Catarrhal {kat-ahr' '-al) [narappeeiv, to flow 
down]. Of the nature of, affected with, or 
relating to catarrh. C. Fever. Synonym of 
Influenza. C. Inflammation, an in- 
flammation of as archiblastic surface char- 
acterized by proliferation and desquamation 
of the epithelium. 

Catastate or Katastate {kaf '-as-tdt) [/cardcr- 
rarog, settling down]. Any one of a series 
of successive catabolic substances or condi- 
tions, each one of which is less complex, 
more stable, and exhibits less functional 
activity than its predecessor. 

Catatonia, or Katatonia {kat-at-o'-ne-ah) 
[/card, down; tbvoc, tension]. A form of 
insanity characterized by a pathetic emotional 
state and verbigeration, combined with a 
condition of motor tension. 

Catechin [kaf '-e-chin) [catechu], C 21 H 20 - 
9 -(- 5H 2 0. Catechinic acid, the active 
principle of catechu. It crystallizes in 
shining needles of a snow-white, silky ap- 
pearance. 

Catechu {kaf -e-choo) [E. Ind. ]. An extract 
prepared from the wood of Acacia catechu, a 
native of the East Indies. It contains 50 per 
cent, of tannic acid, and hence is a powerful 
astringent. It is used for the diarrhea of 
children and as a gargle and mouth- wash. 
Dose of the powdered extract gr. x— t ^ss 
(0.65-2.0). C, Infusum (B. P.). Dose 
f.^j-iss (32.0-48.0). C, Pulv., Comp. (B. 
P.). Contains catechu, kino, and rhatany. 
Dosegr. xx-xl (1.3-2.6). C, Tinct., Com- 
posita, contains catechu 12, cinnamon 8, 
dilute alcohol q. s. ad 100. Dose TT\,x-f :^j 
(0.65-4.0). C, Trochisci, each contains 
one grain of catechu with sugar, tragacanth, 
and orange-flower water. 

Catelectrotonus {kat-el-ek-trof '-o-nus) [Kara, 
down; rj^xurpov, amber; rovoc, tension]. 
The state of increased irritability of a nerve 
near the cathode. See Anelectrotonus. 

Catgut [kaf -gut). The intestines of a sheep 
12 



treated to make ligatures. C, Carbolized, 
catgut rendered aseptic by soaking in a solu- 
tion of phenol. C, Chromicized, treated 
with chromic acid. C. Plate, an appliance 
for uniting the intestinal edges in intestinal 
anastomosis. It is made of a solid catgut 
sheet ; is thin, large, and flat, and resembles 
the Senn decalcified bone-plates. 

Catharsis {kath-ar' 'sis) \jiadaipeiv, to purge]. 
Purgation. 

Cathartic {kath-ar' '-tik) [nadapTinoc, purg- 
ing]. I. Purgative. 2. A medicine used 
to produce evacuations of the bowels. A 
purgative. C. Acid. See Senna. C. 
Pill, Compound. See Colocynth. 

Catheter {kath' -et-er) [naderr/p, a thing put 
down]. A hollow tube for introduction 
into a cavity through a narrow canal. C, 
Bozeman's, a double-current uterine cathe- 
ter. C, Eustachian, an instrument for 
examining the E. tube, distending, or mak- 
ing applications to it. C. Fever, systemic 
disturbance with fever, following the intro- 
duction of the catheter into the urethra. 
C, Gouley's, a solid, curved-steel instru- 
ment grooved on its inferior aspect, for 
passing over a guide, through a stricture 
into the bladder. C, Lung, a soft-rubber 
tube that may be passed down the trachea. 
C, Schrotter's, instruments of hard rubber 
and of varying caliber, somewhat triangular 
on section, used for the dilatation of laryn- 
geal strictures. C, Self-retaining, one 
that will hold itself within the bladder with- 
out other appliances to assist it. 

Catheterism, or Catheterization {kath f -et- 
er-izm, or kath-et-er-iz-a' -shun) \_Kaderijp, a 
thing put down]. The introduction of a 
catheter. 

Cathodal {kath f -o-dal) [/card, down; cjtioc, 
way]. Relating to the cathode. 

Cathode [kath'-od) [/card, down ; udoc, way]. 
The negative electrode or pole of an electric 
circuit. 

Cathodic {kath-od' '-ik) [/card, down; cjdor, 
way]. Relating to the cathode. 

Cation {kaf '-e-on) \_Kara, downward; levai, 
to go]. An electropositive element; one 
that accumulates at the cathode in electroly- 
sis. See Ion. 

Catling, or Catlin {kaf -ling, or kaf-lin) 
[dim. of cat~\. A long, pointed, two-edged 
knife used in amputation. 

Catnep, or Catnip {kaf-nep, or -nip) [cor- 
ruption of catmint]. The leaves and tops 
of the herb Nepeta cataria, a stimulant and 
tonic ; a popular remedy for chlorosis, hys- 
teria, etc. Dose of fid. ext. f^j-ij (4.0-8.0). 
Unof. 

Catoptric Test. The diagnosis of cataract 
by means of the reflection of images from 
the cornea and lens-capsules. 



CATOPTRICS 



178 



CELIAN 



Catoptrics {kat-op* '-triks) [Karoirrpov, a mir- 
ror]. The laws of the reflection of light. 

Cauda (kaw'-dah) [L.]. Tail. C. cerebelli, 
the vermiform process. C. epididymides, 
the inferior part of the epididymis. C. 
equina, a term applied collectively to the 
roots of the sacral and coccygeal nerves, from 
their resemblance to a horse's tail. 

Caudad {kaw f -dad) [cauda, the tail ; ad, to]. 
Toward the tail or cauda ; opposed to cepha- 
lad ; in man, downward. 

Caudal (kazu'-dal) [cauda, the tail]. Per- 
taining to a cauda, or tail. 

Caudate (kaw'-dat) [cauda, a tail]. Having 
or resembling a tail. C. Lobe of Liver, a 
small lobe of the liver. C. Nucleus, the in- 
traventricular portion of the corpus striatum. 

Caul [kazvl) [ME. , calle, a hood]. I. A 
portion or all of the fetal membranes covering 
the head and carried out in advance of it in 
labor. 2. The great omentum. 

Cauliflower Excrescence. A tumor with an 
irregular surface resembling the cauliflower. 

Caulophyllum (kazv - lo -fil f - um) [nav^og, 
stalk: (pvXlov, leaf] . Blue cohosh, " Squaw- 
root; " the rhizome and rootlets of C. thal- 
ictroides, growing in Canada and the northern 
U. S. It contains a glucosid, saponin, and 
two resins, one of which is caulophyllin. It 
produces intermittent contractions of the 
gravid uterus, and possesses diuretic, emmen- 
agogue, and antispasmodic powers. There 
are no official preparations. Dose of the 
powdered drug gr. v-xx (0.32-I.3) ; of 
Caulophyllin, gr. ij-v (0.13-0.32). 

Causalgia (kazv-zal' '-je-ah)[Kava6g, a burning; 
a'Ayog, pain]. The burning pain that is some- 
times present in injuries of the nerves. 

Caustic {kazvs'-tik) [naieLV, to burn]. I. Very 
irritant ; burning ; capable of destroying tis- 
sue. 2. A substance that destroys tissue. 
C. Alkali, a pure alkaline hydrate or oxid. 
C, Lunar, argentic nitrate. C, Mitigated, 
argentic nitrate made less active by fusion 
with potassium nitrate or argentic chlorid. 
C. Potash, potassium hydrate. C. Soda, 
sodium hydrate. 

Cauterant (kaw f -ter-ant) [navrrjp, a burner]. 
I. Caustic; escharotic. 2. A caustic sub- 
stance. 

Cauterism {kaw'-ter-ism). See Cauterization. 

Cauterization {kaw-ter-iz-a' 'shun) [Kav-rj- 
pid^eiv, to cauterize]. The application of a 
cautery ; the effect of such an application. 

Cauterize {kaw-ter-lz) [KavrripiaZ,tLv , to cau- 
terize]. To sear or burn with a cautery or a 
caustic. 

Cautery {kazv' '-ter-e) [Kavrr/piov ; a branding 
iron]. A metal instrument heated by the 
electric current or in a flame, used to destroy 
tissue, or for producing counterirritation. C, 
Actual, the white-hot iron. C, Button, an 



iron heated in hot water. C, Galvanic, a 
platinum- wire heated by electricity. C, 
Paquelin's, or C, Thermo-, a hollow plat- 
inum-point kept at a uniform temperature by 
a current of benzene vapor. C, Potential, 
or C, Virtual, the application of caustic sub- 
stances. 

Cava (ka'-vah) [L.]. A vena cava. 

Caval [ka'-val) [cava, a hollow]. Relating 
to a vena cava. 

Cavalry Bone {kav f -al-re bon). A bony de- 
posit in the adductor muscles of the thigh. 

Cavernoma (kav-ern-o' ' -i7iaJi)[caverna, a cav- 
ern ; bfia, a tumor]. A cavernous tumor; a 
cavernous angioma. 

Cavernous [kav f -er-nus) [caverna, a cave]. 
Having hollow spaces. C. Bodies, the cor- 
pora cavernosa of the penis. C. Breathing, 
the breath-sounds heard over a pulmonary 
cavity. C. Groove, the carotid groove. C. 
Plexus. See Plexus. C. Sinus, a venous 
sinus situated at the side of the body of the 
sphenoid. C. Tissue, erectile tissue. C. 
Tumor, a cavernous angioma. 

Cavitary {kav> '-il-a-re) [cavitarius, hollow]. 
Hollow ; having or forming cavities. 

Cayenne Pepper (ki'-enpep'-er). See Cap- 
sicum. 

Cazenave's Lupus. See Diseases, Table of. 

Cc, an abbreviation for cubic centimeter. 

Cd., symbol for Cadmium. 

Ce., symbol for Cerium. 

Cebocephalus (se-bo-sef f -al-us) [mj^og, a 
monkey ; Kt^akr), head]. A variety of single 
autositic monsters of the species cycloceph- 
alus, in which there is entire absence of the 
nose, with, however, two orbital cavities and 
two eyes, the interocular region being narrow 
and perfectly flat. 

Cedar {se f -dar) [cedrus, cedar]. One of the 
genus of coniferous trees, Cedrus. C, Oil of, 
a transparent oil obtained from Juniperus vir- 
giniana, and used as a clearing agent in his- 
tology and for oil-immersion lenses. 

-cele \sel) [nrfkr], a tumor]. A suffix denoting 
a tumor. 

Celia (se / -le-a/i) [Koilia, the belly]. I. The 
belly: the stomach. 2. A ventricle of the 
brain. 

Celiac (se'-le-ak) [cceliacus ; Koikia, belly]. 
Abdominal ; pertaining to the belly. C. 
Artery. Same as C. Axis. See Arteries, 
Table of. C. Axis, a branch of the abdom- 
inal aorta ; it divides into the gastric, hepatic, 
and splenic arteries. See Arteries, Table of. 
C. Ganglion. See Ganglion, Semilunar. 
C. Plexus. A sympathetic nerve-plexus 
situated about the origin of the celiac axis. 

Celialgia {se-le-aV -je-ah) [mikia, belly; 
akyoq, pain]. Pain in the abdomen. 

Celian, Celine [se r -le-an, se / -lin.) Same as 
Celiac. 



CELIOTOMY 



179 



CENESTHESTS 



Celiotomy {se-le-of '-o-me) \Koikia, belly; tojjltj, 
a cutting]. Surgical opening of the abdominal 
cavity. 
Celiitis, Cceliitis {se-le-i* '-tis) \Kotk\a, belly ; 
tug, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
abdominal organs. 
Cell (set) \_cella, a small, hollow cavity]. I. 
A granular mass of protoplasm containing a 
nucleus. The typical adult cell consists of 
protoplasm or cell-contents, a nucleus, and 
within the latter, one or more nucleoli. The 
cell may or may not have a cell-wall. 
The protoplasm consists of two parts, the 
spongioplasm and the hyaloplasm. The 
nucleus is made up of a nuclear membrane, 
nuclear fibrils (chromatin), and nuclear 
matrix (achromatin). The nucleolus is a 
highly refracting body the function of which 
is not known. 2. A galvanic element, or 
single member of a galvanic battery without 
the connecting wire between the metals. C, 
Air. See Air-cell C, Ameboid, a cell 
capable of changing its form and of moving 
about like an ameba. C, Apolar, a nerve- 
cell without processes. C, Beaker. See C. , 
Goblet. C. -capsule, a thick or unusually 
strong cell-wall. C, Ciliated, one provided 
with cilia. C. -cones, the cancer-nests of a 
squamous epithelioma — so called from their 
cone-shape. C. of Corti, any one of the 
hair-cells on the outer surface of the organ of 
Corti. C, Cylindric, a variety of epithelial 
cell shaped like a miniature cylinder. C, 
Daughter, a cell originating from the divi- 
sion of the protoplasm of a mother-cell. C. 
of Deiters, one of the cells with fine pro- 
cesses resting on the basilar membrane of the 
cochlea, beneath the air-cells; also a neuroglia- 
cell. C. Demilune, Giannuzzi's cells, granu- 
lar protoplasmic cells found in mucous glands, 
lying between the mucous cells and the base- 
ment-membrane. C. -doctrine, the theory 
that the cell is the unit of organic structure, 
and that cell-formation is the essential pro- 
cess of life and its phenomena. C, Endothe- 
lial, flat cells found on the inner surface of 
vessels and spaces that do not communicate 
directly with the external air. C, Epider- 
mic, or Epithelial. See Epithelium. C, 
Ganglion, a large nerve-cell, especially that 
found in the spinal ganglia. C. of Gian- 
nuzzi. See C, Demilune. C, Giant, large 
multinuclear cells occurring in tuberculosis 
and other infectious granulomata, in bone, in 
giant-cell tumors, etc. C. -globulins, Hal- 
liburton's name for forms of globulin that 
occur in lymph-corpuscles and can be ex- 
tracted from them by solutions of sodium 
chlorid. C, Goblet, an epithelial cell that 
has been bulged out like a goblet by the 
presence of mucin. C. -islets, the centers of 
most active growth in young cellular tissues. 



They contain the stores of nutriment that are 
gradually dissolved and digested. C, 
Lymphoid, a small, round, connective-tissue 
cell containing a relatively large nucleus. 
C, Mother, a cell that divides its proto- 
plasm and gives each part a new cell-wall. 
C. -multiplication, Cytogenesis, a name 
given to the process of reproduction of cells. 
It may be direct, as when a cell constricts and 
cuts off a part of itself, or indirect, when the 
division is preceded by the cycle of nuclear 
changes known as karyokinesis. C. -nests, 
a collection of epithelial cells closely packed 
together and surrounded by a connective- 
tissue stroma. Cell-nests are found in car- 
cinomata. C, Squamous, a variety of epi- 
thelial cells found on the surface of the skin 
and certain mucous membranes and charac- 
terized by their scale-like flatness. C, Vaso- 
factive, or Vasoformative, a cell that in 
embryonic or very early life, and probably in 
certain neoplasms, anastomoses with other 
similar cells so as to form blood-vessels. 

Celloidin (sel-oid'-in) \cella ; et Joe, form]. A 
concentrated form of collodion for use in 
imbedding objects for histologic purposes. 

Cellular [sel' r -u-lar) \_cella, cell]. Relating 
to or composed of cells. C. Pathology. 
See Pathology. 

Cellule (sel'-ul) \cellula, a small cell]. A 
small cell. 

Cellulitis {sel-u-li f -tis) [_cellula, a small cell ; 
trig, inflammation]. A diffuse inflammation 
of cellular tissue. C, Pelvic. See Para- 
metritis. 

Cellulose [seU-u-los) \cellula, a little cell], 
C 12 H 20 O 10 . Wood-fiber; lignose, the prin- 
cipal ingredient of the cell-membranes of 
all plants. It is a white, amorphous mass, 
insoluble in most of the usual solvents. 

Celosoma {se-lo-so' '-mah) [kv^tj, hernia; 
aufia, a body]. A species of single auto- 
sitic monsters characterized by more or less 
extensive body-cleft with eventration, associ- 
ated with various anomalies of the extremi- 
ties, of the genitourinary apparatus, of the 
intestinal tract, and even of the whole trunk. 

Celotomy {se-lof '-o-me) \_Krfkri, hernia; te/uveiv, 
to cut]. The operation for strangulated 
hernia by incision of the stricture. 

Cement {se-ment') \ccementum, a rough 
stone]. Any plastic material capable of be- 
coming hard and of binding together the ob- 
jects that are contiguous to it ; filling-mate- 
rial for the teeth ; the crusta petrosa of the 
teeth. C. Substance, the substance holding 
together the endothelial cells of the intima 
of blood-vessels. 

Cenesthesis {sen-es-the'-sis) \jioiv6q, common ; 
diadrjatq, feeling]. The prevailing conscious 
state of feeling, either of depression or of 
exaltation, which is the resultant of the sub- 



CENTAUREA 



180 



CENTROSOME 



conscious perceptions from the whole or- 
ganism. 

Centaurea [sen-taw* -re-ah) [nevravpov , cen- 
taur]. A genus of composite- flowered herbs. 
C. benedicta. See Cardiacs. 

Centaury [sen* -taw-re) [centauria~\. A popu- 
lar name for various plants of the genera 
Centaurea, Erythrcea, Sabbatia, Chlora, etc. 
It is used as a simple, bitter tonic. Dose 
£ ss-j in decoction several times a day. Unof. 

Center [sen'-ter) [nkvrpov, the center]. I. 
The middle point of any surface or of a body. 
2. The ganglion or plexus whence issue the 
nerves controlling a function. C, Accel- 
erating, a center in the medulla send- 
ing accelerating fibers to the heart. These 
leave the cord through the branches of com- 
munication of the lower cervical and upper 
six dorsal nerves, passing thence into the 
sympathetic. C, Auditory, a center in the 
first temporosphenoidal convolution, upon 
each side. C, Broca's. See C, Speech. 
C, Cardioinhibitory, in the medulla, effer- 
ent impulses being carried by the vagus. C, 
Ciliospinal, connected with the dilatation 
of the pupil ; it is in the lower cervical part 
of the cord, and extends downward to from 
the 1st to the 3d dorsal. C, Convulsional, 
a hypothetic center said to lie in the floor of 
the 4th ventricle. C, Coughing, in the me- 
dulla, above the inspiratory center. C, Dia- 
betic, in the posterior part of the anterior half 
of the floor of the 4th ventricle, in the median 
line. C, Erection, is in the lumbar region 
of the spinal cord, but is controlled from the 
medulla. C. for Mastication and Sucking, 
in the medulla. C. for Secretion of Saliva, 
on the floor of the 4th ventricle. C, Olfac- 
tory, probably in the hippocampal region of 
the temporal lobe. C, Heat-regulating 
or Temperature, the center for the control 
of body-temperature. See Thermotaxis. C, 
Leg, in the upper portion of the ascending 
frontal convolution. C, of Ossification, the 
place in bones at which ossification begins. 
C, Parturition, in the spinal cord, at the 
level of the 1st and 2d lumbar vertebrae. C, 
Respiratory, in the medulla, between the 
nuclei of the vagus and accessorius. C, 
Sneezing, in the medulla. C, Spasm, in the 
medulla, at its junction with the pons. C, 
Speech, in the third left frontal convolution 
in right-handed people; probably the island 
of Reil has some influence also. C, Swal- 
lowing, on the floor of the 4th ventricle. C, 
Sweat, the dominating center is in the me- 
dulla, with subordinate centers in the spinal 
cord. C, Upper, for Dilator Pupillae, in 
the medulla. C, Vasodilator, in the me- 
dulla. C, Vaso-motor, in the medulla. C. , 
Visual, in the occipital lobe, especially in 
the cuneus. 



Centering [sen* -ter-ing) [nevrpov, a center]. 
In microscopy, the arrangement of an object 
or an accessory so that its center coincides 
with the optic axis of the microscope. In 
optics, having the pupil and the optic center 
of the refracting lens in the same axis. 

Centesimal [sen-tes* -im-al) [centum, hun- 
dred]. In the proportion of I to 1 00. 

Centigrade (sen* -te-grad) [centum, a hun- 
dred; gradus, a step]. Abbreviation, C. 
Having 100 divisions or degrees. C. Ther- 
mometer, a thermometer with zero as the 
freezing-point and ioo° as the boiling point 
of water. See Thermometer. 

Centigram (sen* -te-gram) [centum, a hun- 
dred; ypa/n/ua, a small weight]. The hundredth 
part of a gram, equal to o. 15433 Troy grain. 

Centiliter (sen* -til-e-ter) [centum, a hundred ; 
Ahpa, a pound]. The hundredth part of a 
liter, equal to 0.6102 of a cubic inch. 

Centimeter (sen*-tim-e-ter) [centum, a hun- 
dred ; fierpov, a measure]. The hundredth 
part of a meter, equal to 0.39371 (or about ■?) 
of an inch. 

Centinormal (sen-te-nor' -mal) [centum, a 
hundred; norma, normal]. The yA-g of the 
normal ; applied to a solution the T ^ of the 
strength of a normal solution. 

Centrad [sen* -trad) [centrum, the center; ad, 
to]. Toward the center, or toward the 
median line. 

Central (sen*-tral) [centrum, the center]. 
Relating to the center ; passing through the 
center. C. Artery, an artery in the optic 
nerve and retina ; it passes to the optic 
papilla and then divides See Arteries, 
Table of. C. Ganglia, the corpora striata 
and thalami optici. C. Ligament, the 
terminal filum of the spinal cord. C. Lobe, 
the island of Reil. 

Centraphose (sen'-traf-os). See Phose. 

Centric [sen* -trik) [centrum, a center] . Relat- 
ing to a center, especially to a nerve-center. 

Centrifugal [sen-trif*-u-gal) [centru?n, cen- 
ter ; fngere, to fly] . Receding from the center 
to the periphery. C. Machine, one by which 
tubes of liquid are rapidly revolved for the 
purpose of driving particles floating in the 
liquid to the distal ends of the tubes. 

Centrifuge <sen*-trifuj) [centrum, the cen- 
ter; fugere, to fly]. A centrifugal machine. 

Centripetal [sen-trip* -et-al) [centrum, the 
center; pelere, to seek]. Traveling toward 
the center from the periphery. 

Centrolecithal [sen-tro-les* -ith-al) [nevrpov, 
center; TieklOoq, yolk]. In embryology, hav- 
ing the food-yolk located centrally. 

Centrosome [sen*-tro-som) [nevrpov, center; 
cuua, body]. A highly refractive body ly- 
ing in the protoplasm of the ovum and other 
cells, and taking an active part in cell-divi- 
sion. It is also known as pole-capsule. 



CENTRUM 



181 



CEREBROSCOPY 



Centrum [sen'-truni) [L.]. The center or 
middle part ; the body of a vertebra, exclu- 
sive of the bases of the neural arches. C. 
ovale majus, the large mass of white mat- 
ter appearing when either of the cerebral 
hemispheres is cut down to the level of the 
corpus callosum. C. ovale minus, the 
white matter appearing when the upper part 
of a hemisphere of the brain is removed. 

Cephaelis {sef-a* '-el-is). See Ipecacuanha. 

Cephalad [sef f -al-ad) [biecpa/J/, head ; ad, to]. 
Toward the head. 

Cephalalgia (sef-al-al' -ge-ah) [aecpaAi/, head; 
a/.}oc, pain]. Headache. 

Cephalhematoma {sef- al- hem -at-o f ' - malt) 
[ksoci/j/, head; aiua, blood; bfia, tumor]. A 
collection of blood beneath the pericranium, 
forming a tumor-like swelling. 

Cephalic {sef-al'-ik) [neya!?], head]. Per- 
taining to the head. C. Index. See Index. 
C. Version. See Version. 

Cephalodynia (sef-al-o-din'-e-ah) [neipa'kfj , 
head; bdvvt/, pain]. Rheumatism affecting 
the occipitofrontalis muscle, the pain being 
chiefly experienced in the forehead or occiput, 
and at times involving the eyeballs. 

Cephalomelus (sef-al-om'-el-us) [netyali], 
head; fj.i?iog, a part]. A form of double 
monster in which there is a supernumerary 
limb attached to the head. 

Cephalometer {sef-al-om'-et-er) [ne<f>a/J], 
head; uirpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for measuring the head. 

Cephalopagus (sef-al-op'-ag-us) [netya/J], 
head; Trayeir, joined]. A double mon- 
strosity having the heads united at the top. 

Cephalorrhachidian {sef-al-o-rak-id' -e-a>i) . 
Same as Cerebrospinal. 

Cephalotomy {sef-al-ot f -o-me) [ne^a'Ai/ , head ; 
roar], section]. The opening or division of 
the head of the fetus to facilitate labor. 

Cephalotribe [sef'-al-o-trib) [aedHil//, the 
head; Tpi(3eiv, to crush]. An instrument 
for crushing the fetal head. 

Cephalotripsy (sep y -al-o- trip -se) [ne^akij, 
head; rpifeiv, to crush]. The operation of 
crushing the fetal head when delivery is 
otherwise impossible. 

Cera [se f -rah) [L.]. Wax. A mixture of 
cerotic acid, cerolein, and myricin, gathered 
by the honey bee from the pollen of flowers 
and the leaves of plants. C. alba, white 
wax, prepared by bleaching yellow wax. 
It is valuable as an ingredient of cerates and 
ointments. C. flava, yellow wax ; it pos- 
sesses an agreeable balsamic odor, and is sol- 
uble in ether, in hot alcohol, and in chloroform. 

Cerasin (ser'-as-in) [cerasus, a cherry-tree]. 
I. An ingredient of the gum of cherry, peach, 
and plum trees, apparently identical with 
bassorin. 2. A crude precipitate from tinc- 
ture of choke-cherry. 



Cerate (se'-ra/) [cera, wax]. In pharmacy, 
an unctuous preparation consisting of wax 
mixed with oils, fatty substances, or resins, 
and of such a consistence that at ordinary 
temperatures it can be readily spread upon 
linen or muslin, and yet is so firm that it will 
not melt or run when applied to the skin. 
C, Goulard's, ceratum plumbi subacetatis. 
See Plumbum. 

Cerato- {ser' -at-o-'). See Kerato-. 

Cercomonas [ser-kom'-o-nas) [Kfp/coc, tail ; 
fiovdq, monad]. A genus of flagellate infus- 
orians. C. intestinalis, a protozoon, occa- 
sionally found in the fecal discharges of pa- 
tients suffering with typhoid fever, chronic 
diarrhea, and cholera. Its pathologic signifi- 
cance has not yet been ascertained. 

Cereal (se'-re-al) [Ceres, the goddess of agri- 
culture]. I. Relating to edible grains. 2. 
Any edible grain. 

Cerebellar (ser-e-bel'-ar) [dim. of cerebrum~\. 
Relating to the cerebellum. 

Cerebellum {ser-e-beP '-urn) [dim. of cere- 
brum]. The inferior part of the brain lying 
below the cerebrum and above the pons and 
medulla. It consists of two lateral and a 
middle lobe. 

Cerebral [ser r -e-bral) [cerebrum, the brain] . 
Relating to the cerebrum. C. Index. See 
Index. C. Pneumonia. See Pneztmonia. 
C. Vesicles. The embryonic vesicles from 
which the brain is developed. 

Cerebrasthenia (ser-e-bras-the / -ne-ah) [cere- 
brum, the brain; aodevi/c;. without strength]. 
Cerebral asthenia ; cerebral neurasthenia. 

Cerebration [ser-e-bra' '-shun) [cerebrum, the 
brain]. Mental activity. C, Unconscious, 
mental activity of which the subject is not 
conscious. 

Cerebrin [ser f -e-brhi) [cerebrum, the brain], 
C 17 H 33 N0 3 . A nitrogenous glucosid obtained 
from brain-tissue, nerves, and pus -corpuscles. 
It is a light, colorless, exceedingly hygro- 
scopic powder. The term has also been 
applied to an organic extract of unknown 
constitution, derived from brain-tissue. 

Cerebritis (ser-e-bri / -tis) [cerebrum, the 
brain; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the proper substance of the cerebrum. 

Cerebromalacia (ser - e- bro-mal - a / - se-ah) 
[cerebrum, the brain; /uaXania, softness]. 
Softening of the brain -tissue. 

Cerebropathy (ser-e-brop f -a-the) [cerebrum, 
the brain ; Tratfog, illness]. I. A train of 
symptoms following overwork, and ap- 
proaching the character of insanity. 2. 
Cerebral disease in general. 

Cerebroscopy {ser-e-bros' '-ko-pe) [cerebrum, 
the brain ; okotteIv, to inspect]. Investigation 
of the condition of the brain by inspection, 
especially ophthalmoscopy, in the diagnosis 
of brain-disease. 



cerebrt.se 



182 



CHAMBER 



Cerebrose :-;■■-' -i-bros) [cerebrum, the brain], 
CgH^Og. A crystallized sugar isomeric with 
glucose, occurring in brain-tissue. 

Cerebrosid [ser* '-e-bro-sid) [cerebrum, the 
brain]. One of a class of substances occur- 
ring in brain-tissue, containing cerebrose, 
just as glucosids contain glucose. 

Cerebrospinal ser-e-bro-spi'-nal) [cere- 
brum, the brain; spina, the spine]. Per- 
taining to the brain and spinal cord. C. 
Axis. See Axis. C. Fluid, the fluid be- 
tween the arachnoid membrane and the pia- 
mater. C. Meningitis. See/rarr, Cere- 
brospinal. C. System, the brain, spinal 
cord, and nerves 

Cerebrum ser'-e-brum) [L.]. The chief 
portion of the brain, occupying the whole 
upper part of the cranium and consisting of 
the right and left hemispheres. 

Cereus \se / -re-us) [L. , --a wax candle"]. A 
genus of cactaceous plants. C. grandi- 
florus. See Cactus grandiflorus . 

Cerevisia {ser-e-vis'-e-ah) [L.]. Ale or 
iter. C. Fermentum, beer-yeast. The 
ferment obtained in brewing beer, and pro- 
duced by saccharomyces cerevis:;^ 

Cerin {se / -rin) [certs, wax]. An ether of 
cerotic acid ; one of the substances found in 
wax. 

Cerium iie'-re-uni) [named after the planet 
Ceres~\. Ce = l40; quantivalence II, IV. 
One of the rarer metals. See Elements, 
Table of. C. oxalas. Ce 2 (C,0 4 ) 3 .9H 2 0. a 
white granular powder, insoluble in water or 
alcohol, but soluble in hydrochloric acid. 
It is useful in the vomiting of pregnancy. 
Dose gr. j-x, in pill (0.065-0.65 . C. val- 
erianate has been used in the same class of 
cases. Dose gr. iss (o. 1). 

Cerotic Acid (se-rof-ik). See Acid, Cerotic. 

Cerumen {ser-u' '-men) [cera, wax]. The 
wax of the ear. 

Ceruminous iser-u'-min-us) [cera, wax]. 
Pertaining to cerumen. 

Ceruse :--'-rus\ [cerussa, white lead]. I. 
White lead : basic carbonate and hydrate of 
lead. 2. A white face-powder. C. of 
Antimony, white oxid of antimony ; also 
antimonic acid. 

Cervical [str* '-znk-al) [cerzix, the neck]. 
Pertaining to the neck, or to the cervix 
uteri. C. Carcinoma, carcinoma of the 
neck of the womb. C. Endometritis. See 
Endometritis. C. Pregnancy, a rare con- 
dition in which from atrophy of the decidual 
membranes the impregnated ovum is not 
properly held in place, and dropping, lodges 
in the cervical canal, where it develops until 
the uterus expels it. 

Cervicitis (ser-zis-i'-tis) [cervix, the neck; 
true, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
cervix uteri. 



Cervix : [L]. A constricted por- 

tion or neck. C. uteri, the neck of the 
womb. C. vesicae, the neck of the bladder. 

Cesarean, or Caesarean, Section [from 
Cesar, Caesar, the Roman Consul, whose 
delivery is said to have been effected in this 
way]. Extraction of the fetus through an 
incision made in the abdomen. C. S., Post- 
mortem, extraction of the child after the 
mother's death. 

Cestoid, or Cestode \:-:s'-toid, or ses / -tod) 
[necrrog, a girdle; elSoc, likeness]. Shaped 
like a girdle, or ribbon ; applied to worms 
of which Tenia is a type. 

Cetacea se-ta / -se-aA) \_cetus, a whale]. An 
order of mammals living in the sea, as the 
whale, dolphin, etc. 

Cetaceum yse-ta' -se-uni) [lajroc, a large fish]. 
Spermaceti. A fatty substance somewhat 
resembling paraffin in its physical properties. 
It is obtained from the head of the sperm- 
whale, Physeter macrocephalus. It is soluble 
in ether, in chloroform, and in boiling alco- 
hol, and is employed as an emollient. C, 
Ceratum, contains spermaceti 10, white wax 
55. olive-oil 55 parts. C, Ung.. B. P. , 
contains spermaceti, white wax, almond-oil, 
and benzoin. 

CetTaria {se-tra' -re-ah) [aztra, a short Span- 
ish shield]. I. A genus of lichens. 2. 
Iceland moss, — a lichen, C. islandica, found 
in Iceland and other northern countries. 
It contains a form of starch, lichenin, that 
gelatinizes when boiled with water. It is a 
feebly tonic demulcent, sometimes used in 
pulmonary affections. C. Decoct. (B. P.), 
contains five per cent, of the lichen. Dose 
f^ ij-iv i 64.0-128.0). 

Chagres Fever. See F/ver. 

Chalaza | kai-a'-zak) [\a/.aZa, a hailstone]. 
One of the twisted cords binding the yolk- 
bag of an egg to the lining membrane of the 
shell ; or that part of a seed where its coats 
unite with each other and the nucleus. 

Chalazion {kal-a' -ze-on) [\a7.dUov, a small 
hailstone]. A tumor of the eyelid from re- 
tained secretion of the Meibomian glands ; a 
Meibomian cyst. 

Chalicosis {kal-ik-o'-sis^xaAt!;, gravel]. A 
disease of the lungs caused by the inhala- 
tion of dust or sand. 

Chalk (chawk) [Calx, limestone]. Carbon- 
ate of lime. See Calcium. C. Stone, gout- 
stone — a deposit beneath the skin in gouty 
patients. 

Chalybeate {ka-lib' -e-af) [xo-'/.vi;, iron]. 
Containing iron. 

Chamber (chant' -ber) [camera, a cham- 
ber]. A cavity or space. C, Anterior 
(of the eye), the space between the cornea 
and the iris. C. Posterior (of the eye 
the space between the iris and the lens. 



CHAMOMILE 



183 



The chambers of the eye contain the aqueous 
humor. 
Chamomile {kam'-o-tml). See Anthemis 

and Matricaria. 
Champagne {sham-pan') [Fr.]. An etter- 
vescent wine useful as a remedy for nausea 
and vomiting. 
Chancre [shang'-ker) [Fr.]. A term for- 
merly used indiscriminately for any primary 
venereal ulcer, but now generally applied 
to the initial lesion of syphilis (see Syphilis). 
C, Hard, Hunterian, Indurated, Infect- 
ing, Non-suppurating, or True, the ulcer 
of venereal origin, that is followed by con- 
stitutional syphilis. C, Non-incubatory, 
Non-infecting, Simple, or Soft, a con- 
tagious, suppurating, non-syphilitic venereal 
ulcer, properly called chancroid. 
Chancroid {shang'-kroid) {chancre; eMoc, 
form]. A local, infective process transmit- 
ted by sexual intercourse, and characterized 
by ulceration, local glandular involvement, 
and often suppuration. It has been variously 
termed the soft, non-indurated, simple, or non- 
syphilitic chancre. See Chancre. C, Pha- 
gedenic, chancroid with a tendency to slough. 
C., Serpiginous, a variety of the last that 
spreads superficially in curved lines. 
Change {chanj) {cambiare, to change]. 
The word is colloquially used either for the 
establishment or the cessation of the menstrual 
function. C. of Life, the menopause. 
Chantreuil's Method. In pelvimetry, a 
method of ascertaining the distance between 
the tuberosities of the ischia (n cm.) in esti- 
mating the size of the pelvic outlet. The 
two thumbs are placed upon the tuberosities, 
while an assistant measures the distance be- 
tween them. 

Chap {chap) [ME., chappen. to cleave]. A 
slight or superficial fissure of the skin, usu- 
ally upon the lips, hands, or nipples. 
Charbon {shar'-bon) [Fr. charcoal]. An- 
thrax. 

Charcoal {char'-kol) [ME., charren, to 
turn; col, coal]. Coal made by subjecting 
wood to a process of smothered combus- 
tion. See Carbo animalis and Carbo ligni. 
Charcot's Disease, Sclerose en plaques. Dis- 
seminated, multiple, or insular sclerosis. See 
Diseases, Table of. C.'s Joint, or Joint 
Disease. See Arthropathy and Diseases, 
Table of. C.-Leyden Crystals, micro- 
scopic, colorless, octahedral or rhomboidal 
crystals found in semen, in the shed blood of 
leukemic patients, and in the sputum of asth- 
ma and croupous bronchitis. Chemically, 
they are the phosphate of an organic base. 
C.'s Method. See Hypnotism. C.-Neu- 
mann Crystals, C.-Robin Crystals. See 
C.-Leyden Crystals. 
Charlatan {shar'-lat-an) [Ital., ciarlare, to 



CHEKAN 

prattle] . A quack ; a pretender to medical 
skill ; an advertising doctor. 

Charles's Law. See Law. 

Charpie {shar'-pe)\_carpere, to pluck]. Fickea 
or shredded lint ; linen shreds for dressing 
wounds. 

Charta {kar'-tah) [*apr//c, paper]. A paper 
In pharmacy, a strip of paper the fibers ot 
which are impregnated with a medicinal 
substance. Also a wrapper for holding 
powders. C. emporetica, porous or bibu- 
lous paper. C. epispastica, or C. can- 
tharidis, blistering-paper. C. exploratona, 
test-paper. C. sinapis, mustard-paper. 

Chartula {karf -u-lah) [dim. of charta]. A 
little paper, especially a paper containing a 
single dose of a medicinal powder. 

Chasma {kaz'-mah), or Chasmus {kaz'- 
mus) rra<x/zoc, a gaping]. A yawn. 

Chassaignac's Tubercle. The carotid tu- 

bercle. 

Chaulmugra Oil {chazul-moog> '-^[E.Ind.]. 
A fixed oil expressed from the seeds ol 
Gynocardia odorata, a tree native to the E. 
Indies. It is soluble in alcohol, and its 
properties are due to gynocardic acid. It is 
used in leprosy, in scaly eczema, psoriasis 
and syphilitic skin affections. For external 
use I part of the acid to 24 of petroleum. 
Internally, dose gtt. v-x (0.32-0.65) of the 
oil or gr. ss-iij (0.032-0.2) of the acid, in 
capsules. All unof . 

Check {chek) [OF. eschec, from Pers. shah, a 
king]. A sudden stop. C. -experiment. 
See Control. C. -ligament. See Ligament. 
Checker-berry {chek'-er-ber'-e). A popular 
name for Gaultheria procumbens. 
Cheek {chek) [AS., cedce, the cheek]. The 
side of the face ; it is composed of fat, areo- 
lar tissue, muscles, etc. 

Cheese {chez) [AS., cese, cheese]. A food 
prepared from the casein of skimmed or un- 
skimmed milk. 

Cheesy {chez'-e) [AS., cese, cheese]. Of the 
nature of cheese. C. Degeneration, C. 
Necrosis, caseous degeneration, or casea- 
tion ; the conversion of the tissues into a 
substance resembling cheese. C. Tubercle, 
a tubercle that has undergone cheesy ne- 
crosis. „ 
Cheil-, or Cheilo- {kil-, or kll'-o-). 1-or 

words thus beginning see Chil-, or Chilo-. 
Cheiro- {klr'-o). For words thus beginning 
see Chiro-. 

Chekan, or Cheken {chek' -en) [Chilian] 
I The leaves of Eugenia cheken, a South 
American shrub. It is diuretic and expec- 
torant and similar in action to eucalyptus. It 
is used in chronic pharyngitis, laryngitis, etc. 
Dose of the fluid extract f 3 ss-j (2.0-40). 
Unof. 2. The crude resin obtained from 
Cannabis indica. 



CHELIDONIN 



184 



CHILOPLASTY 



Chelidonin {kel-id ; -o-nin) [x&iSovlov, celan- 
dine], C 19 H 17 N 3 03 + H 2 0, or C 19 H 17 N0 4 . 
A crystalline alkaloid of celandin {Chelido- 
niutn ma jus). 

Chelidonium (kel-id-o' -ne-um) \_x^^ovlov, 
celandine]. Celandin. The leaves and 
stems of C. majus, with properties due to a 
number of alkaloids and acids. It is a drastic 
cathartic, and externally an irritant, and has 
been used in jaundice, whooping-cough, and 
catarrhal pneumonia. Dose of the plant 
gr. x-xxx (0.65-2.0) ; of the juice TT^v-xx 
(0.32-I.3). Unof. 

Chelidoxanthin {kel-id-oks-an' -thin) \_xtki- 
66vlov, celandine]. One of the bitter, crys- 
talline constituents of celandin. 

Cheloid {ke'-loid) \jx*f^r), a claw; eldor, 
form]. See Keloid. 

Chelotomy (ke-lot'-o-me). See Jfelotomy. 

Chemic, Chemical {kem'-ik, kem'-ik'-al) 
\^XVH- eia i chemistry]. Of or pertaining to 
chemistry. 

Chemiotaxis, Chimiotaxis {kem'-e-o-taks-is, 
kim f -e-o-taks-is). See Chemotaxis. 

Chemistry [kern' '-is-tre) \_xr]u.tia, chemistry]. 
The science of the molecular and atomic 
structure of bodies. 

Chemosis [ke-mo f -sis) \j(j}iiuGic, a gaping]. 
Swelling of the conjunctiva. 

Chemotactic {kem-o-tak' -tik) [^//e/a, chem- 
istry ; rdoaetv, to arrange]. Pertaining or 
relating to chemotaxis. 

Chemotaxis, Chemiotaxis (kem-o-taks'-is, 
kem-e-o-taks' '-is) [^^e/a, chemistry ; rdaaeiv, 
to order, arrange]. The property of cellular 
attraction and repulsion. It is displayed by 
the proteid constituents of the protoplasm of 
various species of bacteria, as well as by pro- 
teids from a great variety of sources. The 
qualifications positive and negative are added 
according as the phenomenon is one of 
attraction or repulsion. 

Chemotic [ke-mof '-ik) [xw^oiq, a gaping]. 
Pertaining to or marked by chemosis. 

Chemotropism (kem-ot'-ro-pizm) [^//e/'a, 
chemistry; rporr^, a turning]. The destruc- 
tion of bacteria by phagocytes ; the victory 
of the phagocytes over bacteria, or of bac- 
teria over phagocytes. In biology, the 
attraction of leukocytes by certain chemic 
substances held in solution in the blood. 
Cf. Chemotaxis. 

Chenopodium (ken-opo'-de-uni) [xw> a 
goose; ttoSiov, a little foot]. American 
Wormseed ; the fruit of C. ambrosioides, or 
anthelminticion , a plant native to the United 
States, with properties due to a volatile 
oil, which is the only preparation used. It 
is an efficient anthelmintic against the round- 
worm. Dose of the oil n\v-xv (0.32-1.0). 

Cherry (cher'-e) [nipaaoq, cherry-tree]. The 
bark of the common cherry, Prunus sero- 



tina, a mild bitter and tonic, containing 
tannin. Dose of fid. ext. f£ss-j (2.0-4.0). 
Prunin, a concentrated extract ; dose gr. 
j-iij (0.065-0.2). See also Choke-cherry and 
Prunus virginiana. C. -laurel, the Euro- 
pean evergreen cherry, Prunus laurocera- 
sus. Water distilled from its leaves is used 
in the same way as dilute hydrocyanic acid. 
Dose TTLxxx-f 3J (2.0-4.0). 

Chest. See Thorax. C, Barrel-, a peculiar 
formation of the chest observed in cases of 
long-standing emphysema of the lungs ; it is 
round like a barrel, and in respiration is lifted 
vertically instead of being expanded laterally. 

Chestnut. See Castanea. 

Cheyne-Stokes' Breathing or Respiration. 
See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. C.-S.' 
Nystagmus, a variety of nystagmus in which 
' the oscillations of the eyeball have a rhythmic 
variation similar to the rhythm of Cheyne- 
Stokes' respiration. 

Chiasm, Chiasma {ki'-azm, hi-az'-mah) 
[x i 6Z £lv > to make a cross, as an X]. The 
optic commissure. 

Chickahominy Fever (chik-a-hom'-in-e 

fe'-ver). See Fever. 

Chicken {chik'-en) [AS., cicen, a chicken]. 
A domestic fowl. C. Breast, an abnor- 
mally prominent condition of the sternum 
and of the sternal region ; pigeon-breast ; it 
is seen in rhachitic persons, etc. C. Chol- 
era. See Cholera. C.-fat Clot, a clot of 
blood yellowish in color, consisting largely 
of fibrin, and containing but few red cells. 
C.-pox. See Varicella. 

Chicory (chih'-or-e) [xlxopa, chicory]. Ci- 
chorium intybus, a composite plant of Europe 
and" Asia, naturalized and growing in the 
United States. Its ground root is used to 
adulterate- coffee. 

Chilblain (chil'-blan) [AS., cele, cold; 
blegen, a. boil]. Pernio ; Erythema pernio. 
A congestion and swelling of the skin, due 
to cold, and attended with severe itching or 
burning ; vesicles and bullae may form, and 
these may lead to ulceration. 

Child-bed. The popular term for the puer- 
peral state. C.-bed Fever, puerperal fever. 
C. -birth, parturition. C. -crowing, the 
crowing sound of the respiration that char- 
acterizes laryngismus stridulus. 

Chili Saltpeter. Sodium nitrate. 

Chill (chil) [AS., cele, chilliness]. A sensa- 
tion of cold accompanied by shivering, 
usually appearing shortly after exposure to 
cold or wet. It is frequently the initial 
symptom of acute disorders, as pneumonia, 
etc. It is a prominent symptom of various 
forms of malarial fever. 

Chills and Fever. A popular term for inter- 
mittent fever. 

Chiloplasty (fa v -lo-plas-te)[x £ i^°C, lip ; ir2.da- 



CHIMAPHILA 



185 



CHLORALOSE 



aen<, to form]. Any plastic operation upon 
the lip. 

Chimaphila [ki-maf'-il-ah} \_x^^a, winter ; 
u /or, loving]. Pipsissewa, Prince's Pine; 
the leaves of C. umbellata, an evergreen 
found in the U. S. , an astringent tonic and 
excellent diuretic. The bruised leaves are 
used as a rubefacient. It is valuable in 
dropsy, in renal disease, and in affections 
of the urinary passages. C, Decoctum. 
Dose f^j-iij (32.0-96.0). Unof. C, Ext., 
Fid. Dose f 3 ss-ij (2.0-8.0). 

Chimiotaxis [kim-e-o-taks'-is). See Chemo- 
taxis. 

Chimney-sweep's Cancer. Epithelioma 
of the scrotum, occurring among chimney- 
sweepers. 

Chin [AS., cin, chin\. The mentum ; the 
lower part of the face, at or near the symphy- 
sis of the lower jaw. C.-jerk. See Jaw- 
jerk, and Reflexes, Table of. C. Reflex. See 
Reflexes, Table of. 

China (kin' -ah, or ke'-nah) [Sp.]. Same as 
Cinchona. 

Chinoidin, or Chinoidinum (kin-oi'-din, or 
kin-oi- din f -uni) [Sp. , China]. Quinoidin. 
A mixture of amorphous alkaloids obtained 
in the manufacture of quinin. It has the 
therapeutic properties of quinin. Dose gr. 
j-xx (0.065-1.3). 

Chinolin (kin'-o-lin). See Chinolina and 
Quinolin. 

Chinolina {kin-o-li'-nah) \_china, quinin], 
C 9 H 7 N. Chinolin, Leukolin. An alka- 
loidal derivative of quinin and cinchonin, 
occurring also in coal-tar. It is an antiseptic 
and antipyretic. It is commonly used in the 
form of the tartrate because of the deliques- 
cence of the other salts. Dose Tiyij-x (0.2— 
0.65) ; of the tartrate gr. v-xv (0.32-1.0). 
The tartrate is used as a local application to 
the throat in strength of 1-10. Unof. 

Chionablepsia (ki-on-ab-lep' '-se-ah) [^wv, 
snow; aftXeipia, without sight]. Loss of 
sensibility of the retina resulting from the 
exposure of the eyes to reflection of the sun- 
light upon snow. 

Chirata (ke-ra'-tah, or che-ra f -tali) [Hind., 
chirdetd, a species of gentian]. Chiretta. 
The leaves and lighter stems of C. Ophelia. 
It resembles gentian in its therapeutic proper- 
ties, and is an excellent tonic. It does not 
contain any tannin. Dose of the powdered 
plant gr. xv-xxx (1.0-2.0). C, Ext., Fid., 
in glycerol and alcohol. Dose TTLxv-xxx 
(1.0-2.0). C, Infusum (B. P.). Dose, a 
wineglassful (64.0). C, Tinct., ten per 
cent, in strength. Dose f^ss-ij (2.0-8.0). 

Chiropodist [ki-rop' -o-dist^x^P, hand; irovg, 
irodoQ, foot]. A surgeon or person who pro- 
fessionally treats diseases of the hands and 
feet, especially corns, bunions, etc. 



Chirurgeon [ki-rer f -jon) \_xeipovpy6i; , a sur- 
geon]. A surgeon. 

Chirurgia (ki-rer'-je-ah) [x £ 'P, hand ; Ipyov, 
work] . Surgery. 

Chittim Bark [ckif-im bark). See Cascara 
sagrada. 

Chloasma (klo-az f -ma)i) \_x^-od^ttv, to be 
pale green]. Melanoderma; melasma; dis- 
colorations. A deposit of pigment in the 
skin, occurring in patches of various sizes and 
shapes, and of a yellow, brown, or black 
color. C. hepaticum, liver-spots ; a form 
following dyspepsia and popularly associated 
with hepatic disturbance. C. phthisicorum, 
the brown patches upon the skin of the fore- 
head or upper portions of the cheeks in tuber- 
culous patients. C. uterinum, chiefly located 
on the forehead, temples, cheeks, nipples, 
and median line of abdomen. They are 
marked during pregnancy, and often during 
menstruation. 

Chloracetic Acid (kio-ras-e'-lik). See Acid. 

Chloral (klo'-ral) [chlorin ; aldehyd], C 2 C1 3 - 
HO. A pungent, colorless, mobile liquid. 
The name is often misapplied to chloral 
hydrate. C. butylicum, Butyl-chloral 
Hydrate (B. P.), croton-chloral, C 4 H 5 C1 3 0,- 
H 2 0, a solid occurring in crystalline scales, 
resembling chloral hydrate, but made with 
butyl, C + H 9 , as a base, instead of ethyl, 
C 2 H 5 . Its properties are parallel to those of 
chloral, but are much feebler. Dose gr. v- 
xx (0.32-1.3), in syrup. Syrupus Butyl- 
chloral, strength 1-30. Dose f^j-iv (4.0- 
16.0). Unof. C. Hydrate, a colorless, 
crystalline solid having the composition C 2 - 
HC1 3 (H0) 2 , the hydrate of chloral. It is a 
powerful hypnotic, antispasmodic, and de- 
pressant to the cerebral, medullary, and 
spinal centers, and, to a limited extent, is an 
anesthetic. It is serviceable in fevers ac- 
companied by cerebral excitement, in chorea, 
convulsions, and in delirium tremens, but 
should be used with great caution. Dose gr. 
v-xx (0.32-1.3). C, Syrupus (B. P.). 
Dosef^ss-ij (2.0-8). C.-urethane. See 
Uralium. 

Chloralamid (klo-raV-am-id) \chloral ; 

amid~\, CC1 3 CH <Ci\jHr , "H"n- Chloral for- 

mamidate. In doses of 30 to 45 grains 

(2.0-3.0) it is an hypnotic. 
Chloralimid {klo-raV -im-id)\_chloral ; imid~\, 

CC1 3 .CH.NH. An hypnotic allied to chloral, 

soluble in alcohol. The dose is the same as 

that of chloral hydrate. Unof. 
Chloralism (klo / -ral-ism) [chloral]. I. 

Chloral-poisoning, the morbid state caused 

by the injudicious use of chloral. 2. The 

habit of using chloral. 
Chloralose (klo' -ral-os) [chloral ; glucose']. 

Anhydroglycochloral ; a product of the 



CHLORAXEMIA 



1=6 



CHLOROPHYL 



action of anyhdrous chloral upon glucose. 
It is used as an hypnotic. Dose gr. iij — xiv 

1 0.2-0.9). 

Chloranemia {kh)-ran-e f me-aK). Synonym 
of Chlorosis. 

Chloranodyne (klor-an'-o-din) [ 
m priv. ; <x5i •; ■?;, pain]. A proprietary rem- 
e iy introduced as an improvement on chlor- 
odyne. It contains morphin hydrochlorate, 
tinct. cannab. ind., chloroform, dilute hydro- 
cyanic acid, and aromatics. Dose for an 
adult Tl\xv (i.o). Unof. 

Chlorate {kit/ -rat) [chloritt]. A salt of 
chloric acid. 

Chloric (klo f -rik) \chlorin\. Pertaining to 
or containing chlorin. C. Acid. See Acid. 
C. Ether. 1 See Ethyl chlorid. 2. See 
Spiritus Chloroformi. 

Chlorid iklo'-rid) \chloriii\. A binary com- 
pound, one of the elements of which is 
chlorin. C. of Methyl. See Afiesthetic. 

Chlorin \klo'-rin) [x'aujxic, green]. Chlorum 
CI = 35.5 ; quantivalence I. A greenish-yel- 
low gas, prepared by decomposing sodium 
chlorid, NaCl. It is highly irritative to the 
skin and mucous membranes, producing spas- 
modic closure of the glottis. It is a valuable 
disinfectant Chlori, Aqua, U. S. P.: C, 
Liquor, B. P. >, chlorin- water, contains four 
per cent, of the gas in solution. It is a 
good antiseptic wash. Dose, internally, 
Tt^x-xxx (0.65-2.0). Calcis Chlorinatae. 
Liq., ''B. P. '), contains I pound of the salt 
per gallon of water. Calx Chlorata, 
"chlorid of lime,"' a hypochlorite of cal- 
cium containing free chlorin ; a valuable 
disinfectant Dose, internally, gr. iij— vj 
(0.2-0.41. C. -hunger, the condition of the 
body when chlorin (usually in the form of 
common salt) is lacking. Among the imme- 
diate results of this deficiency are indi- 
gestion and albuminuria. C. -vapor B. 
P. , used for inhalation. Sodae Chlo- 
ratae., Liq., Labarraque"s Solution, sodium 
carbonate 10, calx chlorinata 8, water ad 
100. Dose TT^x— f £j (0.65-4.0), in 20 parts 
of water. 

Chlorobrom [HtZ-ro-drom) [chlorin; bro- 
.]. A solution each ounce of which con- 



tains 



rra:r.= 



each of chloralamid and 



potassium bromid. It is hypnotic and useful 
in seasickness, 

Chlorodyne '{klo'-ro-dln) \_x/j&p6c, green ; 
.:.-. 9, pain] . A proprietary remedy sup- 
posed to contain chloroform, ether, morphin, 
cannabis indica, hydrocyanic acid, and cap- 
sicum. It is anodyne and narcotic. Dose 
TT^x-xxx (0.65—2.: Ynof. 

Chloroform [kU/ -ro-form) \chloroformum, 
chloroform]. Methyl terchlorid, CHC1.. A 
heavy, colorless liquid obtained by the action 
of chlorinated lime on methvl alcohol. The 



commercial article, C. venale, contains 2 per 
cent, of impurities. Administered internally in 
large doses, chloroform produces narcosis and 
violent gastroenteritis. In small doses it is 
antispasmodic and carminative. Chloro- 
form has an agreeable odor and a sweetish 
taste. It solidifies in the cold, boils at 6i°, 
and has a specific gravity of 1.526. Ex- 
ternally, it is much employed as an ingre- 
dient of rubefacient and anodyne liniments. 
If ::ed with a large per cent, of air, and in- 
haled, it is one of the most valuable of general 
anesthetics, but occasionally (i : 3000) causes 
death by cardiac paralysis. See Anesthetic. 
Deep injections in the vicinity of the sciatic 
nerve are recommended in sciatica. C., 
Alcoholized, a mixture of chloroform 
and alcohol. C Ammoniated, equal parts 
of ammonia in alcohol and chloroform ; an- 
tipyretic and anodyne. Unof. C Aqua 
E P.i. Dose f.^ss-ij ^16.0-64.0). C. 
Emulsum, chloroform 4, expressed oil of 
almond 6, tragacanth 1. 5, water sufficient to 
make 100 parts. C. -liniment, commercial 
chloroform 40, soap liniment 60 parts. C. 
Liniment., Comp., chloroform 4, oil of 
turpentine 4, tincture of opium 2, tincture of 
aconite I part. Unof. C, Spt., pure chloro- 
form 10, alcohol 90 parts. Dose TT^x-:~~; 
(0.65-4.0 . Tinct. Chloroformi et Mor- 
phinae 1 B. P.), a substitute for chlorodyne. 
Each dose of Tl^io contains chloroform 
Titl 1 ^, ether TT^ 1 /^, alcohol TT^I^, morphin 
hydrochlorate gr. ^ , dilute hydrocyanic acid 
Tl\^|, oil of peppermint T^VtS' nTU ^ extract 
of licorice TT^I 1 ^, treacle and syrup q. s. 
Tinct. C. Comp. B. P.), chloroform 2. 
alcohol 8, comp. tinct. of cardamon 10. 
Dose TTLxx-f 3J (1.3-4.0). 

Chloroformism ikU/-ro-form-ism) \chloro- 

y.m, chloroform]. I. The use of 

chloroform to excess for its narcotic effect. 

2. The symptoms produced by this use of 

:'-.t irur 

Chloroma (klo-ro'-mah) \xtJjpoc, yellowish- 
green ; 6ua, a tumor]. "Green cancer 
a rare variety of sarcoma, of a greenish tint, 
usually seated upon the periosteum of the 
bones of the head. 

Chlorophane {kU/-ro-fari) \jfijupoc. green ; 
oaiveadai, to appear]. A yellowish-green 
chromophane. See Chromophanes. 

Chlorophyl (kla'-ro-Jil) [x/jupoc, green ; 
o\ / ./ lot . leaf] . The green coloring-matter of 
plants. It decomposes carbon dioxid, setting 
free oxvgen, and forming new organic com- 
pounds. This decomposition takes place 
only or chiefly in the presence of sun-light. 
The chlorophyl is contained in certain parts 
of the protoplasm of the plant It is the sub- 
stance by the agency of which carbohydrates 
are formed in green plants. 



CHLOROSARCOMA 



187 



CHOLERA 



Chlorosarcoma {klo-ro-sar-ko f -mah). See 
Chloroma. 

Chlorosis {klo-ro'-sis) [^Aw/wc, green]. The 
"green sickness." A form of anemia, most 
common in young women, and characterized 
by a marked reduction of hemoglobin in the 
blood, with but a slight diminution of red 
corpuscles. In some cases there is a hyper- 
plasia of the sexual organs and the heart and 
large blood-vessels. The symptoms are those 
of anemia, a greenish color of the skin, gas- 
tric and menstrual disturbances. 

Chlorotic {klo-rof '-ik) [xkuporrjg , paleness]. 
I. Relating to chlorosis. 2. A person af- 
fected by chlorosis. 

Chlorphenol (klor-fe'-nol) [^/iwpdc, green ; 
(poivi^, purple-red], C 6 H 4 C1.0H. Mono- 
chlorphenol, a substance possessed of anti- 
septic properties. It is recommended for in- 
halation in diseases of the respiratory pas- 
sages. 

Chlorum {klo'-rwii) \_x^pog, green]. The 
official pharmaceutic name of chlorin. See 
Chlorin. 

Choana [ko'-an-ah) [xoavrj, a funnel]. I. A 
funnel-like opening. 2. A name applied to 
the posterior nasal orifices. 

Chocolate {chok f - o - lat) [Mex. , chocolatl, 
chocolate]. A dried paste prepared from 
the powder of cacao-seeds (see Cacao) with 
various mucilaginous and amylaceous ingre- 
dients. It is used to prepare a beverage, and 
also as a vehicle, especially for quinin. 

Choked Disc [chokd disk). See Papillitis. 

Cholagogue (kol'-ag-og) [^o^, bile ; ayoyog, 
leading] . I . Stimulating the flow or the se- 
cretion of bile. 2. Any agent that promotes 
the flow of bile. 

Cholalic Acid {kol-a'-lik) , C 18 H 24 4 . A de- 
composition product of glycocholic or tauro- 
cholic acid, obtained when the latter is boiled 
with caustic potash, baryta water, or dilute 
mineral acids. It is dextrorotatory, and is 
colored blue by iodin. 

Cholangitis (kol - an - ji' - tis) \_x o ^V> bile; 
ayyelov, a vessel; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of a bile-duct. 

Cholecystectomy {kol-e-sis-tek' '-to-me) \_xoki], 
bile ; Kvang, bladder; skto/j.^, a cutting off]. 
Excision of the gall-bladder. 

Cholecystenterostomy {kol-e-sis-ten-ter-os' '- 
to-me) \_xo\ii, bile ; Kvariq, a bladder ; evrepov, 
intestine ; aro/ua, a mouth] . The artificial 
establishment of a communication between 
the gall-bladder and the intestine. 

Cholecystitis {kol-e-sis-ti' -tis) [x°W> bile ; 
nvoTig, bladder ; ltlq, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the gall-bladder. 

Cholecystolithotripsy {kol-e- sis-to-lith-ot'- 
rip-se) \_xo\ij, bile ; kvgtlq, a bladder ; \idoq, 
a stone; Tpi(3ecv, to crush]. The crushing 
of gall-stones in the gall-bladder. 



Cholecystorrhaphy {kol-e-sist-or' '-a-fe) \_x oA V, 
bile ; k'vgtic;, bladder ; pacpr/, a seam]. Suture 
of the gall-bladder, especially suture to the 
abdominal wall. 

Cholecystostomy [kol-e-sist-os f -to-me) \_x°^V, 
bile; Kbartq, a bladder; ordfia, mouth]. 
The establishment of an opening into the gall- 
bladder. 

Cholecystotomy [kol-e-sist-of '-o-me) [xohfy, 
bile; Kvcrtg, bladder ; re/uvuv, to cut]. In- 
cision of the gall-bladder to remove gall- 
stones, etc. 

Choledochus {kol-ed f -o-kus) [x°M> bile ; 
dex^odai, to receive]. Receiving or holding 
bile. C, Ductus Communis, the com- 
mon excretory duct of the liver and gall- 
bladder. 

Choleic {kol-e f -ik) [^oA?/, bile]. Pertaining 
to the bile. 

Cholelithiasis [kol-e-lith-i' -as-is) [x°M, bile ; 
Aidog, a stone]. The presence of, or a con- 
dition associated with, calculi in the gall- 
bladder or in a gall-duct. 

Cholemia {kol-e / -me-ah) \_x^Vy bile ; cu/ua, 
blood]. The presence of bile in the blood. 

Cholera {koV '-er-ah) [^o/lepa ; from x°^> 
bile]. I. A name given to a number of acute 
diseases characterized mainly by large dis- 
charges of fluid material from the bowels, 
vomiting, and collapse. 2. A synonym of 
C. asiatica. C. asiatica, an acute, specific, 
highly malignant disease, existing in India 
and the tropics of Asia during the entire 
year, and occasionally spreading as an epi- 
demic over large areas. It is characterized 
by vomiting, alvine discharges resembling 
flocculent rice-water, severe cramps, and col- 
lapse. The rate of mortality varies from io 
to 66 per cent. , the average being over 50 per 
cent. The cause is the comma bacillus of 
Koch, which is always found in the rice- 
water discharges. The germs commonly gain 
entrance into the system by means of the drink- 
ing-water. C, Bilious, a form of the disease 
attended with excessive discharge of bile. 
C, Chicken, a very fatal epidemic disease 
of fowls, marked by tumefaction of the lym- 
phatic glands, with inflammation and ulcera- 
tion of the digestive organs. C, English. 
See C. nostras. C, Epidemic. Synonym 
of C. asiatica. C, Hog, an infectious dis- 
ease attacking swine and characterized by a 
patchy redness of the skin, with inflamma- 
tion and ulceration of the bowels, enlarge- 
ment of the abdominal glands, and conges- 
tion of the lungs. C. infantum, the " sum- 
mer complaint" of infants and young chil- 
dren ; an acute disease occurring in warm 
weather, and characterized by pain, vomiting, 
purgation, fever, and prostration. The cause 
of the disease is probably microorganismal, and 
is favored by the prolonged action of heat, to- 



CHOLERAIC 



188 



CHOP ART'S AMPUTATION 



gether with errors in diet and hygiene. It is 
most common among the poor and in hand- 
fed babes. The disease is of short duration, 
death frequently ensuing in from three to five 
days. C. morbus, an acute catarrhal inflam- 
mation of the mucous membrane of the stom- 
ach and intestines, with pain, purging, vomit- 
ing, spasmodic contractions of the muscles, 
etc. It is a disease of the heated term and 
is very similar to Asiatic cholera in its symp- 
tomatology. C. nostras, same as C. morbus. 
C. sicca, a term applied to those cases of 
Asiatic cholera in which rice-water liquid is 
found in the intestines after death, though 
none had been voided during life. 

Choleraic (kol-ei'-a'-ik) [xotepa, cholera]. 
Pertaining to or resembling cholera. C. 
Diarrhea, diarrhea characterized by a pro- 
fuse, exhausting discharge of watery material. 

Cholerine (kol' '-er-en) [dim. of cholera~\ . A 
mild form of Asiatic cholera, or the initial 
stage of a more severe form. 

Cholesteatoma (kol-es-te-at-o* '-viali) \_xo^v, 
bile (cholesterin) ; creap, fat ; oua, tumor]. 
A teratoid tumor containing plates of choles- 
terin, epithelial cells, hair, and other dermal 
structures, and occurring most frequently in 
the brain. 

Cholesteremia, Cholesterinemia (kol-es- 
ter-e f -me-ah, kol-es-ter-in-e' -me-ah) \_\o"/i,, 
bile; creap, fat; aiua, blood]. The mor- 
bid state resulting from the retention of 
cholesterin in the blood. The condition is 
probably due to the retention of the bile- 
acids. 

Cholesterin [kol-es* -ter-in) \xo'/J], bile; 
creap, fat], C.^H^O, or C 25 H 42 0. A monat- 
omic alcohol, a constituent of bile, gall- 
stones, nervous tissue, yelk, and blood, and 
sometimes found in foci of fatty degeneration. 
It is a glistening, white, crystalline substance, 
soapy to the touch, crystallizing in fine nee- 
dles and rhombic plates. It is insoluble in 
water, soluble in hot alcohol, ether, or 
chloroform. It is held in solution in the bile 
by the bile-salts ; it is levorotatory. 

Choletelin (kol-et f -el-in) \_x o/ -^ bile ; re/.uc, 
completion], C 16 H 18 N 2 6 . An amorphous, 
soluble, yellow pigment derived from biliru- 
bin. It is the final product of the oxidation 
of bile-pigments. It is readily soluble in 
alkalies, alcohol, and chloroform. 

Choleuria (kol-e-u' '-re-a/i) [jo/77, bile ; ovpov, 
urine]. The presence of bile in the urine. 

Cholic (kol'-ik) [x°^V, bile]. Pertaining to 
the bile. C. Acid. See Acid. 

Cholin (kol'-in) [p^, bile], C 5 H 15 N0 2 . A 
substance found among the products of the 
decomposition of hog's bile and ox-bile. 
It is also found in the extracts of the supra- 
renals, and is a product of the decomposition 
of lecithin. 



Choloidinic Acid {kol-oi-din f -ik), C 2+ H 3S 4 . 
A decomposition product of cholalic acid. 

Chololith (kol'-o-lith) [xo/./j, bile; ?udog, 
stone]. A gall-stone. 

Chondral (kon f -dral) \_xbv6poq, cartilage]. 
Cartilaginous ; relating to or composed of 
cartilage. 

Chondrification (kon-drif-ik-a r -shun) [aov- 
dpoc, cartilage; facere. to make]. The 
process of being converted into cartilage. 

Chondrin {kon'-driii) [xovdpoc, cartilage]. 
A substance obtained from the matrix of 
hyaline cartilage by boiling. It resembles 
gelatin in general properties, but differs from 
it in not being precipitated by tannic acid. 

Chondritis (kon-dri'-tis) \_\6r6poc, cartilage ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of a 
cartilage. 

Chondroblast (kon> '-dro-blast) [x ov dp°£? car " 
tilage ; /3/. acroc, germ]. A cell of develop- 
ing cartilage. 

Chondrocostal (kon-dro-kos 1 '-tal) [Y<>r(fy)oc. 
cartilage ; costa, a rib]. Relating to the ribs 
and their cartilages. 

Chondrodendron (kon-dro-den f -dron) [x ov ~ 
dpog, cartilage'; devapov, a tree]. A genus of 
S. American menispermaceous climbing- 
plants. C. glaberrimum and C. tomen- 
tosum are among the plants that furnish 
Pareira brava. 

Chondrogen (kon' '-dro-jen) \_xov6pog, carti- 
lage; yerve'iv, to produce]. A substance 
forming a part of the tissue of imperfectly 
developed cartilage. 

Chondroma (kon-dro'-mah) \_x61dpoc, cartil- 
age ; ofia, tumor]. A cartilaginous tumor. 

Chondromalacia (kon - dro - vial- a'-se-ah) 
[^X^vSpog, cartilage; pa/.aKia, softening]. 
Softening of a cartilage. C. auris. Same 
as Hematoma auris. 

Chondrosarcoma (kon - dro - sar - ko r - mail) 
[xovdpoc, cartilage ; oapS, flesh ; oua, tumor]. 
A. tumor composed of cartilaginous and s>ar- 
comatous tissue. 

Chondrotome (kon r -dro-toni\ [xurdpoc, cartil- 
age ; Topoq, cutting]. An instrument for 
cutting cartilage. 

Chondrotomy (kon - drot f '- - me) [xovdpoc, 
cartilage; reuveiv, to cut]. The division of 
a cartilage. 

Chondrus (kon'-dnts) \_xov6poc, a grain ; car- 
tilage]. I. Irish Moss. The substance of 
the algse C. crispus and C. mammillosus. 
These yield, on boiling with water, a soluble 
colloid consisting mainly of mucilage. This 
is demulcent and somewhat nutrient. Dose 
indefinite. Unof. 2. A cartilage ; the ensi- 
form cartilage. 

Chopart's Amputation. An amputation of 
the foot consisting of a disarticulation 
through the tarsal bones, leaving only the 
os calcis and the astragalus. 



CHORDA 



189 



( IIOROIDOTRITIS 



Chorda (hor'-dah) [I-]. A cord, tendon, or 
a nerve-filament. C. dorsalis. See Noto- 
chord. C. tendinea, any one of the tendi- 
nous strings connecting the papillary muscles 
of the heart with the auriculoventricular 
valves. C. tympani. See Nerves^ Table of. 

Chordee (kor-de*) \ m X°P^li a cord]. A pain- 
ful curved erection of the penis with concav- 
ity downward. The corpus spongiosum being 
infiltrated from urethral inflammation, does 
not fill with blood during erection, and so 
acts like a bow-string. 

Chorea {ko-re' -ah) [xopeia t dancing]. St. 
Yitus's dance. A functional nervous disorder, 
usually occurring in youth, characterized by 
irregular and involuntary action of the mus- 
cles of the extremities, face, etc., with gen- 
eral muscular weakness. Frequently a mi- 
tral systolic murmur is heard, often hemic, 
but in a large proportion of cases due to en- 
docarditis, and there seems to be a close re- 
lation between the two diseases. Rheumatism 
often coexists. Chorea may be caused by a 
number of conditions, among which are fright 
and reflex irritation. It affects girls about 
three times as frequently as boys. Occasion- 
ally a form of chorea is seen in the adult, 
and may become a serious complication of 
pregnancy, resulting in the death of both fetus 
and mother. When it occurs late in life it 
generally resists treatment. C, Button- 
maker's, a form of chorea occurring in per- 
sons employed in making buttons. C, 
Chronic. See C, Huntingdon's. C, Elec- 
tric. See DubinVs Disease. C, Epidemic, 
dancing mania. C, Habit. See Spasm. 
C, Hereditary. See C. , Huntingdon 's. C, 
Hysteric. See C, Major. C, Hunting- 
don's, an hereditary affection of adult or 
middle life, characterized by irregular move- 
ments, disturbance of speech, and gradual 
dementia. C. insaniens, maniacal chorea; 
a grave form of chorea usually seen in 
women, and associated with mania, and 
usually ending fatally. It may develop dur- 
ing pregnancy. C, Maniacal. See C. 
insaniens. C. major, a form of hysteria 
in which there are continual regular os- 
cillatory movements. C, Mimetic, that 
which is caused by imitation. C. minor, 
simple chorea. C, Posthemiplegic, C, 
Postparalytic, a form of involuntary move- 
ment seen in patients after an attack of hemi- 
plegia. C, School-made, chorea resulting 
from overstimulation of children at school. 
C, Senile, a choreiform affection coming on 
in old age. C, Sydenham's, ordinary chorea. 

Choreic (ko-re' -ik) \_xopeia, dancing]. Rela- 
ting to, of the nature of, or affected with, 
chorea. 

Choreiform (ko-re' '-if-orm) [xopeia, dancing ; 

forma, form]. Resembling chorea. 



Choremania (ko - re - ma' ■ ne - ah) [x°P^ < a > 
dancing; fiavia, madness]. Synonym of 
Choromania. 

Choriocapillaris {ko-re- o-kap-il-a' '-ris) [xo- 
piov, skin ; capillus, a hair]. The network 
of capillaries over the inner portion of the 
choroid coat of the eye. 

Chorioid (ko'-re-oid). See Choroid. 

Chorioidal (ko-re-oid'-al). See Choroid. 

Chorioideremia [ko-re-oid-er-e'-me-ah). See 
Choroideremia. 

Chorioiditis (ko'-re-oid-i'-tis). See Choroid- 
itis. 

Chorion (ko'-re-on) \_xbptov, fetal membrane]. 
The outermost of the fetal membranes, 
formed from the vitelline membrane, the 
false amnion, and the allantois. The cho- 
rion lies between the amnion and the deciduse 
(rerlexa and vera). C, Cystic Degenera- 
tion of, a myxoma of the chorion, producing 
the so-called "hydatid mole." It is character- 
ized by rapid increase in the size of the 
uterus, hemorrhage, often profuse, beginning 
during the second month of pregnancy, and 
the discharge of small cysts, whitish in ap- 
pearance, surrounded by bloody clots. These 
cysts vary in size from a pin's-head to a 
filbert. C. leve, the membranous portion of 
the chorion. C, Shaggy, or C. frondosum, 
the part covered by villi. It helps to form 
the placenta. 

Chorionic [ko-re-on' '-ik) \_xopiov, the cho- 
rion]. Relating to the chorion. 

Chorionitis (ko-re-on-i'-tis). See Sclero- 
derma. 

Choroid (ko'-roid) [xbpiov, the chorion; 
euhc, likeness]. The vascular tunic of the 
eye, continuous with the iris in front and 
lying between the sclerotic and the retina. 
C. Plexus, avascular plexus in the ventricles 
of the brain. 

Choroideremia (ko-roid-er-e'-me-ah) [^o- 
piov, the chorion ; cldog, like ; eprjpia, deso- 
lation]. Absence of the choroid. 

Choroiditis {ko-roid-i' '-lis) [xopiov, the cho- 
rion ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the choroid coat of the eye. It may be 
anterior, the foci of exudation being at the 
periphery of the choroid ; or central, the 
exudate being in the region of the macula 
lutea ; diffuse or disseminated, characterized 
by numerous round or irregular spots scat- 
tered over the fundus; exudative or non-sup- 
purative, when there are isolated foci of in- 
flammation scattered over the choroid ; 
metastatic, when due to embolism ; and 
suppurative, when proceeding to suppuration. 
C. serosa. Synonym of Glanco?na. 

Choroidoiritis (ko-roid-o-i-ri' '-lis) \_xopiov, 
the chorion ; etdog, like ; Ipig, the rainbow ; 
LTLQ y inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
choroid and the iris. 



CHOROIDORETINITIS 



190 



CHVOSTEK'S SIGN 



Choroidoretinitis (ko-roid- o - ret- in - i f - Hi) 
[nopiov, the chorion ; eldog, like ; retina, the 
retina; mq, inflammation]. Choroiditis 
associated with retinitis. C., Ametropic, 
that caused by ametropia. 

Choromania (ko-ro-ma' '-ne-ah) \_xopog, a 
dance ; jiavia, madness]. A nervous dis- 
order characterized by dancing or other 
rhythmic movements ; epidemic chorea ; 
dancing mania. 

Christian Science (kris' -te-an si'-eni). An 
alleged system of therapy ; a form of faith- 
cure. 

Christison's Formula. A formula for esti- 
mating the amount of solids in the urine : 
Multiply the last two figures of the specific 
gravity expressed in four figures by 2.33 (or 
by 2, Trapp ; or by 2.2, Lcebisch). This 
gives the amount of solids in every 1 000 
parts. 

Chromate (kro* -mat) [xpujia, color]. Any 
salt of chromic acid. 

Chromatic (kro-mat' -ik) [^pw/za, color]. 
Relating to or possessing color. C. Aber- 
ration, a failure of a lens to bring to the focus 
some of the color-rays into which white light 
has been divided, due to the difference in re- 
frangibility of rays of different color. C. 
Audition, luminous sensations aroused by 
sound. 

Chromatin (kro* -mat-in) [xpti/m, color]. 
The portion of the protoplasm of a cell that 
takes the stain, forming a delicate reticular 
network or plexus of fibrils permeating the 
achromatin of a cell. It is also called 
karyomitome. 

Chromatogenous (kro-mat-of '-en-ui) [^pcJua, 
color; ytvvav, to beget]. Producing color. 

Chromatopsia (kro-mat-op' 'se-ah ) \_xP^l ia i 
color ; bypiq, vision]. A disorder of vision 
in which color-impressions arise subjectively. 
It may be due to disturbance of the optic cen- 
ters, or to drugs, especially santonin. 

Chromic (kro'-mik) [xpw/za, color]. Per- 
taining to or made from chromium. C. Acid. 
See Acid. 

Chromidrosis (kro - mid- ro f - sis) \_xp&iia, 
color; Idpag, sweat]. A rare condition of 
the sweat in which it is variously colored, be- 
ing bluish, blackish, reddish, greenish, or 
yellowish. Black sweat {Seborrhea nigri- 
cans) occurs usually in hysteric women, the 
face being most often affected. It is associated 
with chronic constipation and is due to the 
presence of indican in the sweat. Red sweat, 
hematidrosis, may be due to an exudation of 
blood into the sweat-glands, or to the pres- 
ence of a microorganism in the sweat. 

Chromium (kro f -nie-um) \_xpidua, color]. 
Cr= 52.2 ; quantivalence II and iv. One of 
the elements of the iron-group. The various 
salts of chromium, especially the derivatives of 



C. trioxid or chromic acid, Cr 2 3 , are much 
used in the manufacture of pigments and as 
a caustic. All are poisonous. Potassium 
dichromate (bichromate of potash), K 2 Cr 2 7 , 
is used as a caustic, antemetic, and alterative ; 
as a preserving agent for animal tissues, as a 
reagent, and in battery-fluids. 

Chromocytometer {kro - mo -si- torn* ' -et-er) 
[xpuf-ia, color ; nvroq, cell ; fie-pov, a meas- 
ure]. An instrument for estimating the 
proportion of hemoglobin present in the 
blood. 

Chromogen (kro' '-mo-Jen) [xp&fia., color ; 
ykvzcig, production]. Any principle of the 
animal or vegetable economy which is sus- 
ceptible, under suitable circumstances, of be- 
ing changed into a coloring matter. 

Chromophane (kro' -mo-fan) [xp&na, color ; 
<palveiv, to appear]. The pigment of the in- 
ner segments of the retinal cones of certain 
animals. There are at least three varieties, 
chlorophane, rhodophane, xanthophane. 

Chromophile (kro f -mo-fil). Same as Chro- 
mophilous. 

Chromophilous (kro-moff f -il-ui) [xptifia, 
color; filog, loving]. Readily stained; 
easily absorbing color. 

Chromophose (kro f -7iio-fos). See Phose. 

Chromophytosis (kro-mo-fi-to f -sis) [xp&f*a, 
color; (j)vt6v, a plant]. I. Any microscopic 
plant-growth that produces a discoloration of 
the skin in which it grows ; any pigmentary 
skin-disease caused by a vegetable parasite. 
2. A synonym of Tinea versicolor ', or Eich- 
stedfs Disease. 

Chronic (kron f -ik) \_xpovng, time]. Long- 
continued ; of long duration ; opposed to 
acute. 

Chronicity (kro - nis'-it-e) [xP° V0 S> time]. 
The state of being chronic or long-continued. 

Chronograph (kro' -no-graf) \_xpovoq, time ; 
ypaoetv, to write]. An instrument for graph- 
ically recording intervals of time, in physio- 
logic and psychophysic experiments. 

Chrysarobin, or Chrysarobinum (kris-ar- 
o' bin, or kris-ar-o-bi' -nnm) \_xpvozoq, golden; 
araroba (nat. East Ind), bark of a leguminous 
tree], C 30 H 26 O 7 . A reduction-product of 
chrysophanic acid ; it occurs in goa-powder 
and araroba-powder. It is a yellow-colored 
powder, the product of the decay of Andira 
araroba, a Brazilian tree. It is a gastro- 
intestinal irritant; locally and internally it is 
useful in psoriasis, but stains the skin a dark 
yellowish-brown color. Dose, internally, gr. 
\- \ (0.008-0.032). C, Ung., contains 10 
per cent, of the drug with 90 per cent, ben- 
zoated lard. 

Chrysophanic Acid (kris-o-fan' '-ik). See 
Acid. 

Chvostek's Sign. See Tetany ; also Signs 
and Symptoms, Table of 



CHYLE 



191 



CINCHONA 



Chyle (kit) \_x^oq, juice]. The milk-white 
fluid absorbed by the lacteals during diges- 
tion. On standing, it separates into a thin, 
jelly-like clot and a substance identical with 
serum. C. -corpuscle, any floating cell of 
the chyle. These cells resemble, and are 
probably identical with, the colorless blood- 
corpuscles. 

Chylifaction (hi - le -fak' - shun) \chylus, 
chyle ; facere, to make]. The forming of 
chyle from food. 

Chyliferous {ki-lif'-er-us) \chylus, chyle ; 
ferre, to carry]. Containing or carrying 
chyle. 

Chylification (ki-le-fik-a'-shun) [x v ^°G> 
chyle ; facere, to make] . The process by 
which chyle is formed, separated and ab- 
sorbed by the villi of the small intestine. 

Chylodochium (kil-o-do f -ke-uni) [x v ^°S> 
chyle; Sox^lov, receptacle]. The receptacu- 
lum chyli. 

Chylopoiesis (ki-lo-poi-e' 'sis) [^ivldc, chyle ; 
izoieiv, to make]. Chylification. 

Chylopoietic (ki-lo-poi-e^ -ik) \_x v ^oq, chyle ; 
Troieiv, to make]. Making or forming chyle. 

Chylous (ki-lus) [;p?idc, chyle]. Relating to 
or resembling chyle. 

Chyluria (ki-lu f -re-ah) [x v ^°£> juice ; ovpov, 
urine]. The passage of chyle in the urine. 
It is thought to be caused by a disordered 
condition of the lacteals, and is also connected 
with the presence in the blood of Filaria 
sanguinis hominis, which blocks up the 
lymph- channels. 

Chyme (him) [xv/udg, juice]. Food that has 
undergone gastric digestion and has not yet 
been acted upon by the biliary, pancreatic, 
and intestinal secretions. 

Chymification (ki-me-fik-a f -shun) [^ty/dc, 
chyme ; facere, to make] . The change of 
food into chyme by the digestive process. 

Cicatricial (sik-at-rish' '-al ' ) [cicatrix, a scar]. 
Pertaining to or of the nature of a cica- 
trix. C. Deformities, abnormal contractions 
caused by cicatrices. C. Tissue, a form of 
dense connective tissue, seen in cicatrices. 

Cicatrix (sik-a f -triks) [L.]. A scar. The 
connective-tissue which replaces a localized 
loss of substance. Its color is usually whitish 
and glistening when old, red or purple when 
newly-developed. 

Cicatrization (sik-at-riz-a' '-shun) \cicatnx, a 
scar]. The process of healing. 

Cilia (siV-e-ah) [PI. of cilium, the eyelid or 
lash]. I. The eyelashes. 2. The locomotor 
and prehensile organs of certain microorgan- 
isms. 3. The hair-like appendages of cer- 
tain epithelial cells, the function of which 
is to propel fluid or particles. 

Ciliary (siV -e-a-re) [cilium, an eyelash] . I. 
Pertaining to the eyelid or eyelash. 2. Re- 
lating to ciliary movement. 3. Pertaining to 



the C. Apparatus, or the structure related to 
the mechanism of accommodation. C. Arter- 
ies, anterior, posterior long, and posterior 
short, branches of the ophthalmic artery, sup- 
plying the recti muscles, the ciliary appa- 
ratus, and the posterior structures of the eye, 
with the exception of the retina. See Arte- 
ries, Table of. C. Body, the ciliary muscle 
and processes. C. Canal, the canal of Fon- 
tana. C. Ganglion, the ganglion at the 
apex of the orbit, supplying the ciliary 
muscle and iris. C. Movement, movement 
by means of vibratory cilia. C. Muscle, 
the muscle of accommodation, the contraction 
of which lessens the tension upon the sus- 
pensory ligament of the lens. C. Nerves, 
branches of the ophthalmic ganglion sup- 
plying the anterior structures of the eyeball 
and the accommodative apparatus. C. 
Neuralgia, neuralgic pain of the eye, brow, 
temple, etc. C. Processes, circularly ar- 
ranged choroidal foldings continuous with the 
iris in front. C. Region, the pericorneal 
or " danger- zone," corresponding to the 
position of the ciliary body. C. Zone, the 
ciliary processes collectively. 

Ciliated (siV-e-a-ted) [cilium, an eyelash]. 
Having cilia. 

Ciliospinal (sil-e-o-spi' -nal) [cilium, an eye- 
lash ; spina, the spine]. Relating to the 
ciliary zone and the spine. C. Center. See 
Center. 

Cilium (siV-e-uni). [L.]. See Cilia. 

Cimex (si'-meks) [L. , a bug]. A genus of 
hemipterous insects. C. lectularius, the 
common bed-bug. 

Cimicifuga (sim-is-e-fu' '-gah) [cimex, a bug ; 
fugare, to drive away]. Black snake-root, 
Black cohosh. The root of C. racemosa, ord. 
Ranunculaceae. A stomachic, antispasmodic, 
aphrodisiac, expectorant, and diuretic. Its 
action on the heart is similar to that of digi- 
talis. It has been used in cardiac diseases, 
functional impotence, chorea, and ovarian 
neuralgia. C, Ext., Fid. (alcoholic). 
Dose rt\,v-xxx (0.32-2.0). C. Ext., Liquid., 
(B.P.). Dose TTLiij-xxx (0.2-2.0). C, 
Tinct., 20 per cent, in strength. Dose TT^xv- 
f 3 j (1.0-4.0). Macrotin. (unof.), a 
resinous extract. Dose gr j!^-ij (0.032-0. 13). 

Cina (si f -nah) [L.]. The plant Artemisia 
santonica. See Santonica. 

Cinchamidin (sin-kam f -id-in) [cinchona ; 
amidin], C 20 H 26 N 2 O. An alkaloid frequently 
present in commercial cinchonidin. 

Cinchona (sin-ko' '-nah) [from the Coun- 
tess Cinchon\. Peruvian bark. The bark of 
several varieties of cinchona, a tree native to 
the eastern slopes of the Andes, the most valu- 
able being C. calisaya. Other varieties are C. 
succirubra, red bark, C. condaminea, pale 
bark, C.pitayenis, pitaya bark, and C. micran- 



CINCHONAMIN 



192 



CIRCULATION 



iha. Cinchona bark contains 21 alkaloids, of 
which 4, quinin, cinchonin, quinidin, and cin- 
chonidin, are the most important. Cinchona 
has the same physiologic action and therapeu- 
tic uses as its chief alkaloid, quinin. See 
Quinin. It is also an astringent, bitter and 
stomachic tonic, stimulating appetite and pro- 
moting digestion, beneficial in atonicdyspepsia 
and adynamia, but especially useful in malarial 
affections. C, Decoctum (B. P.). Dose 
f J j-ij (32.0-64.0). C, Ext. Dose gr. j-v 
(0.065-0.32). C, Ext., Fid. Dose n\, x-f 3J 
(0.65-4.0 j. C, Ext., Liquidum (B. P.). 
Dose nx v-x (0.32-0.65). C, Infusum, 
bark 6, arom. sulph. acid I, water, 93 parts. 
Dose f 3 j-f ^(4.0-32.0). C, Infus. acidum 
(B.P.). Dose f 3 j-ij (32.0-64.0). C, 
Tinct., 20 per cent, of the bark. Dose f 3 ss- 
ij (2.0-8.0). C, Tinct., Comp., Huxham's 
Tincture, bark 10, bitter-orange peel 8, 
serpentaria I, alcohol 80 parts. Dose f 3J- 
f i| ss (4.0-16.0). 

Cinchonamin [sin~kon f -am-in) [cinchona ; 
amin~\, C 19 H 24 N,0. An alkaloid of cuprea 
bark. It occurs in glistening, colorless crys- 
tals that are nearly insoluble in water, and 
but slightly soluble in ether. 

Cinchonicin (sin-kon'-is-in) [cinchona'], C 20 - 
H n N 2 0. An artificial alkaloid derived from 
cinchonin. 

Cinchonidin (sin-kon'-id-in), C 20 H 24 N.,O. 
An alkaloid derived from cinchona. It is a 
crystalline substance resembling quinin in 
general properties. C. Salicylate (unof.) has 
decided antiperiodic properties. C. Sul- 
phate, (C 20 H 2( N 2 O N ) 2 H.,SO 4 .3H 2 O, less bitter 
than quinin and valuable as an antipyretic. 
Dose gr. j-xx (0.065—1.3) or more. 

Cinchonin [sin' '-ko-nin) [cinchona], C 19 H 22 - 
N 2 0. An official alkaloid derived from cin- 
chona. It is a colorless, crystalline body, simi- 
lar to quinin in therapeutic effects, but less 
active. C. Sulph., (C 19 H 2 ,N 2 0) 2 H 2 S0 4 .- 
2H 2 0. It is soluble with difficulty in water, 
but soluble in acidulated water. Dose gr. 
v-xxx (0.32—2.0). 

Cinchonism (sin' '-ko-nizm) [cinchona]. The 
systemic effect of cinchona or its alkaloids 
when given in full doses. The symptoms 
produced are a ringing in the ears with deaf- 
ness, headache, giddiness, dimness of sight, 
and a weakening of the heart's action. 

Cinchonize (sin'-ko-niz) \ cinchona]. To 
bring under the influence of cinchona or its 
alkaloids. 

Cincture [singk f -tur) [cinctura, a girdle]. 
A belt or girdle. C. -feeling, a sensation as 
if the waist were encircled by a tight girdle. 

Cinerea (sin-e'-re-aK) [cinereus, ashen]. The 
gray substance of the brain, spinal cord, and 
ganglia. C, Lamina, a thin layer of gray 
substance extending backward above the 



optic commissure from the termination of tne 
corpus callosum to the tuber cinereum. 

Cinesia (sin-e'-se-ah). See Kinesis. 

Cingulum (sing' '-gn-luni) [cingere, to gird]. 
I . A girdle or zone ; the waist. 2. Herpes 
zoster, or shingles. 

Cinnabar (sin'-ab-ar) [nivvaftapL, a pigment]. 
Mercuric sulphid, HgS. 

Cinnamene (sin-am' '-en). See Sty vol. 

Cinnamic (sin-am' -ik) [uii-va/jwjuov , cinna- 
mon]. Pertaining to or derived from cinna- 
mon. C. Acid. See Acid. 

Cinnamomum, or Cinnamon (sin-am-o'- 
mum, or sin' -a?n-on)[KLvvauuuov , cinnamon]. 
The inner bark of the shoots of several species 
of Cinnamomnm, native to Ceylon and China, 
the latter being known in commerce under 
the name of cassia. Its properties are due to 
a volatile oil. It is an agreeable carminative 
and aromatic stimulant, used for flatulence, 
colic, enteralgia, etc. C, Aqua, 2 parts 
of oil in 1000 of water. Dose f . % j-ij 
(32.0-64.0). C, Ext. Aromat., Fid., 
contains aromatic powder 10, alcohol 8 
parts. Dose m^x-xxx (0.65-2.0). C, 
Oleum, the volatile oil. Dose gtt. j-v 
(0.065-0.32). C, Pulv., Comp. (B. P.), 
cinnamon bark, cardamom seeds, and ginger. 
Dose gr. iij-x (0.2-0.65). C-> Spt., 10 
per cent, of the oil in spirit. Dose X\ v-xxx 
(0.32-2.0). C, Tinct., 10 per cent, of the 
powdered bark in alcohol. Dose f ^ ss— ij 
(2.0-8.0). Pulvis aromaticus, aromatic 
powder, cinnamon, aa 35, cardamom, nut- 
meg, aa 15. Dose gr. x-xxx (0.65-2.0). 

Circle (sir' -hi) [idp/cog, a circle]. A ring ; 
a line, every point of which is equidistant 
from a point called the center. C. of Diffu- 
sion. See Diffusion. C. of Haller. 1. 
The plexus of vessels formed by the short 
ciliary arteries upon the sclerotic, at the en- 
trance of the optic nerve. 2. The circulus 
venosus mammae situated beneath the areola 
of the nipple. C. of Willis, the arterial 
anastomosis at the base of the brain, formed 
by the anterior communicating artery between 
the anterior cerebral arteries, the internal 
carotids and middle and posterior cerebral 
arteries, and the posterior communicating 
arteries. 

Circular Insanity. See Insanity. 

Circuit (sir'-kit) [circnitus, a going round]. 
The course of an electric current. 

Circulation (sir-kn-la'-shun) [circu/atio, 2. 
circular course]. Passage in a circle, as the 
C. of the blood. C, Collateral, that 
taking place through branches and second- 
ary channels after stoppage of the principal 
route. C, Fetal, that of the fetus, includ- 
ing the circulation through the placenta 
and umbilical cord. C, First, or Primi- 
tive, that of the embryo, a closed system, 



CIRCUM- 



193 



CLAUSTRUM 



carrying nutriment and oxygen to the em- 
bryo. C, Placental, the fetal circulation. 
C, Portal, the passage of the blood from 
the gastrointestinal tract and spleen through 
the liver, and its exit by the hepatic vein. C, 
Pulmonary, the circulation of blood through 
the lungs by means of the pulmonary artery 
and veins, for the purpose of oxygenation and 
purification. C, Second, the fetal circula- 
tion, replacing the omphalomesenteric system. 
C, Systemic, the general circulation, as 
distinct from the pulmonary circulation. C, 
Third, that of the adult. C, Vitelline, 
first, or primitive circulation. 

Circum- (sir'-kum-) [L.]. A prefix mean- 
ing around, about. 

Circumcision (sir-kum-sizh r -un) [circum, 
around ; aedere, to cut] . The removal of the 
foreskin. 

Circumduction {sir-kum duk' -shun) [circum, 
around; ducere, to lead]. The movement 
of a limb in such a manner that its distal part 
describes a circle, the proximal end being 
fixed. 

Circumflex (sir'-kum-feks) [circum, around ; 
flectere, to bend]. Winding around. The 
name given to a number of arteries, veins, 
and nerves, on account of their course. 

Circumscribed (sir f -kum-skribd) [circum, 
around ; scribere, to write]. Strictly limited 
or marked off ; well defined ; distinct from 
surrounding parts, as a circumscribed inflam- 
mation or tumor. 

Circumvallate (sir-kum-val'-dt) [circum, 
around; vallum, wall]. Surrounded by a 
wall or prominence. C. Papillae, certain 
papillae at the base of the tongue. 

Cirrhosis {sir-o f -sis) [nippog, reddish-yellow ; 
from the color of the cirrhotic liver]. 
Chronic inflammation of an organ character- 
ized by an overgrowth of the connective tis- 
sue. C, Atrophic, a form of cirrhosis of 
the liver occurring in hard drinkers, charac- 
terized by great overgrowth of the intersti- 
tial substance with atrophy of the paren- 
chyma. C, Biliary, a form of cirrhosis of 
the liver due to chronic retention of bile from 
long-continued obstruction in the bile-ducts. 
C, Hypertrophic, a form of cirrhosis in 
which the liver is permanently enlarged. The 
disease is probably infectious and is character- 
ized by an overgrowth of the connective tis- 
sue which has no tendency to contract. C, 
Periportal, atrophic cirrhosis, so-called be- 
cause the hyperplasia of the connective tis- 
sue follows the portal vessels. 

Cirrhotic (sir-ot f -ik) [nippog, yellow]. Af- 
fected with, or relating to, cirrhosis. C. 
Kidney, chronic interstitial nephritis. 

Cirsocele (sir'-so-sel) [lapooq, a varix ; Kifh], 
tumor]. A varicose tumor, especially of the 
spermatic cord. 

*3 



Cirsoid (sir'-soid) [lapcoc, a varix ; e)6og, 
form]. Resembling a varix, or dilated vein. 

Cirsomphalos (sir-so??^ ' -fal-os) [nipooc, varix ; 
ou^aAdc, navel]. A varicose condition of 
the navel. 

Cistern (sis' -tern) [cisterna, a vessel ; recep- 
tacle]. I. A reservoir. 2. Any dilatation 
of the space between the pia and arachnoid. 
C. of Pequet, the receptaculum chyli. 

Citrate (sit' -rat) [citrus, citron-tree]. Any 
salt of citric acid. 

Citric (sit'-rik) [citrus, citron-tree]. Per- 
taining to or derived from lemons or citrons. 
C. Acid. See Acid. 

Citrine (sit'-rin) [citrus, a lemon]. Yellow; 
of a lemon-color. C. Ointment. See Hy- 
drargyrum. 

Citrus (sit'-rus) [L. ]. A genus of auranti- 
aceous trees. See Aurantiutn, Bergatnot, 
Lime, Lemon. 

Cladosporium cancerogenes(klad-o-spo / -re- 
um kan-ser-of -en-ez). A fungus said to be the 
cause of carcinoma; also termed canceromyces. 

Cladothrix (klad' '-o-thriks) [rc/lddoc, branch ; 
dpitj, a hair]. A genus of bacteria having 
long, apparently branching filaments. 

Clamp (klamp) [Ger., Klampe\ An instru- 
ment for compressing the parts in surgical 
operations to prevent hemorrhage, etc. 

Clap (klap) [OF., clapoir, a venereal sore]. 
Gonorrhea. C.-threads, slimy threads con- 
sisting of mucus and pus- cells in the urine of 
gonorrheal patients. 

Claret (klar'-et) [clarus, clear]. A light 
wine of a red color. 

Clarify {klar'-if-i) [clarus, clear; facere, to 
make]. To free a liquid or solution from 
insoluble substances; to make clear. 

Clarke's Intermediolateral Tract. See 
Column of Clarke. C. Posterior Vesicular 
Column. See Colicmn of Clarke. 

Clasmatocyte {klas - mat'- o - sit) [Klaofia, 
fragment ; kitoc, cell]. A form of very large 
connective-tissue corpuscles that tend to break 
up into granules or pieces. 

Clasp (klasp) [ME., claspen, to grasp firmly]. 
C. -knife Rigidity, a spastic condition of a 
limb, as a result of which extension is com- 
pleted with a ' ' spring," as in a knife-blade. It 
is met with in the cerebral palsies of children. 

Clathrocystis (klath-ro-sis'-tis) [nAr/6pa, a 
trellis ; nvcrig, pouch]. A genus of microor- 
ganisms with round or oval cells, forming 
zoogleae in the form of circular layers. 

Claudication (claw-dic-a' -shun) [claudicare, 
to limp]. Lameness. C, Intermittent, a 
spasmodic lameness due to imperfect circula- 
tion in the muscles of the lower limbs. 

Claustrophobia (klaws-tro-fo' '-be-ah) [clau- 
dere, to shut; od ; 3oc, fear]. Morbid distress 
at being in a room or confined space. 

Claustrum (klaws' -trum) [claudere, to shut]. 



CLAVICEPS 



194 



CLONUS 



A layer of gray matter in the cerebrum to 
the outer side of the lenticular nucleus. 

Claviceps {klav' ' -is-eps) \_clava, club ; caput, 
head]. A genus of fungi. C. purpurea, 
the fungus producing the ergot of rye. 

Clavicle {klav' '-ik-l) \clavicula ; clavus, a 
key]. The collar-bone. 

Clavicular {kla-vik f -u-lar) [clavus, a key]. 
Relating to the clavicle. 

Clavus (kla'-vus) [clavus, a nail, a wart, a 
corn]. Corn; a hyperplasia of the horny 
layer of the epidermis, in which there is an 
ingrowth as well as an outgrowth of horny 
substance, forming circumscribed epidermal 
thickenings, chiefly about the toes. Corns 
may be hard or soft, the latter being situated 
between the toes, where they are softened by 
maceration. Both forms are due to pressure 
and friction. C. hystericus, a local pain in 
the head, as if a nail were being driven in. 

Claw [klaw] [AS., dawn, a claw]. C. -hand, 
a condition of the hand characterized by over- 
extension of the first phalanges and extreme 
flexion of the others. The condition is a re- 
sult of atrophy of the interosseous muscles, 
with contraction of the tendons of the com- 
mon extensor and long flexor. (French, 
main- en-griff e. ) 

Clearing (kler'-ing) [clarus, clear]. C. 
Agent, a substance used in microscopy to 
render tissues transparent and suitable for 
mounting. 

Cleavage (kle'-vaj) [AS., cleofan, to split 
asunder]. I. The linear clefts in the skin 
indicating the general direction of the fibers. 
They govern to a certain extent the arrange- 
ment of the lesions in skin-diseases. The 
lines of cleavage run, for the most part, 
obliquely to the axis of the trunk, sloping from 
the spine downward and forward ; in the 
limbs they are mostly transverse to their 
longitudinal axis. 2. A mode of cell-division. 

Cleft (kleft) [Icel. , kluft, a cleft] . Divided. 
A fissure. C. Palate, a congenital fissure 
of the palate. C. Sternum, congenital 
fissure of the sternum. 

Cleft, Visceral, or Branchial. The four slit- 
like openings on each side in the cervical re- 
gion in the fetus, sometimes called the 
Branchial openings. The slits close (in the 
human fetus), except the upper, from which 
are developed the auditory meatus, tympanic 
cavity and Eustachian tube. 

Cleido- {kli f -do-) \k7Ac, the clavicle]. A 
prefix, meaning pertaining to the clavicle. 

Cleptomania [klep-to-ma' '-ne-alt). See Klep- 
tomania. 

Clergyman's Sore-Throat. A chronic hy- 
pertrophic form of pharyngitis, with more or 
less enlargement of the tonsils and lymph- 
follicles of the posterior wall, due to exces- 
sive or improper use of the voice. 



Climacteric {kli-mak-ter f -ik, or kli-maV- 
ter-ik) ^K/ufiaKTTjp, the round of a ladder]. 
A period of the lifetime at which the system 
was believed to undergo marked changes. 
These periods were thought to occur every 
seven years. The word is now generally ap- 
plied to the menopause. C. Age, puberty; 
also in women the time of cessation of the 
catamenia. C. Epoch. Same as C. Age. 
C, Grand, the 63d year. 

Climatology [kli-mat-ol' -o-je) \jOjaa, climate, 
a clime; Aoyoc, science]. The science of 
climate. 

Clinic (klin'-ik) \k7.iviko<;, pertaining to a 
bed]. I. Medical instruction given at the 
bedside, or in the presence of the patient 
whose symptoms are studied and whose treat- 
ment is considered. 2. A gathering of in- 
structors, students, and patients, for the study 
and treatment of disease. 

Clinical (klin* '-ik-al) \_k7,lvlkoc, pertaining to 
a bed]. Relating to bedside-treatment, or 
to a clinic. 

Clinoid (kli' '-noid) \k7avtj, a bed ; eldog, like- 
ness] . Resembling a bed ; applied to sundry- 
bony structures of the body, as the clinoid 
processes, plate, walls, etc. 

Cliseometer {klis-e-ojn' -e-ter) \_k7.1glq, inclin- 
ation ; jierpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for measuring the degree of inclination of the 
pelvic axis. 

Clitoridectomy {klit-or-id-ek f -to-me) \k7.ut- 
ofjig, clitoris ; kKTOjii], excision] . Excision of 
the clitoris. 

Clitoris (kfr't'-or-is) [n/.eiropic;, clitoris] . The 
homologue in the female of the penis, at- 
tached to the ischiopubic rami by two crura or 
branches, which meet in front of the pubic 
joint to form the body, or corpus. It pos- 
sesses erectility. C. Crises, paroxysms of 
sexual excitement in women suffering from 
tabes. 

Clivus (kli'-vtis) [L., a slope]. Aslope. C. 
ossis, or C. of Blumenbach, the slanting 
surface of the body of the sphenoid bone be- 
tween the sella turcica and the basilar pro- 
cess of the occipital bone. 

Cloaca (klo-a'-kah) \cloa ca, a sewer]. I. In 
early fetal life, the common orifice of the in- 
testine and the allantois. 2. A fistulous tract 
in bone discharging pus from a sequestrum. 

Clonic {klon'-ik) \k7.6voc, commotion]. Ap- 
plied to convulsive and spasmodic conditions 
of muscles characterized by alternate contrac- 
tions and relaxations. 

Clonus [klo'-mis) \_k7.6voq, commotion]. A 
series of movements characterized by alter- 
nate contractions and relaxations ; a clonic 
spasm. Involuntary, reflex, irregular con- 
tractions of muscles when put suddenly upon 
the stretch. According to the part affected, 
the phenomenon is spoken of as ankle, foot, 



CLOQUET 



195 



COCAIN 



rectus, or wrist C, etc. See Reflexes, Table 
of. 

Cloquet, Canal of. See Canals, Table of. 

Clostridium {klos-trid' '-e-um) [k?«uott/p, a 
spindle]. A genus of bacteria, differing from 
bacilli in the fact that their spores are formed 
in enlarged rods. 

Closure (klo'-zur) \_clausura, a closing]. The 
act of completing or closing an electric cir- 
cuit. 

Clot (klot) [AS., elate, a bur]. A peculiar 
solidification of the blood, such as takes 
place when it is shed. It is due to the 
formation of fibrin which entangles the blood 
corpuscles and, contracting, squeezes out the 
liquid portion of the blood. 

Cloudy Swelling. Parenchymatous degener- 
ation ; a swelling up of the elements of a 
tissue, with the formation in them of fine 
granules due to the change of soluble albu- 
minates into insoluble. 

Clove (klov). See Caryophyllus . C. -Hitch 
Knot, a form of double-knot in which two 
successive loops are made close to one 
another on the same piece of cord or band- 
age, a half-twist being given to the junction 
of each loop at the time of making it. 

Clownism {klow7i f -izm) [Icel., klunni, a 
boorish fellow]. That stage of hystero- 
epilepsy in which there is an emotional dis- 
play and a remarkable series of contortions. 

Club-foot. See Talipes. C.-hand, a de- 
formity of the hand similar to that of club- 
foot. 

Clubbed Fingers (klubd fin f -gerz) . Knobbed 
deformity of the finger-tips, with curvature 
of the nails over the finger-ends ; seen in 
some cases of pulmonary and cardiac disease. 

Clyster (klis f -ter) [kavcttjp, an injection]. 
An enema. 

Coagulated {ko-ag f -u-la-ted) \coagulare, to 
curdle]. Clotted ; curdled. C. Proteids, a 
class of proteids produced by heating solu- 
tions of egg-albumin or serum-albumin up 
to 70 C. or higher. At the body-temperature 
they are readily converted into peptones by 
the action of the gastric juice in an acid 
medium, or of pancreatic juice in an alkaline 
medium. 

Coagulation [ko-ag-u-la' '-shun) \coagulatio, 
a clotting]. The formation of a coagulum 
or clot, as in blood or in milk. 

Coagulative (ko-ag f -u-la-tiv) \_coagulare, to 
curdle]. Causing or marked by coagulation. 
C. Necrosis. See Necrosis. 

Coagulum (ho - ag f - u - hem) \coagulare, to 
curdle]. A clot. The mass of fibrin, enclos- 
ing red and colorless corpuscles and serum, 
that forms from the blood after the latter has 
been drawn from the body. Also, the curd 
of milk, and the insoluble form of albumin. 

Coal (hoi) [ME., cole]. C.-tar, a by-pro- 



duct in the manufacture of illuminating gas ; 
it is a black, viscid fluid of a characteristic 
and disagreeable odor. The specific gravity 
ranges from i.iotol.20. Its composition 
is extremely complex, and its principal con- 
stituents are separated, one from the other, by 
means of fractional distillation. 

Coalescence (ko-al-es f -ens) \coalescere, to 
grow together]. The union of two or more 
parts or things. 

Coaptation (ko-ap-ta' '-shun) \con, together ; 
aptare, to fit]. The proper union or adjust- 
ment of the ends of a fractured bone, the lips 
of a wound, etc. 

Coarctate (ho-ark f -tat) [coarctare, to press 
together]. Crowded together. 

Coarctation (ko-ark-ta' ' -shun) \_coarctare, to 
put together]. A compression of the walls 
of avessel or canal, narrowing or closing the 
lumen ; reduction of the normal or previous 
volume, as of the pulse ; shrivelling and con- 
sequent detachment, as of the retina. A 
stricture. 

Coarse (kors) [ME., course]. Not fine; 
gross. C. Adjustment. See Adjustment. 
C. Features of Disease, macroscopic or- 
ganic lesions, such as swelling, hemorrhage, 
etc. 

Coat (hot) \_cottus, a tunic]. A cover, or mem- 
brane covering a part or substance. C, 
Buffy, the upper fibrinous layer of the clot 
of coagulated blood, characterized by its pale 
color, due to absence of red corpuscles. 

Cobalt (ko f -bawlt) \_R~obold, a German mytho- 
logic goblin] . A tough, heavy metal having 
some of the general properties of iron. Its 
oxids have been employed in medicine, but 
are now very little used. See Elements, 
Table of. 

Coca (ho' -hah). See Erythroxylon. 

Cocain (ko f -kah-in, or ko f -kdn) [S.A., coca], 
C 17 H 2l N0 4 . The chief alkaloid of Ery- 
throxylon coca. It is at first stimulant and 
afterward narcotic, and resembles caffein in 
its action on the nerve-centers, and atropin in 
its effects on the respiratory and circulatory 
organs. Its long- continued use (cocain-habit) 
is followed by insomnia, decay of moral and 
intellectual power, emaciation, and death. 
It is a local anesthetic when applied to the 
surface of mucous membranes or given hy- 
podermically. Applied to the conjunctiva 
of the eye it causes also dilatation of the 
pupil and paralysis of the function of accom- 
modation. Dose gr. ^-ij (0.008-0. 13). C, 
Ceratum, I in 30, for burns, etc. C. Citras, 
used to stop toothache. C. Hydrochloras, 
C n H 21 N0 4 Cl, most commonly used for local 
anesthesia in 2-8 per cent, solution. Dose, 
internally, gr. x /%-\) (0.008-0.13). C. Hy- 
drochlorat., Liquor (B. P.). Dose tr\,ij-x 
(0.13-0.65). Injectio C. Hydrochlorat. 



COCAINISM 



196 



COFFEE 



Hypoderm. ; I in 20. C, Lamellae (B. 

P.), each containing gr. T ^ (0.00065) of 
cocain hydrochlorate. C. Oleas, a 10 per 
cent, solution in oleic acid, for external use. 
C. Phenas or Carbolas, a topic application 
in catarrhs and in rheumatism, used as a five 
to ten per cent, alcoholic solution ; also in- 
ternally. Dose, gr. J^— \ (0.005-0.016). 

Cocainism (ko-ka'-in-izm) [S. Arner., coca]. 
The cocain-habit. 

Cocainization {ko - ka - in - iz - a'- shun) [S. 
Amer., coca]. The bringing of the system 
or organ under the influence of cocain. 

Coccaceae [kok- has' '-e-e) [ko/ckoc, a kernel]. 
A group of schizomycetous fungi, or bacteria, 
including as genera the Micrococcus, Sar- 
cina, Ascococcus, and Leuconostoc. 

Coccidiosis {kok-sid-i' '-o-sis) [ko/ckoc, a berry ; 
voooc, disease]. The group of symptoms 
produced by the presence of coccidia in the 
body. 

Coccidium [kok-sid'-e-uw) [/cd/c/coc, a berry]. 
A genus of protozoans, by some referred to 
as the so-called psorosperms (see Psoro- 
sperm).- C. oviforme has been found in in- 
testinal epithelium, and in the liver of man, 
and often in the liver of the rabbit. True 
coccidia are nonmotile cell-parasites. C. 
sarkolytus, the name given by Adamkie- 
wicz to the so-called parasite of carcinoma. 

Coccinella (kok-sin-el'-ah). See Cochineal. 

Coccobacteria {kok-o-bak-te' '-re-ah) \_kokkoc, 
a kernel ; fianTrjpiov, a little rod]. The rod- 
like or spheroidal bacteria found in putrefy- 
ing liquids, and called C. septica. See 
Bacteria, Table of. 

Cocculus indicus {kok r -u-lus in f die -us). 
The dried fruit of Anamirta cocculus. It is an 
active narcotic poison. It is employed as a 
destroyer of vermin. See Picrotoxin. 

Coccus (kok' -us) [ko/c/coc, a berry] . I. A genus 
of insects containing C. cacti, the cochineal 
insect. 2. A spheric bacterium, a micro- 
coccus. 

Coccydynia (kok-se-din' '-e-ali) . See Coccy- 
godynia. 

Coccygeus (kok-sif -e-us) \_kokkv^, cuckoo]. 
One of the pelvic muscles. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Coccygodynia (kok-sig-o-din f -e-ah) [/cd/c/cwf, 
cuckoo; 06'vvrj, pain]. Pain referred to the 
region of the coccyx ; confined almost ex- 
clusively to women who have given birth to 
children. 

Coccyx {ko¥-siks) \kokkv^, the cuckoo (re- 
sembling the bill) ]. The last bone of the 
spinal column, formed by the union of four 
rudimentary vertebrae. 

Cochin Leg (ko f -chin). Synonym of Ele- 
phantiasis arabum. 

Cochineal {koch> '-in-el, or koch-in-el' ') [ME., 
cutchaneal]. The dried insects of a species 



of plant lice, Coccus cacti, parasitic upon a 
cactus of Mexico and Central America. It 
contains a rich red coloring-matter, carmin, 
used mainly as a dyeing agent. It is thought 
to be valuable in whooping-cough. Dose gr. 

l A (°-° 2 )- 

Cochlea (kok' '-le-ah) [kox^oc, a conch-shell]. 
A cavity of the internal ear resembling a 
snail-shell. It describes two and a half turns 
about a central pillar called the modiolus or 
columnella, forming the spiral canal, about 
\y 2 inches in length. See also Ear. 

Cochlear, or Cochleare {kok f -le-ar, or kok- 
le-a'-re) [L.]. A spoon; a spoonful. C. 
magnum, a tablespoon; C. medium, a 
dessert-spoon ; C. minimum, a teaspoon. 

Cockroach (kok f -roch). See Blatta. 

Coco (ko f -ko). Synonym of Yaws. See 
Frambesia. 

Coco, or Cocoa (ko'-ko) [Port., cacao]. See 
Cacao and Theobroma. 

Cod (kod) [ME., cod\ The Gadus mor- 
rhua, a fish furnishing C. -liver Oil, an oil 
derived from the liver of the Gadus morrhua, 
and ranging in color according to the method 
of its preparation from pale-straw to dark- 
brown ; its specific gravity is .923 to .924 or 
even .930 at 15 C. See Morrhua. 

Codein (ko / -de-in) [nudeia, the poppy-head], 
C 18 H 21 N0 3 H 2 0. A white, crystalline alka- 
loid of opium resembling morphin in action, 
but being weaker. It is used in cough 
and in diabetes mellitus. Dose gr. ss-ij 
(0.032-0.13). C. Phosphate, soluble in 
water. It is similar to morphin in action, but 
less toxic. Dose, hypodermically, gr. ss 
(0.032). C. Sulphas, dose gr. l /e- l 4 (0.01- 
0.016). C. Valerianate, an antispasmodic 
and sedative. Dose gr. ]l (0.016). 

Cceliac (se f -le-ak). See Celiac. 

Cceliotomy (se-le-ot'-o-me). See Celiotomy. 

Ccelom, Cceloma [se / -lom, se-lo f -7iiah ). See 
Celo7ii. 

Ccenesthesis i^en-es-the f -sis). See Cenesthe- 
sis. 

Ccenurus {se-nur f -its') [koivoc, common ; ovpa, 
tail]. The larva of Tcenia coenurus (Kiichen- 
meister), producing the disease of sheep 
called staggers. C. cerebralis, an hydatid 
found mainly in the brain and spinal canal 
of the ox and sheep (mostly in young ani- 
mals). Occasionally it has been discovered 
in the muscles of man. It is known to 
be the larva of the tapeworm, taenia 
ccenurus. 

Coffee {kof'-e). See Caffea. C. -ground 
Vomit, the material ejected by emesis in 
gastric carcinoma and other conditions that 
give rise to a slow hemorrhage into the 
stomach. It consists of blood changed by 
the action of the gastric juice, and mixed 
with other contents of the stomach. 



COGWHEEL BREATHING 



191 



COLLAGEN 



Cogwheel Breathing or Respiration. A 
type of breathing characterized by a jerky, 
wavy inspiration. 

Cohabitation [ko-hab-it-a'-skun) \con y to- 
gether; habitare, to dwell]. The living 
together of a man and woman, with or with- 
out legal marriage ; sexual connection. 

Cohesion {ko-he' '-zhuri) \cohcerere, to stick 
together]. The force whereby molecules of 
matter adhere to each other ; the attraction 
of aggregation. 

Cohnheim's Areas. See Area. C. Fields. 
See Cohnheitn s Areas. C. Frog. See 
Salt- frog. C. Theory, a theory that all true 
tumors are due to faulty embryonal develop- 
ment. The embryonal cells do not undergo 
the normal changes, are displaced, or are 
superfluous. When the favorable condi- 
tions are presented later in life they take on 
growth, with the formation of tumors of va- 
rious kinds. 

Cohosh [ko'-hosli) [Am. Ind ]. A name 
given to several medicinal plants. C, Black. 
See Cimicifuga. 

Coil (koil) \_colligere, to gather together]. 
A spiral formed by winding. C. -gland. 
See Sivcat-gland. C, Induction, rolls of 
wire used to produce an electric current 
by induction. C, Leiter's. See Letter's 
Tubes. 

Coin-test {koin'-tesf). See Tympany, Bell. 

Coition \ko-ish f -uii)\coire, to come together]. 
Same as Coitus. 

Coitophobia (ko-it-o-fo'-be-ali) \_coire, to 
come together ; (pofiog, fear] . Morbid 
dread of coitus from disgust or dyspareu- 
nia. 

Coitus {ko f -it-us) \coire, to come together]. 
The act of sexual connection ; copulation. 

Coko Disease {ko f -ko dis-ez'). A name ap- 
plied in the Fiji Islands to a disease resem- 
bling yaws. 

Cola [ko'-lali). See Kola-nut. 

Colchicin {kol* ' -chis-hi) [/co/^/koi', colchicum], 
C 17 H 19 N0 5 . An alkaloid of colchicum ; it 
is a pale, brownish-yellow, exceedingly bitter 
powder, freely soluble in water. It is a very 
active poison. Its dose is gr. z ^ (0.0032), 
hypodermatically. 

Colchicum [liol' ' -chik-uni) [/coA^/cdv, colchi- 
cum]. Meadow-saffron. The corm and 
seed of C. autumnale, the properties of 
which are due to an alkaloid, colchicin. It 
is an emetic, diuretic, diaphoretic, and dras- 
tic cathartic. It is valuable in acute gout, 
and in some forms of rheumatism. Dose of 
the powdered root gr. ij-viij (0.13-0.52), of 
the powdered seeds gr. j-v (0.065-0.32). 
C, Extract. (B. P.). Dose gr. ss-ij (0.032- 
0.13). C, Extract., Aceticum (B. P.). 
Dose gr. ss-ij (0.032-0.13). C. Rad., Ext. 
Dose gr. ss-ij (0.032-0.13). C. Rad., Ext., 



Fid. Dose tt\ij-x (0.13-0.65). C. Rad., 
Vinum, 40 per cent, in strength. Dose Ti\v- 
xv (0.32-1.0). C. Sem., Ext., Fid. Dose 
Tt\j-v (0.065-0.32). C. Sem., Vinum, 15 
per cent, in strength. Dose TT^x-xxx (0.65- 
2.0). C, Tinct., prepared from the seed; 
strength 15 per cent. Dose n\x-xxx (0.65- 
2.0). C, Vinum (B. P.). Dose n\x-xxx 
(0.65-1.3). 

Cold {kold) [AS., ceald~\. I. The compara- 
tive want of heat. 2. A term used popu- 
larly for coryza and catarrhal conditions of 
the respiratory tract. Cold is employed 
largely in various forms as a therapeutic 
agent, mainly for the purpose of lowering 
temperature and allaying irritation and in- 
flammation. It may be used in the form of 
affusion, that is, the sudden application of a 
considerable volume of cold water to the 
body. Cold may be used as an anesthetic 
in baths (see Bath) ; in the form of 
compresses applied over the affected part ; 
in the form of irrigation, especially in 
the treatment of bruised and injured mem- 
bers ; as a lotion, for the purpose of reliev- 
ing local heat, pain, and swelling ; as an in- 
jection, in the form of ice-water, into the 
vagina or rectum, for various conditions ; and 
as the cold pack, which is a valuable means 
of reducing the body-temperature in cases of 
hyperpyrexia. Cold may be applied in the 
dry form by means of the ice-cap or bladder, 
an india-rubber bag filled with ice, snow, or 
a freezing mixture. C, Abscess. See 
Abscess. C. Cream. See Rosa. C. Pack. 
See Pack. C. Sore, herpes labialis. 

Colectomy (ko-lek'-lo-?ne) \_k61ov, colon ; 
eKTOfii), cutting out]. Excision of a portion 
of the colon. 

Colic {kol'-ik) [/co/U/cdc, pertaining to the 
colon]. I. Pertaining to the colon. 2. A 
severe griping pain in the bowels, due to 
spasm of the intestinal walls ; also any severe 
spasmodic pain in the abdomen. C, Bili- 
ary, that due to the passage of a gall-stone 
through the gall ducts. C, Devonshire. 
Synonym of C, Lead. C, Hepatic. See 
C, Biliary. C, Lead, or C, Saturnine, 
Colica pictonum, painter 's colic. Intestinal 
colic due to lead-poisoning. It is character- 
ized by excruciating abdominal pain, a hard 
and retracted condition of the abdomen, 
slow pulse, and increased arterial tension. 
C, Menstrual, the pain of menstruation. 
C, Renal, due to the presence of a calculus 
in the ureter. C, Uterine, colic-like pains 
experienced at the menstrual epochs, often 
coming on in paroxysms. 

Colitis (ko-li'-tis) [/cdAov, the large intestine ; 
trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
colon. 

Collagen {koV -aj-eri) |"/cdAAa, glue ; yevvdeiv t 



COLLAPSE 



199 



COLOPHONY RESIN 



to produce] . A substance existing in various 
tissues of the body, especially bone and car- 
tilage ; it is converted into gelatin by boiling. 

Collapse {kol-aps') [collabere, to fall to- 
gether]. Extreme depression and prostration 
from failure of the circulation, as in cholera, 
shock, hemorrhage, etc. C. of Lung, re- 
turn of a portion or the whole of a lung to 
i I s fetal or airless condition from some me- 
chanic hindrance to the entrance of air. 
It is characterized by dyspnea, with more or 
less cyanosis, and is mainly encountered in 
bronchopneumonia. 

Collapsing (kol-aps f -ing) [collabere, to fall 
together]. Suddenly breaking down. C. 
Pulse. See Corrigan's Pulse. 

Collar-bone. The clavicle. 

Collateral (kol-a? -er-al) [con, together; lat- 
eralis \ of the side]. Accessory or second- 
ary ; not direct or immediate. 

Collecting Tubes of the Kidney. A name 
given to the ducts discharging into the calices 
of the kidneys. 

Colles' Fascia. The deep layer of the 
perineal fascia. It is attached to the base 
of the triangular ligament, to the anterior 
lips of the rami of the pubes and ischia lat- 
erally, and anteriorly it is continuous with 
the dartos of the scrotum. C. Fracture. 
See Diseases, Table of. C. Law. See Lam. 

Collidin [kol f -id-iti\ [kg'/ja, glue], C;H n N. 
A ptomain, isomeric but not identical 
with aldehyd-collidin. The ptomain was 
obtained from pancreas and gelatin allowed 
to putrefy together in water. 

Collier's Lung. Synonym of Anfhracosis. 

Collinsonia (kol-in-so'-ne-ah) [after Peter 
Collinson, an English gentleman]. A genus 
of labiate herbs. C. canadensis. Stone- 
root, heal-all, a coarse plant with a dis- 
agreeable smell ; it has tonic, diuretic, and 
diaphoretic properties. Dose gr. xv-lx 
(1.0-4.0) in decoction; of the fluid extract 
m^x-f^i (0.65-4.0); of the tincture ( 1 inio: 
f^ss-ij (2.0-8.0). 

Colliquation {kol-ik-wa* '- shun) [con, to- 
gether ; liquart, to melt] . The liquefaction 
or breaking down of a tissue or organ. 

Colliquative (kol-ik'-wa-ti- [con, together ; 
liquare, to melt]. Profuse or exeesave; 
marked by excessive fluid discharges. C. 
Diarrhea, a profuse watery diarrhea. 
C. Necrosis. See Necrosis^ Liquefaction. 
C. Sweat, a profuse clammy sweat 

Colliquefaction h : .-ih--j;e-fak f -shun) [con, 
together; liquare, to melt]. A melting, or 
fusing together. 

Collodion {kol-o* -de-ori) [ko/^ujS^, glue- 
like]. See Pyroxy'.: 

Colloid {kol'-oid) [kq/jjl, glue]. I. A non- 
dializable organic substance. See Dialysis. 
2. A substance formed by colloid degenera- 



tion of epithelium. See Degeneration. 3. 

Having the nature of glue. 4- In chemistry, 
amorphous and non-crystalline. C. Cancer. 
See Cancer. C. Degeneration. See De- 
generation. C. Degeiseration of the Skin. 
a rare disease, occurring chiefly on the upper 
part of the face, in the form of small, 
glistening, translucent, flattish elevations, and 
yielding by pressure a small, jelly-like mass. 

Colloma {kol-o* -maK) [*6/J.a, glue; bua. a 
tumor]. A cystic tumor containing a 
gelatiniform, substance. 

Collum {kol'-um) [L.]. The neck; espe- 
cially the anterior part of the neck. C. dis- 
tortum. Synonym of Torticollis. 

Collutory [kol f -u-to-re) [collutorium, colluere, 
to rinse]. A gargle or mouth- wash. 

Collyrium (kol-ir'-e-uTri) [Ko'/Xvpiov, an eye- 
salve]. A lotion for the eyes. 

Coloboma {kol-o-bo* '-mah) [iu>/.o^6eiv, to mu- 
tilate]. A ccr.genital r.ssure of the iris. 
choroid, or eyelids. 

Colocynthis {kol-o-sin* '-this) [ko/.okw6ic. col- 
ocynth]. Colocynth. The fruit of C. cit- 
rullus, from which the seeds and rind have 
been removed. Its properties are due to a 
bitter glucosid, colocynthin, C^H^O.^, the 
dose of which is gr. £ 9 - \ (0.003-0.013). It 
is a tonic and astringent purgative, and is 
used mainly as an ingredient of compound 
cathartic pills. C Ext., alcoholic. Dose 
gr. ss— ij (0.032-0.13 1. C. Ext.. Comp., 
contains colocynth extract 16, aloes 50, 
cardamom 6, resin of scammony 14, soap 14, 
alcohol 10 parts. Dose gr. v-xx (0.32—1.3). 
C. Pilula. Comp. «B. P.), contains colo- 
cynth, aloes, scammony, potassium sulphate 
and oil of cloves. Dose gr. v-x 10.32- 
0.65). Pilulae Cathaxticae Comp., com- 
pound cathartic pills; contain each, comp. 
e.xt. of colocynth gr. 1.3, abstract jalap gr. j, 
calomel gr. j, gamboge gr. ^. Dose 1-3 
pills. Pilula Colocynth. et Hyoscyam. 
Dose gr. v-x (0.32-o.c: 

Coloenteritis {kol-o-en-ter-i f -tis) [ko?.ov, 
colon ; ivrepov, an intestine ; trie, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the small and large 
intestine. See Enterocolitis. 

Colomba, Colombo (hol-om'-bah, kol-om'- 
bo). See Calumba. 

Colon ko^-lon) [ko/jov, the colon]. The 
part of the large intestine beginning at the 
cecum and terminating at the end of the 
sigmoid flexure. In the various parts of its 
course it is known as the ascending C, the 
transverse C. , the descending C, and the 
sigmoid flexure. 

Colony (kol f -o-ne) [colonia, a colony]. A 
collection or assemblage, as of microorgan- 
isms in a culture. 

Colophony Resin (koF -o-fo-ne) [ko/j>6uv, a 
city of Ionia]. Rosin. The solid residue 



COLOR-BLINDNESS 



199 



COLUMNA 



left on distilling off the volatile oil from crude 
turpentine. See Resin. 

Color-blindness. See Blindness. 

Color -hearing. The excitation of the visual 
center for color through the auditory nerve. 

Color-sensation. The perception of color ; it 
depends on the number of vibrations of the 
ether. 

Colorimeter (kull-or-im' '-et-er) \color, color ; 
/utrpov, measure]. An instrument for deter- 
mining the quantity of coloring matter in a 
mixture, as in the blood. 

Colostomy {ko-los' '-to-me) [icolov, colon ; 
(jro^a, opening]. I. The formation of an 
artificial anus by an opening into the colon. 
2. Any surgical operation upon the colon 
that makes a permanent opening into it, 
whether internal or external. 

Colostrum (kol-os'-trum) [L.]. The first 
milk from the mother's breasts after the birth 
of the child. It is laxative, and assists in 
the expulsion of the meconium. C. Cor- 
puscles, small microscopic bodies contained 
in the colostrum. They are the epithelial 
cells of the mammary glands, full of oil- 
globules. After about the third day these 
cells burst and set free the fat-globules be- 
fore they leave the gland, and in this way 
the true milk is formed. 

Colotomy (ko-lof '-o-me) [ko^ov, colon ; re/j.- 
veiv, to cut]. Incision of the colon, either 
abdominal, lateral, lumbar, or iliac, accord- 
ing to the region of entrance. 

Colpeurynter (kol-pu-7'in f -ter) [noXiroc;, va- 
gina ; evpvveiv, to widen]. An inflatable 
bag or sac used for dilating the vagina. 

Colpitis (kol-pi' '-tis) [/cd^7roc, vagina ; ltiq, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the vagina. 

Colpocele [kol'-po-sel, or -se / -le) [/cdA7roc, va- 
gina ; KTjlrj, tumor]. Hernia of the vagina. 

Colpocleisis (kol-po-kli 1 '-sis) [/cdA7roo, vagina ; 
kAeIoic;, a closure]. The surgical closure of 
the vagina. 

Colpohysterectomy (kol-po - his - ter - ek '- to - 
me) [/cd/,7roc, vagina; varepa, womb ; znxopn), 
excision]. Removal of the uterus through 
the vagina. 

Colpoperineorrhaphy (kol-po -per- in -e-or f - 
af-e) [koAttoc, vagina; perinewn ; pcupi/, 
seam]. Repair of a perineal laceration by 
denuding and in part suturing the posterior 
wall of the vagina. 

Colpoptosis (kol-pop-to' '-sis) [/coA7roc, vagina; 
ittuolq, a falling]. Prolapse of the vaginal 
walls. 

Colporrhaphy (kol-por r -a-fe) [noXiroq, vagina; 
'p(i<j>r], seam]. Suture of the vagina. 

Coltsfoot (koltz'-foot). The leaves of Tus- 
silago farfara, a demulcent and tonic, some- 
times prescribed for chronic cough. Dose 
of a decoction ( ^ j to Oj) a teacupful ; of fld. 
ext. f 3 j— ij (4.0-8.0). Unof. 



Columbin (kol-um'-bin). An active princi- 
ple of Calumba. It is a colorless crystalline 
substance of excessively bitter taste and neu- 
tral reaction. 

Columbo (kol-um f -bo). See Calumbo. 

Columella (kol-tt-mel f -ah) [L. , a little col- 
umn]. The modiolus or central axis of the 
cochlea of the human ear. See Cochlea and 
Modiolus. 

Column (kol f -u?n) \_cohwina, a column]. A 
name given to several parts of the body 
that furnish support to surrounding parts, 
or that have the shape of pillars. C, An- 
terior, the layer of white matter in either 
half of the spinal cord included between 
the anterior horn and nerve-roots, and 
the anterior median fissure. C, An- 
terolateral Ascending. See C. of 
Gowers. C. of Burdach. See C, Postero- 
external. C. of Clarke, a column of gray 
substance occupying the region to the outer 
and posterior side of the central canal of the 
spinal cord, at the inner part of the base of 
the posterior cornu. It contains fusiform 
cells, and is the trophic center for the direct 
cerebellar tract. C, Direct Cerebellar, in 
the spinal cord, is situated outside of the lat- 
eral pyramidal tract. C. of Goll, the postero- 
median column of the spinal cord. C, 
Gowers', in the spinal cord, a group of 
fibers lying in front of the direct cerebellar 
tract and reaching around upon the peri- 
phery of the anterior pyramidal tract. C, 
Lateral, the layer of white matter in either 
half of the spinal cord included between the 
posterior horn and nerve-roots, and the ante- 
rior horn and nerve-roots. C. of Morgagni, 
vertical folds of the rectal mucous membrane 
seen at the point of union of the latter with 
the skin of the anus. C, Posterior, a 
collection of white matter situated in the 
spinal cord on either side between the poste- 
rior horns and posterior nerve-roots, and the 
posterior median fissure. C, Posteroex- 
ternal, the outer wider division of the pos- 
terior column of the cord ; the column of 
Burdach. C, Posteromedian, the median 
division of the posterior column of the cord ; 
the column of Goll. C. of Spitzka-Lis- 
sauer, in the spinal cord, a group of nerve- 
fibers lying just in front of and just behind 
the posterior horns. C, Posterovesicular. 
See Column of Clark. C. of Turck, the an- 
terior or direct pyramidal tract. C. of the 
External Ring, the free borders of the 
aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, 
forming the edges of the external abdominal 
ring. 

Columna (kol-um f -nah) [L. ]. A column or 
pillar. C. Bertini, that part of the cortical 
structure of the kidneys that separates the 
sides of any two pyramids. Columnar car- 



COMA 



200 



COMPOUND 



neae, the muscular columns projecting from 
the inner surface of the ventricles of the 
heart. 

Coma {ko'-maJi) [aa/ua, deep sleep]. Un- 
consciousness from which the patient cannot 
be aroused by external stimulus. C, Al- 
coholic, that due to poisoning by alcohol. 
C, Apoplectic, that due to apoplexy. C, 
Uremic, that due to uremia. C. Vigil, 
a comatose condition in which the patient 
lies with open eyes, but unconscious and 
delirious. This occurs occasionally in 
typhoid and typhus fevers and in delirium 
tremens. 

Comatose {ko f -mat-os) [/«j/za, a deep sleep]. 
In a condition of coma. 

Combustion {horn-bus' ' -chun) [comburere, to 
burn up]. The process of oxidation, at- 
tended with the liberation of heat and some- 
times of light. It is loosely used as a syno- 
nym of inflammation. 

Comedo {ko?n f -e-do) [comedo, & glutton: pi., 
Comedones']. Grubs; Grub- worms ; Black- 
heads. A chronic disorder of the sebaceous 
glands characterized by yellowish or whitish 
pin-point and pin-head-sized elevations, con- 
taining in their center exposed blackish 
points. They are found usually on the face, 
back of the neck, chest, and back, and, are 
often associated with acne. They occur as 
a rule in the young. Occasionally a parasite, 
the Demodex folliculoru?n, is found in each 
comedo. 

Comes {ko'-mez) [L. \ pi. , Comites\. A com- 
panion, as a vein to an artery, or an artery 
to a nerve. 

Comma-bacillus {kom f -ah-bas-iV -us). See 
Bacteria, Table of. 

Commensal {kotn-en f -sal) [cum, together; 
mensa, table]. In biology, the harmonious 
living together of two animals or plants. One 
of two such organisms. 

Comminuted {horn' ' -in-u-ted)\_comminuere , to 
break in pieces]. Broken into a number of 
pieces. 

Commissure, Commissura {kom' -iss-ur, 
kom-iss-u' '-rah) [cum, together; mittere, to 
send]. That which unites two parts. ' C, 
Anterior {of third ventricle), a rounded cord 
of white fibers placed in front of the anterior 
crura of the fornix. C, Anterior White 
[of spinal cord), a layer of fibers separating 
the posterior gray commissure from the bottom 
of the anterior median fissure. C, Gray [of 
spinal cord) , the transverse band of gray mat- 
ter connecting the masses of gray matter of the 
two halves of the spinal cord. C. magna, 
the corpus callosum. C, Middle, a band of 
soft gray matter connecting the optic thalami. 
C, Optic, the union and crossing of the two 
optic nerves in front of the tuber cinereum. 
C, Posterior [of third ventricle), a flattened 



white band connecting the optic thalami pos- 
teriorly. C, Posterior White {of spinal 
cord), a band of fibers separating the gray 
commissure from the bottom of the posterior 
median fissure. 

Commissural {kom-iss-u' '-ral) [cum, to- 
gether; mittere, to send]. Having the pro- 
perties of a commissure ; uniting symmetric 
parts, as C. fibers of the brain. 

Commotio {kom-o f -she-o) [L.]. A commo- 
tion or shock. C. cerebri, concussion of 
the brain. 

Communicans {kom-u' '-nik-ans) [L.]. Com- 
municating. C. noni. See Nerves, Table of 

Commutator {kom f -u-ta-tor) [commutare, to 
exchange]. An instrument for automatically 
interrupting or reversing the flow of an elec- 
tric current. 

Compact Tissue. The external, hard part 
of bone. 

Comparative Anatomy. See Anatomy. 

Compatibility {kom-pat-ib-W '-it-e) [compati, 
to suffer with]. Of medicines, the relation 
of one substance to another, so that they 
may be mixed without chemic change or 
loss of therapeutic power. 

Compensating {kom f -pen-sa-ting) [compen- 
sare, to compensate]. Making good a defici- 
ency. C. Ocular. See Ocular. C. Opera- 
tion, in ophthalmology, tenotomy of the as- 
sociated antagonist in cases of diplopia from 
paresis of one of the ocular muscles. 

Compensation {ko?n-pen-sa / -shun) [compen- 
sare, to equalize] . The act of making good 
a deficiency ; the state of counter-balancing 
a functional or structural defect. 

Compensatory {kotn-pen f -sa-to-re) [compen- 
sare, to equalize]. Making good a deficiency. 
Restoring the balance after failure of one 
organ or part of an organ by means of some 
other organ or part of an organ. 

Complemental, Complementary {kom-ple- 
men' ' -tal, kom-ple-men' ' -ta-re)[cum , together ; 
plere,to fill]. Supplying a deficiency. C. 
Air. See Air. C. Colors, a term applied 
to any two colors which combined produce 
white light, as, e.g., blue and yellow. 

Complexus {kom-pleks' -us) [complexus, com- 
plex]. The totality of symptoms, phenom- 
ena, or signs of a morbid condition. C. Mus- 
cle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Complication {kom-plik-a' '-shun) [complicare, 
to fold together]. A disease occurring in 
the course of some other disease and more or 
less dependent upon it. 

Compos Mentis {kom'-pos men'-tis) [L.]. 
Of sound mind. 

Composite {kom-poz' ' -it) [coinponere, to put 
together]. I. Composed of distinct portions. 
2. In biology, belonging to the order Com- 
positse. 

Compound {kom' '-pound, or kom-pound f ) 



COMPRESS 



201 



CONDURANGO BARK 



[cum, together; ponere, to put]. I. To mix, 
;<< drugs. 2. Composed of several parts. C, 
Cathartic Pills. See Colocynth. C. Frac- 
ture. See Fracture. 

Compress {kom f -pres) \compressus, pressed 
together]. Folded cloths, wet or dry, ap- 
plied firmly to the part for relief of in- 
ilammation, or to prevent hemorrhage. C. 
Graduated, a compress composed of folds 
of a gradually increasing size. 

Compression {kom-presh'-un) [compressus, 
pressed together]. The state of being com- 
pressed. C. -atrophy, atrophy of a part 
from constant compression. C. -myelitis, 
myelitis due to compression of the spinal 
cord. 

Compressor {kom-pres / -or) [comprimere, to 
press together]. I. An instrument for com- 
pressing an artery, vein, etc. 2. The term 
is also applied to muscles having a compres- 
sing function. C. sacculi laryngis, the 
inferior arytenoepiglottideus muscle. See 
Muscles, Table of. C. urethral. See Mus- 
cles, Table of. 

Conarium \ko-na' ' -re-uni) [novapiov ; dim. 
of utivog, a cone]. The pineal gland. 

Concave {kon-kav / ) [cum, together ; cavus, 
hollow]. Hollow; incurved, as the inner 
surface of a hollow sphere. 

Concavoconvex {kon - kah'- vo - kon'- veks) . 
Having one surface concave, the other con- 
vex, the convexity exceeding the concavity. 

Conceive (kon-sev r ) \_concipere, to take in]. 
To become pregnant. 

Concentration {kon-sen-tra' '-shun) [cum, to- 
gether ; centrum, the center]. The act of 
making denser, as of a 'mixture, by evapor- 
ating a part of the liquid. 

Concentric {kon-sen f -trik) [cum, together ; 
centrum, the center]. Arranged in an equi- 
distant manner about a center. C. Hyper- 
trophy of the Heart, increase in the muscu- 
lar texture of the heart, the capacity of the 
cavities remaining unchanged. 

Conception {kon - sep' - shun) [concipere, to 
conceive]. I. The fecundation of the ovum 
by the spermatozoid. 2. The abstract men- 
tal idea of anything ; the power or act of 
mentally conceiving. C, Imperative, a false 
idea that a person dwells upon and cannot 
expel from his mind, even when he knows it 
to be absurd. It dominates his actions, and 
is a symptom of insanity. 

Concha {kong r -kah) [aoyxa, a shell]. A 
shell. Applied to organs having some re- 
semblance to a shell, as the patella, vulva, 
etc., and especially to C. auris, or the hollow 
part of the external ear. 

Conchoscope {kong' '- ko - skop) [noyxa, a 
shell; the naris ; okotteIv, to inspect]. A 
speculum and mirror for inspecting the nasal 
cavity. 



Concomitant {kon-kom' '-it-ant) [concomitari, 
to accompany]. Accompanying. C. Stra- 
bismus. See Strabismus. C. Symptoms, 
symptoms that are not in themselves essen- 
tial to the course of a disease, but that may 
occur in association with the essential symp- 
toms. 

Concretion {kou-kre'-shun) [concretio ; con- 
crescere, to grow together] . The solidification 
or condensation of a fluid substance ; a cal- 
culus ; a union of parts normally separate, as 
the ringers. 

Concussion [kon - kush' ' - un) [concussio, a 
violent shock]. Shock ; the state of being 
shaken ; a severe shaking or jarring of a 
part ; also, the morbid state resulting from 
such a jarring. C. of Brain, a condition 
produced by a fall or blow on the head, and 
marked by unconsciousness, feeble pulse, 
cold skin, pallor, at times the involuntary 
discharge of feces and urine ; this is followed 
by partial stupor, vomiting, and headache, 
and eventually recovery. In severe cases 
inflammation of the brain may follow, or a 
condition of feeble-mindedness. C. of Spi- 
nal Cord, a condition caused by severe 
shock of the spinal column, with or without 
appreciable lesion of the cord. It leads to 
functional disturbances analogous to railway- 
spine. 

Condensed {kon-densd') \_condensare, to 
make thick]. Made compact ; reduced to a 
denser form. C. Milk, milk that has had 
most of its watery elements evaporated. Con- 
densed milk prepared with the addition of 
cane-sugar is a white or yellowish-white pro- 
duct of about the consistency of honey and 
ranging in specific gravity from 1.25 to 1. 41. 
It should be completely soluble in from four 
to five times its bulk of water, without separa- 
tion of any flocculent residue, and then pos- 
sess the taste of fresh, sweetened milk. 
Condensed milk prepared without the addi- 
tion of cane-sugar is not boiled down to the 
same degree, and therefore remains liquid. 

Condenser {kon-den f -ser) [condensare, to 
make dense], A lens or combination of 
lenses used in microscopy for gathering and 
concentrating rays of light. 

Conduction {kon - duk f - shun) [conductio ; 
conducere, to draw together]. The passage 
or transfer of force or material from one part 
to another. 

Conductor {kon-duW -tor\[conducere, to draw 
together]. I. A body that transmits force- 
vibrations, such as those of heat or electric- 
ity. 2. A term applied to the electrodes and 
cords by which they are joined to the battery. 
3. An instrument serving as a guide for the 
surgeon's knife. 

Condurango Bark {kon-du-rang' '-go bark) 
[native of S. Amer.]. Bark of Gonolobus 



CONDY'S FLUID 



202 



CONIUM 



tetragonus, or of Conglobus condurango ; a 
remedy much used in S. America as an 
alterative in syphilis. It was introduced into 
the U. S. as a remedy for carcinoma of the 
stomach, but yielded uncertain results. It is 
a stomachic tonic. Dose of the fluid ex- 
tract fgss-j (2.0-4.0) ; of the tincture, f^j- 
ij (4.0-8.0). Unof. 

Condy's Fluid. One part of sodium or po- 
tassium permanganate dissolved in 500 parts 
of water ; it is a useful disinfectant. 

Condylarthrosis {kon-dil-ar-thro' 'sis) \kov- 
6v?iog, a knuckle ; apBpov, a joint]. A form 
of diarthrosis, wherein a condyle is set in a 
shallow and elliptic cavity, and free and va- 
ried movement of the joint is possible ; con- 
dylar articulation. 

Condyle {kon'-dll) \_n6vdv7\,oc, a knuckle]. 
Any rounded eminence such as occurs in the 
joints of many of the bones, especially the 
femur, humerus, and lower jaw. 

Condyloid {kon' '- dil '- oid ') \_kov5v?,oc, a 
knuckle; eldog, likeness]. Resembling or 
pertaining to a condyle. 

Condyloma {kon-dil-o' '-mah ) [novdvAujua, a 
swelling]. A wart-like growth or tumor 
usually near the anus or pudendum. C. 
latum, the syphilitic mucous patch. 

Cone, Conus {kon, ko'-nus) \jiuvoq, a cone]. 
A solid body having a circle for its base, and 
terminating in a point. C. of Light, the 
triangular reflection from the normal mem- 
brana tympani. C, Retinal, one of the rod- 
like bodies, which, with the associated rods, 
form one of the outer layers of the retina, 
the so-called rod-and-cone layer. 

Confection {kon-fek'-shun) [confectio, a pre- 
paration]. In pharmacy, a mass of sugar 
and water, or of honey, used as an excipient 
with a prescribed medicinal substance. 

Confinement {kon -fin'- ment) [cum, to- 
gether ; finis, boundary, limit]. The condi- 
tion of women during childbirth. 

Confluent {kon f -fiu-ent) \_confiuere, to flow 
together]. Running together. The oppo- 
site of discrete. In anatomy, coalesced or 
blended ; applied to two or more bones 
originally separate, but subsequently formed 
into one. 

Confrontation {kon -frun - ta f - shun) [con- 
frontari, to be contiguous to] . The exami- 
nation of a person by whom a diseased per- 
son may have been infected as a means of 
diagnosing the disease in the latter. 

Confusion {kon - fu' '- zhun) \_cum, together; 
fundere, to pour]. Mixing; confounding. 
C. Colors, a set of colors so chosen that 
they cannot be distinguished by one who is 
color-blind. C. Letters, test-type letters, 
such as C. G. O. , or F. P. T., liable to be 
mistaken for each other. 

Congelation {kon-jel-a' '-shun) \_congelatio, a 



freezing] . I . Freezing ; frost-bite ; intense 
cold or its effect on the animal economy, or 
any organ or part. 2. The chilling or be- 
numbing effect of any freezing-mixture or 
application ; mainly employed for its local 
anesthetic effect. 3. Coagulation. 

Congenital {kon-jen'-it-al) [cum, together; 
gigni, to be born]. Existing at birth. 

Congestion {kon -jes f - chun) \_congerere, to 
heap up]. An abnormal collection of blood 
in a part or organ. Congestion may be ac- 
tive or passive, atonic or inflammatory, func- 
tional or hypostatic. It is also named from 
the parts affected ; the most important varie- 
ties of morbid congestion are the cerebral, 
spinal, pulmonary, hepatic, and renal. 

Congestive {kon-jes' ' -tiv) \_congerei~e, to heap 
up] . Marked by, due to, or of the nature of 
congestion. 

Congius {kon f -je-its) [L.]. A Roman meas- 
ure. A gallon. 

Conglomerate {kon-glom' '-er-at) \_conglomer- 
are, to heap up]. I. Massed together ; ag- 
gregated. 2. A mass of units without order. 
C. Glands, acinous glands. 

Conglutin {kon - glu' '- tin) \_cum, together; 
gluten, glue]. One of the proteids found in 
peas, beans, and other kinds of pulse. 

Conglutination {kon-glu-tin-a' '-shun) \_con- 
g/utinare, to glue together]. The abnormal 
union of two contiguous surfaces or bodies, 
as of two fingers, or of the opposed surfaces 
of the pleural or pericardial sac. 

Congo-red. A red coloring-matter which be- 
comes blue in the presence of free HC1. 
It is used in chemic investigation of the 
gastric juice. 

Conic, Conical {kon'-ik, kon / -ik-a/)[K0)viKor, 
pertaining to a cone]. Cone-shaped. C. 
Cornea. See Keratoglobus. 

Coniin {ko-ni v -in). See Conium and Conin. 

Conin (ko / -7iin) [kwveiov, hemlock], C 8 H 15 N. 
A liquid alkaloid which is the active principle 
of Conium. 

Conium {ko-ni f -uvi) [kuvelov, hemlock] . Hem- 
lock. The leaves and the fruit of the spotted 
hemlock, C. ?naculatum. It contains three al- 
kaloids and a volatile oil. Its properties are 
mainly due to the alkaloids coniin, C 8 H 15 N, 
and methylconiin, C 8 H 14 NCH 3 . It produces 
motor-paralysis, without loss of sensation or 
of consciousness. Toxic doses cause death 
by paralysis of the organs of respiration. It 
is valuable in acute mania, delirium tremens, 
tetanus, blepharospasm, asthma, and whoop- 
ing-cough. C, Abstract., made from 
conium, 200, dilute hydrochloric acid 6, 
sugar of milk and alcohol q. s. to make 
100 parts of abstract. Dose gr. ss-iij (0.032- 
0.2). C, Cataplasma (B. P.), made from 
the leaves; for external use. C, Ext. 
Dose gr. ss-ij (0.032-0.13). C, Ext. Fid., 



CONI VASCULOSI 



203 



CONTAGION 



Dose Tt\j— ij (0.065-0.13). C, Pilula, 
Comp. (B. P.), contains extract of hemlock 
and ipecac. Dose gr. v-x (0.32-0.65). C, 
Succus (B. P.), made from the leaves. 
Dose n^xxx-^ij (2.0-8.0). C, Tinct., 
15 per cent, strength. Dose rt^x-f^j (0.65- 
40). C. Vapor (B. P.), for inhalations. 
Coniin, volatile alkaloid of conium. Dose 
gr. £5~to (0.001-0.006). Unof. Coniin 
Hydrobrom., C 5 H 9 (C 3 H 7 ), recommended 
for spasmodic affections. Dose gr. 3V-1V 
(0.002-0.004). Unof. All preparations 
are uncertain in strength. 

Coni vasculosi. A series of conic masses 
of tubules that together form the globus 
major of the epididymis. 

Conjugal (kon'-ju-gal) [cum, together; 
jugare, to yoke]. Pertaining to marriage; 
connubial. C. Diabetes, diabetes affecting 
husband and wife together ; this is said to be 
not infrequently observed. 

Conjugate {kon f -ju-gdt) [cum, together; ju- 
gare, to yoke]. Yoked or coupled. C. 
Deviation. See Deviation. C. Diameter 
(of the pelvis). See Dia??ieler. C, True, 
the minimum diameter of the pelvic inlet. 

Conjunctiva {kon-junk-tV '-vah) [conjunctivus, 
connecting]. The mucous membrane cover- 
ing the anterior portion of the globe of the 
eye, reflected upon the lids and extending to 
their free edges. Its parts are called palpe- 
bral and ocular, or bulbar. 

Conjunctivitis [kon-junk-tiv-i' '-tis) [conjunc- 
tivus, connecting; irtg, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the conjunctiva. C, Acute 
Catarrhal, the most common form, usually 
mild, resulting from cold or irritation. C, 
Croupous, a variety associated with the for- 
mation of a whitish-gray membrane that is 
easily removed. C, Diphtheric, a specific 
purulent inflammation of the conjunctiva, due 
to the Klebs-Loffier bacillus. C, Egyptian, 
See Trachoma. C, Follicular, a form char- 
acterized by numerous round, pinkish bodies 
found in the retrotarsal fold. C, Gonor- 
rheal, a severe form of purulent C. , caused 
by infection with gonococci. C, Phlycten- 
ular, one characterized by the presence on the 
ocular conjunctiva of small vesicles surrounded 
by a reddened zone. C, Purulent, one 
characterized by a thick, creamy discharge. 

Connective {kon-ek' ' -tiv) [connectere, to con- 
nect]. C. Tissue. See Tissue. 

Conoid, or Conoidal (ko'-noid, or ko-noi f -dal) 
[nibvog, cone; eldog, shape]. Of a conic 
shape. C. Ligament, the lower and inner 
part of the coracoclavicular ligament. C. 
Tubercle, the eminence on the inferior sur- 
face of the clavicle to which the conoid liga- 
ment is attached. 

Conquinamin {kon-kwin* -a-min). An alka- 
loid of Cuprea bark. 



Consanguinity {kon-san-gwin f -it-e) [cum, to- 
gether ; sanguinis, of blood]. The relation- 
ship arising from common parentage ; blood- 
relationship. 

Consciousness {kon f - shus - nes) [consents, 
knowing]. The state of being aware of one's 
own existence, of one's own mental states, 
and of the impressions made upon one's 
senses ; ability to take cognizance of sensa- 
tions. C, Double, that morbid condition in 
which there are two separate and alternating 
states of mental consciousness, in either one 
of which the events that have occurred in the 
other state are not remembered by the patient. 

Consensual {kon-sen f -su-al) [consensus, 
agreement]. Excited reflexly by stimu- 
lation of another part, usually a fellow organ, 
as the C. reaction of one pupil when the iris 
of the other eye is stimulated. 

Conservation {kon-ser-va' '-s/iun) [conservare, 
to keep]. Preservation without loss. C, 
of Energy. See Energy. 

Consolidation {kon-sol-id-a f -shun) [consoli- 
dare, to make firm]. The process of becom- 
ing firm or solid, as a lung in pneumonia. 

Constant {kon'-stant) [constans, steady]. 
Fixed. C. Current, one that goes continu- 
ously in one direction. 

Constipation {kon-stip-a' '-shun) [constipare, 
to crush tightly together]. A condition in 
which the bowels are evacuated at long in- 
tervals or with difficulty. 

Constitution (kon-stit-u' -shun) [constituere , 
to dispose]. In chemistry, the atomic or 

• molecular composition of a body. In phar- 
macy, the composition of a substance. In 
physiology, the general temperament and 
functional condition of the body. 

Constitutional [kon-stit-u' '-shun-al) [consti- 
tuere, to dispose]. Pertaining to the state 
of the constitution. C. Diseases, such dis- 
eases as are inherent, owing to an abnormal 
structure of the body. Also, a condition in 
which the disease pervades the whole system. 
General diseases, in contradistinction to local. 

Constrictor [kon-strik' '-tor) [constringere , to 
bind together]. Any muscle that contracts 
or tightens any part of the body. See Mus- 
cles, Table of. 

Consumption (kon- sump' '-shun) [consumere, 
to consume or wear away] . A wasting away, 
especially a wasting disease like tuberculosis, 
particularly pulmonary tuberculosis or tuber- 
culosis of the bowels. 

Contact (kon'-takt) [contactus, a touching]. 
A touching. C. Breaker, an instrument by 
means of which a galvanic circuit is broken. 

Contagion [kon-ta' '-jun) [contagio ; contin- 
gere, to touch]. I. The process by which a 
specific disease is communicated from one 
person to another, either by direct contact or 
by means of an intermediate agent. 2. Also 



CONTAGIOUS 



204 



CONVALLARIN 



the specific germ or virus from which a com- 
municable disease develops. 

Contagious (kon-ta' ' -jus)\_contagium,%. touch- 
ing]. Communicable or transmissible by 
contagion, or by a specific contagium. 

Contagium {kon-ta' '-je-uni) [L.]. Any virus 
or morbific matter by means of which a com- 
municable disease is transmitted from the sick 
to the well. 

Contiguity [kon-tig-u' '-it-e) [cum, together ; 
tangere, to touch]. Proximity. C, Ampu- 
tation in the, is performed at a joint, with- 
out section of a bone. 

Continence [kon'-ti-nens) [continere, to 
hold together]. Self-restraint, especially in 
regard to the sexual passion. 

Continued {kon - tin' '- ud ') [continuare, to 
make continuous]. Persisted in. C. Fever, 
a fever that is long-continued, without inter- 
missions. 

Continuity {kon-tin-u f -it-e) [cum, together ; 
tenere, to hold]. The state of being con- 
tinuous or uninterrupted. C, Amputation 
in the, amputation in which a bone is 
divided. 

Contractility {kon-trak-tW -it-e) [contrahere, 
to draw together] . That property of certain 
tissues, especially muscle, of shortening upon 
the application of a stimulus. 

Contraction [kon-trak? -shun) [contrahere, to 
draw together] . Approximation of the ele- 
ments of a tissue or organ, thus diminishing 
its volume or contents. C, Anodal, Clos- 
ing or Opening, the contraction taking 
place at the anode on closing or opening the 
circuit. C, Carpopedal, a variety of tetany 
occurring in infants, and generally associated 
with dentition or seat- worms. There is a 
flexing of the fingers, toes, elbows, and knees, 
and a general tendency to convulsions. C, 
Closing, muscular contractions produced at 
the instant that the electric current is closed. 
C, Dupuytren's, a contraction of the palmar 
fascia causing the fingers to fold into the palm. 
C, Front-tap, a phenomenon often observed 
in cases with exaggerated knee-jerk. When 
the foot is placed at a right angle to the leg, 
and the muscles of the front of the leg are 
tapped, the foot is extended. See Reflexes, 
Table of. C, Hour-glass, a contraction 
of an organ, as the stomach or uterus, at 
the middle. C, Opening, the muscular 
contraction produced by opening or breaking 
the circuit. C, Paradoxic, a phenomenon 
that consists in the contraction of a mus- 
cle, caused by the passive approximation of 
its extremities. C. -remainder, the stage 
of elastic after- vibration or residual contrac- 
tion persisting in a muscle after withdrawal 
of the stimulus. C.-ring, the boundary line 
between the upper and lower segments of 
the parturient uterus. 



Contracture {kon-trak' -chur)[cwn , together ; 
trahere, to draw]. Contraction; permanent 
shortening, as of a muscle ; distortion or de- 
formity due to the shortening of a muscle or 
of various muscles. 

Contraindication {kon-trah-in-dik-a' -shun) 
[contra, against; indicare, to point out]. 
That modifying condition in which a remedy 
or a method of treatment is forbidden. 

Contrecoup \kon'-tr-koo) [Fr. ]. Counter- 
stroke. The transmission of a shock from 
the point struck to a point on the opposite 
side of the body or the part. 

Control [kon-trol') [contra, against ; rotula,z. 
roll]. A standard by which to check ob- 
servations and insure the validity of their 
results. Colloquially, the term is sometimes 
used as a noun for control animal, or control 
experiment. C. Animal, one used in a con- 
trol experiment. C. Experiment, an experi- 
ment carried out under normal or common 
circumstances or conditions, to serve as a 
standard whereby to test the variation or 
value of another experiment carried out 
under peculiar or abnormal circumstances. 

Contusion (kon-tzt'- zhioi) [contundere , to 
bruise]. A bruise or injury inflicted without 
the integument being broken. C. -pneumo- 
nia, a form of pneumonia following trauma- 
tism. 

Conus (ko'-nus) [kcjvo^ , a cone] . I . A cone. 2. 
A crescentic patch of atrophic choroid tissue 
near the optic papilla in myopia. C. arteri- 
osus, the cone-shaped eminence of the right 
ventricle of the heart, whence arises the pul- 
monary artery. C. medullaris, the cone- 
like termination of the spinal cord, continu- 
ous as the filum terminale. Coni vascu- 
losi, a series of conic masses that together 
form the globus major of the epididymis. 

Convalescence (kon-val-es* '-ens) [convales- 
cere, to become well]. A term applied to 
the restoration to health after disease. 

Convallamarin {kon-val-am f -ar-in) \conval- 
lis, a valley; amarus, bitter], C 23 H 4+ ]2 . 
A glucosid derived from Convallaria. See 
Convallaria majalis. 

Convallaria {kon-val-a' ' -re-ah) [convallis, a 
valley]. A genus of liliaceous plants. C. 
majalis, lily of the valley. All parts of 
the plant are used in medicine. Its proper- 
ties are due to con vail arin, C 34 H fi2 n , and 
convallamarin, C,,H M 12 , glucosids. It is 
a cathartic, diuretic, and. cardiac stimulant. 
C, Ext., soluble in water. Dose gr. ij-x 
(0.13-0.65). C, Ext., Fid., alcoholic. 
Dose mjj-xj (0.13-0.7). C, Infusum, pre- 
pared with three times its weight of water. 
Dose f 3 ss-ij (16.0-64.0). Convallamarin, 
or Convallamarinum, is soluble in water. 
Dose gr. *^-ij (0.016-0.13). All unof. 

Convallarin (kon-val' -ar-in) \_convallis, a 



CONVECTION 



205 



COPPER 



valley], C 34 H 62 O n . A crystalline purgative 
glucosid derived from Convallaria. 

Convection {kon-vek' -shun) \_convehere, to 
carry together]. A transmission or carrying, 
as of heat or electricity. C. -current, a cur- 
rent of a liquid or gas heated to a tempera- 
ture above that of the surrounding medium ; 
it rises to the surface because of its lesser 
density and thus the entire fluid or gas 
acquires the same temperature. 

Convergence {kon-ver' '-Jens) [cum, together ; 
vergere, to incline]. Inclination or direction 
toward a common point, center, or focus, as 
of the axes of vision upon the near-point. 
C. -stimulus Adduction, the power of ad- 
duction of the eyes provoked by fixation of the 
gaze upon an object placed at the near-point. 

Convergent {kon-ver r -jent) [cum, together ; 
vergere, to incline]. Tending to a common 
center. C. Strabismus. See Strabismus. 

Convex {kmi-veks / ) [convexus, vaulted]. 
Having a surface approximating more or less 
a part of the surface of a sphere. 

Convexity {kon-veks f - it - e) [convexus, con- 
vex]. A surface rounding outward; the 
quality of being convex. 

Convexoconcave {kon-veks f -o-kon-kdv). See 
Lens. 

Convolution (kon-vo-lii* '-shun) \_convolvere, 
to roll together]. A fold, twist, or coil of 
any organ, especially any one of the promi- 
nent convex parts of the brain, separated from 
each other by depressions or sulci. C, An- 
gular, the posterior part of a convolution 
situated between the intraparietal fissure in 
front and above, and the horizontal limb of 
the Sylvian fissure, and the hinder part of the 
first part of the first temporal fissure below. 
The anterior part is called the supramarginal 
convolution. C, Annectant, small con- 
volutions which connect the occipital with 
the temporosphenoidal and parietal lobes. 
C, Anterior Central, C, Ascending 
Frontal, the convolution in front of the 
fissure of Rolando. C, Ascending Parie- 
tal, the convolution just behind the fissure 
of Rolando. C, Broca's, the inferior 
or third frontal convolution. C, Forni- 
cate, a long convolution on the mesial 
surface of the brain above the corpus callo- 
sum. C, Frontal, the convolutions of the 
frontal lobe. C, Hippocampal, the part of 
the fornicate convolution that winds around 
the splenium of the corpus callosum. C, In- 
sular, the small convolutions composing 
the island of Reil. C, Marginal, the me- 
sial surface of the first frontal convolution. 
C, Occipital, the convolutions making 
up the occipital lobe. C, Paracentral, a 
convolution on the mesial surface of the brain, 
representing the junction of the upper ends 
of the ascending frontal and ascending parie- 



tal convolutions. C, Parietal, the con- 
volutions of the parietal lobe. C, Posterior 
Central. See C. , Ascending Parietal. C, 
Supramarginal. See C. , Angular. C, 
Temporal, the convolutions of the tem- 
poral lobe. C, Uncinate, the hook-like 
termination of the fornicate convolution. 

Convolvulin (kon-vol' '-vu-lin) \_convolvere , 
to roll together], C 31 H- O 16 . A glucosid 
derived from the roots of Jalap {Convolvulus 
purga). It is a gummy mass, with active 
purgative properties. 

Convulsant {kon-vuF -sant) \_convellere , to 
convulse]. A medicine that causes convul- 
sions. 

Convulsion {kon-vuV -shun) \_convellere, to 
convulse]. An involuntary general paroxysm 
of muscular contraction. It is either tonic 
(without relaxation) or clonic (having alter- 
nate contractions of opposite groups of mus- 
cles). C, Epileptiform, one characterized 
by total loss of consciousness. C, Hysteric, 
one due to hysteria. Consciousness is only 
apparently lost. C, Tetanic, general tonic 
convulsions without loss of consciousness. 
C, Uremic, one that occurs in kidney dis- 
ease due to retention in the blood of matters 
that should be eliminated by the kidney. 

Coordination (ho-or-din-a'-shun) [cum, to- 
gether ; ordinare, to regulate]. The har- 
monious activity and proper sequence of 
operation of those parts that cooperate in 
the performance of any function. 

Copaiba [ko-pa f -e-bah) [Sp.]. Balsam of 
Copaiba. The oleoresin of Copaifera offi- 
cinalis, C. coriacea, C. guiauensis, C. multi- 
juga, C. cordifolia, C. laxa, C. nitida, C. 
oblongifolia , and C. langsdorffii, leguminous 
trees, native to South America. It is a 
stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and an ex- 
pectorant, and is much used in gonorrhea. 
C, Massa, copaiba 94, magnesia 6 parts. 
Dose gr. X-3J (0.65-4.0). C, Mist., 
Comp., Lafayette's mixture, unof., copaiba 
^ vij, oil of cubebs 3 j , glyceritum vitelli 3 vij ; 
triturate and add syr. aq. menth. piperit. 
^ iiss ; then add, with constant stirring, liq. 
potass, ^ss, tinct. cardamom comp. ^ij, spt. 
aether, nitrosi, ^ss, aq. menth. piperit. q. s. 
to make £ viij. Dose f^ j-f,^ ss (4.0-16.0). 
C, Oleum. Dose rr^x-xv (0.65-1.0). C, 
Resina, mainly copaibic acid. Dose gr. 
j-v (0.065^0.30). 

Copiopia [kop-i-o' f -pe-ah) [kotzoq, a straining; 
urp, eye]. Eye-strain ; weariness of the 
eyes. C. hysterica, a term applied to 
those symptoms that indicate hyperesthesia 
of the fifth and optic nerves. 

Copper {kop'-er) [ME., coper, copper]. Cup- 
rum. A reddish-brown metal existing in 
nature chiefly in the form of copper pyrites, 
which is a double salt of copper and iron 



COPPERAS 



206 



CORN 



sulphid. Various salts are used in medicine. 
In toxic doses they are gastrointestinal irri- 
tants. In therapeutic doses they are used as 
astringents in inflammation of mucous mem- 
branes. They are also employed as emetics, 
and, externally, as caustics. See Elements, 
Table of. C. Acetate, Cu(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 , ver- 
digris, used in pulmonary diseases, and as 
a lotion in skin-diseases. Dose gr. y 1 ^-^ 
(0.0065-0.016). C. Acetoarsenite, Paris 
Green, used as a pigment and an insecticide. 
C. Ammoniate, unof. , ammonium carbon- 
ate 3, copper sulphate 4 parts, useful in 
chorea, hysteria, etc. Dose gr. ]/(>-] (0.01- 
0.065). C. Arsenite, a salt valuable in in- 
testinal diseases. Dose gr. T ^„ (0.00065). 
C. Nitrate (B. P.), Cu(N0 3 )3H 2 0, is used 
for the same purposes as the sulphate. C. 
sulphate, CuS0 4 .5H 2 0, soluble in water, 
valuable as an emetic, tonic and astringent. 
Dose, as an emetic, gr. ij-v (0.13-0.32), as 
a tonic, gr. Y^-fz (0.01-0.032). C. 
Amalgam, a metallic filling-material com- 
posed of copper and mercury. C.-nose. 
Synonym of Acne rosacea. 

Copperas {kop f -er-as) \cupri rosa, rose of 
copper (?) j. A common name for ferrous 
sulphate. 

Copremia (kop - re'- me - ah) [noirpog, dung ; 
alfza, blood]. A form of general blood-pois- 
oning arising from chronic constipation. The 
symptoms are anemia, sallow complexion, 
anorexia, frontal headache, vertigo, nausea, 
flatulence, thirst, fetid breath, lassitude, hy- 
pochondriasis, and irritability of temper. 

Coprolalia (kop-ro-la' -le-ah) [noirpog, filth ; 
2a?ud, speech]. The use of filthy and offen- 
sive language as a manifestation of disease. 

Coprolith (kop'- ro - lith) [noirpog, dung ; 
Tiidog, stone]. A hard mass of fecal matter 
in the bowels. 

Coprophagy (kop-roff' -a-je) [/coTrpof, dung; 
(payelv, to eat] . The eating of dung, a symp- 
tom seen in insane and hysteric patients. 

Coprostasis (kop-ros' -tas-is) [noTrpog, dung ; 
ordaig, a standing]. The accumulation of 
fecal matter in the bowel. 

Coptis (kop' -lis) \k6-ktelv, to cut]. Gold- 
thread. The root of C. trifolia, a simple 
bitter tonic resembling quassia. It contains 
coptin, an alkaloid closely allied to berberin. 
Dose gr. x— xxx (0.65-2.0). 

Copulation (kop - u - la' - shun) \_coptdare, to 
couple]. The act of sexual intercourse. 

Cor (kor) [L.: gen., cordis']. The heart. See 
Heart. C. adiposum, a heart with a simple 
excess of the normal subpericardial fat. C. 
bovinum. See Bovine Heart. C. villosum, 
hairy heart ; the peculiar shaggy appearance 
presented by the heart in acute plastic peri- 
carditis, with the deposited fibrin existing in 
long shreds. 



Coraco- (kor'-ak-o-) \_nopat;, a crow]. Per- 
taining to the coracoid process. C.-Brach- 
ialis. See Muscles, 7 able of. 

Coracoid (kor'-ak-oid) [nopal-, a crow ; eldog, 
likeness]. 1. Having the shape of a crow's 
beak. 2. The coracoid process. C. Liga- 
ment, a triangular ligament joining the cora- 
coid process to the acromion. C. Process, 
a beak-shaped process of the scapula. 

Cord [chorda, a string]. 1. Any string-like 
body. 2. Used as a synonym for the Umbilical 
Cord, the vascular, cord-like structure con- 
necting the placenta and fetus. C, False 
or Superior (vocal), a fold of mucous mem- 
brane on either side of the middle line of the 
larynx, inclosing the superior thyroarytenoid 
ligament. C, Presentation of, descent of 
the umbilical cord between the presenting 
part and the membranes, at the beginning of 
labor. C, Prolapse of, descent of the um- 
bilical cord at the rupture of the bag of 
waters; incomplete, if remaining in the 
vagina, complete, if protruding therefrom. 
C, Spinal. See Spinal Cord. C, True 
Vocal ; C, Vocal. See Vocal Band. 

Cordial (kor'-jal) [cor, the heart]. I. Per- 
taining to the heart ; exhilarant ; stimulant. 
2. An aromatic, spirituous stimulant. 

Core (kor) \_cor, heart]. The central slough 
of a boil or carbuncle. 

Corectopia (kor-ek-to' -pe-aJi) \_Koprj, pupil ; 
euro-nog, misplaced]. An anomalous position 
of the pupil ; displacement of the pupil. 

Coredialysis (ko-re-di-al' -is-is) \_Kopr], pupil ; 
(haAvuv, to liberate]. The production of an 
artificial pupil at the ciliary border of the 
iris. 

Corelysis (kor- el' -is-is) \_Koprj, pupil ; Tivaig, a 
loosening]. The detachment of iritic adhe- 
sions to the lens, or to the cornea. 

Coremorphosis (kor - e - mor -fo'- sis) \_Koprj, 
pupil; /uoptycooig, formation]. The opera- 
tion for establishing an artificial pupil. 

Coreometer (kor-e-om'-et-er) [nop?], pupil ; 
/nerpov, a measure]. An instrument for 
measuring the pupil of the eye. 

Coriander, or Coriandrum (ko-re-an'-der, 
ko-re-an' -drum) \_Kopiavvov , coriander]. Co- 
riander. The fruit of C. sativum, an aromatic, 
carminative, and stimulant, used mainly to 
give flavor to other remedies and as a correc- 
tive to griping purgatives. Dose gr. x-xx 
(0.65-1.3). C, Oleum, the volatile oil. 
Dose tt\,ij-v (0.13-0.32). 

Corium (ko'-re-um) [L., leather]. The deep 
layer of the skin. 

Corm (korjjt) [nop/u.6g, the trunk of a tree]. 
The bulbous underground part of certain 
plants, as the crocus. 

Corn \cornu, horn]. A local induration and 
thickening of the skin from friction or pres- 
sure. See Clavus. C.-silk. See Zea Mays. 



CORNEA 



207 



CORPUSCLE 



C.-smut. See Ustilago. C. -starch, the 
commercial name of a starch derived from 
maize, and extensively used as an article of 
food, especially for invalids. 

Cornea {kor' '-ne-ali) [comeus, horny]. The 
transparent anterior portion of the eyeball, 
its area occupying about one-sixth the cir- 
cumference of the globe. It is continuous 
with the sclerotic, and is nourished by lymph 
from the looped blood-vessels at its periph- 
eral border. C, Conic. See Keratoglobus. 
C.| Transplantation of, the operation of en- 
grafting a section of transparent cornea from 
some animal into the space of an excised 
portion of human cornea. 

Corneal (kor'-ne-al) [comeus, horny]. Re- 
lating to the cornea. 

Corneitis [kor-ne-i'-tis). See Keratitis. 

Corneous [kor'-ne-us) [comeus, horny]. 
Horny, or horn-like. C. Tissue, the sub- 
stance of the nails. 

Corniculum {kor-nik* '-u-lurti) [cornicula, a 
little horn]. A small cornu or horn-like pro- 
cess. 

Cornification (kor-nif-ik-a'-skun) [comeus, 
horny ; facere, to make]. The process of 
hardening or making horny. 

Cornu (kor'-nu) [L.]. A horn. A name 
applied to any excrescence resembling a 
horn. C. ammonis, the hippocampus major 
of the brain. C. cervi, hartshorn or ammo- 
nium hydroxid. C. cutaneum, cornu huma- 
num, a horn-like excrescence arising from 
the skin. 

Cornual (kor'-nu-al) [cornu, a. horn]. Re- 
lating to a cornu. C. Myelitis, myelitis 
affecting the anterior cornua of the spinal cord. 

Cornus (kor'-nus) [L.]. Dogwood. The 
bark of the root of C. fiorida, the properties 
of which are due to a crystalline principle, 
cornin. It is a simple stomachic bitter and 
slightly antiperiodic. C, Ext. Fid. Dose 
m_x-f3J (0.65-4.0). 

Corona {ko-ro f -nah) [corona, a garland]. A 
crown. C. glandis, the ridge of the glans 
penis. C. radiata, a radiating mass of white 
nerve-fibers ascending from the internal 
capsule to the cortex cerebri. C. veneris, 
a circle of syphilitic blotches occurring on 
the forehead. 

Coronal (kor-o'-nal) [corona, the crown]. 
Encircling like a crown ; pertaining to the 
crown of the head. C. Suture, the suture 
joining the frontal with the two parietal bones. 

Coronary (kor'-o-na-re') [corona, a crown]. 
A term applied to vessels, nerves, or attach- 
ments that encircle a part or organ. 

Coroner {kor' -o-ner)[corona, a crown]. An 
officer who inquires by authority of the law 
into the causes of sudden or violent deaths. 
C, Inquest of, the legal inquiry before a jury 
into the cause of a sudden or violent death. 



Coronoid {kor'-o-noid) [corona, crown ; eldog, 
likeness]. Crown-shaped ; as the C. pro- 
cess of the ulna or of the jaw. 

Corpora {kor' '-por-ah) [pi. of corpus, a body] . 
A general term applied to certain parts of 
the body having a rounded or oval shape. 
C. albicantia, two white masses in the in- 
terpeduncular space at the base of the brain, 
the projections of the anterior pillars of the 
fornix. C. geniculata, two small eminences 
projecting from the optic thalami. C. quad- 
rigemina, the optic lobes of the brain, the 
four rounded eminences situated under the 
corpus callosum. The anterior pair are called 
the nates, and the posterior, the testes. 

Corpulency {kor' ' -pu-len-se) [corpulentus, 
corpulent]. Obesity; fatness of the body. 

Corpus {kor f -pus) [corpus, a body : pi. , Cor- 
pora], A body; the human body. C. 
Arantii, the fibrous tubercle in the center of 
each segment of the semilunar valves. C. 
callosum, the broad band of white matter 
uniting the hemispheres of the cerebrum. 
C. dentatum. 1. See Olivary Body. 2. 
The central folded gray nucleus of the cere- 
bellum. C. highmorianum. See High- 
more, Body of. C. fimbriatum, the lateral 
thin edge of the taenia hippocampi. C. 
luteum, the yellow body formed in the ovary 
in the site of a Graafian vesicle after the es- 
cape of the ovum. C. luteum, False, that re- 
sulting when pregnancy does not occur, called 
also the C. L. of Menstruation. C. luteum, 
True, that resulting when pregnancy takes 
place, called also the C. L. of Pregnancy. 
C. spongiosum, the spongy part of the 
penis encircling the urethra. C. striatum, 
a mass of gray matter extending into the 
lateral ventricles of the brain and composed 
of the caudate and lenticular nuclei. 

Corpuscle (kor'-pus-l) [dim. of corpus]. A 
small body or particle. C, Bizzozero's. 
See Blood-platelets. C, Red, of Blood, bi- 
concave, non-nucleated discs, circular in out- 
line, and containing red coloring-matter, 
termed hemoglobin, to which the color of the 
blood is due. Red corpuscles have been 
divided, according to their size, into normo- 
cytes (normal in size), megalocytes (of ex- 
cessive size), microcytes (abnormally small), 
and poikilocytes (of irregular shape and size). 
The red corpuscles in the blood of man are 
about --3-2V0 in. in diameter and 12466 in. 
thick, and their number is about five millions 
to each cubic millimeter of blood. They con- 
sist of a colorless stroma infiltrated with the 
coloring-matter (hemoglobin). C, White 
or colorless, flattened cells, about Y^Vo" m - 
in diameter, existing in the ratio of I : 5 00 
compared with red corpuscles. Their 
protoplasm is granular, they have one or 
more nuclei and no cell-wall. They pos- 



CORPUSCULAR 



208 



COTYLOID 



sess contractile power and alter their shape 
readily. The colorless corpuscles are vari- 
ously designated as eosinophile, basophile, 
neutrophile, mononuclear, polynuclear, lym- 
phocytes, transitional, large, small, etc. C. 
of Donne. See Colostrum-corpuscles. C, 
Malpighian, of the spleen, a name applied 
to the lymphoid nodules of the spleen. C, 
Malpighian, of tne kidney, the tuft of blood- 
vessels surrounded by the expanded portion 
of the uriniferous tubule, the capsule of Bow- 
man. C, Norris's Invisible, colorless, 
transparent, biconcave discs of the same size as 
the red corpuscles, invisible in the serum be- 
cause their color and refractive index are the 
same as those of the liquor sanguinis. C, 
Pacinian, certain small corpuscles occurring 
in the subcutaneous cellular tissue of the fin- 
gers and toes. They consist of concentric 
lamellae of connective tissue surrounding the 
termination of a sensory nerve. C, Tactile, 
of Wagner, the small, oval bodies found in 
the papillae of the skin and enveloped by nerve- 
fibers. 

Corpuscular {kor pus' -ku-lar') \_co?pusculum, 
a little body]. Relating to or of the nature 
of a corpuscle. 

Correctant, or Corrective {kor-ek' '-tant \ kor- 
ek'-tiv) [corrigere , to correct]. I. Modify- 
ing favorably. 2. A substance used to modify 
or make more pleasant the action of a purga- 
tive or other remedy. 

Corrigan's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 
C. Pulse, water-hammer pulse. The jerking 
pulse of aortic regurgitation. 

Corrigent {kor'-ij-eni). See Corrective . 

Corrosion [kor-c/ -zJiwi) [cum, together ; ro- 
dere, to gnaw] . The process of corroding, or 
the state of being corroded. C. -anatomy, 
that branch of anatomy which demonstrates 
an anatomic specimen by means of a corrosive 
process that eats away those parts which it 
is not desired to preserve. In some cases a 
resisting-substance is injected, so as to pre- 
serve the vessels and ducts from corrosion. 
C. -preparation, one in which the vessels, 
ducts, or cavities of organs are filled by a 
fluid that will harden and preserve the shape 
of the vessel or cavity after the organ itself is 
corroded or digested or otherwise destroyed. 

Corrosive [kor-o / -siv) [cum, together; rodere, 
to gnaw]. I. Eating away. 2. A substance 
that destroys organic tissue either by direct 
chemic means or by causing inflammation 
and suppuration. C. Chlorid, C. Sub- 
limate, mercuric chlorid. See Hydrargyrum. 

Corrugator {kor f -u-ga-tor) [corrugere, to 
wrinkle]. That which wrinkles. See Mus- 
cles, Table of. 

Cortex {kor'-tcks) [L., bark]. I. The bark 
of an exogenous plant. 2. The surface- 
layer of an organ. C. aurantii, orange-peel. 



C. cerebri, the external layer of gray mas- 
ter of the brain. C. renalis, the cortical 
substance of the kidney. 

Corti's Arch; C. Canal; C. Organ. See 
Ear. 

Cortical (kor' -tik-aT) [cortex, bark]. Per- 
taining to the cortex or bark, or to the cortex 
of the brain, or of the kidney. C. Epilepsy, 
C. Paralysis, such as is due to a lesion of 
the cortical substance of the brain. 

Coryza {kor-i' '-zah) [aopvc, nopiZa, the head]. 
Catarrh of the mucous membrane of the nasal 
passages and adjacent sinuses, popularly 
called " cold in the head." See Rhinitis. 

Cosmetic (kos-met-ik) [noofir/rinog, Konueeiv, 
to adorn]. I. Beautifying. 2. A remedy- 
designed to hide defects of the skin or other 
external parts. C. Operation, a surgical 
operation to give a natural appearance to a 
defective or unsightly part. 

Cosmolin {koz f -mo-lin). See Petrolatum. 

Costa {kos'-tah) [L.]. A rib. 

Costal (kos / -tal) [costa, a rib]. Pertaining 
to the ribs. C. Arch, the arch of the ribs. 
C. Cartilages, the 12 cartilaginous exten- 
sions of the ribs. 

Costive (kos f -tiv) [constipare, to be bound]. 
Constipated. 

Costiveness {kos'-tiv-ness) [constipare, to be 
bound]. Constipation. 

Costotome {kos / -to-tom) \costa, rib ; rouoc. 
cutting]. A strong knife or heavy shears 
with the under blade in the shape of a hook, 
for cutting the costal cartilages in dissection, 
etc. 

Coto {ko f -to) [Sp. , a cubit]. Coto bark. 
The bark of a tree native to Bolivia. It con- 
tains a bitter principle, cotoin, C 22 H ]& 6 , irri- 
tant to the skin and mucous membranes. 
It is recommended for diarrhea and zymotic 
fevers, and for the night-sweats of pulmonary 
tuberculosis. Dose of the powder, gr. j-xv 
(0.065-1.0) ; of the fluid extract, gtt. v-xv 
(0.32-I.0) ; of the tincture (i in 10), gtt. x- 
xxx (0.65-2.0) ; of cotoin, gr. ss-j (0.032- 
0.065). 

Cotton {kot -ft) [Arab, quttai, cotton]. Gos- 
sypium, a white fibrous seed-hair that envelops 
the seeds of the cotton-plant. C, Absorbent, 
cotton so prepared that it readily absorbs 
water. C.-root. See Gossypium. C- 
seed Oil or C. -oil, oleum gossypii seminis, 
an oil obtained by pressure from the hulled 
seeds of several species of Gossypium. 

Cotunnius, Liquor, or Water of. The peri- 
lymph. See Aqua labyrinthi. C, Nerve 
of, the nasopalatine nerve. 

Cotyledon {kot - il - e' - don) [kotv1t]5cjv, a 
socket]. Any one of the enlarged, vascular 
villi of the chorion which project into depres- 
sions of the decidua vera. 

Cotyloid {kot ' -il-oid) [kotv'/.t], a cup; eldog, 



COUCH-GRASS 



209 



CRANIECTOMY 



form]. Cup-shape. C. Fossa, or Cavity, 
the acetabulum. C. Ligament, a ligament 
surrounding the acetabulum. C. Notch, a 
notch in the anterior and lower border of the 
acetabulum. 

Couch-grass {kawchf-gras). See Triticum. 

Couching {kowch f -ing) [Fr., coucher, to de- 
press]. The operation, now fallen into dis- 
use, of depressing a cataractous lens into the 
vitreous chamber, where it was left to be ab- 
sorbed. 

Cough {kof) [ME., cough, a cough]. A 
sudden, violent expulsion of air after deep 
inspiration and closure of the glottis. C, 
Dry, that unattended by expectoration. C, 
Ear-, cough excited reflexly from some mor- 
bid condition of the ear. C, Moist, cough 
with free expectoration. C, Reflex, cough 
produced by irritation of a remote organ, as 
C , Ear, and C, Stomach. C, Stomach-. 
See C, Reflex. C, Winter-, a short trou- 
blesome cough of old people due to chronic 
bronchitis, and recurring every winter. 

Coulomb {koolond) [after Coulomb, a French 
physicist]. The unit of measurement of 
electric quantity ; the quantity of electricity 
that passes during one second through a con- 
ductor having a resistance of one ohm, with 
one volt of electromotive force. The micro - 
coulomb is the millionth part of this amount. 

Coumarin {koo f -mar-in), C 9 H 6 2 . A vege- 
table proximate principle that occurs in As- 
perula odorata, in the Tonka bean, and in 
Melilotus officinalis. It conceals the odor 
of iodoform. Unof. 

Counterextension {kown' ' -ter-eks-ten-shun) . 
See Extension. 

Counterindication {kown f - ter - in - dik - a - 
shun). See Contraindication. 

Counterirritation {kozon'- ter - ir -it- a- shun) 
[contra, against; irritare, to irritate]. Su- 
perficial inflammation produced artificially, 
in order to exercise a good effect upon some 
adjacent or deep-seated morbid process. 

Counteropening {kown'- ter - o -pen - ing) 
[contra, against; AS., open, open]. An 
incision made in an abscess or cavity, opposite 
to another, generally for purposes of drainage. 

Counterpoison {kown' ' -ter-poi-zn) [contra, 
against ; potio, a drink] . A poison given as 
an antidote to another poison. 

Counterstroke {kown' '-ter-strok). See Con- 
tre-coup. 

Coup de soleil {koo-duh-so-lay') [Fr.]. Sun- 
stroke. 

Court-plaster {korf '-plas-ter) . See Ichthyo- 
colla. 

Cover {kuv'-er) [cum, together ; operire, to 
shut]. C. -glass, in microscopy, the thin 
slip of glass covering the object mounted 
on the slide. 

Cowage {kow f -dj) [Hind., kawdnch, cow- 



hage]. The external hairs of the pod of 
Mucuna pruriens , used in medicine as a me- 
chanic vermifuge. 

Cowhage, Cowitch {kow'-dj, kow ; -ich) . See 
Mucuna and Cowage. 

Cowper's Glands. See Gland. 

Cowperitis {koiv-per-i' -tis) [Cowper, an En- 
glish anatomist; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the glands of Cowper, usually 
gonorrheal in origin. 

Cow-pock, a variety of pock seen in the cow, 
and thought to correspond with smallpox in 
man. 

Coxa {koks f -ah) [coxa, hip]. The hip-joint 
or the hip. 

Coxalgia {koks-aV -je-ah) [coxa, a hip ; aXyog, 
pain]. Literally pain in the hip-joint, but 
generally used synonymously with hip-disease. 

Coxalgic {koks-aV -jik) [coxa, the hip ; aTiyoq, 
pain]. Relating to coxalgia. 

Coxe's Hive-mixture. See Scilla and An- 
tiynonium. 

Coxitis {koks-i' '-tis) [coxa, the hip ; itlq, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the hip-joint. 

Coxofemoral {koks-o-fem' '-or-al) [coxa, the 
hip.; femur, the thigh-bone]. Relating to 
the hip and the femur, as the C. joint, the 
hip-joint. 

Crab-louse {krab f -lows) . See Pedicidus. 

Crab's-eyes {krabz f -lz). Flat,, calcareous 
concretions {Lapides cancrorum) derived from 
the stomach of the crab ; they have been 
used as a means of removing foreign bodies 
from the eye. Also a name for the seeds of 
Abrus precatorius. 

Cracked-pot Sound. A peculiar sound elic- 
ited by percussion over a pulmonary cavity 
communicating with a bronchus. 

Cradle {kra / -dl) [AS., cradol, a cradle]. In 
surgery, a wire or wicker-frame so arranged 
as to keep the weight of the bed-clothing 
from an injured part of the body. It is em- 
ployed in the treatment of fractures, wounds, 
etc. C, Ice-, the suspension over a febrile 
patient, by means of iron frames, of a num- 
ber of buckets, kept half-filled with ice, and 
enclosed in a light covering. 

Cramp {kramp) [Teut., kramp~\. A spas- 
modic tonic contraction of a muscle, attended 
with sharp pain. C, Professional, spasm 
of certain groups of muscles, from their 
continuous use in different occupations, as 
Writer's C, Hammerman's C, Piano- 
player's C, Dancer's C. , etc. 

Crane's-bill Root. See Geranium. 

Cranial {kra' '-ne-al) [upaviov, the skull]. Re- 
lating to the cranium. 

Craniectomy {kra - ne - ek' ' - to - me) [upaviov, 
skull ; EKTOfxrj, a cutting out] . The surgical 
removal of strips or pieces of the cranial 
bones. It is performed in cases of micro- 
cephaly. 



CRANIOCLAST 



210 



CRANIUM 



Cranioclast {kra' ' -ne-o-klast) \jipaviov, skull ; 
nXdeiv, to break]. A heavy forceps for crush- 
ing the fetal head. 

Craniology (kra - ne - oV- o -je) \_npaviov, cra- 
nium ; Aoyog, science]. A branch of anatomy 
comprising the study of skulls. 

Craniometer (kra-ne-om'-et-er) \_npaviov, 
skull ; [xerpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for measuring the dimensions of the skull. 

Craniometric, Craniometrical (kra-ne-o- 
i/iet'-rik, kra-ne-o-met' -rik-al) [upaviov, 
skull; /xerpov, a measure]. Pertaining to 
craniometry. C. Point, any one of the 
points of measurement used in craniometry. 
A list of the craniometric points is given. 
Acanthion, a point in the median line of 
the skull at the base of the nasal spine. 
Alveolar Point, the point between the two 
middle incisors of the upper jaw. Antinion, 
that point on the glabellum, and in the median 
line, that is farthest from the inion. Aste- 
RION, the point behind the ear where the 
parietal, temporal and occipital bones meet. 
Auricular Point, the center of the orifice 
of the external auditory meatus. Basion, 
the middle point of the anterior margin of 
the foramen magnum. Bregma, the point 
where the coronal and sagittal sutures meet. 
Dacryon, or Dakryon, the point beside 
the root of the nose where the frontal, 
lacrymal, " and superior maxillary bones 
meet. Entomion, the point where the pari- 
etal notch of the temporal bone receives the 
anterior extension of the mastoid angle of the 
parietal bone. Glabella, or Glabellum, the 
point in the median line between the super- 
ciliary arches, marked by a swelling, some- 
times by a depression. Gnathion, same as 
Mental Point. Gonion, the point at the 
angle of the lower jaw. Hormion, the an- 
terior point of the basilar portion of the 
united sphenooccipital bone, where it is 
crossed by the median line. Inion, the ex- 
ternal occipital protuberance. Jugal Point, 
the point situated at the angle that the poste- 
rior border of the frontal branch of the 
malar bone makes with the superior border 
of its zygomatic branch. Koronion, the 
apex of the coronoid process of the inferior 
maxilla. Lambda, the point of meeting of 
the sagittal and the lambdoid sutures. Malar 
Point, a point situated on the tubercle on 
the external surface of the malar bone, or at 
the intersection of a line drawn from the ex- 
ternal extremity of the frontomalar suture to 
the tubercle at the inferior angle of the malar 
bone and a line drawn nearly horizontally 
from the inferior border of the orbit over the 
malar bone to the superior border of the 
zygomatic arch. Maximum Occipital 
Point, or Occipital Point, the posterior 
extremity of the anteroposterior diameter of 



the skull, measured from the glabella in front 
to the most distant point behind. Mental 
Point, the middle point of the anterior lip 
of the lower border of the lower jaw. 
Metopion, or Metopic Point, a point in 
the middle line between the two frontal emi- 
nences. Nasion, or Nasal Point, the 
middle of the frontal suture at the root of the 
nose. Obelion, the part of the sagittal su- 
ture between the two parietal foramina. 
Occipital Point. See Maximum Occipi- 
tal Point. Ophryon, the middle of the 
supraorbital line, which, drawn across the 
narrowest part of the forehead, separates the 
face from the cranium. Opisthion, the 
middle point of the posterior border of the 
foramen magnum. Prosthion, the alveo- 
lar point. Pterion, the point where the 
frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid 
bones come together. Rhinion, the upper 
median point of the anterior nasal opening. 
Spinal Point. Same as Subnasal Point. 
Stephanion, Inferior, the point where 
the ridge for the temporal muscle intersects 
the coronal suture. Stephanion, Superior, 
the point where the coronal suture crosses 
the temporal ridge. Subnasal Point, the 
middle of the inferior border of the anterior 
nares at the base of the nasal spine. Supra- 
auricular Point, the point vertically over 
the auricular point at the root of the zygo- 
matic process. Supranasal Point. Same 
as Ophryon. Supraorbital Point. Same 
as Ophryon. Symphysion, the median 
point of the outer border of the alveolus of 
the lower jaw. Vertex, the superior point 
of the skull. In obstetrics, that conic portion 
of the skull the apex of which is at the pos- 
terior fontanel and the base of which is 
formed by the biparietal and trachelobreg- 
matic diameters. 

Craniometry [kra - ne - om r - et- re) \jipaviov, 
skull; fierpov, a measure]. The ascertain- 
ment of the proportions and measurements 
of skulls. 

Craniotabes (kra - ne - o - ta / - bez) [apaviov, 
skull ; tab ere, to waste away]. An atrophy 
of the cranial bones occurring in infancy, 
with the formation of small, shallow, conic 
pits in the bone-substance. Craniotabes 
results from rhachitis, syphilis, or marasmus. 

Craniotomy [kra - ne - ot f - o - me) \_Kpaviov, 
skull ; Topi], a cutting]. The operation of re- 
ducing the size of the fetal head by cutting 
or breaking it up, when delivery is otherwise 
impossible. C, Linear. See Craniectomy. 

Craniotympanic (kra -ne- o- tim -pan'- ik) 
\_Kpaviov, the skull ; tympanuni\ . Pertaining 
to the skull and the tympanum. 

Cranium (kra f -ne-um) [npavlov, the skull]. 
The skull. The cavity that contains the 
brain, its membranes and vessels. 



CRASS AMENTUM 



211 



CREST 



Crassamentum {kras- am- en f -tuni) [L., 
thickness]. A clot, as of blood. 

Cravat {kra-vat f ) [Fr. , cravate\ A band- 
age of triangular shape, used as a temporary 
dressing for a wound or fracture. The mid- 
dle is applied to the injured part, and the 
ends are brought around and tied. 

Cream [krem) [cremor, thick juice or broth]. 
The rich, fat part of milk. C, Cold. See 
Rosa. C. of Tartar. See Potassium. 

Crease (Ares) \_Celtic\ A line made by fold- 
ing. C., Gluteofemoral. See C, Ileo- 

fe moral. C, Ileofemoral, is the crease 
that bounds the buttock below, correspond- 
ing nearly to the lower edge of the gluteus 
maximus muscle. It is of supposed signifi- 
cance in the diagnosis of hip-disease. 

Creasol {kre f -as-ol) [tcpeac, flesh ; oleum, oil], 
C 8 H 10 O 2 . One of the principal phenols con- 
tained in creosote. It is formed from guaia- 
cum-resin, and is found in beech wood-tar. 
It is a colorless, oily liquid of an agreeable 
odor and a burning taste, boiling at 220 C. It 
is very similar to guaiacol. 

Creasote [kre'-o-sot). See Creosote. 

Creatin (kre' '-at-in) [npiag, flesh] , C 4 H 9 N 3 2 . 
A neutral organic substance that occurs in 
the animal organism, especially in the juice of 
muscles. 

Creatinin {kre-af '-in-in) upeag, flesh], C 4 H 7 - 
N 3 0. An alkaline substance, a normal con- 
stituent of urine. It crystallizes in rhombic 
prisms, and is a strong base. It is much more 
soluble than creatin. 

Crede's Method (hra'-da). A method of 
expelling the placenta by grasping the uterus 
firmly through the abdominal walls, kneading 
it to excite contraction, and then pressing 
downward toward the sacrum. 

Cremaster {kre-mas' '-ter) [Kpejiaeiv, to sup- 
port]. The muscle that draws up the testis. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Cremasteric [kre-mas-ter f -ik) [Kpe/udeiv, to 
support]. Pertaining to the cremaster muscle. 
C. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. 

Cremation {kre-7na* '-shun) \cremare, to burn] . 
The destruction of the body by burning, as 
distinguished from interment. 

Cremor {kre' -mor) \cremor, broth] . Cream. 
Any thick substance formed on the surface of 
a liquid. C. tartari, cream of tartar. 

Crenation {kre-na / -shun) [crena, a notch]. 
A notched or mulberry-like appearance of the 
red corpuscles of the blood. It is seen when 
they are exposed to the air or strong saline 
solutions. 

Crenothrix [kren' '-oth-riks) \_Kpt)vr], a spring ; 
ftpit;, hair]. A genus of Schizomycetes the 
filaments of which are enveloped in a gelatin- 
ous sheath. 

Creolin {kre' -o-lhi) [upeaq, flesh ; oleum, 
oil]. A coal-tar product deprived of phenol. 



It is an antiseptic used especially as a douche 
in obstetric practice. It has also been used 
in a solution of 5 : 1000 for irrigation of the 
bowel in dysentery and enterocolitis. 

Creosote, or Creosotum {kre f -os-6t, o / -tum) 
\_apeaq, flesh ; otitjetv, to preserve]. The pro- 
duct of the distillation of wood-tar, consisting 
of a mixture of phenol-compounds. It is an 
inflammable oily liquid, differing in this 
respect from phenol. It does not coagu- 
late albumin or collodion. Most of the 
commercial creosote consists of phenol or 
contains a large percentage of it. It is 
valuable for its antiseptic, astringent, styp- 
tic, anesthetic, and escharotic properties. It 
is used extensively in pulmonary tuberculosis. 
Dose rr^ j-iij (0.065-0.2). Beechwood Creo- 
sote is best for internal use. Doseff\J (0.065). 
C, Aqua, a one per cent, solution. Dose 
f.3J-iv (4.0-16.0). C, Mistura (B.P.). 
Dose f.^j-ij (4.0-8.0). C, Unguentum 
(B.P.), for local application. C, Vapor 
(B.P.), for inhalation. 

Crepitant {krep f - it - ant) \crepitare, to 
crackle]. Possessing the character of crepi- 
tus. C. Rale. See Rale and Breath-sounds. 

Crepitation, Crepitus {krep - it - a f - shun, 
krep' '-it-us) \crepitare, to crackle]. The 
grating of fractured bones. The crackling of 
the joints. The noise produced by pressure 
upon tissues containing an abnormal amount 
of air or gas, as in cellular emphysema. Also 
the sound heard at the end of inspiration in 
the first stage of croupous pneumonia. It 
closely resembles the sound produced by rub- 
bing the hair between the fingers held close 
to the ear. C, Redux, a crepitant rale heard 
in pneumonia during the stage of resolution ; 
usually the first manifestation of the recession 
of the disease. 

Crescent {kres' '-enf) \_crescere, to grow]. I. 
Sickle-shaped, or shaped like the new moon. 
2. A name given to one form of the malarial 
hematozoon. C. of Gianuzzi, groups of 
deeply staining cells in the acinus of a gland, 
pushed to one side by the secreting cells, and 
probably representing exhausted cells. C. 
Myopic. See Myopia.. 

Cresol {kre f -sol) [/cpeac, flesh ; oleum, 
oil], C 4 H 8 2 . Cresylic acid ; a body obtained 
from the distillation of coal-tar. It is 
a colorless, caustic liquid, with properties 
similar to those of phenol, but is superior as 
an antiseptic. Unof. 

Crest (kresf) \_crista, a crest]. A ridge or 
linear prominence, especially of bone. C, 
Frontal, a ridge along the middle line of the 
internal surface of the frontal bone. C. of 
Ilium, the thickened and expanded upper 
border of the ilium. C, Lacrymal, a 
vertical ridge dividing the external surface of 
the lacrymal bone into two parts. C, Nasal, 



CRETA 



212 



CROUP 



a crest on the internal border of the nasal 
bone and forming part of the septum of the 
nose. C, Occipital, a vertical ridge on 
the external surface of the occipital bone 
extending from the occipital protuberance 
to the foramen magnum. C. of Pubes, 
a crest extending from the spine to the inner 
extremity of the pubes. C. of Tibia, the 
prominent border or ridge on the front of the 
tibia ; the shin. C, Turbinated, a promin- 
ent horizontal ridge on the internal surface of 
the palate bone. 

Creta (kre'-tah) [L.]. Chalk. Native cal- 
cium carbonate. C, Mistura, consists of 
C, pulv. cretae. comp.20, cinnamon-water 40, 
water 40. It is used in diarrhea. Dose f § ss 
(16.0). C. preparata, chalk freed from im- 
purities by washing. Dose gr. v-xx (0.32- 
1.3). C.,'Pulv., Aromat. (B. P.). Dose gr. 
X "3J (°- 65-4.0). C, Pulv., Comp., com- 
pound chalk -powder, consists of C. prep. 30, 
acacia 20, sugar 50. Dose gr. v-^j (0.32- 
4.0). C, Trocbisci, each contains prepared 
chalk gr. iv, acacia gr. j, sugar gr. vj, with a 
little nutmeg. 

Cretin (kre' '-tin) [Fr., cretin, a simple-minded 
person]. A person affected with cretinism. 

Cretinism {kre f -tin-izm) [Fr. , cretin, a. sim- 
ple-minded person]. A congenital disease, 
characterized by absence of the thyroid gland, 
diminutiveness of size, thickness of neck, 
shortness of arms and legs, prominence of 
abdomen, large size of face, thickness of lips, 
large and protruding tongue, and imbecility 
or idiocy. It occurs, endemically in the 
goitrous districts of Switzerland, and spo- 
radically in other parts of Europe and in 
America. Lack of the secretion of the thy- 
roid gland seems to be the cause. 

Cretinoid {kre f -tin-oid) [cretin, a simple- 
minded person]. I. Resembling a cretin; 
resembling cretinism. 2. A person who re- 
sembles a cretin. C. State, the morbid 
state presented by a sufferer from cretinism ; 
cretinism. 

Cribriform (h rib '-re-form) [cribrum, a sieve ; 

forjna, form] . Perforated like a sieve, as 
the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. 

Crico- (hri'-ho-) [kp'lkoc, a ring]. A prefix 
denoting connection with the cricoid cartilage. 

Cricoid (kri / - koid ) [npinoq, a ring ; kidoq, 
form]. Ring-shaped. C. Cartilage, the 
ring-shaped cartilage of the larynx. 

Cricothyroid (kri-co-thi' '-void) [/cp//coc, a ring ; 
dvpeoetS^c, shield- shaped]. Pertaining to the 
cricoid and thyroid cartilages. C. Artery, 
a small branch of the superior thyroid, cross- 
ing the cricothyroid membrane. C. Mem- 
brane, a ligamentous membrane that lies 
between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages. 
C. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Crisis [kri'-sis) [apiac, a decisive point] . A 



turning-point, as that of a disease, fever, 
especially the sudden favorable termination 
of the acute symptoms of an infectious 
disease. C, Gastric, attacks of intense, 
paroxysmal pain in the abdomen, often at- 
tended with vomiting. They occur in loco- 
motor ataxia. 

Crista {kris'-tah) [L.]. Crest. C. acus- 
tica, a yellow elevation projecting into the 
equator of the ampulla of the ear. C. galli, 
cock's crest, the superior triangular process 
of the ethmoid bone. 

Crith (krith) \KpSrj, barleycorn]. The as- 
sumed unit of mass for gases. It is the 
weight of one liter of hydrogen, which is 
.0896 of a gram or 1.37 grains. 

Critical (krit'-ik-al) [np'taic, a decisive point]. 
Pertaining to a crisis. 

Crocus (kro'-kus) [upoKoc, crocus, saffron]. 
Saffron. The stigmata of the flowers of C. 
sativus. It is an aromatic stimulant, em- 
menagogue, and antispasmodic. C, Tinct., 
10 per cent, in strength. Dose f 5JJ— ij (4.0— 
8.0) ; of the drug, gr. v-xx (0.32-I.3), 
in infusion. 

Cross -birth. Shoulder-presentation, or other 
presentation requiring version. C.-eye. 
See Strabismus. C. -legged Progression, 
a method of walking in which one foot gets 
over or in front of the other. 

Crossed {krosd) [crux, a cross]. Having 
the shape of a cross. Affecting alternate 
sides of the body. C. Anesthesia. See 
Anesthesia. C. Hemiplegia. See C. 
Paralysis. C. Paralysis. See Paralysis. 
C. Reflexes, reflex movements on one side 
of the body excited by stimulation of a part 
on the opposite side. 

Crotchet ikroch'-et) [ME., crochett, a little 
hook]. A hook used in extracting the fetus 
after craniotomy. 

Croton (kro f -ton) [uporuv, a tick]. A great 
genus of euphorbiaceous plants. C. eleu- 
teria, yields cascarilla. C. tiglium. See 
Tiglium. C. Chloral. See Chloral buty- 
licum. C. Oil. See Tiglium. 

Croup {kroop) [AS., kropan, to cry aloud]. 
Membranous croup ; pseudomembranous 
croup ; true croup ; a disease of the larynx 
and trachea of children, prominent symp- 
toms of which are a harsh " croupy " cough, 
and difficulty in breathing ; it is often accom- 
panied by the development of a membranous 
deposit or exudate upon the parts. It is 
usually caused by the diphtheria-bacillus, 
sometimes by other microorganisms. C, 
Catarrhal, a simple non-contagious inflam- 
mation of the larynx accompanied by the form- 
ation of membrane. C, False, a spasm of 
the muscles of the larynx with a slight 
inflammation. C, Spasmodic. See C, 
False. 



CRUCIAL 



213 



CUL-DE-SAC 



Crucial {kru'-shal) \_crux, a cross]. Re- 
sembling or pertaining to a cross, as a crucial 
incision. 

Crura {kru'-rali) [plural of cms, a leg]. See 
Cms. 

Crural (kru'-ral) [cms, a leg]. Pertaining 
to the thigh. C. Arch. See Ligament. 
C. Hernia, femoral hernia. C. Ring, the 
femoral ring ; the upper opening of the fem- 
oral canal, bounded in front by Poupart's 
ligament and the deep crural arch, behind by 
the pubis, internally by Gimbernat's ligament, 
externally by a fibrous band separating it from 
the femoral vein. 

Crureus [kru f re-tts) [L.]. One of the mus- 
cles of the thigh. 

Cms {krus) [L.]. A leg, limb, or support. 
C. cerebelli, any one of the cerebellar pe- 
duncles. C. cerebri, either of the two 
peduncles connecting the cerebrum with the 
pons. C. of the Diaphragm, either of the 
two fibromuscular bands arising in front of 
the vertebrae and inserted into the central 
tendon of the diaphragm. C. of the 
Penis, the corpus cavernosum. 

Crusocreatinin {kru-so-kre-af '-in-iri), C 5 H 8 - 
N 4 0. A leukomain, isolated from muscle- 
tissue. 

Crust [kriisi) \crusta\. A covering, espe- 
cially a dried exudate on the skin. 

Crusta [krus' '-tali) [L. a crust]. The infe- 
rior portion of the crus cerebri. C. pe- 
trosa, a thin layer of bone covering the 
fang of a tooth. C. phlogistica, the yellow- 
ish layer of the upper stratum of a blood-clot 
coagulating slowly. 

Crutch-paralysis. Paralysis of an upper 
extremity due to the pressure of the crutch- 
head upon the nerves of the axilla, especially 
the musculospiral nerve. 

Cruveilhier's Disease. See Diseases, Table 

°f- 
Crypt (kript) \_Kpv7rr6g, hidden]. A small 

sac or follicle. Crypts of Lieberkiihn, 

minute tubular depressions of the mucous 

membrane of the small intestine. 

Cryptocephalus {krip-to-sef '-al-us) \jipvKr6q , 
hidden ; ae^a'Arj, head]. A fetal monster 
with an imperfectly formed and concealed 
head. 

Cryptophthalmos (krip-toff-thaV -mos) \Kpvir- 
roq, hidden; btpdaX/uoq, the eye]. I. Con- 
genital union of the eyelids, usually over im- 
perfect eyes. 2. A person who has congeni- 
tal union of the eyelids. 

Cryptopin (krip'-to-pin) [apvirToq, hidden; 
ottiov, opium], C 21 H 23 N0 5 . One of the alka- 
loids of opium, colorless and odorless. It is 
said to be anodyne and hypnotic, but it is less 
safe than morphin. Dose, y% gr. (0.008). 

Cryptorchid, or Cryptorchis {krip-tor'-kid, 
-kis) [/cpt'Trroc, hidden ; bpxiq, testicle]. A 



person with retained testicles, i. e., not de- 
scended into the scrotum. 

Crystal (kris'-tal) [upvcraAAoq, clear ice]. 
In chemistry, a substance that assumes a 
definite geometric form. C. Charcot-Ley- 
den, C. Charcot's, minute colorless crystals 
found in the sputa of asthma and bronchitis, 
and in other conditions. They consist of 
spermin. 

Crystallin {kris' ' -tal-hi) [_KpvaraAAoq, clear 
ice]. The globulin of the crystalline lens. 

Crystalline [kris ; -tal-en or -in) \jip'varaAAoq, 
crystal]. Like a crystal. C. Lens. See 
Lens. 

Crystallization (kris-tal-iz-a' '-shun) [upvo- 
TaA'Xoq, ice]. The process by which the 
molecules of a substance arrange them- 
selves in geometric forms when passing from 
a gaseous or a liquid to a solid state. C, 
Water of, the water of salts that cannot be 
extracted without destruction of their crystal- 
line nature. 

Cubeb, or Cubeba {ku'-beb, or ku-be f -bah) 
[Pers., ka-baba, cubeb]. The unripe fruit 
of C. officinalis, cultivated in Java. Its 
properties are due to a volatile oil, C ]5 H 24 , 
and an organic acid. It is an aromatic 
stimulant, diuretic in small doses, and is 
useful in affections of the bladder and ure- 
thra. It is also employed in catarrh of the 
air-passages, etc. Dose gr. x-gij (0.65-8.0). 
C, Ext., Fid., alcoholic. Dose TT\v-xxx 
(0.32-2.0). C, Oleoresina, ethereal. Dose 
Tti^v-xxx (0.32-2.0). C, Oleum, the volatile 
oil. Dose n\v-xx (0.32-1.3). C, Tinct., 
10 per cent, in strength. Dose TT\,x-f 3 iij 
(0.65-12.0). C, Trochisci, oleoresin gr. 
y z , oil of sassafras gr. T \,%> ext - of glycyrrhiza 
gr. iv, acacia gr. ij, syr. of tolu q. s. , in each 
troche. Dosej-iij. 

Cubebic Acid [ku-beb' '-ik) \_cubeb~\, C 13 H 14 7 . 
A resinous acid body from cubebs ; actively 
diuretic and cathartic. Unof. 

Cubebin {ku-beb f -in) [cubeb'], C ]0 H ]0 O 3 . An 
odorless crystalline substance obtained from 
cubebs. 

Cubitus {ku f -bi-tus) [cubitus, the elbow]. 
The forearm. 

Cuboid {ku'-boid) [Kv/3oq, cube ; euhq, re- 
semblance]. Resembling a cube. C. Bone, 
a bone of the foot situated at the outer ante- 
rior part of the tarsus. 

Cuca [koo'-kah). See Erythroxylon. 

Cucumber, Squirting. See Elaterium. 

Cuirass {kwe-ras f ) [Fr.]. A close-fitting or 
immovable bandage for the front of the chest. 
C. Cancer, a large, flat, carcinomatous 
growth upon the front of the chest. 

Cul de sac, or preferably, Culdesac {kul'-de- 
sak) [Fr.]. A closed or "blind" pouch 
or sac. Douglas's C, a pouch between 
the anterior wall of the rectum and the 



CULEX 



214 



CURRENT 



posterior wall of the uterus, formed by the re- 
flexion of the peritoneum. 

Culex {kid-leks) [L. , a gnat]. A mosquito. 

Culture (kul'-chiir) [colere, to till]. The 
growth of microorganisms on artificial media. 
The act of cultivating microorganisms on arti- 
ficial media. C, Hanging-drop, a culture 
in which the microorganism is inoculated into 
a drop of fluid on a cover-glass and the latter is 
inverted over a glass slide having a central 
concavity. C. Media, certain substances 
used for cultivating bacteria. They are either 
liquid or solid, bouillon and milk being the 
important liquid, and gelatin, agar-agar, 
blood-serum, and potato, the principal solid 
media. C, Plate, a culture of bacteria on 
a medium spread upon a flat plate or in a 
double dish. C, Pure, a culture of a sin- 
gle microorganism. C, Stab, one in which 
the mediumis inoculated by means of a needle 
bearing the microorganisms, and which is in- 
serted deep down into the medium. 

Cumulative {ku f -mu-la-tiv) [cumnlare, to 
heap up]. Increasing; adding to. C. Ac- 
tion, or Effect, the production of a marked 
and sudden result, after the administration of 
a considerable number of comparatively in- 
effective doses. 

Cundurango {kun-du-ran f -go). See Condu- 
rango. 

Cuneate (ku'-ne-af) \cuneus, a wedge]. 
Wedge-shaped. 

Cuneiform \ku-ne' -if-orni) \cuneus, a wedge ; 
forma, shape]. Wedge-shaped, cuneate. C. 
Bones, three wedge-shaped bones at the an- 
terior part of the tarsus. C. Columns. See 
Columns of Burdach. 

Cuneus (ku> '-ne-us) [L. , a wedge]. A wedge- 
shaped convolution on the mesial aspect of 
the occipital lobe. 

Cuniculus (ku-nik' -ti-lus) [L.]. The bur- 
row of the itch-insect. 

Cup (hup) [AS., ctippe,*. cup]. I. To bleed. 
2. A cupping-glass. C, Dry, a cup for 
merely drawing the blood to the surface. C, 
Favus, a depression in a favus-scale sur- 
rounding a hair. C, Glaucomatous, a 
deep depression in the optic papilla seen in 
cases of glaucoma. C, Physiologic, the 
normal concavity of the optic papilla. C, 
Wet, a cup for abstracting blood through in- 
cisions in the skin. 

Cuphosis (ku-fo f -sis). See Kyphosis. 
Cupped (kupt) [AS., cuppe, a cup]. Having 
the upper surface depressed ; applied to the 
coagulum of blood after phlebotomy. C. 
Disc, excavation of the optic papilla, nor- 
mally present in slight degree, but pathologic 
if excessive. 

Cupping (kup'-ing) [AS., cuppe, a cup]. A 
method of blood-derivation by means of the 
application of cupping-glasses to the surface 



of the body. C, Dry, a form of counter- 
irritation in which the blood is drawn to the 
surface by means of a cup. This is used 
mainly in inflammatory affections of the lung. 
C. -glass, a small bell-shaped glass capable 
of holding three to four ounces, in which the 
air is rarefied either by heat or exhaustion, 
and the glass applied to the skin, either with 
or without scarification of the latter. C, 
Wet, with the abstraction of blood after 
scarification. 

Cuprum (hzd-prum) [L.]. See Copper. 

Curacao (hu-ra-so / ) [Island of Curacao, north 
of Venezuela]. A cordial or elixir prepared 
from brandy, and flavored, principally with 
orange-peel. It is used as a vehicle for cer- 
tain medicines. 

Curacoa (hu-ras-o f -ah). See Curasao. 

Curara, Curare, Curari (koo-rah f -rah, koo- 
rah f -ree, koo-rah f -re) [S. Am.]. Woorara. 
A vegetable extract obtained from Paullinia 
curare and certain members of the Strychnos 
family. It is a powerful paralyzant of the 
motor nerves and of the voluntary muscles. 
Its active principle is curarin, C ]0 H ]5 N ; 
dose gr. 2l7 o ~ lo 'o> hypodermically. It is 
used in S. America and elsewhere as an 
arrow-poison. Toxic doses cause death by 
paralysis of the organs of respiration. It has 
been reported effectual in cases of hydropho- 
bia and tetanus. Dose by hypodermic injec- 
tion gr. 2V"i (0.003-0.01). For hypodermic 
injection a solution of 5 grains in 60 minims 
is employed. Dose Tt\, j-yj (0.065-0.4). 

Curcuma (her' '-ku-mah) [L.]. Turmeric. 
The rhizome of Curcuma longa of India. Its 
action is similar to that of ginger. It is em- 
ployed as a yellow dye ; in chemistry, as a 
test for alkalies, which turn it brown ; and in 
pharmacy, occasionally, to color ointments 
and other preparations. 

Curd (herd) [ME., curd, curds]. The coag- 
ulum of milk that separates on the addition of 
rennet or an acid to milk. 

Cure {kilr) \_cura, care]. The successful 
treatment of a disease; also, a system of 
treatment, as Faith- cure, Mind-cure, Grape- 
cure, Water-cure (see Hydropathy), Hunger- 
cure, Rest-cure, etc. C, Potato, a method 
of treating foreign bodies in the alimentary 
tract by the ingestion of mashed potatoes. 
The body becomes imbedded in the potato- 
mass that is formed. 

Curetor Curette (hu-ret f ) [Fr.]. An instru- 
ment shaped like a spoon or scoop, for scrap- 
ing away exuberant or dead tissue. 

Currant-jelly Clot. A soft, red clot seen 
post-mortem in the heart and blood-vessels. 

Current (kur'-ent) [cui-rere, to run]. A 
term applied to the transference of electric 
force, which is likened to the flow of a liquid 
in a tube. C, After, a current produced in 



CURSCHMANN'S SPIRALS 



215 



CYDONIUM 



nervous or muscular tissue when a constant 
current which has been Mowing through the 
same has been stopped. C, Alternating, 
a term applied to a current which, by means 
of an interrupter, is alternately direct and re- 
verse. C, Ascending, the current formed 
by placing the positive electrode upon the 
periphery of a nerve and the negative higher 
up on the trunk of the nerve, or on the sur- 
face over the nerve-center in the spinal cord. 
C, Battery, a galvanic current. C, Cen- 
trifugal, a descending current. C, Centri- 
petal, an ascending current. C, Constant, 
See C, Continuous. C, Continuous, a 
constant, uninterrupted current in one direc- 
tion. C, Derived, a current drawn off by a 
derivation-wire from the main current. C. , 
Descending, one passing through a nerve 
centrifugally, the anode being placed proxi- 
mally, the cathode distally. C, Direct, a cur- 
rent constant in direction, in contradistinction 
to an alternating current. C, Faradic, the 
current produced by an induction-coil, or by a 
magnetoelectric machine. C, Galvanic, a 
current generated by the decomposition of 
acidulated water by means of metallic plates. 
C, Induced. See C, Secondary. C, Inter- 
rupted, a current that is alternately opened 
and closed. C, Labile, a current applied 
while moving one or both electrodes over the 
surface treated. C, Reversed, that pro- 
duced by changing the poles. C, Secon- 
dary, momentary currents produced in a coil 
of insulated wire, introduced within the field 
of another coil, when the circuit is made or 
broken in the second coil. C, Stabile, a 
current applied with both electrodes in a 
fixed position. C, Voltaic, the continuous 
current. 

Curschmann's Spirals. Spiral threads of 
mucin contained in the small, thick pel- 
lets that are expectorated during an asthmatic 
paroxysm. They are supposed to be casts 
of the bronchioles, and contain Charcot- 
Leyden crystals and eosinophile cells. 

Curvature (kur' -vat-ur) [curvare, to curve]. 
A bending or curving. C., Angular. See 
Spondylitis. C, Pott's, angular curvature 
of the spine, with a posterior projection. 
C. of Spine, a bending of the vertebral 
column. 

Cuscamin (kits' -kam-iri) . A crystalline sub- 
stance found in cinchona. 

Cusp (kusp) \_cuspis, a point]. The eminence 
on the crown of a tooth. 

Cusso (kits' -6). See Brayera.* 

Cutaneous (ku-ta' -ne-us) [cutis, the skin]. 
Pertaining to the skin. C. Emphysema. 
See Emphysema. C. Respiration, the 
transpiration of gases through the skin. 

Cuticle (ku'-tik-l) [dim. of cutis, the skin]. 
The epidermis or scarf-skin. 



Cutis (ku'-tis) [L.]. The derma, or true 
skin. C. anserina. See Goose-skin. C. 
testacea, a variety of seborrhea in which 
the trunk and extensor surfaces of the ex- 
tremities are covered with large, thick plates 
of greasy, inspissated sebum, usually greenish 
or blackish, from accumulation of dirt upon 
them. C. unctuosa. Synonym of Sebor- 
rhea. 

Cutisector (ku-te-sek'-tor)[cutis, skin ; sector, 
a cutter]. An instrument for taking small 
sections of skin from the living subject. 

Cutol (ku'-tol). Aluminum boricotanni- 
cum. A powder, insoluble in water, used in 
dermatology. 

Cyanic (si-an'-ik) [nvavog, blue]. Blue or 
bluish. C. Acid. See Acid, Cyanic. 

Cyanid [si' -an-id) [jivavoq, blue] . Any com- 
pound of cyanogen with a metal or a radicle. 
Most of the cyanids are actively poisonous. 

Cyanogen (si-an'-o-jeri) \tivavoq, blue ; yevvav, 
to produce]. A radicle having the structure 
CN, an acid compound of carbon and nitro- 
gen, existing as a colorless, combustible gas; 
it is exceedingly poisonous. 

Cyanosis (si- an- o' -sis) [tcvavog, blue]. A 
bluish discoloration of the skin from de- 
ficient oxidation of the blood caused by local 
or general circulatory disturbances. C, 
Congenital, blue disease ; cyanosis due 
to a congenital lesion of the heart or the 
great vessels. 

Cyclic (si'-klik) \kvkKik6c, circular]. Having 
cycles or periods of exacerbation or change ; 
intermittent. C. Albuminuria. See Albu- 
minuria. C. Insanity. See Insanity. 

Cyclitis (si-kli'-tis) \_kvkXoc;, a circle ; irir, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the ciliary 
body, manifested by a zone of congestion in 
the sclerotic coat surrounding the cornea. 
It may be serous, plastic, or suppurative. 
Iridocyclitis, the involvement of both iris 
and ciliary body in the inflammatory process. 

Cyclocephalus (si-klo-sef -al-us) \kvkKoc,, a 
circle; nztyaXr], head]. A species of single 
autositic monsters characterized by a more 
or less complete absence of the olfactory 
organs, together with an intimate union of 
imperfectly developed or rudimentary visual 
organs, situated in the median line. 

Cycloplegia (si-klo-ple'-je-aJi)\KVKkoq, circle; 
irTiTjyrj, a stroke]. Paralysis of the ciliary 
muscle of the eye. 

Cyclops (si'-klops) \kvk\oc, circle ; cji/>, eye] . 
A congenital malformation consisting in a 
fusion of the two eyes into one. 

Cyclotomy (si-klot'-o-me) [nvulor, circle ; 
TOfirj, section]. An operation for the relief 
of glaucoma, consisting of an incision through 
the ciliary body. 

Cydonium (si-do' -ne-um)[_nvfiidviov , a quince]. 
Quince-seed. The seeds of C. vulgaris, em- 



CYESIS 



216 



CYSTOSCOPE 



ployed mainly for the mucilage contained in 
the covering, which consists of a compound 
of gum and glucose. C, Mucilago, quince- 
seeds 2, macerated in water ioo parts, is a 
bland demulcent, and is used as a hair-dress- 
ing. 

Cyesis (si-e'-sis) [nvrjcig, pregnancy ] . Preg- 
nancy. 

Cyetic (si-et f -ik) \kvtitlk6<;, pregnant]. Re- 
lating to pregnancy. 

Cylinder (sil'-in-der) \_Kv~kiv6poq, a cylin- 
der]. See Lens. 

Cylindroid (sil'-in-droid) [nvlivdpoc;, cylin- 
der ; eldog, likeness] . A name given to a 
mucous cast frequently found in the urine in 
cases of mild irritation of the kidney. Cylin- 
droids are ribbon-like forms, usually of great 
length, and of about the same diameter as 
renal casts. They may assume various 
shapes. One extremity is usually pointed 
and may be drawn out into a long tail. 

Cylindroma [sil-in-dro f -mah ) \Kv\wSpoq, a 
cylinder]. A myxosarcoma in which the 
degeneration is confined to areas surrounding 
the blood-vessels. 

Cynanche (sin-ang'-ke) \_kvcov, a dog ; ay- 
X£w, to strangle]. An old name for any 
acute affection of the throat, as diphtheria, 
croup, tonsillitis, etc. , in which the patient 
struggles for breath (as a panting dog). C. 
maligna, a fatal form of sore-throat. C. 
suffocativa. Synonym of Croup. C. 
tonsillaris. See Quinsy. 

Cynanthropia (sin-an-thro / -pe-ah) [/ci'wv, 
dog ; avdputirog, a man]. A mania in which 
the patient believes himself a dog, and imi- 
tates the actions of one. 

Cynic (sin f -ik) [/cwi/cdc, dog-like]. Pertain- 
ing to a dog. C. Spasm, a contraction of 
the facial muscles upon one side, so as to ex- 
pose the teeth in the manner of an angry dog. 

Cynurenic Acid (sin-u-ren' -ik ) [avow, a 
dog; ovpov, urine], C 20 H 14 N 2 O 6 + 2H 2 0. 
A crystalline acid found in dog's urine. 
It is a decomposition-product of proteids. 
On heating it cynurin is evolved. 

Cypripedium (sip-re-pe* '-de -urn) [Kvirpiq, 
Venus; ttoSiov, a slipper]. Lady's slipper. 
The roots of C. pubescens and C. parvi- 

florum, American valerian, the properties of 
which are due to a volatile oil and acid. It 
is an antispasmodic and stimulant tonic, used 
instead of valerian, which it resembles. C, 
Ext., Fid. Dose H\x-xxx (0.65-2.0). 
Unof. 

Cyrtometer [sir-torn' '-et-er) \_K.vpr6q, curved ; 
/uerpov, a measure]. An instrument adapted 
for measuring curves. One form is used to 
locate the fissures of the brain. 

Cyst (sist) [nvcrig, a pouch]. A cavity con- 
taining fluid and surrounded by a capsule. 
C, Blood. See Hematoma. C, Cutaneous. 



See C. y Dermoid. C, Daughter, any one 
of the small cysts developed by secondary 
growth from the walls of a large cyst. C, 
Dentigerous, one containing teeth. C, 
Dermoid, a congenital cyst containing bone, 
hair, teeth, etc. C, Echinococcus, a cyst 
formed in various tissues and organs of man 
by the larva of the Taenia echinococcus of the 
dog, taken into the stomach. C, Extra- 
vasation, a cyst formed by the encapsula- 
tion of a hemorrhage into the tissues. C, 
Follicular, one due to the occlusion of the duct 
of a small follicle or gland. C, Hydatid. 
See C, Echinococcus. C, Meibomian. See 
Chalazion. C, Mucous, a retention-cyst 
containing mucus. C, Multilocular, one 
composed of many separate compartments. 
C, Retention, one that is due to the reten- 
tion of the secretion of a gland, in conse- 
quence of closure of the duct, as in mucous or 
sebaceous cysts. C, Sebaceous, a reten- 
tion-cyst of a sebaceous gland. C, Soften- 
ing, one due to encapsulation of the 
fluid after liquefaction-necrosis. C, Sub- 
lingual. See Ranula. C, Unilocular, one 
having but a single cavity. 

Cystadenoma (sist-ad-en-o'-mah) \_kvgtlc, 
cyst; adrjv, gland; bfia, a tumor]. An ad- 
enoma containing cysts. 

Cystalgia {sist-al' '-je-ah) [kvgtlq, bladder ; 
d/lyoc, pain]. Pain in the bladder. 

Cystic (sist'-ik) [averts, bladder]. I. Pertain- 
ing to or resembling a cyst. 2. Pertaining 
to the urinary bladder or the gall-bladder. 

Cysticercus (sis-te-ser'-hus) \_kvgtlq, a blad- 
der ; Kepnog, a tail] . The embryo of a tape- 
worm when it has reached the encysted stage. 
An hydatid. C. cellulosse, the larval parasite 
inhabiting the intermuscular connective tissue 
of the pig, producing the condition known 
as "measles." It is rarely found in the 
tissues of man. Its progenitor is the taenia 
solium. 

Cystin (sist f -in) \kvgtiq, bladder], C 3 H V N- 
S0 2 . A substance found in the urine. It 
occurs in regular, colorless, six-sided tables, 
of very characteristic appearance. 

Cystinuria (sist-in-u' '-re-ah) [kvgtiq, bladder ; 
ovpov, urine]. The presence of cystin in the 
urine. 

Cystitis (sist-i' -tis) [kvgtls, bladder ; itiq, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the bladder. 

Cystitome \sist f -it-dm). See Cystotome. 

Cystocele (sist'o-sel) [kvgtiq, pouch; nr/lr/, a 
tumor]. A hernia of the bladder. 

Cystoma [sisi-o' -mah) [kvctls, a cyst ; bjua, a 
tumor]. A new growth made up of cysts; 
applied especially to ovarian cysts. 

Cystopexy [sist f -o-peks-e) \_kvgtiq, bladder; 
7r^c, fixation]. Fixation of the bladder, an 
operation for the cure of cystocele. 

Cystoscope (sisf -o-skdp) [kvctk;, bladder; 



CYSTOTOME 



217 



DARWINISM 



oko-eU', to examine]. An instrument for 
inspecting the interior of the bladder. 

Cystotome (sist f -o-tom) [n'vang, bladder ; 
teuveiv, to cut]. A knife used in cystotomy; 
also a knife used in rupturing the capsule of 
the lens in cataract-operations. 

Cystotomy (sistot'-o-me) [nbortg, bladder; 
Tout], a cutting]. Incision of the bladder. 

Cytochrome (si'-to-krom) [nvrog, cell; ^pw/ya, 
color]. A term applied by Nissl to nerve- 
cells deficient in cell-protoplasm, the nucleus 
not being completely surrounded. The nu- 
cleus stains well and is about the size of the 
leukocyte-nucleus. 

Cytode (s? v -tod) [nvrog, a cell; eldog, form]. 
The simplest, most primitive form of cell, 
without nucleus or nucleolus. 

Cytogenesis (si-to-jen' -es-is) \jivrog, a cell ; 
yeveoig, production]. The formation or 
genesis of the cell. 



Cytoglobin (si-to-glo f -bin) [k/toc, a cell ; 
globus, a ball]. An albuminoid, obtainable 
in the form of a white, soluble powder. It 
forms about three per cent, of the pulp of the 
lymphatic glands. 

Cytometer (si-tom' '-el-er) [nvrog, cell; fxerpov, 
a measure]. A device for counting cells, 
especially blood- corpuscles. See also Hema- 
cytometer. 

Cytomitoma (si-to-mi-to' '-mah) [nvrog, cell ; 
fitrog, a fiber]. The fibrillar part of a cell- 
body. See Mitoma. 

Cytoplasm, or Cytoplasma (si' '-to-plazm, or 
si-to-plaz' '-mah) \kvtoq, cell ; rrXdc/Lta, any- 
thing formed]. Protoplasm. 

Cytozoon (si-to-zo' '-on) \_nvrog, cell ; C,^ov, 
animal] . A protoplasmic cell-mass, probably 
parasitic in nature, with independent move- 
ment ; found by Gaule in defibrinated blood 
and other structures. 



D 



D. An abbreviation for dexter, right; dioptry; 
and detur, let it be given. 

Dacryadenitis, Dacryoadenitis (dak-re-ad- 
en-i'-tis, dak-re-o-ad-en-i' '-tis) [Saupvov, a 
tear; adrjv, a gland ; trig, inflammation] . In- 
flammation of the lacrymal gland. 

Dacryocystitis {dak-re-o-sis-W -tis) [Saupvov, 
tear; Kvarcg, a sac ; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the lacrymal sac. 

Dacryolith (dak f -re-o-lith) [daapvov, tear ; 
XiOog, stone]. A calcareous concretion in 
the lacrymal passages. 

Dacryops (dak' -re -ops) [daupvov, tear; oi/>, 
eye]. I. A watery eye. 2. A cyst of the 
duct of a lacrymal gland. 

Dacryocystotome (dah-re-o-sis / -to-torn) [dan- 
pvov, a tear; nvorig, a sac; tojut/, a cutting]. 
An instrument for dividing strictures of the 
lacrymal passages. 

Dacryocystoblennorrhea (dak-re-o-sis-to- 
blen-or-e'-ah) [daupvov, a tear ; nvorig, a sac ; 
j3?Jvva, mucus ; poia, a flow]. Chronic in- 
flammation of the lacrymal sac with a muco- 
purulent discharge. 

Dactylitis (dak-til-i' -tis) \6anTvkog , a finger ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of a 
finger or toe. 

Daemonomania (de-mo-no-ma' '-ne-ah). See 
Demonomania. 

Dalton- Henry Law. See Law. 

Daltonism (daV -ton-izm) [Da/ton, a phy- 
sician]. Color-blindness. 

Dam. See Rubber-dam. 

Damiana (dam- e- an' '-ah). The leaves of 



Turnera aphrodisiaca, found in Mexico and 
Lower California; a stimulant tonic and 
aphrodisiac. It is the basis of a great num- 
ber of quack remedies. D., Ext. Dose gr. 
ij-x (0.13-0.65). D., Ext., Fid. Dose 
Tt^x-f^j (0.65-4.0). Dose of the leaves ^j 
(32.0) daily. All unof. 

Dammar (dam'-ar) [Hind., ddmar, resin]. 
A gum or resin produced by various species 
of Dammara and other trees. D., True, is 
obtained from the Dammara orientalis, a 
coniferous tree, indigenous in the East In- 
dies, and also from Dammara australis, in 
New Zealand. 

Dance, St. Vitus's. See Chorea. 

Dancing Mania. See Choromania. 

Dandelion (dan f -de-li-on). See Taraxacum. 

Dandruff (dan'-druf) [Welsh, ton, skin ; 
drwg, bad]. The scurf or scales formed 
upon the scalp in seborrhea. 

Dandy (dan' -de) Fever. See Dengue. 

Daphne (daf f -ne) \_da<pvr), the laurel]. See 
Mezereon. 

Darier's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Dartos (dar'-tos) \6aprog, flayed]. The 
contractile musculofibrous layer beneath the 
skin of the scrotum. 

Dartrous (dar'-trus) [Fr., dartre]. Of the 
nature of tetter or herpes ; herpetic. 

Darwinism (dar' '-win-izm). The doctrine 
that higher organisms have been developed 
from lower forms by the influence of natural 
selection, a theory advocated by Charles 
Darwin. 



DATURA 



218 



DECUSSATION 



Datura [da-tu' -rah) [Hind , dhatiira, a cer- 
tain plant]. A genus of Solanaceae, or 
night-shade family. D. stramonium. See 
Stramonium. 

Daturin (da-tu'-rin) [Hind., dhatiira, a cer- 
tain plant] . A poisonous alkaloid from the 
thorn-apple. See Atropin. 

Daughter (daw f -ter). A female child or 
descendant. D.-cell. See Cell. D.-cyst, 
a cyst formed within a cyst. D. -nuclei. 
See Karyokinesis. D.-star, an amphiaster. 
See Karyokinesis. 

Day-blindness. See Nyctalopia; also 
Hemeralopia. 

Deaf (def) [A.S., deaf, deaf]. Lacking the 
sense of hearing ; in a condition of impaired 
hearing. D. -mutism, the state of being 
both deaf and dumb ; the deafness may be 
congenital or acquired, and prevent the indi- 
vidual from learning to speak. D. -mutism, 
Hysteric, a condition of deaf-mutism of 
sudden development, due to hysteria. 

Deafness {def'-nes) [AS.,' deaf, deaf]. The 
state of being deaf. Deafness may be due 
to disease of the external auditory canal, the 
middle ear, the internal ear, the auditory 
nerve, or the brain. D. f Boilermakers', 
deafness resulting from working among 
machinery, and characterized by inability to 
hear ordinary conversation, while hearing- 
power is increased amidst loud noise. D., 
Cerebral, that due to a brain-lesion. D., 
Cortical, that due to disease of the cortical 
centers for hearing ; it may be absolute, or 
consist in the inability to comprehend spoken 
language — a psychic deafness. D., Word. 
Synonym of £>., Psychic. 

Death (detli) [AS., death, death]. The ces- 
sation of life. D., Black, an exceedingly 
fatal epidemic called the " Plague," which 
occurred in Europe during the 14th century, 
and during which, it is estimated, 20,000,000 
persons died. D., Local, death of a part. 
D., Molecular, death of individual cells; ul- 
ceration. D., Somatic, death of the organ- 
ism as a whole. 

Debove's Membrane. See Membrane. 

Deca- (deW -a-)[6kKa, ten]. Ten; prefixed to 
the units of weight, capacity, and length in the 
metric system, it signifies a measure ten times 
as large as the unit. See Metric System. 

Decalcification (de-kal-sif-ik-a f -shun) [de 
priv. ; calx, lime; facere, to make]. The 
withdrawal of the lime-salts of bone. 

Decalcify (de-kal'-sif-i) [o^ priv. ; calx, lime ; 
facere, to make]. To remove lime-salts 
from tissues. 

Decantation (de-kan-ta' '-shun) [de, down ; 
cantus, a side]. The operation of removing 
the supernatant fluid from a sediment. 

Decapitation (de-hap-it-a / -shun) [de, from ; 
caput, head] . The act of beheading, espe- 



cially as performed on the fetus when other 
means of delivery have failed. 

Decay (de-ka f ) [de, down ; cadere, to fall]. 
I. Putrefactive change. 2. The ultimate kata- 
bolic state ; decline of life, of health, or of 
one or more functions. 

T)eci-(des'-e-) [decern, ten]. A prefix which, 
joined to the metric units of length, capacity, 
and weight, signifies a measure one-tenth 
as large as the unit. See Metric System. 

Decidua (de-sid' -u-ah) [deciduus, a falling 
off]. The mucous membrane which lines 
the uterus and surrounds the ovum during 
pregnancy. D. reflexa, that part of the 
decidua growing about the ovum and enclos- 
ing it as a sac. D. serotina, that part of 
the decidua vera upon which the ovum lies, 
and from which the placenta is subsequently 
formed. D. vera, the thickened, vascular, 
spongy mucous membrane of the gravid 
uterus. 

Deciduoma (de-sid-u-o / -mah ) [decidttus, a 
falling off; 6/ia, a tumor]. An intrauterine 
tumor containing decidual relics, and be- 
lieved to arise from some hyperplasia of a 
retained portion of the decidua. By some it 
is considered a sarcoma. 

Deciduous (de-sid '-u-us) [de, away, from ; 
cadere, to fall]. Falling off. D. Teeth, 
the temporary teeth or milk-teeth. 

Declination (dek-lin-a / -shun) [declinare, to 
decline]. The dip of the magnetic needle. 

Decline (de-khn f ) [declinare, to bend]. A 
gradual decrease, as of a fever; a wasting 
away of the bodily strength. 

Decoction (de-kok' -shun) [decoquere, to boil 
down]. A liquid preparation obtained by 
boiling vegetable substances in water. 

Decoloration (de-kul-or-a' ' -shun) [decolorare , 
to deprive of color]. Removal of color. 

Decomposition (de-kom-po-zish' ' -un) [decom- 
ponere, to decompose]. I. The separation of 
the component principles of a body. 2. Putre- 
factive fermentation. 

Decortication (de-kor-tik-a' '-shun) [de, from ; 
cortex, the bark]. I. The stripping of the 
bark or husk of a plant. 2. The stripping 
off of portions of the cortical substance of 
the brain from the summits of the gyri. 

Decubitus (de-kid -bit-tis) [decumbere, to lie 
down]. I. The position of a sick person 
while in bed. 2. A bed-sore, usually acute 
in onset and due to spinal lesions 

Decussate (de-kus'-dt) [decussatus, crossed]. 
To intersect, to cross. 

Decussation (de-kus-a' '-shun) [decussatio, a 
crossing]. A chiasma or X-shaped crossing, 
especially of symmetric parts, as of nerve- 
fibers or nerve-tracts, or of nerve-filaments. 
The principal decussations are that of the op- 
tic nerve and that of the lateral pyramidal 
tracts in the medulla. 



DEEP REFLEXES 219 

Deep Reflexes. See Reflexes, Table of. D. 
Water, water obtained from a porous layer 
beneath the first impervious stratum. 

Defecation (def-ek-a' -shun) [def scare, to sep- 
arate from the dregs]. The evacuation of 
the bowels. 

Defensive Proteids. Those substances 
formed in the bodies of animals that render 
them immune against certain diseases. 

Deferent (def f -er-ent) [deferens, carrying 
away]. Carrying away or down ; efferent. 

Defervescence (de-fer-ves' '-ens) [defervescere, 
to cease boiling]. Disappearance of fever. 

Defibrination (de-fl-brin-a / -shun) [de, from; 

flbra, a fiber]. The removal of fibrin from 
blood or lymph. 

Definition (defin-ish' '-un) [definitio ; defin- 
ire, to bound by limits]. In optics, the 
power of a magnifying lens to show clear 
outlines of the object examined, free from 
aberration or distortion. 

Deflagration (def lag- ra' '-shun) [deflagrare, 
to be consumed]. A sudden, violent com- 
bustion, such as accompanies the oxidation of 
certain inorganic substances by mixing them 
with an easily decomposing salt, such as the 
alkaline chlorates and nitrates. 

Defluvium capillorum {de-flu' '-ve-um kap-il- 
or f -um). Alopecia. 

Defluxion (de -fluk' '- shun) \_defluxio ; de, 
down ; fluere, to flow]. A discharge. 

Deformity, Anterior. See Lordosis. 

Degeneration (de -Jen -er-a / - shun) [degene- 
rare, to become base] . I . A morbid process 
consisting in the conversion of the elements 
of a tissue into some inert substance. 2. A 
term indicating imperfect or abnormal devel- 
opment of the psychic faculties. D., Albu- 
minoid. Synonym of D., Amyloid. D., 
Amyloid. See Amyloid. D., Ascending, 
a trophic degeneration of nerve-fibers or tracts 
progressing from the site of the original lesion 
toward the cerebrum. D., Colloid, the 
change of the protoplasm of epithelial cells 
into a substance that resembles mucus, but is 
not precipitated by alcohol or acetic acid. D., 
Descending, a degeneration of nerve-fibers 
or tracts extending peripherally from the 
original lesion. D., Fatty, a change of the 
proteids of the tissues into fat. D., Hyaline, 
a degeneration affecting particularly the con- 
nective tissue of the walls of blood-vessels, 
and giving rise to a substance resembling 
amyloid material but lacking its reactions. 
See Amyloid. D., Mucoid, the degeneration 
of tissue into a jelly-like, transparent sub- 
stance containing mucin. D., Myxomatous. 
Synonym of D., Mucoid. D., Parenchy- 
matous. See Cloudy Swelling. D., Re- 
actions of. See Reaction. D., Signs of, 
physical imperfections, such as asymmetry of 
corresponding parts, adherent lobules of the 



DELIVER 

ear, stammering, supernumerary or deficient 
digits, etc., observed in persons presenting 
psychic degeneration. D., Wallerian, the 
degeneration of nerve-fibers and tracts after 
separation from their trophic centers. 

Deglutitio impedita ( de • glu - tish / - e - o 
im-ped-i f -tah). Synonym of Dysphagia. 

Deglutition (deg-lu-tish' '-un) [deglutitio, a 
swallowing]. The act of swallowing. 

Dehiscence (de-his / -ens) [de, off; hiscere, to 
gape or yawn]. The act of splitting open. 

Dehydration (de-hi-dra' '-shun) [de, away 
from; vdup, water]. The removal of 
water. 

Deiters' Cells. I. Certain cellular structures 
between the outer hair-cells of the organ of 
Corti. 2. The neuroglia-cells. D. Process, 
the process of a nerve-cell that goes to form 
an axis-cylinder. 

Dejecta (de-jek f -tah) [L.]. Feces. 

Dejection (de-jek' -shun) [dejectio ; d^, down ; 
jacere, to throw]. The discharge of fecal 
matter ; the matter so discharged. 

Delamination (de - lam - in - a' '- shun) [de, 
away; lamina, a plate]. The splitting into 
layers. 

Delhi Boil (deV-he boil). See Furunculus 
orientalis. 

Deligation (del '- ig ■- a' '- shun) [deligatio, a 
binding]. Ligation, as of an artery. 

Deliquescent (del-ik-wes f -ent) [deliquescere, 
to melt away]. Dissolving. Applied espe- 
cially to salts that absorb moisture from the 
air and liquefy. 

Deliriant, Delirifacient (de- le' -re-ant, de- 
le-re-fa' -she-ent) [delirium, madness ; facere, 
to make]. Producing delirium. 

Delirious (de-le' ' -re-us)[delirus ', mad, raving]. 
Affected with delirium. 

Delirium (de-le'-re-um) [delirium, madness ; 
de, out of ; lira, the furrow]. A condition of 
mental excitement with confusion and usually 
hallucinations and illusions. D., Alcoholic. 
See D. tremens. D. cordis, a violent, tumul- 
tuous beating of the heart. D., Febrile, the 
delirium of fever. D. of Grandeur, a condi- 
tion in which an individual has insanely exag- 
gerated ideas of his own importance or his 
possessions. D. of Persecution, that in 
which the patient imagines himself the object 
of persecution. D., Toxic, delirium caused 
by poisons. D. tremens, the delirium arising 
from alcoholic poisoning. It is characterized 
by constant tremor, insomnia, great exhaus- 
tion, distressing illusions, and hallucinations. 

Delitescence (del-it- es f ens) [delitescere, to lie 
hid]. The sudden disappearance of inflam- 
mation by resolution. 

Deliver (de-li^-er) [de, from ; liberare, to 
free]. To free from something, especially to 
deliver a woman of a child, or of the after- 
birth. The word is also applied to the part 



DELIVERY 



220 



DENTICULATE 



removed, as to deliver the placenta or a 
tumor. 

Delivery (de-liv f -er-e) [Fr., delivrer ; delib- 
erare, to set free. ] The act of delivering or 
freeing from something, especially the reliev- 
ing of a woman from the contents of the 
uterus. Parturition ; child-birth. D., Post- 
mortem, the birth of a fetus after the death 
of the mother. 

Delomorphous (del-o-mor'-fus) {Srjlog, con- 
spicuous; fJ.optpr/, form]. Having a conspic- 
uous form. D. Cells of Rollet, large, well- 
defined cells, between the membrana propria 
and the chief cells of the ftmdus-glands of 
the gastric mucous membrane. They are 
supposed to secrete the hydrochloric acid. 

Delphinin, Delphinium, Delphinoidin, 
Delphisin {del' ' -fin-in, del-fin f -e-um, del-fin- 
oid'-in, deV-fis-in). See Staphisagria. 

Deltoid (del'-toid) {delta, the Greek letter 
A; elSog, likeness]. Having the shape of the 
Greek letter delta; triangular, as the D. 
Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Delusion (de - lu' '- zhun) {de, from; lusus, 
play]. A false belief, the falsity of which is 
apparent, but out of which the person can- 
not be reasoned by indubitable evidence. 

Delusional (de - lu f - zhun - al) {deludere, to 
delude]. Of the nature of a delusion; 
characterized by delusions. D. Stupor. 
See Insanity, Confusional '. 

Demarcation {de-mark- a f -shun) {demarcare, 
to set the bounds of]. Separation. D.,Line 
of, a red line forming at the edge of a gan- 
grenous area and marking the limit of the 
process. 

Dement (de / -ment) \_demens, insane]. A 
person suffering with dementia. 

Dementia (de-men' ' -she- ah) {de, away from ; 
mens, mind]. A form of insanity charac- 
terized by a deterioration or loss of the intel- 
lectual faculties, the reasoning power, the 
memory, and the will. D., Paralytic, gen- 
eral paralysis of the insane. D., Primary, 
that occurring independently of other forms 
of insanity. D., Secondary, that follow- 
ing another form of insanity. D., Senile, 
that due to the degenerations of old age. 
D., Terminal, that coming on toward the end 
of other forms of insanity or certain nervous 
diseases. 

Demi- {dimidius, half]. A prefix meaning 
half. 

Demilune Cells (dem'-e-lun) {demiius, half ; 
luna, moon]. D. C. of Heidenhain, cres- 
centic bodies lying between the cells and the 
membrana propria of an acinus of a salivary 
gland. 

Demodex (dem'-o-deks) {6rjju6g, fat ; 6//^, an 
insect]. A genus of parasitic insects. D. 
folliculorum, the pimple-mite, a minute 
parasite found in the sebaceous follicles, par- 



ticularly of the face. It probably does not 
produce any symptoms. 

Demography (de-mog' '-ra-fe), {dij/uog, the 
people ; ypdipeiv, to write]. The science of 
peoples collectively considered ; social sci- 
ence, including that of vital statistics and the 
consideration of questions of state medicine. 

'Dcmonomania(de-mon-o-ma / -ne-ah){6ai.juo}v, 
a devil ; fiavid, madness]. A form of mad- 
ness in which a person imagines himself 
possessed of a devil. 

Demulcent (de-mtiF -sent) {demulcere, to 
soothe]. I. Soothing; allaying irritation of 
surfaces, especially mucous membranes. 2. 
A soothing substance, parti cula-rly a slippery, 
mucilaginous liquid. 

Denarcotized (de-nar' '-ko-tizd) {de priv.; 
vaptcoTinog, narcotic]. I. Deprived of nar- 
cotizing qualities. 2. Of opium, deprived 
of narcotin. 

Dendritic (den-drif '-ik) {devfipov, a tree]. 
Branching like a tree. 

Dengue (deng'-ga) [West Ind.]. Break- 
bone fever ; dandy fever ; an acute, epidemic, 
infectious disease, characterized by a febrile 
paroxysm, severe pains in the bones, joints, 
and muscles, and, at times, a cutaneous erup- 
tion. The period of incubation is from 3 
to 5 days ; the invasion is sudden, with high 
fever (106 F.), severe pains in the muscles, 
bones and joints, the last being swollen and- 
reddened. After the fever has lasted 3 or 
4 days it subsides, but at the end of from 
2 to 4 days a second paroxysm accompanied 
with pain occurs. Convalescence is slow ; 
complications are rare. 

Density (den'-sit-e) {densiias, thickness]. 
Closeness ; compactness, especially the de- 
gree of closeness of one body compared with 
an equal volume of another taken as a stand- 
ard ; specific gravity. In electricity, the 
amount of electricity accumulated on a unit 
of surface during a given time. 

Dental (den r -tal) {dens, a tooth]. Pertain- 
ing to the teeth. D. Engine, a machine 
worked by a treadle and possessing a flexible 
cable and adjustable arm and hand-piece, 
which afford great facility of movement and 
adaptation. By means of attachments to the 
hand-piece, drills can be operated at various 
angles. D. Tubuli, the minute wavy tubes 
occurring in the dentin of teeth. 

Dentate (den f -tat) {dens, a tooth]. Toothed ; 
having a toothed or serrated edge. D. Body. 
See Corpus dentatum. D. Convolution, 
a convolution found in the hippocampal fis- 
sure. D. Fascia, the serrated free edge of 
the dentate convolution. D. Fissure, the 
hippocampal fissure. 

Denticulate (den-tik f -u-lat) {denticulus, a 
small tooth]. Having minute dentations; 
furnished with small teeth or notches. 



DENTIFRICE 



221 



DERMATITIS 



Dentifrice {den f -tif-ris) [dens, tooth \fricere, 
to rub]. A substance for cleansing the teeth. 

Dentigerous [den-Hj* ' -er-us) [dens, a. tooth; 
;v/r/v, to carry]. Bearing or containing 
teeth, as a dentigerous cyst. 

Dentin {den f -tit£) [dens, a tooth]. A modi- 
tied osseous tissue forming the principal part 
of a tooth, and consisting, histologically, of 
dental tubuli and intertubular tissue, chemi- 
cally, of the phosphates of calcium and magne- 
sium, the carbonate and fluorid of lime, and 
organic matter, chiefly gelatin. The bony 
structure of the tooth, lying under the enamel 
of the crown and the cement substance of the 
root. 

Dentinal [den f -tin-al) [dens, a tooth]. Per- 
taining to or composed of dentin. 

Dentist (den f -tist) [dens, a tooth] . One who 
practises dentistry. 

Dentistry {ilen f - tis - tre) [dens, a tooth]. 
Dental surgery, embracing everything per- 
taining to the treatment of diseases of the 
teeth. 

Dentition (den-tish'-un) [dens, a tooth]. 
Teething; the cutting of the teeth. D., 
Primary, the cutting of the temporary or 
milk-teeth. D., Secondary, the eruption of 
the permanent teeth. 

Denture [den'-chur) [dens, a tooth]. The 
entire set or group of teeth ; the whole assem- 
blage of teeth in both jaws ; a set, or plate, 
of artificial teeth. 

Denudation [den-u-da'-shun) [denudare, to 
denude]. A stripping or making bare. 

Denutrition {de - nu - trish' '- un) [de, from; 
natriare, to nourish]. An atrophy and de- 
generation of tissue arising from lack of 
nutrition. 

Deobstruent {de-ob' '-struent) [de, from ; ob- 
struere, to obstruct.] I. Removing obstruc- 
tion. 2. A medicine that removes obstruc- 
tion ; an aperient. 

Deodorant (de-o' '-dor-ant) [a^priv. ; odorare, 
to smell], i. Removing or concealing offen- 
sive odors. 2. A substance that removes or 
conceals offensive odors. 

Deodorized (de-o / -dor-izd) [depriv.; odorare, 
to smell]. Deprived of odor. 

Deorsum (de-or^sum) [L.]. Downward. 

Deoxidation (de-oks-id-a' -shun) [de, from; 
oxygen\. The removal of the oxygen from 
a chemic compound. 

Depilatory (de-piF -at-or-e) [de, from ; pilus, 
the hair]. I. Having the power to remove 
the hair. 2. A substance used to destroy the 
hair, usually a caustic alkali. 

Depletion {de-ple' '-shun) [deplere, to empty]. 
I. The act of diminishing the quantity of 
fluid in the body or in a part, especially by 
bleeding. 2. The condition of the system 
produced by the excessive loss of blood or 
other fluids. 



Depolarization {de-po-lar-iz-a r -shun) [de, 
from ; polus, pole]. The neutralization of 
polarity. 

Depressant {de -pres' '-ant) [deprimere, to press 
down]. I. Lowering. 2. A medicine that 
diminishes functional activity. 

Depression (de-presh r -un) [depressio ; depri- 
mere, to depress]. I. A hollow, or fossa. 
2. Inward displacement of a part, as of the 
skull. 3. Lowering of vital functions under 
the action of some depressing agent. 

Depressomotor (de-pres-o-mo' '-tor) [depri- 
mere, to depress; movere, to move]. An 
agent that diminishes the action of the motor 
apparatus. 

Depressor (de-pres'-or) [deprimere , to de- 
press]. I. A muscle, instrument, or apparatus 
that depresses. 2. A nerve, stimulation 
of which lowers the functional activity of a 
part, as the depressor nerve of the heart. 

Depurated {dep' ' -u-ra-ted) [depurare, to puri- 
fy]. Purified, cleansed. 

Depurative {dep f -u-ra-tiv) [depurare, to 
purify] . Purifying or cleansing. 

DeR. A contraction and symbol of the term 
Reaction of Degeneration. 

Deradelphus \der-ad-el f -fus) [deprj, neck ; 
adetyog, brother]. A monocephalic dual 
monstrosity, with fusion of the bodies above 
the umbilicus, and with four lower extremities, 
and three or four upper. 

Derbyshire Neck {der f -be-shlr nek). See 
Goiter. 

Derencephalus (der-en-sef'-al-us) [Sep?/, 
neck ; eynetyalov, brain] . A variety of single 
autositic monsters of the species anencephalus , ■ 
in which the bones of the cranial vault are 
rudimentary, the posterior portion of the 
occiput absent, and the upper cervical ver- 
tebrae bifid, the brain resting in them. 

Derivation {der-iv-a'-shun) [derivare, to 
turn a stream from its banks]. The drawing 
away of blood or liquid exudates from a 
diseased part by creating an extra demand for 
them in some other part. 

Derivative {de-riv'-at-iv). 1. Producing deri- 
vation. 2. An agent that produces derivation. 

Derm, Derma [der* '-mah) [depjia, the skin]. 
The true skin. 

Dermal [der f -mal) [dip/tia, the skin]. Per- 
taining to the skin. 

Dermalgia {der-maV -je-ah). See Dermatalgia . 

Dermatagra (der-mat-a / -grah) [dep/ia, skin; 
ay pa, seizure]. See Pellagra. 

Dermatalgia [der-mat-al' '-je-ah) [depfia, skin; 
aXyoq, pain]. Pain in the skin unaccom- 
panied by any structural change, and caused 
by some nervous disease or reflex influence. 

Dermatitis {der-mat-i' '-tis) [dep/ia, skin ; trig, 
inflammation]. An inflammation of the skin. 
D. ambustionis,D. calorica,the form due to 
burns and scalds. D. congelationis, same as 



DERMATO- 



222 



DETERGENT 



Frostbite. D. contusiformis. Erythema no- 
dosum. D. exfoliativa, an acute or chronic in- 
flammation of the skin, in which the epidermis 
is shed more or less freely in large or small 
scales. See Pityriasis rubra. D. gangrenosa, 
sphaceloderma ; gangrenous inflammation of 
the skin. D. herpetiformis, an inflammatory 
skin-disease of an herpetic character, the 
various lesions showing a tendency to group. 
It is a protean disease, appearing as ery- 
thema, vesicles, blebs, and pustules, and is 
associated with fever, itching, and burning. 
D. medicamentosa, drug-eruptions ; in- 
flammatory eruptions upon the skin due to 
the action of certain drugs taken internally. 
D. papillaris capillitii, a chronic skin- 
disease, affecting the nape of the neck and 
adjacent parts, and characterized by minute 
red papules, which occasionally suppurate, 
and are usually traversed by a hair. They 
unite to form hard, white, or reddish keloid- 
looking elevations, from which a bundle of 
atrophied hairs protrudes. D. traumatica, 
that resulting from traumatism. D. venen- 
ata, that produced by the local action of irri- 
tant substances. 

Dermato- \_6epfxa, skin]. A prefix, signifying 
pertaining to the skin. 

Dermatol {der f -?nat-ol) [depfia, skin], C 6 H 2 - 
(OH) 3 .C0 2 Bi(OH) 2 . The subgallate of bis- 
muth, an astringent, antiseptic powder, of 
yellow color, used in affections of the skin 
and mucous membranes that are associated 
with excessive secretion ; it is especially 
recommended for diarrhea in tuberculosis and 
typhoid fever. Dose internally, ^ss-^iss 
(2.0-6.0) daily. 

Dermatology {der-mat-oV -o-je) \8ip\ia, skin ; 
Myog, science]. The science of diseases of 
the skin. 

Dermatolysis {der-mat-oV -is-is) [dep^a, skin ; 
"kvaiq, a loosing]. An hypertrophy of the 
skin and subcutaneous tissue, with a tendency 
to the formation of folds. 

Dermatome (der'-ma-toni) \_6epjia, skin; 
TE/uveiv, to cut]. An instrument for incising 
the skin. 

Dermatomycosis {der-mat-o-mi-ko f -sis) \pkp- 
fia, skin ; fJ.vKrjq, fungus]. Any skin-disease 
caused by a vegetable parasite. 

Dermatoplasty {der' ' -mat-o-plas-te) [depjia, 
skin ; iriaoceiv, to form] . An operative re- 
placement of destroyed skin by means of 
flaps or skin-grafts. 

Dermatosclerosis (der- mat- - skle - ro / -sis) . 
See Scleroderma. 

Dermatosis {der-mat-o f -sis) \_6epjia, skin; 
vdaoc, disease]. Any disease of the skin. 

Dermic {der f -mik) \_6epfia, the skin]. Re- 
lating to the skin, or formed of skin. 

Dermis {der f -mis). The corium or true skin. 

Dermographia (der-mo-graf -e-ak) [dippa, 



skin ; ypdpiv, to write]. A condition of the 
skin in which tracings made with the finger- 
nail or a blunt instrument are followed by 
elevations at the points irritated. It is com- 
mon in the condition termed vasomotor 
ataxia. 

Dermoid (der'-moid) \_6eppia, skin ; eldoq, 
form]. Resembling skin. D. Cyst, a cyst con- 
taining elements of the skin, as hair, teeth, etc. 

Dermoplasty {der' ' -mo-plas-te) [depfia, skin ; 
7T?Moauv, to form]. See Dermatoplasty. 

Dermoskeleton {der-nio-skel' -et-un) [deppa, 
skin ; aneXeTov, a skeleton]. The exoskeleton. 

Derodidymus (der-o-did' -im-us) [deprj, neck; 
dtdvfiog, double]. A monstrosity with a sin- 
gle body, two necks and heads, two upper 
and lower extremities, with other rudimentary 
limbs occasionally present. 

Descemet's Membrane. The elastic mem- 
brane lining the posterior surface of the cor- 
nea. 

Descemetitis {des-em-et-i' -tis). Inflamma- 
tion of Descemet's Membrane; serous iritis. 

Descendens {de-sen / -de?iz) [descetidere, to go 
down]. Downward. D. noni, a branch of 
the hypoglossal nerve. See Nerves, Table of. 

Descending (de- sen' '-ding) \descendere, to go 
down]. Passing downward. D. Current. 
See Current \ D. Degeneration. See De- 
generation. D. Tract, a collection of 
nerve-fibers conducting impulses from the 
centers to the periphery. 

Deshler's Salve. The compound resin 
cerate of the pharmacopeia. 

Desiccant {des' -ik-ani) \desiccare, to dry 
up]. Drying. 

Desiccation {des -ik-a' '-shun) [desiccare, to 
dry up]. The process of drying. 

Desmobacteria{des-mo-bah-te / -re-ah)[deo/j.6c, 
band; fianTrjpiov, a small staff]. A group 
of bacteria corresponding to the genus Bacilli. 

Desmography {des-mog' '-ra-fe) [<5ea//oc, a 
ligament ; ypcapetv, to write] . The descrip- 
tion of the ligaments. 

Desmoid {des' -moid) [decurj, a bundle; eldog, 
likeness]. Fibrous. 

Desmoma {des-mo' '-mah) \pzGji6q, a band; 
b/ua, tumor]. A connective-tissue tumor. 

Despumation {des-pu-ma f -shun) \despumare, 
to skim froth]. The purification of a liquid 
by removal of the scum or froth. 

Desquamation {des - kwam - a f - shun) \_des- 
quamare, to scale off]. The shedding of the 
superficial epithelium, as of the skin, mucous 
membranes, and renal tubules. 

Desquamative (des-kwam'-at-iv) \desqua- 
mare, to scale off]. Characterized by des- 
quamation. 

Dessert Spoon. A domestic measure equal 
to about fgij (8.0). 

Detergent (de-ter / -j'ent) \detergere, to 
cleanse]. Purifying; cleansing. 



DETERMINATION 



223 



DIACHYLON 



Determination {de-ter-min-a f -shun) [deter- 
minatio, a directing]. Of the blood, a ten- 
dency to collect in a part, as determination of 
the blood to the head. 

Deuter-, Deutero- (du'-ter, du f -ter-o) [(h'v- 
Tepo, second]. A Greek prefix indicating 
the second of two similar substances, or con- 
ditions, especially that one which contains 
more of the substance. 

Deuteroalbumose [du-ler-o-aV '-bu-mos). A 
form soluble in water and not precipitated 
by saturation with sodium chlorid or mag- 
nesium sulphate, but by ammonium sulphate. 

Deuteropathy {du-ter-op' -a-the) [dsvrepog, 
second; Trdfloc, a disease]. A disease that 
is secondary to another. 

Deviation [de-ve-a'-shun) [deviare, to de- 
viate]. A turning away from the regular 
course or standard. D., Conjugate, the 
turning of eyes and head toward one side, 
observed in some lesions of the cerebrum. 

Devitalize [de-vi' -tal-lz) [de, from; vita, 
life]. To destroy vitality. 

Devonshire Colic {dev f -on-shir kol'-ik). 
Lead-colic. 

Dew-point. The temperature at which the air 
is saturated with vapor ; the temperature at 
which dew forms. 

Dewees's Carminative. See Asafetida. 

Dexiocardia [deks-e-o-kar' '-de-ah) [Senior, on 
the right ; napdia, the heart] . Transposition 
of the heart to the right side of the thorax. 

Dextrad [deks' '-trad) [dexter, right; ad, to]. 
Toward the right side. 

Dextran [deks' -t ran) [dexter, right], C 6 H ]0 O 5 . 
A stringy, gummy substance formed in milk 
by the action of cocci, and also occurring in 
unripe beet-root. 

Dextrin [debs' -trin) [dexter, right] , C 6 H 10 O 5 . 
A soluble carbohydrate into wdiich starch is 
converted by diastase or dilute acids. It is 
a whitish substance, turning the plane of 
polarization to the right. 

Dextrocardia [deks-tro-kar' '-de-ah) . See Dex- 
iocardia. 

Dextrogyrate (deks-tro-ji'-rdt). Same as 
Dextrorotatory. 

Dextrorotatory [deks-tro-ro f -tat-o-re) [dex- 
ter, right ; rotare, to whirl] . Turning the 
rays of light to the right. 

Dextrose [deks'-tros) [dexter, right], C 6 H 12 6 . 
Grape-sugar. A sugar belonging to the 
glucose-group, that rotates polarized light to 
the right. 

Dextroversion [cieks-tro-ver' '-zhun) [dexter, 
right ; vertere, to turn] . Version to the 
right side. 

Diabetes [di-ab-e f -tez) [dia(3r/T7jc ; did, through; 
flaiveiv, to go]. A disease characterized by 
the habitual discharge of an excessive quan- 
tity of urine ; used without qualification, the 
word indicates diabetes mellitus. D., Bil- 



iary. See Biliary. D. decipiens, dia- 
betes mellitus in which there is no poly- 
uria or polydipsia. D., Gouty, a form 
of glycosuria occurring in gouty individuals. 
D. insipidus, a chronic disease characterized 
by the passage of a large quantity of normal 
urine of low specific gravity, associated with 
intense thirst. The etiology of the disease is 
obscure — injuries and diseases of the brain, 
emotional disturbances, syphilis, acute infec- 
tious diseases, and heredity have been assigned 
as causes. The urine at times contains inosit, 
whence the term diabetes inositus in contra- 
distinction to diabetes mellitus. D. mellitus, 
a nutritional disease characterized by the 
passage of a large quantity of urine containing 
sugar; there is intense thirst, voracious 
appetite, progressive loss of flesh and strength, 
and a tendency to a fatal termination. The 
causes are not well understood — diseases of 
the nervous system, especially of the medulla, 
intense mental strain, gout, syphilis, malaria, 
diseases of the pancreas, have been etiologic 
factors in some cases. Complications are fre- 
quent in diabetes, the most important being 
pulmonary tuberculosis, furunculosis, gan- 
grene, cataract, polyneuritis. Death, if not 
caused by one of the complications, is gener- 
ally due to the so-called diabetic coma. The 
ultimate cause of the presence of sugar in 
the urine is believed to be the incom- 
plete destruction or utilization of the sugar 
formed in the system. D., Pancreatic, a 
variety of glycosuria associated with and 
probably dependent upon disease of the 
pancreas. D., Phloridzin-, that form pro- 
duced in animals by the administration of 
phloridzin. D., Phosphatic, a condition 
characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, 
emaciation, and excessive excretion of phos- 
phates in the urine. 

Diabetic {di-ab-ef '-ik) [Sid, through ; (3aiv- 
eiv, to go]. I. Pertaining to diabetes. 2. A 
person suffering from diabetes. D. Cataract, 
an opacity of the crystalline lens sometimes 
found in association with diabetes. D. 
Coma, the coma caused by diabetes mellitus. 
D. Gangrene, a moist gangrene sometimes 
occurring in persons suffering from diabetes. 
D. Sugar, C 6 H 12 6 , the glucose present in 
the urine in diabetes mellitus. It is identical 
with grape-sugar. D. Tabes, a peripheral 
neuritis occurring in diabetic patients, and 
causing symptoms resembling tabes dorsalis. 
D. Urine, urine containing sugar. 

Diacetic Acid [di-as-e f -tik). See Acid. 

Diaceturia (di- as- et-u'-re-ah) [di, two; 
acetum, vinegar ; ovpov, urine] . The presence 
of diacetic acid in the urine. 

Diachylon (di - ak' - il - on) [did, through; 
XvMq, juice]. Lead-plaster. See Plum- 
bum. 



DIACID 



224 



DIAPHRAGMATIC 



Diacid (di-as'-id) [di, two; acidus, acid]. 
Having two atoms of hydrogen replaceable by 
a base. 

Diad (di'-ad) [di, two]. Having a quantiv- 
alence of two. 

Diagnose (di-ag-nds f ) . See Diagnosticate. 

Diagnosis (di-ag-no'-sis) [did, apart ; yvd- 
aig, knowledge]. The determination of the 
nature of a disease. D., Differential, the 
distinguishing between two diseases of 
similar character, by comparing their symp- 
toms. D. by Exclusion, the recognition 
of a disease by excluding all other known 
conditions. D., Pathologic, the diagnosis 
of the structural lesions present in a disease. 
D., Physical, the determination of disease 
by inspection, palpation, percussion, or aus- 
cultation. 

Diagnostic (di-ag- nos'-tik) [did, apart; 
yvaxTig, knowledge]. Serving as evidence in 
diagnosis. 

Diagnosticate, Diagnose (di-ag-nos f -tik-at, 
di f -ag-nos) {did. apart ; yv&cug, knowledge]. 
To make a diagnosis. 

Diagnostician (di - ag - nos - tish f - an) [did , 
through; yvuatq, knowledge]. One skilled 
in making diagnoses. 

Dialysis (di-al'-is-is) [did, through ; Meiv, to 
loose] . The separation of several substances 
from each other in solution by taking advan- 
tage of their differing diffusibility through 
porous membranes. Those that pass through 
readily are termed crystalloids, those that do 
not, colloids. 

Dialyzed (di f -al-lzd) [did, through ; "Kveiv, 
to loose]. Separated by dialysis. 

Dialyzer (di'-al-i-zer) [did, through ; Xvetv, to 
loose]. An apparatus for effecting dialysis ; 
also the porous septum or diaphragm of such 
an apparatus. 

Diamagnetic (di-ah-niag-nef '-ik) [did, across ; 
fidyvrjq, magnet] . Taking a position at right 
angles to the lines of magnetic force. 

Diameter (di-am' '-et-er) [did, through ; fier- 
pov, a measure]. A straight line joining op- 
posite points of a body or figure and passing 
through its center. D., Craniometric, one 
of several lines connecting points on opposite 
surfaces of the cranium. Biparietal, that 
joining the parietal eminences ; Bitemporal, 
that joining the extremities of the coronal 
suture ; Occipitofrontal, that joining the root 
of the nose and the most prominent point of 
the occiput ; Occipito?nental, that joining the 
external occipital protuberance and the chin; 
Trachelobreg?natic , that joining the center of 
the anterior fontanel and the junction of the 
neck and floor of the mouth. D., Pelvic, 
any one of the diameters of the pelvis. The 
most important are the following : Antero- 
posterior (of pelvic inlet), that which joins 
the sacrovertebral angle and the pubic sym- 



physis ; Anteroposterior (of pelvic outlet), that 
which joins the tip of the coccyx with the 
subpubic ligament ; Conjugate, the antero- 
posterior diameter of the pelvic inlet ; Conju- 
gate, diagonal, that connecting the sacro- 
vertebral angle and subpubic ligament ; 
Conjugate, external, that connecting the 
depression above the spine of the first sacral 
vertebra and the middle of the upper border 
of the symphysis pubis ; Conjugate, true, that 
connecting the sacrovertebral angle and the 
most prominent portion of the posterior aspect 
of the symphysis pubis ; Tranroerse (of pel- 
vic inlet), that connecting the two most 
widely separated points of the pelvic inlet ; 
Transverse (of pelvic outlet), that connecting 
the ischial tuberosities. 

Diamid (di r -am-id) [di, two ; amid']. A 
double amid formed by replacing hydrogen 
in two ammonia molecules by an acid radicle. 

Diamin (di f -am-in) [di, two; amin\. An 
amin formed by replacing hydrogen in two 
molecules of ammonia by a basic radicle. 

Diapedesis (di-ah-ped-e' ' -sis) [did, through ; 
Trr/ddeiv, to leap] . The passage of the blood 
through the unruptured vessel walls. 

Diaphanometer. See Lactoscope. 

Diaphanoscope (di-afan' -o-skop) [dia6av^g, 
translucent ; okotteZv, to inspect]. An instru- 
ment for illuminating the interior of a body- 
cavity so as to render the boundaries of the 
cavity visible from the exterior. 

Diaphoresis (di-ah-for-e r -sis) [did, a part ; 
(popeeiv, to carry]. Perspiration, especially 
perceptible perspiration. 

Diaphoretic (di-ah-for-ef '-ik) [did, a part ; 
oopeeiv, to carry]. I. Causing an increase of 
perspiration. 2. A medicine that induces 
diaphoresis. 

Diaphragm (di 1 ' -ah-fram) [did, across; <ppd-) ua, 
wall]. I. The musculomembranous partition 
that separates the thorax and abdomen. It 
is the chief muscle of respiration. 2. A thin 
septum, such as is used in dialysis. 3. In a 
microscope, a perforated plate placed between 
the mirror and object to regulate the amount 
of light that is to pass through the object. 

Diaphragmatic (di- ak -frag - mat'- ik) [did, 
across, (j>pdy/j.a, a wall]. Relating to the 
diaphragm. D. Phenomenon, Litten's 
sign ; in a state of health there can be seen a 
shadow rising and falling from the vertebral 
column to the attachment of the diaphragm 
from the seventh rib to the convexity ; this 
movement can be seen through the thoracic 
walls, and shows the intensity of respira- 
tion, and the limit of the diaphragm between 
its position on inspiration and that on expira- 
tion. The upper position corresponds to the 
liver-margin in the state of rest. Deviations 
of the extent of movement mark certain 
pathologic states. 



DIAPHTHERIN 



225 



DIELECTRIC 



Diaphtherin {di-af -ther-in) [diacpdelpeiv, to 
destroy]. Oxychinaseptol ; a coal-tar deriva- 
tive composed of two molecules of oxychinolin 
and one of aseptol. It is a yellow powder, 
with a phenol-like odor, and is used as an anti- 
septic in solutions varying in strength from I 
to 50 per cent. 

Diaphysis (di-af'-is-is) [did, between; (pveiv, 
to grow]. The shaft of a long bone. 

Diapophysis [di - ap - off f - is - is) [dia, apart ; 
a-oovoiq, an outgrowth]. The superior or 
articular part of a transverse process of a 
vertebra. 

Diarrhea (di-ar-e / -ah) [did, through; pieiv, 
to flow]. A condition characterized by in- 
creased frequency and lessened consistency of 
the fecal evacuations. D., Choleraic, 
severe, acute diarrhea with serous stools, 
and accompanied by vomiting and collapse. 
D., Lienteric, a form of diarrhea charac- 
terized by the passage of fluid stools con- 
taining masses of undigested food. D., 
Mucous, that characterized by the pres- 
ence of mucus in the stools. D., Summer, 
an acute form occurring particularly in chil- 
dren during the intense heat of summer. 

Diarthrosis {di-ar-thro' -sis) [did, through- 
out; dpSpcjaig, articulation]. A form of ar- 
ticulation characterized by mobility. The 
various forms are : Arthrodia, in which the 
bones glide upon plane surfaces ; Enarthro- 
sis, ball-and-socket joint, with motion in all 
directions ; Ginglymus, or hinge-joint, with 
backward and forward motion ; and D. rota- 
toria, with pivotal movement. 

Diastase {di f -as-tds) [didaraaig, separation]. 
A nitrogenous vegetable ferment found in 
malt ; it converts starch into glucose. 

Diastasic, or Diastatic [di-as-tas' '-ik, or 
di-as-tat' ' -ik) [didaraaig, separation]. I. Per- 
taining to diastase. 2. Pertaining to diastasis. 

Diastasis [di-as f -tas-is) [didaraaig, separa- 
tion]. 1. The separation of an epiphysis 
from the body of a bone without true frac- 
ture. 2. A dislocation of an amphiarthrotic 
joint. 

Diaster [di f -as-ter). See Karyokitiesis. 

Diastole (di-as / -to-le) [diaaroXr], a drawing 
apart]. The period of dilatation of a cham- 
ber of the heart ; used alone it signifies D. 
of the ventricles. 

Diastolic [di-as-toV -ik) [diaaroXi], a drawing 
apart]. Pertaining to the diastole of the 
heart. 

Diathermal, or Diathermanous {di-ath-er f - 
mal, di-ath-er' '-man-us) [did, through ; Oepfiri, 
heat]. Permeable by waves of radiant 
heat. 

Diathesis (di-ath'-es-is) [did, through ; ri6e- 
vcu, to arrange]. A state or condition of the 
body whereby it is especially liable to cer- 
tain diseases, such as gout, calculus, dia- 
15 



betes, etc. It may be acquired or heredi- 
tary. D., Hemorrhagic. See Hemophilia. 

Diathetic (di-ath-el'-ik) [did, through; ntik- 
vai, to arrange]. Relating to a diathesis. 

Diatomic {di-at-om'-ik) [dig, two ; aro/xog, 
atom]. I. Consisting of two atoms. 2. 
Having two hydrogen atoms replaceable by 
radicles. 

Diazo- (di-az / -o) [dig, two ; azotum, nitro- 
gen]. A prefix signifying that a compound 
contains phenyl, C 6 H 5 , united with a radicle 
consisting of two nitrogen atoms. D. -reac- 
tion or test, a urinary test, valuable in the . 
diagnosis of enteric fever. The solutions re- 
quired are (a) a saturated solution of sul- 
phanilic acid, in a 5 per cent, solution of 
hydrochloric acid; (b) a y z per cent, solution 
of sodium nitrite. Mix a and b in the pro- 
portion of 40 c.c. of a to I c.c. of b, and to a 
few cubic centimeters add an equal volume 
of urine, and, after shaking well, allow a few 
drops of ammonia to flow down the side of the 
tube. A garnet-red color at the point of con- 
tact denotes the reaction, or a rose-pink foam 
after shaking. 

Dibasic (di-ba'-sik) [dig, twice ; j3daig, base]. 
Of a salt, containing two atoms of a mono- 
basic element or radicle ; of an acid, having 
two replaceable hydrogen atoms. 

Dibromid (di-brom'-id). A compound con- 
sisting of an element or radicle and two 
atoms of bromin. 

Dichloracetic Acid {di-klor-as-e' '-tik), C 2 H 2 - 
C1 2 2 . An acid produced by the replace- 
ment of two hydrogen atoms in acetic acid 
by chlorin. It is a caustic liquid. 

Dichlorid [di-klo'-rid). A compound con- 
sisting of an element or radicle and two 
atoms of chlorin. 

Dichroism [di'-kro-izm) [dig, double ; ^p<5a, 
color]. The state of presenting one color 
when seen by reflected light, and another 
when seen by transmitted light. 

Dicinchonin {di-sin ; -kon-in) [dig, double ; 
cinchona'], C 38 H 44 N 4 2 . An alkaloid of 
Cinchona bark. 

Dicrotic [di-krof '-ik) [dinporog, double beat- 
ing]. Having a double beat. D. Pulse. 
See Dicrotism. D. Wave, the recoil-wave 
of the sphygmographic tracing, generated by 
closure of the aortic valves. 

Dicrotism [di f -kro-tizm) [dlaporog, a double- 
beat]. A condition of the pulse in which 
with every wave there is given to the finger 
of the examiner the sensation of two beats. 
It is present when the arterial tension is low. 

Didactic {di-dak' '-tik) [didanrinog, apt at 
teaching]. Teaching by description and 
theory. 

Dielectric {di - el - ek' - trik) [did, through; 
y/iEKTpov, amber]. Transmitting electricity 
by induction and not by conduction. 



DIET 



226 



DIGITOXIN 



Diet (di'-et) \_dlaira, a system or mode of liv- 
ing]. The food taken regularly by an indi- 
vidual ; the food adapted to a certain state 
of the body, as fever-diet, convalescence-diet. 
D., Diabetic, a diet mostly of meats and green 
vegetables,starches and sugars being excluded. 
D., Fever, a nutritious, easily digestible liquid 
or semi-liquid diet, usually with milk and 
meat-broths as a basis. D., Gouty, a diet 
of simple nutritious food, avoiding wines, fats, 
pastries, and much meat. D., Tuffnell's, 
a highly nutritious diet including but a small 
. amount of liquids, employed in the treatment 
of aneurysm. 

Dietary [di f -et-a-re) [dlaira, a system or mode 
of living]. A system of food-regulation in- 
tended to meet the requirements of the ani- 
mal economy. 

Dietetic (di-et-ef '-ik) [dlaira, a system or 
mode of living]. Pertaining to diet. 

Diethylamin (di-eth-iV -am-in) NC 4 H U . A 
non-poisonous, liquid ptomain obtained from 
putrefying fish. 

Diethylene-diamin. See Piperazin. 

Differential (dif-er-en'-shal) [differentia, 
difference] . Pertaining to or creating a differ- 
ence. D. Diagnosis. See Diagnosis. D. 
Staining, a method of staining tubercle-ba- 
cilli, syphilis-bacilli, etc. , founded upon the 
fact that they retain the color in the presence 
of certain reagents that decolorize the sur- 
rounding tissues. 

Differentiation {difer-en-she-a f -shun) [dif- 
ferentia, difference]. I. The actor process of 
distinguishing or making different. 2. Chang- 
ing from general to special characters ; spe- 
cialization. 

Diffraction (dif-rak* '-shun) [dis, apart ; frac- 
tus, broken]. The deflection or the separation 
into its component parts that takes place in 
a ray of light when it passes through a narrow 
slit or aperture. D. Grating, a strip of glass 
closely ruled with fine lines ; it is often used 
in the spectroscope in the place of the battery 
of prisms. 

Diffuse [dif-us'). Scattered; not limited to one 
tissue or spot ; opposed to localized. 

Diffusible (dif-u'-zibl) \_dis, away ; fundere, 
to pour]. Spreading rapidly; capable of 
passing through a porous membrane ; applied 
to certain quickly- acting stimulants, usually 
of transient effect. 

Diffusion {dif-u' '-zhun) [diffundere ,to spread] . 
A spreading-out. D. -circle, the imperfect 
image formed by incomplete focalization, the 
position of the true focus not having been 
reached by some of the rays of light or else 
having been passed. 

Digastric (di-gas' '-trik) [Sic, double ; yaarrjp, 
belly]. Having two bellies, as the D. Muscle. 

Digestant (di- jest' -ant) [digerere, to digest]. 
A substance that assists digestion of the food. 



Digestion {di-jes'-chun) [digerere, to digest]. 
Those processes whereby the food taken into 
an organism is made capable of being absorbed 
and assimilated by the body-tissues. D., 
Artificial, digestion carried on outside of 
the body. D., Gastric, digestion by the action 
of the gastric juice. D., Intestinal, digestion 
by the action of the intestinal juices, including 
the action of the bile arid the pancreatic fluid. 
D., Pancreatic, digestion by the action of the 
pancreatic juice. D., Peptic. See D. , Gas- 
tric. D., Primary, gastrointestinal digestion. 
D., Salivary, digestion by the saliva. D., 
Secondary, the assimilation by the body- 
cells of their appropriate pabulum. 

Digestive (di-jes'-tiv) [digerere, to digest]. 

1. Relating to or favoring digestion. 2. An 
agent that promotes digestion. D. Tract, the 
whole alimentary canal from the mouth to the 
anus. 

Digit (dij'-ii) [digitus, finger] . A finger or toe. 

Digital {dif -it-al) [digitus, a finger]. Per- 
taining to the fingers or toes. D. Arteries, 
the arteries of the hands and feet supplying 
the digits. See Arteries, Table of. D. Com- 
pression, the stoppage of a flow of blood by 
pressure with the finger. D. Examination, 
examination or exploration with the finger. 

Digitalin {dij-it-a'-lin) [digitalis, pertaining 
to the fingers]. I. Digitalinum (U. S. P.); 
C 5 H 8 2 (?), the active principle of Digitalis 
purpurea. Dose gr. ^VVo (0.001-0.002). 

2. A precipitate from a tincture of Digitalis 
purpurea. Unof. 

Digitalis {dij-it-a' -lis) [digitalis, pertaining to 
the fingers]. Foxglove. The leaves of D. 
purpurea. It contains an amorphous complex 
substance, digitalin, that does not, however, 
represent the full properties of the leaves. It 
is a powerful cardiac stimulant, strengthening 
the systole and lengthening the diastole of the 
heart. It also acts as a diuretic ; in large doses 
it causes gastric disturbances. It is employed 
mainly in diseases of the heart when compen- 
sation is lost. D., Extractum, Dose gr. 
\-\ (0.01-0.032). D. , Extractum, Fluidum. 
Dose n\, i-iij (0.065-0.2). D., Infusum, \]/ 2 
parts of the leaves in 100 parts. Dose f % ss- 
{%} (16.0-32.0). D., Tinctura, 15 parts of 
the leaves in 100 of diluted alcohol. Dose 
TT^x-xx (0.6-I.2). 

Digitation {dij-it-a' '-shtin) [digitatus, having 
digits]. A finger-like process, or a succession 
of such processes, especially of a muscle. 

Digiti mortui (dij'-it-i mor'-tu-i) [L.]. 
Dead fingers ; a cold and white state of the 
fingers. 

Digitonin (dij-it-o'-nin) [digitalis, pertain- 
ing to the fingers], C 31 H 52 ]7 . A white, 
amorphous mass obtained from digitalis. 

Digitoxin (dij-it-oks'-in) [digitalis, pertain- 
ing to the fingers ; to^lkov, poison], C 21 H 32 - 



DIHVDROCOLLIDIN 



227 



DIPLEGIA 



7 , or C l2 H 52 34 . A highly poisonous glu- 
cosid obtained from Digitalis purpurea. 
Dihydrocollidin [di-hi-drthkol / -id-in) t QyS.- a - 

N. A liquid substance isomeric with a pto- 
main obtained from putrid flesh and fish. 

Dihydrocoridin {di-hi-dro-kor 4 '-id-in), C 10 H, 7 
N. A substance isomeric with a ptomain 
found in cultures of the Bacillus allii. 

Dihydrolutidin {di - hi- dro- lu f - tid-in) [dig, 
double; vdup, water; luteus, yellow], 
C 7 H U N. One of the alkaloidal bodies found 
in cod-liver oil. It is slightly poisonous, in 
small doses diminishing general sensibility, 
in large doses causing tremor, paralysis of the 
hind limbs, and death. 

Diiodid {di-i f -o-did) [di, two ; iodum, iodin.] 
A compound consisting of a basic element 
and two atoms of iodin. 

Dilaceration [di-las-er-a' 'shun) [dilaceratio, 
a tearing apart]. A tearing apart ; division of 
a membranous cataract by a tearing operation. 

Dilatation {di - lat - a' '- shun) [dilatare, to 
spread out]. A spreading apart ; the state, 
especially of a hollow part or organ, of being 
dilated or stretched. D. of Heart, an in- 
crease in the size of one or more of the cavi- 
ties of the heart, arising from a relaxation or 
weakening of the heart-muscle. It is asso- 
ciated with evidences of failure of circulation, 
resulting in congestion of the lungs and other 
viscera. 

Dilatator {di-lat-a'-tor). See Dilator. 

Dilator {di-la' -tor) [dilatare, to spread out]. 
An instrument for stretching or enlarging a 
cavity or opening ; also, a dilating muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of. D., Barnes', an in- 
strument for dilatation of the os and cervix 
uteri, consisting of a rubber bag, which, 
after insertion, is distended with water. 

Dill (dif). See Anethum. 

Diluent [dil f -u-ent) [diluere, to wash away]. 
I. Diluting. 2. An agent that dilutes the 
secretions of an organ. 

Dilution [di-lu f -shun) [diluere, to wash 
away]. I. The process of adding a neutral 
fluid to some other fluid or substance, in order 
to diminish the qualities of the latter. 2. A 
diluted substance ; the result of a diluting 
process. 

Dimethylamin [di-meth-W -am-in) [dig, two; 
methyl, amin~\, NC 2 H 7 . A nontoxic ptomain 
found in putrefying gelatin, old decomposing 
yeast, etc. 

Dimethylxanthin {di-meih-yl-zan' -thin), C 5 - 
H 2 (CH 3 ) 2 N 4 2 . Theobromin. 

Dimorphous (di-mor' -fus) [dig, double ; 
ftoptiq, form]. Existing in two forms. 

Dinitrate {di f -ni-trat). A compound result- 
ing from the replacement of the hydrogen of 
two molecules of nitric acid by a base. 

Dinitrocellulose {di-ni-tro-seV -u-los) . See 
Pyroxylin, 



Diopter {di-op f -ter) [did, through ; bipeotiai, 
to see]. The unit of measurement of the 
refractive power of an optic lens. It is the 
refractive power of a lens that has a focal 
distance of one meter. 

Dioptric (di-op f -trik) [did, through; dipeodai, 
to see]. I. Pertaining to transmitted and re- 
fracted light. 2. A diopter. 

Dioptry (di-op'-tre). See Diopter. 

Dioxid {di-oks'-id) [dig, two; of vg, sharp]. 
A molecule containing two atoms of oxygen. 

Dip. The deviation from the horizontal posi- 
tion shown by a freely-suspended magnetic 
needle. 

Diphtheria [dif-the' '-re-ah) [di<j>depa, a skin 
or membrane]. An acute infectious disease 
caused by the Klebs-Lorfler bacillus. It 
is characterized by the formation on a mu- 
cous membrane, most frequently that of the 
pharynx, of a false membrane, grayish or 
buff in color and quite firmly adherent. Any 
mucous membrane, as the laryngeal, nasal, 
conjunctival, and, more rarely, the gastroin- 
testinal, vaginal, and that of the middle ear, 
may be the seat of the disease. The mem- 
brane may also be formed on wounds — Sur- 
gical or Wound- D. The constitutional symp- 
toms result from the absorption of poisons 
elaborated by the bacteria, the bacilli them- 
selves not being found in the blood as a rule. 
These poisons are a nucleoalbumin and a 
nuclein, the former producing the acute, the 
latter the later symptoms of the disease. 
The general symptoms are, in brief, fever, 
profound prostration, weakness of the heart, 
and a rapidly-developing anemia. A fre- 
quent sequel is paralysis, which may be gen- 
eral, but is often confined to the palatal and 
ocular muscles. Diphtheria is eminently a 
disease of childhood and very fatal. Death 
results from systemic poisoning, from heart- 
failure, from obstruction to respiration by the 
presence of membrane in the air-passages, or 
from a complication, as pneumonia. D., Bre- 
tonneau's, true diphtheria of the pharynx, 
first described by P. Bretonneau (1826). 

Diphtheric {dif-ther f -ik) [difdepa, a skin or 
membrane]. Of or pertaining to diphtheria. 

Diphtheritic [dif-ther-it'-ik). See Diphtheric. 

Diphthongia [dif-thon'-je-ah) [dig, double ; 
<p06yyog, a voice]. The production of a 
double tone of the voice due to incomplete 
unilateral paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal 
nerve, or to some lesion of the vocal bands 
that causes each to produce its own sound. 

Diplacusis [dip-lak-u' '-sis) [di~?.6og, double ; 
anovctg, hearing]. I. The hearing of a tone 
as higher by one ear than by the other ; 
called D. binauralis. 2. The hearing of 
two tones by one ear, when only one tone is 
produced; called D. uniauralis. 

Diplegia {di-ple'-je-ah) [dig, double ; ^rjyt], 



DIPLO- 



•2 OS 



DISEASE 



stroke]. Paralysis of similar parts on the 
two sides of the body. 

Diplo- [rfnrAoof, double]. A prefix signify- 
ing double. 

Diploblastic {dip -lo- Mas' - tik) [6c~/.6oc, 
double ; 3~/.<i(rr6c, sprout]. Having two germ- 
layers. 

Diplococcus {dip-lo-kok* -us) [di~~/.6oc, dou- 
ble; kokkoc, kernel]. A micrococcus that 
occurs in groups of two. 

Diploe (di//-lo-e) [6i-'aot}, a fold]. The can- 
cellous bony tissue between the outer and 
inner tables of the skull. 

Diploetic {dip-lo-e? -ii) [di-'/.or], a fold]. Re- 
lating to the diploe ; diploic. 

Diploic {dip-It/ -ik) [6i-'/.or], a fold]. Per- 
taining to the diploe. 

Diplomyelia \dip-lo-mi-e / -le-aK) [dt-'/.ooc, 
double; uvs/.oc, marrow]. An apparent dou- 
bleness of the spinal cord, produced by a lon- 
gitudinal fissure. 

Diplopia {dip-lo* -pe-ah) [61- /.ooc, double ; 
. ;. sight]. Double vision, one object be- 
ing seen by the eye or eyes as two. D., 
Binocular, the most frequent, is due to a 
derangement of the muscular balance, the 
images of the object being thereby thrown 
upon nonidentical points of the retinae. D.. 
Crossed, or D.. Heteronymous, the result 
of divergent strabismus, the image of the right 
eye appearing upon the left side, and that of 
the left eye upon the right side. D., Di- 
rect, or D.. Homonymous, the reverse of 
Crossed D., found in convergent strabismus. 
D., Monocular, diplopia with a single eye, 
usually due to hysteria, or to double pupil, or 
beginning cataract. 

Dipotassic i di-po-tas' -ik) [di, two ; potas- 
sium]. Containing two atoms of potassium 
in a molecule. 

Dippel's Animal Oil. Oleum cornu cervi. 
An oil obtained in distilling bone and deer's 
horn. It contains pyridin and lutidin. It is 
antispasmodic and stimulant. Unof. 

Dipping Needle. A magnetic needle so 
hung that it can move freely in a vertical 
plane. 

Dipsomania {dip-so-ma' -ne-ah) [Slyba, thirst; 
fiavia, madness]. The uncontrollable desire 
for spirituous liquors. 

Dipterocarpus dip-ter-o-kar* '-pus) [d"i—spoc, 
two- winged ; nap- 6c, fruit]. A genus of 
trees chiefly found in Southern Asia, some of 
which furnish gurjun-balsam. 

Direct {di-rekt') [di rectus, straight]. In a 
right or straight line ; without the interposi- 
tion of some medium. D. Current, a gal- 
vanic current. D. Image. See Image. D. 
Ophthalmoscopy. See Ophthalmoscopy. D. 
Vision, the perception of an object the image 
of which falls upon the macula. 

Director (di-rek* -tor) [dirigere, to guide]. 



Anything that guides or directs. D., Grooved, 
an instrument grooved to guide the knife in 
surgical operations. 

Dis- [die, twice]. I. A prefix denoting tivo 
or double. 2. A prefix to denote apart from. 

Disarticulation {dis-ar-tik-u-la'-shun) [dis, 
apart; articulum, a joint]. Separation at a 
joint ; amputation at a joint. 

Disassimilation (dis-as-sim-il-a'-shuu) [dis- 
assimilatio~] . The process of transformation 
of assimilated substances into waste-products. 

Disc {disk) [discus, dicnoc. a quoit or round 
plate]. A circular, plate-like organ or struc- 
ture. D., Blood, See E~ .V. D., 
Choked. See Papillitis. D.. Germinal, 
the small disc of the blastodermic membrane, 
in which the first traces of the embryo are 
seen. D., Optic, the circular area in the 
retina that represents the termination of 
the optic nerve. 

Discharge {dis-char/) [OF., descharger. to 
unload]. I. A setting free : also that which 
is discharged. 2. A sudden setting free of 
a force. 

Discharger {dis-char* '-jer). An instrument 
for setting free electricity stored in a Leyden 
jar or other condenser. 

Discharging {dis- char*- jing) [OF., des- 
charger, to unload]. Unloading; flowing 
out, as pus, etc. D. Lesion, a brain-lesion 
that causes sudden discharges of nervous 
motor impulses. 

Discission (dis-ish / -un) [discissio ; discin- 
dere. to tear or cut apart] . An operation for 
soft cataract, in which the capsule is lacerated 
a number of times, to allow the lens-substance 
to be absorbed. 

Discrete {dis-krei f ) [discretus, separated]. 
Xot running together ; separate. 

Discus (diY-kus) [dicnoc, a disc]. A disc. 
D. proligerus, the mass of cells of the mem- 
brana granulosa of the Graafian vesicle that 
surround the ovum. 

Discutient [dis-ku' '-she fit) [discutere, to shake 
apart]. I. Capable of effecting resolution. 
2. A medicine having the power of causing 
an exudation to disappear. 

Disdiaclast (dis-di'-ak-last) [Sec, double; 
Sea, through ; n/.den-, to break down]. One 
of the small doubly-refractive elements in the 
contractile discs of a muscle-fiber. 

Disease {dis-iz') [dis, negative; ease, a state 
of rest]. A disturbance of function or struc- 
ture of any organ or part of the body. A 
Table of Eponymic Diseases is appended. 
D., Acute, a disease marked by rapid onset 
and short course. D., Bleeders', synonym 
of Hemophilia. D., Chronic, one that is 
slow in its course. D., Constitutional, one 
in which a system of organs or the whole 
body is involved. D., Focal, a localized 
disease. D., Functional, a disease without 



DISENGAGEMENT 



229 



DISTILLATE 



discoverable organic lesion. D., Idiopathic, 
one that exists by itself without any connec- 
tion with another disorder; one of which the 
cause is unknown. D., Intercurrent, a dis- 
ease occurring during the progress of another 
of which it is independent. D., Organic, 
one due to structural changes. D., Para- 
sitic, one due to an animal or vegetal par- 
asite. D., Septic, one arising from the 
development of pyogenic or putrefactive 
organisms within the body. D., Specific, one 
caused by the introduction of a specific virus 
or poison within the body ; also a synonym 
of syphilis. D., Venereal, one due to sex- 
ual intercourse. D., Zymotic, a disease 
arising from the introduction and multiplica- 
tion of some living germ within the body. 

Disengagement [dis-en-gdf '-ment) \¥r.,des- 
engager y to disengage] . Emergence from a 
confined state ; especially the escape of the 
head of the fetus from the vaginal canal. 

Disinfectant (dis-in-fek' -tant) [dis, neg.; 
injicere, to corrupt] . An agent that destroys 
the germs of disease, fermentation, and putre- 
faction. 

Disinfection (dis - in ■ fek> '- shun) [dis, neg. ; 
injicere, to corrupt] . The destroying of dis- 
ease-germs, especially by means of chemic 
substances. 

Disintegrate {dis - in' - te - grat) [dis, apart ; 
integer, the whole]. To break up or de- 
compose. 

Dislocation {dis - lo - ka f - shun) [dis, apart ; 
locare, to place]. The displacement of one 
or more bones of a joint, or of any organ 
from its natural position. D., Complete, 
one in which the joint surfaces are entirely 
separated. D., Compound, one in which 
the joint communicates with the external air 
through a wound. D., Consecutive, one 
in which the displaced bone is not in the 
same position as when originally misplaced. 
D., Old, one in which inflammatory changes 
have occurred. D., Partial or Incomplete, 
one in which the articulating surfaces re- 
main in partial contact ; also called sub- 
luxation. D., Pathologic, one the result 
of disease in the joint or of paralysis of the 
controlling muscles. D., Primitive, one in 
which the bones remain as originally dis- 
placed. D., Recent, one in which no in- 
flammatory changes have ensued. D., 
Simple, one in which there is no communi- 
cation with the air through a wound. D., 
Traumatic, that due to injury. 

Disodic {di-so'-dik) [<//, two ; sodium']. Con- 
taining two atoms of sodium in the molecule. 

Disparate {dis' -par-at) [dispar, unequal]. 
Not alike; unequal or unmated. D. Points, 
nonidentical points of the two retinae. Dip- 
lopia is produced when the images of a single 
object fall upon such points. 



Dispareunia {dis-par-oo'-m-ah). See Dys- 
pareunia. 

Dispensary {dis-pens f -ar-e) \_dispensare, to 
distribute]. A charitable institution where 
medical treatment is given to the poor. 

Dispensatory {dis-pens' 'at-or-e) [dispensator- 
ium, an apothecary's diary]. A treatise on 
materia medica, and the composition, effects, 
and preparation of medicines. 

Dispersion {dis-per 1 '-shun) [dispersio ; disper- 
sus, scattered] . The act of scattering. In 
physics, the separation of a ray of light into 
its component parts by reflection or refraction ; 
also, any scattering of light, as that which 
has passed through ground glass. 

Dispirem [dis-pi' '-rem) [dis, two; spira, a 
spiral]. The two skeins of a dividing nucleus 
formed from the nuclear loops and in devel- 
opment giving rise to the daughter-nuclei. 

Displacement {dis-plds' '-ment) [Fr. , despla- 
cer, to displace]. A putting out of the nor- 
mal position. 

Dissect (dis-ekt f ) [dissecare to cut up]. To 
cut tissues apart carefully and slowly, to 
allow study of the relations of a part. 

Dissection (dis-eh'-shun). The cutting apart 
of the tissues of the body for purposes of study. 
D.- wound, a septic wound acquired during 
dissection. 

Disseminated (dis-em'-in-a-ted) [dissemin- 
are, to scatter seed]. Scattered; spread 
over a large area. D. Sclerosis, a disease 
of the central nervous system, in which the 
areas of sclerosis are irregularly scattered 
throughout the cord and brain. Synonyms — 
multiple or insular sclerosis. 

Dissociation {dis-so-se-a' -shun) [dis, apart ; 
sociare, to associate]. Separation, especially 
the separation of a complex compound into 
simpler molecules by the action of heat. D.- 
symptom, anesthesia to pain and to heat 
and cold, with preservation of tactile sensi- 
bility and of the muscular sense ; it is ob- 
served in syringomyelia. 

Dissolution (dis-o-lu'-shun) [dissolutio ; dis- 
solvere, to set free]. I. The separation of a 
body or compound into its parts. 2. Death ; 
decomposition. 

Dissonance (dis'-o-nans) [dissononare , to 
disagree in sound] . The combination of such 
tones as are so different from each other as 
to produce beats. 

Distal (dis'-tal) [distare, to be at a distance]. 
Extreme ; at the greatest distance from a cen- 
tral point; peripheral. 

Distichiasis {dis-tik-i'-as-is) [rf/c, double ; 
gt'ixoq, a row]. The condition in which there 
is a double row of eyelashes, the inner rub- 
bing against the globe. See also Trichiasis 
and Entropion. 

Distillate {dis' '-til- dt). The product obtained 
by distillation. 



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Melasma supra-renale ; dermato- 
melasma supra-renale; cutis 
serea; bronzed -skin disease; 
copper-skin. 


Morphea; circumscribed sclero- 
derma ; scleroderma localis ; true 
keloid. 


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Cruveilhier's palsy ; progressive 
muscular atrophy ; Cruveilhier's 
atrophy; Duchenne's disease; 
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 


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Acute rachitis; rachitic scorbutus ; 
periostitis hasmorrhagica ; osteo- 
pathia hsemorrhagica infantum. 






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243 



DISTILLATION 



244 



DOSAGE 



Distillation [dis-til-a' -shun) [destillare, to 
drop little by little]. The process of vapor- 
izing and collecting the vapor by condensa- 
tion. It is used mainly in purifying liquids 
by separating them from nonvolatile sub- 
stances. D., Destructive, the decomposi- 
tion of a substance in a closed vessel in such 
a manner as to obtain liquid products. D., 
Fractional, a method of separating sub- 
stances from each other by distilling the mix- 
ture containing them at a gradually increased 
temperature, the different substances being 
vaporized and collected in the order of their 
volatility. 

Distoma, or Distomum {dis' -to-mah, dis'- 
to-mum) [dt'c, double ; ardjua, a mouth]. A 
genus of trematode worms which have an 
oral as well as a ventral sucker. 

Distribution (dis-trib-u'-shun) [distribuere ', 
to distribute]. The branching of a nerve or 
artery, and the arrangement of its branches 
within those parts that it supplies. 

Disulphate {di-suV -fat ) [dis, two ; sul- 
phur]. A sulphate containing one atom of 
hydrogen that can be replaced by a base. 

Disulphid (di-sul f -fid) [&, two ; sulphur]. 
A compound of an element or radicle with 
two atoms of sulphur. 

Dita Bark {di'-tah ) [L.]. The bark of Al- 
stonia scholaris, native to the Philippine 
Islands. It is employed as a tonic and anti- 
periodic in intermittent fever. Dose of the 
tincture, f 3 j-ij (4.0-8.0) ; of the fluid ex- 
tract, gtt. ij-v (0.13-0.32); of the powder, 
gr. v (0.32). Unof. 

Dithiosalicylate of Sodium (di-theo-sa-W- 
sil-at). See Sodium. 

Dithymoldiiodid ( di- thi- mol- di-i f -o - did ) . 
Aristol. 

Dittrich's Plugs. Masses of granular mat- 
ter, degenerated epithelium, and crystals of the 
fatty acids in the sputum of putrid bronchitis. 

Diureid idi-yu' '-re-id). A compound con- 
taining two molecules of urea. 

Diuresis {di-u-re r -sis) [Sid, through ; ovpeeiv, 
to make water]. Increase in the secretion 
of urine. 

Diuretic (di-u-ref '-ik) [Sid, through ; ovpieiv, 
to make water]. I. Increasing the flow of 
urine. 2. An agent that increases the secre- 
tion of urine. D., Alterative, drugs elimin- 
ated by the kidney and used for their local 
action on the surfaces over which they pass. 
D., Hydragogue, those that increase the 
flow of water from the kidneys. D., Re- 
frigerant, those that render the urine less 
irritating while not greatly increasing its flow. 

Diuretin (di-u' -re-tin), C 7 H 7 NaN 4 ? ,C 6 H 4 - 
OHCOONa. Theobromin sodiosalicylate. 
It has been found useful as a diuretic in 
pleuritic effusion and cardiac dropsy. Dose 
90 grains (6.0) daily, in four doses. 



Diurnule {di-urn f -ul) [Fr.]. A form of 

medicinal tablet or capsule that contains the 

maximum quantity of a toxic drug that may 

be administered in 24 hours. 

Divergent (di-ver f -jent) [divergere, to di- 
verge]. Moving in different directions from 

a common point. D. Strabismus. See 
Strabismus. 

Divers' Paralysis. See Caisson-disease. 

Diverticulum {di-ver-tik f -u-lum) [divertere, 
to turn]. A small pouch or sac springing 
from a main structure. D., Meckel's, a 
congenital diverticulum of the ileum, the 
remains of the omphalomesenteric duct. 

Divulsion {di-vul f -shun) [divulsio, a tearing 
apart]. A tearing asunder. 

Dobell's Spray, or Solution. Liquor 
sodii boratis compositus (N. F.); a solution 
of borax, sodium bicarbonate, and phenol 
in glycerol and water ; it is used as a spray 
for nasal and throat troubles. 

Dochmiasis (dok-mi' '-as-is) [doxfuog, crum- 
pled]. The diseased condition caused by the 
presence in the body of parasites belonging 
to the genus Dochmius. Cf. Ankylostomiasis. 

Dochmius duodenalis {dok'-me-us du-o- 
den' '-al-is) . See Anchylostomum dziodenale. 

Dog's Bane. See Apocynum. 

Dogwood (dog / -wood) . See Cornus. 

Dolichos. Same as Mucuna. 

Dolichocephalic, or Dolichocephalous 
{dol-ik-o-sefal' -ik, or -sef f -al-us) [doTiixdc, 
long; K£<pa?ii], head]. Long-headed; having 
a relatively long anteroposterior cephalic 
diameter. 

Dolorosus (do-lor-o / -sus) [L.]. Full of pain. 

Donda Ndugu [African]. Brother ulcer ; a 
disease common on the east coast of Africa, 
due to some organism that infests stagnant 
water. It affects especially the leg, which 
becomes inflamed and swollen, and sloughs 
below the healthy tissue. 

Donovan's Solution. See Arsenic. 

Dorsad {dor' -sad) [dorsum, the back; ad, 
toward]. Toward the dorsal aspect. 

Dorsal [dor'-sal) [dorsum, the back.] Per- 
taining to the back, or to the posterior part of 
an organ. D. Artery. See Artery. D. 
Decubitus, recumbency in the supine posi- 
tion. D. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. 

Dorsalis pedis (dor-sa f -lis pe / -dis). See 
Arteries, Table of. 

Dorsispinal {dor-se-spi f -nal) [dorsum, back ; 
spina, spine]. Relating to the back and the 
spinal column. 

Dorso- (dor' -so-) [dorsum, back] . A prefix 
used to signify pertaining to the back. 

Dorsum (dorsum) [L.]. 1. The back. 2. 
Any part corresponding to the back ; as the 
dorsum of the foot, hand, tongue, penis, etc. 

Dosage (do'-saj) [dooig, a portion given]. 
The determination of the proper amount of 



DOSE 



245 



DRY 



a medicine or other agent for a given case or 
condition. 

Dose {dos) [(Wove, a portion]. The measured 
portion of medicine to be taken at one time. 
D., Divided, a relatively small quantity of a 
drug taken at short intervals. D., Lethal, 
a dose sufficient to kill. D., Maximum, 
the largest dose consistent with safety. D., 
Minimum, the smallest quantity of a medi- 
cine that will produce physiologic effects. 

Dosimetric {do-si?n-et / -rik) \_66aiq, a dose ; 
/nirpov, a measure] . Relating to or charac- 
terized by dosimetry. 

Dosimetry {do-sim'-et-re) \_66aiq, dose ; juet- 
pov, a measure]. The accurate and system- 
atic measurement of a dose. 

Douche {doosh) [Fr.]. A stream of water 
directed against a part, or one used to flush a 
cavity of the body. D., Air, a current of air 
directed against some organ for therapeutic 
purposes. 

Douglas's Cul-de-sac or Pouch. See 
Pouch. D.'s Semilunar Fold, a thin curved 
margin that forms the lower part of the poste- 
rior wall of the sheath of the abdominal rec- 
tus muscle. 

Dover's Powder. See Opium. 

Doyere, Eminence, Hillock, Papilla, or 
Tuft of {doy-ydr). The slight elevation in 
a muscular fiber corresponding to the entrance 
of a nerve-fiber. 

Drachm {dra?n). See Dram. 

Dracontium {dra-kon' 'she-urn) \_6paKov, a 
dragon]. Skunk cabbage. 

Dracunculus {dra-kun' '-ku-lus) [dim. of 
dpaiccov, a dragon, serpent]. A genus of 
thread- worms, belonging to the family 
Filariidce. 

Draft, Draught {draft) [AS., dragon, to 
draw]. A quantity of liquid drunk at one 
gulp. D., Black, compound infusion of 
senna. D., Effervescing, one containing 
sodium or potassium bicarbonate and a vege- 
table acid. 

Dragon's Blood {drag'-onzblud). I. The 
astringent resin of Calamus ratang and C. 
draco, E. Indian rattan -palms. 2. The 
resin of various species of Draccsna. 3. 
The resin of Pterocarpus draco, a W. Indian 
tree. The various kinds of dragon's blood 
are astringent, but are no longer used inter- 
nally. 

Drain {drdn) [ME., drainen, to drain]. A 
material that affords a channel of exit for the 
discharge from a wound or cavity. 

Drainage {dran'-aj) [ME., drainen, to 
drain]. The method of effecting the exit 
of the discharges from a wound or cavities, 
by means of tubes or strands of fibers, or by 
a free incision. D.-tube, a rubber or glass 
tube with perforations for draining wounds or 
cavities. 



Dram, or Drachm {dram) \fpaxp-f], a Greek 
weight]. The eighth part of the apothe- 
caries' ounce, equal to 60 grains or 3.9 
grams. Also the one-sixteenth part of the 
avoirdupois ounce, equal to 27. 34 grains. D., 
Fluid, the eighth part of a fluidounce, equal 
to 60 minims or 3.9 c.c. 

Drastic {dras'-tik) [dpaeiv, to draw]. I. 
Severe, harsh, powerful. 2. A powerful and 
irritating purgative. 

Draught {draft). See Draft. 

Drepanidium {drep-an-id' '-e-um) [dpeiravr}, a 
sickle]. The sickle-shaped young of certain 
protozoans. D. ranarum, a (probably) 
parasitic cytozoon of frogs' blood. 

Dressing {dressing) [ME., dressen, to make 
straight]. I. The application of various 
materials for protecting a wound and favor- 
ing its healing. 2. The material so applied. 

Drop [AS., dropa, a drop]. A minute mass 
of liquid which in falling or in hanging from 
a surface, assumes the spheric form. D., 
Black, acetum opii. See Opium. D. -cul- 
ture, in bacteriology, a culture prepared by 
placing a little of the infected material in a 
drop of the culture-medium. D., Hanging. 
See Hanging Drop. 

Dropped Hand. A form of paralysis from 
lead-poisoning, consisting in the inability to 
contract the extensors of the wrist. D. 
Foot, extreme extension of the foot, espe- 
cially observed in alcoholic neuritis, and 
dependent upon weakness of the flexors of 
the foot. 

Dropsical {drop' -sik-al) [ydpotp, dropsy]. Af- 
fected with or pertaining to dropsy. 

Dropsy {drop f -se) [ydpoip, dropsy ] . An infil- 
tration of the tissues with diluted lymph, or 
the collection of such lymph in the body cav- 
ities. D. of Belly, ascites. D., Cardiac, 
that due to failure of compensation in cardiac 
disease. D. of Chest, hydrothorax. D. 
of Peritoneum, ascites, hydroperitoneum. 
D. of Pericardium, hydropericardium. 

Drosera {dros f -er-ah) [Spogepog, covered with 
dew]. Sundew; the D. rotundifolia and D. 
longifolia have been used in pulmonary 
tuberculosis. It is an antispasmodic, and is 
used in whooping-cough and other spasmodic 
coughs. 

Drug [Fr. , drogue, drug]. A substance used 
as a medicine. D., Antagonistic, one that 
neutralizes the action of another. 

Drum [ME., drumme"]. The tympanum. 
See Ear. D.-head, the membrana tympani. 

Drumstick-bacillus. See Bacteria, Table 
of. 

Dry {dri) [AS., dryge, dry]. Free from 
moisture. D. Cupping, cupping without 
incising the skin. D. Gangrene. See 
Gangrene. D. Labor, one in which there 
is but a slight discharge of liquor amnii. D. 



DUBOIS' ABSCESS 



246 



DUODENUM 



Pleurisy, pleurisy without effusion. D. 
Wine, a wine containing little or no sugar. 

Dubois' Abscess. See Diseases, Table of. 

Dubini's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Duboisin [du-bozV-in] [after Dubois, a 
French botanist], C ]7 H 23 N0 3 . An alkaloid 
from Duboisia myoporoides, identical with 
hyoscyamin. It is mydriatic, sedative, and 
hypnotic. The dose of the sulphate, which 
is the salt generally used, is gr. jIq-^q 
(0.00054-0.001). 

Duchenne's Disease {du-shenz'). Glosso- 
labiolaryngeal paralysis. 

Duct, or Ductus \ducere, to lead]. A tube 
or channel, especially one for conveying the 
secretions of a gland. D. of Bartholin, 
the larger and longer of the sublingual ducts, 
opening into the mouth near to, or in com- 
mon with, Wharton's duct. D., Common 
Bile, a duct formed by the union of the cys- 
tic and hepatic ducts. D. of Cuvier, two 
short transverse venous trunks in the fetus, 
one on either side, opening into the auricle 
of the heart. Each is formed by the union 
of a superior vein, the primitive jugular, and 
an inferior vein. The right one becomes the 
superior vena cava ; the left one disappears. 
D., Cystic, the excretory duct of the gall- 
bladder. D., Ejaculatory, a duct formed 
by the union of the vas deferens and the 
duct of the seminal vesicle and carrying the 
semen into the urethra. D., Endolym- 
phatic, a tubular process of the membranous 
labyrinth of the ear, passing through the 
aqueduct of the vestibule into the cranial 
cavity, where it terminates below the dura 
mater in a blind enlargement, the sacculus 
endolymphaticus. D., Galactophorous, 
one of the milk-ducts of the mammary gland. 
D., Hepatic, a duct formed at the margin 
of the transverse fissure of the liver by the 
junction of the right and left hepatic ducts. 
D., Lacrymal. See D. , Nasal. D., Lac- 
tiferous. See D. , Galactophorous. D., 
Lymphatic, Right, the vessel that receives 
the lymph from the lymphatics of the right 
arm, the right side of the head and neck, 
the chest, lung, and right side of the heart, 
and also from the upper surface of the liver. 
It terminates at the junction of the right sub- 
clavian and internal jugular veins. D. of 
Muller, a duct in the embryo, one on each 
side, parallel to the Wolffian duct and ex- 
tending from the body-cavity to the cloaca. 
From them are derived the oviducts, uterus, 
and vagina. In the male they atrophy. D., 
Nasal, the duct that conveys the tears from 
the lacrymal sac into the inferior meatus of 
the nose. D., Prostatic, any one of the 
ducts conveying the secretion of the prostate 
into the urethra. D. of Rivini, one of the 
ducts of the sublingual salivary gland. D., 



Segmental, a tube, on either side of the 
body of the embryo, situated between the 
visceral and parietal layers of the mesoblast, 
opening anteriorly into the body-cavity, and 
posteriorly into the cloaca. D., Spermatic, 
the vas deferens. D. of Steno. See D. of 
Slenson. D. of Stenson, the duct of the 
parotid gland. D., Thoracic, a duct 18 to 
20 inches long, beginning in the receptaculum 
chyli, passing upward, and emptying into the 
left subclavian vein at its junction with the 
left internal jugular vein. It receives all the 
lymph and chyle not received by the right 
lymphatic duct. D. of Wharton, the duct 
of the submaxillary salivary gland. D. of 
Wirsung, the main duct of the pancreas. 
It empties into the duodenum. D., Wolffian, 
the duct of the Wolffian body of the embryo. 
It becomes the vas deferens. 

Ductile (duk'-til) [ducere, to lead]. Capable 
of being drawn out thin, as a wire or thread. 

Ductless Glands. The spleen, thyroid and 
thymus glands, suprarenal capsules, and pitui- 
tary body, which have no excretory duct. 

Ductule (du&'-tii/) \ductulus , a small duct]. 
A small duct. 

Ductus (du&'-tus) [L.]. A duct. D. 
arteriosus, a short vessel in the fetus 
connecting the pulmonary artery with the 
aorta. D. auditorius or cochlearis, the 
scala media of the cochlea. D. cuvieri. 
See Duct of Cttvier. D. venosus, a branch 
of the umbilical vein in the fetus which emp- 
ties directly into the ascending vena cava. 

Dulcamara {dul-kam-a' '-ra) \dulcis, sweet; 
amarus, bitter]. Bittersweet. The young 
branches of D. solanum, containing an alka- 
loid, solanin. In overdoses it causes nausea, 
emesis, and convulsive muscular movements, 
and in toxic doses is a narcotic poison. It is 
employed in psoriasis and similar skin-dis- 
eases. D., Ext., Fid. Dose tt^xxx-f^j 
(2.0.4.0). 

Dulcamarin [dul-kam-a' f -riri) \_dtdcis, sweet ; 
amarus, bitter], C 22 H 34 O 10 . A yellow, amor- 
phous alkaloid found in dulcamara, with a 
sweetish-bitter taste, sparingly soluble in 
water, freely so in alcohol and acetic acid, 
insoluble in ether and in chloroform. 

Dulness {duV-nes) [AS., dol, dull]. Lack 
of resonance on percussion. 

Dumb (dum). Unable to utter articulate 
speech. D. Ague, a popular term for ague 
or malaria marked by obscure symptoms. 

Duodenal {du-o-de'-nal, or du-od f - en- al) 
\_duodeni, twelve each]. Relating to the 
duodenum. 

Duodenostomy (du-o-den-os / -to-me) [duo- 
denum; GTo/ia, a mouth]. The operation of 
forming an opening into the duodenum 
through the abdominal walls. 

Duodenum (du-o-de / -num, or du-od' -en-um) 



DUPUYTREN'S CONTRACTION 247 



DYSOSMIA 



[ditodeni, twelve each ; so called because it 
is about twelve finger-breadths long]. The 
first part of the small intestine beginning at 
the pylorus. It is from 8 to io inches long, is 
the most fixed part of the small intestine, con- 
sists of an ascending, descending, and trans- 
verse portion, and contains the openings of 
the pancreatic duct and the common bile- 
ducts. 

Dupuytren's Contraction. See Diseases, 
Table of. D. Splint, a splint used in the 
treatment of Pott's fracture of the leg. 

Dura, or Dura Mater (du f -rah ma'-ter) 
\_durus, hard ; mater, mother] . The fibrous 
membrane forming the outermost covering 
of the brain and spinal cord. 

Dusting-powder. Any fine powder used to 
dust on the skin to absorb or diminish its se- 
cretions or allay irritation. 

Dutch Liquid. See Ethene Chlorid. 

Dyad (di'-ad) [dude, two]. I. Having a 
quantivalence of two. 2. An element or 
radicle having a quantivalence of two. 

Dynamic (di-nam f -ik) [fivvajuic, power]. 
Pertaining to energy ; characterized by energy 
or great force. 

Dynamics (di-nam' '-iks) [dvva/iig, power]. 
See Mechanics. 

Dynamo {di' -nam-o) [Avva/uig, power], A 
machine in which an electric current is gen- 
erated by revolving coils of insulated wire 
through the field of a magnet intensified by 
the same current. 

Dynamograph (di-nam'-o-graf) [dvva/uic, 
power ; ypatyetv, to write] . An instrument 
designed to measure and record graphically 
muscular strength. 

Dynamometer (di-nam-om' -et-er) \6vvap.Lq, 
power ; fxerpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for the measurement of muscular strength, 
particularly of the hand. 

Dyne (din) [dvDajiic-, power]. A measure of 
force ; it is the force that, when applied 
to a mass of one gram for one second, will 
give it a velocity of one centimeter a second. 

Dys- [dt>c], a prefix meaning bad, difficult, 
painful. 

Dysacousma (dis-ak-ooz / -mah) [dvg, pain- 
ful ; aKOvoia, hearing]. A sensation of pain 
or discomfort caused by loud or even moder- 
ately loud noises. 

Dysacusia, or Dysacousis (dis-ak-oo' -ze-ah 
or -sis) {dbg, hard ; aiiovcia, hearing]. Dif- 
ficulty of hearing. 

Dysaesthesia (dis-es-the / -ze-ah). See Dyses- 
thesia. 

Dysalbumose (dis-al'-bu-moz). A variety of 
albumose, insoluble in hot or cold water or 
hydrochloric acid. 

Dysarthria (dis-ar'-thre-ah) [Svq, difficult ; 
apBpov, articulation] . Impairment of articula- 
tion. 



Dysarthrosis (dis-ar-thro* -sis) [die, bad ; a 
joint], A deformed joint. 

Dysbasia (dis - ba'- ze - ah) [di><;, difficult ; 
ftaoic;, a step]. Impairment of the power of 
walking. 

Dy schromatopsia (dis - kro - mat- op f -se-ah) 
\_6vq, difficult; ^pw/za, color ; bxptg, vision]. 
Partial color-blindness. 

Dyscrasia (dis-kra r -ze-ah) \6vc, bad; tcpaaig, 
combination], A depraved condition of the 
blood or system due to general disease. 

Dysenteric (dis-en-ter' '-ik) [dvg, bad ; evre- 
pov, the bowels]. Of the nature of or af- 
fected with dysentery. 

Dysentery (dis' -en-ter-e) [di'f, bad ; evrepov, 
the bowels]. An inflammation of the large 
intestine, probably infectious in origin, and 
characterized by pain, rectal tenesmus, and 
the frequent passage of small amounts of 
mucus and blood. Anatomically, three varie- 
ties may be distinguished : the catarrhal, 
the diphtheritic, and the gangrenous. The 
true cause of dysentery is not definitely 
known, but with many cases the amoeba coli 
is intimately associated, particularly in the 
dysentery of the tropics (amebic dysentery). 

Dysesthesia (dis-es-the' '-ze-ah) [five;-, diffi- 
cult; aladrjatq, sensation]. I. Dulness of 
sensation. 2. Painfulness of any sensation 
not normally painful. 

Dysgraphia (dis-graf f -e-ah) \_6vg, difficult ; 
ypcHpeiv, to write] . Impairment of the power 
of writing as a result of a brain-lesion. 

Dysidrosis (dis-id-ro'-sis) [di'f, bad; Idpu- 
clq, sweating]. Synonym of pompholyx. 

Dyslalia (dis-la' -le-ah) [di'f, difficult ; ?ia/ieiv, 
to talk]. Impairment of the power of speak- 
ing, due to a defect of the organs of speech. 

Dyslexia (dis- leks / -e-ah) [^c, difficult; /ifff, 
reading]. Impairment of the ability to read. 

Dyslogia (dis-lo' -je-ah) [Svg, difficult ; Aoyoc, 
speech]. Difficulty in the expression of ideas 
by speech. 

Dysmenorrhea (dis -men- or- e f -ah) \J>vq, dif- 
ficult; fiijv, month; pestv, to flow]. Diffi- 
cult or painful menstruation. D., Conges- 
tive, a form of painful menstruation due to 
an intense congestion of the pelvic viscera. 
D., Inflammatory, that due to inflamma- 
tion. D., Mechanic. See D., Obstructive. 
D., Membranous, a very painful form char- 
acterized by the discharge of shreds of de- 
cidua. D., Obstructive, that due to me- 
chanic obstruction to the free escape of the 
menstrual fluid. D., Ovarian, that form due 
to disease of the ovaries. D., Spasmodic, 
that form due to spasmodic uterine contraction. 

Dysmimia ( dis - mini'- e - ah) [dvq, difficult ; 
fiLfieladai , to mimic]. Impairment of the 
power to use signs and gestures. 

Dysosmia (dis-oz f -me-ah) \6vq y ill ; b<j/nq, 
odor]. Impairment of the sense of smell. 



DYSPAREUNIA 



248 



EAR 



Dyspareunia (dis-par-oo / -ne-ah) [dvcnrapev- 
vog, ill-mated]. Painful or difficult copula- 
tion. 

Dyspepsia (dis-pep'-se-ah) \j6vg, difficult; 
tvettteiv, to digest]. Disturbed digestion. 
D., Atonic, a form due to insufficient quan- 
tity or impaired quality of the gastric juice, 
or to deficient action of the gastric muscles. 
D., Catarrhal, that form caused by inflam- 
mation of the stomach. D., Intestinal, 
that due to imperfect digestive action of the 
intestinal juices, or to lack of tone in the 
muscular coat of the bowel. D., Nervous, 
that form characterized by gastric pains, 
coming on often when the stomach is empty 
and relieved by eating, and by various reflex 
nervous phenomena, especially by palpitation. 

Dyspeptic (dis-pep'-tik) [_6vq, difficult; ttett- 
reiv, to digest]. I. Relating to or affected 
with dyspepsia. 2. A person suffering from 
dyspepsia. 

Dyspeptone (dis - pep' '- ton) \_Svg, difficult; 
tt£7tteiv, to digest] . An insoluble and unas- 
similable peptone. 

Dysperistalsis (dis-per-is-taV -sis) [die, pain- 
ful ; Trepi, around ; ct&Acuc;, compression]. 
Painful or perverted peristalsis. 

Dysphagia [dis-fa'-je-ah ) [dig, ill ; (payeiv, 
to eat]. Difficulty in swallowing, or inabil- 
ity to swallow. 



Dysphasia (dis-fa'-ze-ah) \6vq, ill ; Qaoig, 

speech]. Difficulty of speech depending on 

a central lesion. 
Dysphonia (dis - fo' - ne - ah) \&vq y difficult; 

(povij, voice]. An impairment of the voice. 
Dysphrasia ( dis -fra' -ze-ah) [6vg, ill ; 

(ppdaig, speech]. Imperfect speech, due to 

impairment of mental power. 
Dyspnea (disp-ne* '■ ah) [Ji'C, difficult; tzveelv, 

to breathe]. Difficult or labored breathing. 

D., Cardiac, that due to heart-disease. D., 

Renal, that due to renal disease. 
Dyspneic (disp-ne' -ik) \J>vq, difficult; ttveeiv, 

to breathe]. Affected with or caused by 

dyspnea. 
Dysspermia (dis-sper' -me-ah ) [dvg, difficult ; 

CTTEp/ia, seed]. An abnormal condition of 

the semen. 
Dystocia (dis-to ; -se-ah) \_6i>g, difficult ; toaoc, 

birth]. Difficult labor. D., Fetal, difficult 

labor due to abnormalities of position or size 

and shape of the fetus. D., Maternal, that 

dystocia the cause of which resides in the 

mother. 
Dystrophic {dis-tro' '-fie) \pvq, difficult ; rpbfyi), 

nourishment] . Pertaining to dystrophy. 
Dystrophy (dis* '-tro-fe) [d£>c, difficult ; rpo^Tj, 

nourishment]. Faulty nutrition. 
Dysuria (diz-u' '-re-ah) \_6vg, difficult ; ovpov, 

urine]. Difficult or painful urination. 



E. Abbreviation of Eye and Emmetropia. 

Ear (er) [ME., ere, ear]. The organ of 
hearing, consisting of the external ear, the 
middle ear or tympanum , and the internal ear 
or labyrinth. The outer ear is made up of an 
expanded portion, the pinna, and the exter- 
nal auditory canal. The middle consists of 
the tympanum, with the ear ossicles, the 
Eustachian tube, and the mastoid cells. The 
tympanum is lined by mucous membrane, 
and communicates with the pharynx by 
means of the Eustachian tube. It is divided 
into three parts, the atrium, the attic, and the 
antrum. Its outer end is closed by the 
tympanic membrane, from which sound is 
conducted along the ear-ossicles (the malleus, 
incus and stapes) to the fenestra ovalis, which 
communicates with the vestibule of the in- 
ternal ear. By means of the fenestra rotunda, 
which is closed by the entotympanic mem- 
brane, it communicates with the cochlea of 
the internal ear. The mastoid cells, which 
are also part of the tympanum, are air-spaces 



in the mastoid process of the temporal bone. 
The internal ear consists of the bony and 
membranous labyrinth, which are separated 
from each other by a space containing the 
perilymph. Each labyrinth consists of three 
parts : the vestibule, the semicircular canals, 
and the cochlea. The bony vestibule com- 
municates with the tympanum by the fenestra 
ovalis, closed by the base of the stapes, and 
also with the other parts of the internal ear. 
The semicircular canals are three in number, 
the superior, the posterior, and the inferior. 
The cochlea, so named from its resemblance 
to a snail-shell, is a cylindric tube that 
winds around a central axis, the modiolus, 
which transmits the cochlear nerves and 
blood-vessels. The cochlear canal is divided 
by the spiral lamina into the scala vestibuli, 
communicating with the vestibule, and the 
scala tympani, communicating with the fe- 
nestra rotunda of the tympanum. The mem- 
branous labyrinth is made up of parts 
corresponding to the bony labyrinth. The 



EAR-WAX 



249 



ECTOPAGUS 



vestibule consists of two small sacs, the 
utricle and saccule, which communicate 
through the vestibular aqueduct, and are lined 
by an epithelium, the maculam acusticre, 
which in places is largely specialized and re- 
ceives the terminations of the vestibular nerve. 
The membranous cochlea, or cochlear duct, 
contains the acoustic organ of the cochlea, 
or organ of Corti, which consists of a series 
of epithelial arches formed by the interlocking 
of the ends of the pillars or rods of Corti. 
Upon the inner rods of Corti are the inner 
acoustic hair-cells ; in relation with the outer 
rods are the outer hair-cells. The organ of 
Corti is covered by the membrana tectoria, 
or Corti 's membrane. 

Ear-wax. See Cerumen. 

Earth (erth) [ME., erthe, earth], A name 
given to various metallic oxids or silicates, 
not soluble in water and not affected by great 
heat. E., Alkaline, the oxids and hydrates 
of calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, 
and other metals of the same group. 

Earthy Phosphates. See Phosphate. 

Eberth's Bacillus. See Bacteria, Table 
of. 

Ebullition {eb-ul-hsh' -un) \ebuiliere, to boil]. 
Boiling. 

Eburnation (e-bur-na' 'shun) \ebur, ivory]. 
An increase in the density of bone following 
inflammation. 

Ecballium (ek-baV-e-um). See Elaterium. 

Ecbolic (ek-boF -ik) \_knfio?.r], a throwing out]. 

1. Producing or accelerating labor. 2. Any 
agent producing this effect. 

Eccentric (ek-sen' -trik) [e/c, out ; rcevrpov, 
center]. Situated away from the center. 
E. Hypertrophy, hypertrophy of a hollow 
organ, as the heart, with dilatation. 

Ecchondroma (ek-kon-dro'-mah) [en, out; 
Xovdpog, cartilage ; b/xa, tumor] . A chon- 
droma. 

Ecchymoma (ek-e-mo f -mah) [e/c^iy/c^ua, a 
bursting of a small blood-vessel]. A tumor- 
like swelling composed of extravasated 
blood. 

Ecchymosis (ek - e - mo f - sis) [enxyjuojua, a 
bursting of a small blood-vessel]. An ex- 
travasation of blood into the subcutaneous 
tissues. It is marked by a purple coloration 
of the skin, the color gradually changing to 
brown, green, and yellow. 

Ecchymotic (ek-e-mot' -ik) [f/c^iy/^ua, a burst- 
ing of a small blood-vessel]. Relating to or 
resembling an ecchymosis. 

Echinococcus (e- ki-no-kok' '-us) \kx iV0 Si a 
hedgehog; /co/c/coc, a berry]. I. The scolex 
or larval stage of the taenia echinococcus. 

2. Hydatid. 

Echo (ek'-o) \jixu, a sound]. A reverber- 
ated sound. E., Amphoric, a vocal reson- 
ance in which the transmitted voice sounds 



as if it were speaking into a narrow-necked 
bottle. 

Echolalia (ek-o-la' '-le-ah) [tjx&>, echo ; \a\ia, 
talk]. A meaningless repetition by a per- 
son of words spoken to him by others. 

Eclampsia (ek-lamp' '-se-ah) [f/cAd//7rrav, to 
shine or burst forth]. An acute nervous af- 
fection, characterized by convulsions with 
loss of consciousness. E., Infantile, a re- 
flex convulsion of childhood. E., Puer- 
peral, a convulsion occurring toward the close 
of pregnancy, or after labor, believed to be 
caused by the irritation of the vasomotor cen- 
ters by retained excrementitious substances. 

Eclamptic ( ek-lamp' '-tik ) [ enM/uKTeiv, to 
shine or burst forth]. Relating to, or of the 
nature of, eclampsia. 

Eclectic (ek-lek' '-tik) [c/cAe/ov/cdc, selected]. 
A name chosen by a school of physicians to 
denote their principle of selecting that which 
,is good from all other schools. 

Ecraseur (a-krah-zer f ) [Fr.]. An instrument 
consisting of a chain or wire-loop which is 
placed about a projecting part, and by being 
tightened gradually cuts through the tissues. 

Ecstasy (eks f -ta-se) [enoraoig, a trance]. A 
derangement of the nervous system charac- 
terized by an exalted visionary state, absence 
of volition, insensibility to surroundings, a 
radiant expression, and immobility in statu- 
esque positions. 

Ecstrophy (ek r -stro-fe) [e/c, out ; arpe^eiv, to 
turn]. Eversion; the turning inside-out of 
a part. 

Ectasia, Ectasis (ek - ta f - se - ah, ek ; -tas-is) 
\lKiaatq, extension]. Distention ; dilatation. 

Ectatic (ek-taf '-ik) [kuTaciq, extension]. Dis- 
tended or dilated. 

Ecthyma (ek-thi' '-mah) [sudvfia, a pustule]. 
An inflammatory skin-disease attended with 
an eruption of large, flat, superficial pustules. 
They vary in size from a ten-cent piece to a 
silver quarter- dollar, and are surrounded by a 
distinct inflammatory areola. The eruption 
appears as a rule on the legs and thighs 
where the hairs are thick ; it occurs in crops, 
and may persist for an indefinite period. 

Kcto-(ek / -to-) [e/crdc, without]. A prefix signify- 
ing without, upon the outer side. 

Ectoderm (ek f -to-derni)\zKToq, outside; Sep/ad, 
skin] . The outer of the two primitive layers 
of the embryo. 

Ectodermal (ek-to-derm'-al) [f/crof, outside, 
fiep/ia, skin]. Pertaining to or formed from 
the ectoderm. 

-ectomy [e/c, out of; re/uvetv, to cut]. A suffix, 
meaning a cutting out. 

Ectogenous (ek-tof -en-us) [ktcTog out; yevvav, 
to produce]. Capable of growth outside of 
the body, applied especially to bacteria and 
other parasites. 

Ectopagus (ek-top' '-ag-us) [f/crdc, out ; irayoq , 



ECTOPIA 



250 



ELASTIC 



a fixture]. A twin monstrosity united laterally 
the full extent of the thorax. 

Ectopia [ek-to' -pe-aJi) [ekto~oq, displaced]. 
Malposition. 

Ectopic {ek-lop' '-ik) [ektottoc, displaced]. In 
an abnormal position. E. Gestation, ex- 
trauterine gestation. 

Ectoplasm {ek' ' -to-plazvi) \ektoc, without ; 
irZaaceiv, to form]. The outer, hyaline, more 
compact layer of protoplasm of a cell or uni- 
cellular organism. 

Ectromelus {ek-lrom f -el-us) [ektpugiq, abor- 
tion; jiEAoq, limb]. A single autositic mon- 
ster characterized by the presence of imper- 
fectly-formed limbs. 

Ectropion {ek-tro' -pe-oii) \_ek, out ; rpk-xuv, 
to turn]. E version of a part, especially of 
an eyelid. 

Ectropionize {ek-tro f -pe-on-lz) [ek, out ; 
rpErcELv, to turn]. To produce by operation 
the condition of ectropion. 

Eczema {ek f -ze-mah) [ek^eeiv, to boil over]. 
Tetter ; an acute or chronic, noncontagious, 
inflammatory disease of the skin, character- 
ized by multiformity of lesion, and the pres- 
ence, in varying degrees, of itching, infiltra- 
tion, and discharge. The skin is reddened, 
the redness shading off insensibly into the 
surrounding unaffected parts. E. erythem- 
atosum, the mildest form of eczema, in 
which the skin is reddened and slightly 
swollen. E. fissum, a form affecting the 
hands and skin over the articulations, and 
characterized by the formation of deep, pain- 
ful cracks or fissures. E. hypertrophicum, 
a form characterized by permanent hypertro- 
phy of the papillae of the skin, giving rise to 
general or limited warty outgrowths. E. 
madidans, E. rubrum ; a form characterized 
by large, raw, weeping surfaces studded with 
red points. It follows E. vesiculosum. E. 
papulosum, a variety associated with the 
formation of minute papules of a deep-red 
color and firm consistence, and accompanied 
by intense itching. E. pustulosum, the 
stage of eczema characterized by the forma- 
tion of pustules. E. rubrum. See E. viadi- 
dans. E. seborrhceicum. Synonym of 
seborrhea. E. solare, that form due to irri- 
tation from the rays of the sun. E. squam- 
osum, a variety characterized by the forma- 
tion of adherent scales of shed epithelium. 
E. vesiculosum, an eczema characterized 
by the presence of vesicles. 

Eczematous (ek-zem'-at-us) [ek^eelv, to boil 
over]. Of the nature of or affected with ec- 
zema. 

Edema {e-de f -mah) [oldrjjia : olSeeiv, to swell]. 
An infiltration of serum in a part. E., An- 
gioneurotic. See Angioneurotic. E., In- 
flammatory, that due to inflammation. E., 
Malignant, an edematous inflammation that 



occurs at times after serious injuries, and 
is characterized by its rapid spread, the 
speedy destruction of the tissue involved, 
and the formation of gas. It is due to the 
bacillus of malignant edema. E., Purulent, 
a purulent infiltration in which there is a 
great deal of fluid. 

Edematous {e-dem' '-at-us) [otdi/fia, edema]. 
Characterized by edema. 

Efferent {ef f -er-eni) [efferens, carrying from]. 
Carrying away, as E. nerves, nerves conveying 
impulses away from the central nervous sys- 
tem ; of blood-vessels, conveying blood away 
from the tissues ; of lymphatics, conveying 
lymph from the lymphatic glands. 

Effervescing [ef-er-ves^-in^ [effen'escere, to 
boil up]. Giving off gas-bubbles; foaming. 
E. Powder. See Seidlitz Powder. 

Efneurage [ef-flur-azh') [Fr.]. In massage, 
the stroking movement. 

Efflorescence (ef-/or-es / -enz) [ejfflorescere , to 
bloom]. I. The spontaneous conversion of 
a crystalline substance into powder by a loss 
of its water of crystallization. 2. The erup- 
tion of an exanthematous disease. 

Effluvium (ef-lu f -ve-uvi) [ejffiuere, to flow 
out]. An odor, especially one that is offen- 
sive. 

Effusion (ef-u / -zhun) [effundere, to pour 
out]. I. A pouring- out, especially the pour- 
ing-out of blood or serum into the cellular 
tissues or the serous cavities. 2. The ef- 
fused fluid. 

Egesta (e-Jes' '-tah) [egerere, to cast out]. 
The discharges of the bowels or of other ex- 
cretory organs. 

E £g i e i) [ME., egge, an egg]. See Ovum. 
E. -albumin, white of egg, constituting about 
6o per cent, of the egg of the domestic fowl. 

Egophony {e-goff f -o-ne) [a'l^, a wild goat ; 
our?], the voice]. A modification of bronch- 
ophony, in which the voice has a bleating 
character like that of a kid. It is heard in 
pleurisy with slight effusion. 

Egyptian (e-jip'-fe-an). Pertaining to Egypt. 
E. Chlorosis. See Ankylostomiasis. E. 
Ophthalmia. See Ophthalmia, Purulent. 

Ehrlich's Anilin-water Solution, or Ehr- 
lich's Solution. A solution of a basic ani- 
lin-dye in anilin-oil and water. 

Eiloid [i'-loid] [e'u.eiv, to coil ; eldoc, form]. 
Having a coiled structure, as an eiloid tumor. 

Ejaculation (e-jak-u-la' -shu?i) [ejaculatio, a 
throwing out]. The ejection of the semen. 

Ejaculatory (e-jak'-ti-la-tor-e) [ejaculatio, a 
throwing out]. Throwing or casting out. 
E. Duct. See Duct. 

Elastic {e-las' -tik) [eXavvsiv, to urge for- 
ward]. Returning to the original form after 
being stretched or compressed. E. Band- 
age, an India-rubber bandage exerting con- 
tinuous compression of a part. E. Stocking, 



. 



ELASTIN 



251 



ELECTROPUNCTURATION 



an India-rubber stocking exerting continuous 
pressure. E. Tissue, a variety of connec- 
tive tissue composed of yellow elastic fibers. 
Elastin (e-las'-tin) [k/Mvvetv, to urge for- 
ward]. An albuminoid substance forming 
the basis of elastic tissue. 

Elaterin, or Elaterinum (el-at'-er-in, el-at- 
er-i'-num) [eAaTf/piog, driving away], C 20 - 
H 28 5 . A neutral principle obtained from 
Ecballium elaterium. It is a powerful hydra- 
gogue cathartic. Dose gr. ^ (0.0032). E., 
Pulv., Comp. (B. P.), contains elaterin I, 
sugar of milk 39 parts. Dose gr. ss-v (0.032- 
0.32). E., Trituratio, elaterin 10, sugar 
of milk 90 parts, thoroughly mixed. Dose 
gr. ss-f (0.032-0.04). 

Elaterium (el-at-e'-re-wn) \k"X,a-r}ptoq, driv- 
ing away]. The dried sediment from the 
juice of the squirting cucumber, Ecballium 
elaterium. It is a powerful hydragogue ca- 
thartic. Dose yi gr. (0.008). 

Elbow {el' -bo) [AS., elboga\ The region 
corresponding to the junction of the arm and 
forearm ; the bend of the arm. E.-jerk. See 
Reflexes, Table of 

Elder (el'-der). See Sambucus. 

Elecampane (el-e-kam-pdn'). See Inula. 

Electric (e-lek'-trik) [rj'XeKTpov, amber]. Hav- 
ing the nature of or produced by electricity. 
E. Chorea. See DubinV s Disease, in Dis- 
eases, Table of. 

Electricity (el-ek-tris' '-it-e) \jfks.Krpov, amber]. 
One of the forces of nature developed or gen- 
erated by chemism, magnetism, or friction. 
E., Chemic. See E., Galvanic. E., Far- 
adic, that produced by induction. E., 
Franklinic, frictional or static electricity. 
E., Frictional, that produced by friction. 
E., Galvanic, that which is generated by 
chemic action in a galvanic cell. E., In- 
ductive, that produced in a body by prox- 
imity to an electrified body. E., Magnetic, 
that developed by bringing a conductor near 
the poles of a magnet. E., Static, frictional 
electricity. E., Voltaic. Galvanic or chemic 
electricity. 

Electrify (el - ek' - trif - i) [^Ae/crpov, amber ; 

facere, to make]. To make electric. 

Electrization (el-ek-triz-a' '-shun) \JjlenTpov, 
amber]. The application of electricity to 
the body. 

Electro- (el-ek'-tro-) [ffkeKTpov, ambev]. A 
prefix denoting connection with or relation to 
electricity. 

Electrobiology (el-ek-tro-bi-ol' -o-je) \rfkeK- 
rpov, amber ; fiioq, life ; "koyoq, science]. The 
science of the electric relations and laws of 
organic beings. 

Electrobioscopy (el-ek-tro-bi-os' '-ko-pe) [ffleK- 
rpov, amber ; J5iog, life ; ckotteiv, to view] . 
The test of the existence of life by means of 
electricity. 



Electrocautery (el-ek-tro-kaw' -ter-e). See 

Galvanocautery. 
Electrochemistry (el- ek - tro - kem' - is - Ire) 
\f]7i£KTpov, amber; ^77/^/01, chemistry]. The 
science treating of the chemic changes pro- 
duced by electricity. 
Electrode (el- ek'- trod) [yhenTpov, amber; 
odog, a way]. The pieces of metal or other 
substance fastened to the conducting cords 
of a battery through which electricity is ap- 
plied to the body. 

Electrodiagnosis (el '- ek - tro - di ' - ag- n o' '- sis) 
[rj'XenTpov, amber ; diagnosis]. Diagnosis by 
examining the reaction of the excitable tissues 
of the body by means of electric currents. 

Electrography (el-ek-trog' -ra-fe). See Skia- 
graphy. 

Electrolysis (el-ek-trol' -is-is) [rjlenTpov, am- 
ber ; "kvciq, solution]. The dissolution of a 
chemic compound by an electric current. 

Electrolyte (el-ek-tro'-lit) [rjAenrpov, amber ; 
Tibcig, solution]. A substance decomposed 
by an electric current. 

Electrolytic (el-ek-tro' -lit-ik) [fjlenrpov, am- 
ber ; "kvciq, solution]. Relating to electro- 
lysis. 

Electromagnet [el-ek-tro' mag-net) [tjIek- 
rpov, amber; magnet\. A mass of soft iron 
surrounded by a coil of wire. A current 
passing through the wire will make the iron 
core magnetic. 

Electromassage (el-ek-tro-mas-azh') [yAen- 
rpov, amber; massage]. The transmission 
of a current of electricity through a kneading 
instrument. 

Electrometer (el-ek-trom' -et-er) [r/leicTpov, 
electricity; p-erpov, a measure]. An instru- 
ment for measuring electric force. 

Electromotive Force (el-ek-tro-mo'-tiv): 
The force which produces an electric current. 
Symbol, E. M. F. 

Electronegative (el-ek-tro-neg' -a-tiv) \jqXtK- 
rpov, amber; negare, to deny]. Pertaining 
to the electric condition found at the negative 
pole of a battery. 

Electropathology (el- ek - tro -path - ol'- -je) 
[rjlenrpov, amber ; irddog, disease ; loyog, 
science]. The study of morbid conditions 
by the aid of electric irritation. 

Electrophysiology (el- ek - tro -fls-e - ol'-o-je) 
\ffkzKTpov, amber ; physiology]. The study 
of electric reactions, properties, and relations 
of organs and organic tissues. 

Electropositive (el-ek-tro-pos' -it-iv) \jfktK- 
rpov, amber; ponere, to place]. Pertaining 
to the electric state which exists at the posi- 
tive pole of a battery. 

Electropuncturation, Electropuncture (el- 
ek-tro-pung-tu-ra' -shun, -pung' -tier) [tjTiek- 
rpov, amber; pungere, to prick]. The use 
of needles as electrodes, which are thrust into 
an organ or tumor. 



ELECTROSTATICS 252 

Electrostatics (el-ek-tro-stat' '-iks) [rjTiEKrpov, 
amber; oraTLnog, causing to stand]. The 
science of static electricity, or that developed 
by friction. 

Electroscope [el-ek' '-tro-skop) \jf]7i£KTpov, am- 
ber ; okotteIv, to view]. An instrument for 
detecting the presence of static electricity 
and determining whether it is positive or 
negative. 

Electrotherapeutics {el-ek-tro-ther-ap-tS- 
tiks) \jj?iEK.Tpov, amber; depaireia, treatment]. 
The science and art of the application of 
electricity for therapeutic purposes. 

Electrotonus {el-ek-trof '-o-nus) [rj'keKTpov, 
amber ; rdvog, tension] . The change of con- 
dition in a nerve during the passage of a cur- 



ELEMENTS 






rent of electricity. See Anelectrotonus and I 
Catelectrotonus. 

Electuary {e-lek f -tu-ar-e) [electuarium, an 
electuary]. A soft or pasty mass, consisting 
of a medicinal substance, with sugar, honey, 
water, etc. 

Eleidin {e-le r -id-in) [k?iaia, olive-oil]. A 
material occurring in the form of granules in 
the stratum granulosum of the epidermis. 

Element {eV -em-enf) [eletnentttm , a first 
principle]. Any one of the ultimate parts of 
which anything is composed, as the cellular 
elements of a tissue. In chemistry, a body 
that cannot be decomposed into simpler sub- 
stances. The recognized elements now num- 
ber about 73. See Table of Elements. 



; 



TABLE OF CHEMIC ELEMENTS. 

Arranged alphabetically from Funk and WagnalVs Standard Dictionary {copyrighted}. 

{Published by permission.} 



Name. 



Aluminum, .... 

Antimony {stibium), 

Argentum {silver). 

Argon, 

Arsenic, 

Aurum {gold). 

Barium, 

Beryllium {glucin- 

um). 
Bismuth, 

Boron, 

Bromin, 

Cadmium, .... 

Calcium, 

Carbon, 

Cerium, 

Cesium 

Chlorin, 

Chromium, .... 

Cobalt, ..... 
Columbium {nio- \ 
bium), .... J 
Copper {cuprum), • 
Erbium, 

Ferrum (iron). 
Fluorin, 




pa 
S 

> 


U h 

5 SB 

(- W 


Al 


27.O 


Sb 


120.0 


A 
As 


197 

75-o 


Ba 


137.0 


Bi 


208.9 


B 


11.0 


Br 


79-95 


Cd 


1 12.0 


Ca 


40.0 


C 


12.0 


Ce 


140.2 


Cs 


132.9 


CI 


35-45 


Cr 


52.1 


Co 


59-0 


Cb 


94.0 


Cu 
Er 


63.6 
166.3 


F 


19.0 



(x. H 
U > 

£ OS 



2.58 
6.70 

1.5 1 
5-7i 

3-75 

9.80 
2.6 

3-19 
8.65 
1.6 to 1.8 
3-52 1 

6-7 
1.88 

1-33 t 
7-3 
8.96 
Above 7 
8.9 



os ,• . 

5 5 d 



627°C; n6o°F. 
432 C; 8o8°F. 

— i28.6°C. 
Ab't500°C.;932°F. 

Above redness. 

268 C; 5i7°F. 
Very high. 
— 7.2°C; — 20°F. 
23i°C; 6o9°F. 
Bright redness. 
Infusible. 
Below silver. 
26.5°C; 8o°F. 
-75.6 C; -103 F. 
Above platinum. 
i50o°C; 2732°F. 

I054°C.; i93i°F. 



Ill 
V 

V 
II 
V 

III 

I or VII 

II 

II 

IV 
III or IV 

I 

I or VII 

II or VI 

II or VIII 

V 

I or II 
III 

I or VII 



Where and how 
Found. 



In many rocks. (The 
most abundant metal.) 

Chiefly as sulphid, and in 
various metallic ores. 

Free in the atmosphere. 

Native, as sulphid, and in 

various metallic ores. 

In barite and witherite. 



Native, as sulphid, and 

in rare minerals. 
In borax and various 

minerals. 
Mainly in sea-water and 

other natural brines. 
In small amount in zinc 

ores. 
In limestone, and abun- 
dantly in other rocks. 
In coal, limestone, and 

all organic matter. 
In cerite and other rare 

minerals. 
In lepidolite, pollucite, 

and mineral springs. 
In common salt (NaCl), 

and other chlorids. 
Mainly in chrome-iron 

ore. 
In many metallic ores. 
In columbite and other 

rare minerals. 
Native, and in many ores. 
In rare minerals, as ga- 

dolinite, etc. 



In fluorite (CaF 2 ) 
other minerals. 



and 



ELEMENTS 253 ELEMENTS 

TABLE OF CHEMIC ELEMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 



Gadolinium, 



Gallium, .... 
Germanium, . . 

Glucinum (beryl- 
lium) , 

Gold (aurum), . 



Hydrargyrum 
(mercury). 

Hydrogen 

Indium, 

Iodin, 



Iridium 

Iron (/err urn), . . 

Kalium (potass- 
ium). 
Lanthanum, . . 

Lead (plumbum), 

Lithium, .... 

Magnesium, . . 

Manganese, . . 

Masrium, .... 



Mercury (hydrar- ) 

gyrum), . . . . j 

Molybdenum, . . 

Natrium (sodium). 
Neodymium, . . . 

Nickel, . . 
Niobium (colum- 

bium). 
Nitrogen 



Osmium, . . 
Oxygen, . . 

Palladium, . 
Phosphorus, 
Platinum, . . 



Plumbum (lead). 
Potassium (kalium). 

Praseodymium, . . 

Rhodium, . . . . 

Rubidium 

Ruthenium, . . . 



Gd 

Ga 
Ge 

Gl 
Au 



H 
In 
I 

Ir 
Fe 



La 

Pb 

Li 

Mg 

Mn 

Ms 

Hg 
Mo 

Nd 

Ni 

N 

Os 

O 

Pd 

P 

Pt 

K 

Pr 

Rh 

Rb 

Ru 



V h 



156.1 

69.0 
72.3 



9.0 
197-3 



1.008 
"3-7 
125.S5 

193- * 
56.0 



138.2 

206.95 

7.02 

24-3 

55-o 

228. 

200.0 
96.0 

140.5 
58.0 

14.03 

190.08 

16.0 

106.6 

3i-o 

195.0 

39-H 
143-5 
103.0 

85-5 
101.6 



Z > 

u > 
u < 

<f) 



5-95 
5-47 

1.85 
19-3 



0.025 1 

7-4 

4-95 

22.4 
8.0 



6.1 
11.36 
0.585 

1-75 
7.2 

I3-596 
8.6 

About 6.5 
8.9 

0.38 1 
22.48 
i.ng 

12.1 

1.84 
21.5 

0.86 
About 6.5 
12.1 

1-52 

12.26 



j * 
w w a 



30.i°C.; 86° F. 
900 C.; i652°F. 

Above redness. 
io45°C.; i9i3°F. 



— 200°C.f; — 328°F. 
176 C. ; 348 F. 
ii4°C.; 238°F. 

I950°C; 3542° F. 
i6oo°C. ; 29i2°F. 



326 C. ; 850 F. 
i8o°C; 356°F. ' 
Ab't43o°C.;8o6°F. 
Above iron. 



— 38.8°C. ; — 38°F. 
Very high. 



1450 C. ; 2642 F. 



Nearly infusible. 



1500 C. ; 2732 F. 
44.2 C. ; 112 F. 
1775° C. ; 3225 F. 

62.5 C. ; 144-5° F. 



2000 C. ; 3632 F. 
38. 5 °C.; ioi. 5 °F. 
Nearly infusible. 



Ill 

III 
IV 

II 
I or III 



I 
III 

I or VII 

II or IV 
II or IV 



III 

II or IV 

I 

II 
II or VII 

II 

I or II 

II or VI 

III or IV 
II or VIII 

V 
II or VII 
II or VI 

II or IV 
V 

II or IV 

I 

III or IV 
II or VIII 

I 
II or VII 



Where and how 
Found. 



In rare minerals, as ga- 

dolinite, etc. 
In certain zinc-blendes. 
In argyrodite, a rare 

mineral. 
In beryl and several rare 

minerals. 
Generally free, rarely 

combined, in various 

ores. 



Mainly in water (H2O). 

In certain zinc-ores. 

Mainly in ashes of sea- 
weeds. 

In iridosmin. 

As oxid and sulphid, and 
in nearly all rocks. 



In cerite and other rare 

minerals. 
In galena (PbS) and 

other ores. 
In lepidolite, spodumene, 

and some rare minerals. 
In sea-water, magnesite, 

and many rocks. 
In pyrolusite, and many 

other minerals. 
In bed of old river in up- 
per Egypt, in masrite. 
Native, and in cinnabar 

(HgS). 
Mainly as molybdenite 

(MoS 2 ). 

In cerite and other rare 

minerals. 
In many metallic ores. 



In the atmosphere and 
organic matter. 

In iridosmin and native 
platinum. 

Free in air. (Forms one- 
half the earth's crust, 
combined.) 

Native, and with platin- 
um and gold. 

In bones, and in apatite 
and many minerals. 

Mainly as native plati- 
num in river gravels. 

In wood-ashes and many 
rocks. 

In cerite and other rare 
minerals. 

With platinum and iri- 
dosmin. 

In lepidolite and some 
mineral springs. 

With platinum and iri- 
dosmin. 



ELEMENTARY 254 ELEPHANTIASIS 

TABLE OF CHEMIC ELEMENTS.— Continued. 



Name. 



Samarium, . . 
Scandium, . . 
Selenium, . . 
Silicon 



Silver (argentum), 
Sodium (natrium), 

Stannum {tin). 
Stibium (antimony). 
Strontium, .... 

Sulphur, 

Tantalum, .... 

Tellurium, .... 
Terbium, 

Thallium, 

Thorium 

Thulium, 

Tin (stannum), . . 
Titanium, .... 

Tungsten (wol- \ 

framium), . . j 

Uranium, . . . 



Vanadium, 



Wolframium (tung 

sten). 
Ytterbium, . . 



Yttrium, . . . 
Zinc (zincum), 
Zirconium, . . 



J 
o 
n 
S 

> 


2 [J 
« 


Sm 


150 


Sc 


44.0 


Se 


79.0 


Si 


28.4 


Ag 

Na 


107.9 
23-05 


Sr 


87.6 


S 


32.06 


Ta 


182.6 


Te 


125.0 


Tb 


160.0 


Tl 


204.18 


Th 


232.6 


Tu 


170.7 


Sn 


119. 


Ti 


48.0 


W 


184.0 


U 


239.6 


V 


51-4 


Yb 


173-0 


Yt 


89.1 


Zn 


65-3 


Zr 


90.06 



O > 

«5 



4-5 



10.5 
o-97 



2-5 

2.07 

Above 10 
6.23 

11. 19 

11.23 

7-25 



19.26 
18.69 



5-87 



7.12 
4-15 



ti • • 






217 C. ; 425 F. 

Above 8oo° C. 
1500 F. 

954 C. ; 1750 F. 
95. 6° C. ; 204 F. 



Red heat. 
114.5 C.J 235 F. 

455° C. ; 851 F. 
239-9° C; 561° F. 
Almost infusible. 



233° C; 55i° F. 
Not fusible. 

Very high. 
Very high. 

In oxyhydric 
flame. 



433° C. ; 811.5 F. 
Above sulphur. 



Ill 

III 

II or VI 

IV 



II 
II or VI 



V 

II or VI 
III 

I or III 



IV 

III 

II or IV 

V 

IV or VI 
II or VI 

V 

III 
III 
II 
IV 



Where and how 
Found. 



In samarskite, cerite, 

and other rare minerals. 
In gadolinite and other 

rare minerals. 
Mainly in sulphur as an 

impurity. 
In quartz (SiC^). Most 

abundant element after 

oxygen. 
Native, and in many ores. 
In common salt (NaCl) 

and many rocks. 



In celestite and stronti- 

anite. 
Native, and in many 

natural sulphids and 

sulphates. 
In tantalite and other 

rare minerals. 
In several rare minerals. 
In rare minerals, as 

gadolinite, etc. 
In pyrites and in flue- 
dust of sulphuric-acid 

works. 
In thorite and other rare 

minerals. 
In rare minerals, as 

gadolinite, etc. 
Mainly in cassiterite 

(Sn0 2 ). 
Widely diffused in rocks 

and clays, in small 

amounts. 
Mainly in wolframite 

(MnFeW0 4 ). 
In pitch-blende and other 

rare minerals. 
In vanadinite and other 

rare minerals. 



In rare minerals, as 

gadolinite, etc. 
In gadolinite and other 

rare minerals. 
In ores, as oxid, silicate, 

sulphid,and carbonate. 
In zircon and other rare 

minerals. 



♦The factors in the columns of specific gravities and melting-points naturally vary with the form 
which the element takes (e. g., in carbon the specific gravity varies as diamond, charcoal, or lampblack 
is taken), but as far as possible the factor of the most typical form is given. 

t Of the liquid element. % Diamond. || Of the liquid at o° C. § Of the liquid at — 181 C. 



Elementary (el-e-men'-ta-re) \elementum, a 
first principle]. Pertaining to or having the 
characters of an element. 

Elemi (el'-em-e) [Arab.]. A resinous exuda- 
tion probably derived from the Canarium 
commune, although its botanic source is still 
undetermined. It contains a crystalline re- 



sin, elemin or amyrin. Its action is similar 
to that of the turpentines. E., Unguent. 
(B. P.), elemi and simple ointment; it is 
used as an application to indolent sores and 
boils. 

Elephantiasis {el-ef-an-tV '-as-is) [e/le^ac, an 
elephant]. A chronic affection of" the cuta- 



ELEVATOR 



255 



EMETIC 



neous and subcutaneous tissues, due to 
obstruction of lymph- vessels, and character- 
ized by enormous thickening of the affected 
parts. The disease occurs in successive at- 
tacks accompanied by fever, and by swelling 
of the affected parts, usually*the lower ex- 
tremities and genital organs; it is endemic in 
certain tropical countries, and seems to be 
connected, in many cases, with the presence 
in the blood of the Filaria sanguinis hominis. 
E. arabum. See Elephantiasis, E. grae- 
corum. See Leprosy. E. telangiectodes, 
elephantiasis characterized by a great increase 
in the blood-vessels. 

Elevator {el r -ev-a-tor) [elevare, to lift]. I. 
The same as Levator. See Muscles, Table 
of. 2. An instrument for elevating or lifting 
a part. 

Elimination (e - lim - in- a'- shun) [e, out ; 
limen, threshold] . The process of expelling 
or casting out, especially waste-products. 

Elixir (el-iks'-ir) [Arab., el iksir, the phil- 
osopher's stone]. A sweetened, aromatic, 
spirituous preparation, containing only a 
small amount of an active ingredient. E. 
aromaticum (U. S.). Compound spirit of 
orange, 1.2, syrup 37.5? deodorized alcohol, 
distilled water, each a sufficient quantity to 
make ioo c.c. It is used as a vehicle. E. 
phosphori, spirit of phosphorus 21, oil of 
anise 0.2, glycerol 55, aromatic elixir a suffi- 
cient quantity to make ioo cc. 

Elkoplasty {el f -ko-plas-ty) . See Helcoplasty. 

Elm. See Ulmus. 

Elutriation [e-lu-tre-a / -shun) [elutriare, to 
wash out]. A process whereby the coarser 
particles of an insoluble substance are sepa- 
rated from the finer by decanting the fluid 
after the coarser particles have settled. 

Elytritis {el-it-ri'-tis) [eAvrpov, sheath ; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the vagina. 

Elytroplasty {eV- it - ro -plas - te) [eAvrpov, 
sheath; TcAaaouv, to form]. A plastic opera- 
tion upon the vagina. 

Elytroptosis {el- it - rop - to f - sis) [eAvrpov, 
sheath; -rrroxng, a falling]. Prolapse of the 
vagina. 

Elytrorrhaphy [el - it - ror f - a - fe) [eAvrpov, 
sheath ; pacpr/, a seam]. Suture of the vaginal 
wall. 

Emansio {e-man f -se-o) [L.]. A failing. E. 
mensium, delay in the first appearance of 
the menses. 

Embedding {em-bed 1 '-ing) [in, in; AS., bed, 
bed]. The fixation of a tissue-specimen in a 
firm medium, in order to keep it intact during 
the cutting of thin sections. 

Embole [em / -bo-le). See Emboly. 

Embolic {em-boF-ik) [kv, in; fiaXkeiv to 
throw]. Relating to or caused by an em- 
bolus. 

Emboliform {em-bol'-if-orm) [kv, in; /3d?o- 



Aeiv, to throw ; forma, form]. Resembling 
an embolus. 

Embolism {em f -bo-lizm) [kv, in ; fiaAAetv, 
to throw]. The obstruction of a blood- 
vessel, especially an artery, by a fragment 
of matter brought from another point. E., 
Air, obstruction of a vessel by a bubble of 
air. E., Fat, obstruction of blood-vessels by 
globules of fat. E., Infective, embolism 
in which the emboli contain microorganisms 
and cause metastatic abscesses. E., Miliary, 
a condition in which many small blood-vessels 
are the seats of emboli. 

Embololalia ( em-bo-lo-la f -le-ah ) [ kv, in ; 
ftaAAeiv, to throw; AaAia, talk]. The inter- 
calation of meaningless words into the speech. 

Embolus {em* -bo-his) [ev, in ; fi&AAecv, to 
throw]. A particle of fibrin or other mate- 
rial brought by the blood-current and form- 
ing an obstruction at its place of lodgment. 

Emboly {em f -bo-le) [kfi^oAt], insertion]. The 
process of invagination that gives rise to a 
gastrula from a blastosphere or vesicular 
morula. 

Embrocation {em-bro-ka / -shun) [e///3pe^ew, 
to soak in]. I. The application, especially 
by rubbing, of a liquid to a part of the body. 
2. The liquid so applied. 

Embryo {em f -bre-o) [kv, within ; fipveiv, to 
swell with]. 1. The product of conception 
up to the fourth month of pregnancy. 2. The 
fertilized germ of an animal. 

Embryocardia {em-bre-o-kar'-de-ah) [kv, 
within ; (3pveiv, to swell with ; napdia, the 
heart]. A condition in which the heart 
sounds resemble those of the fetus, the first 
and second sounds being almost identical. 

Embryogenetic {em-bre-o-jen-et / -ik) [kv, 
within ; ftpveiv, to swell with] . Giving rise 
to an embryo. 

Embryology {evi-bre-ol'-o-je) [kv, within ; 
ftpveiv, to swell with; Aoyoq, science]. The 
science dealing with the development of the 
embryo. 

Embryonic {em-bre-on' '-ik) [kv, within; (3pveiv, 
to swell with]. Pertaining to the embryo. 
E. Area, an opaque circular spot that forms 
on the blastoderm. E. Tissue, tissue 
in the undifferentiated state, consisting of 
small, round cells. E. Spot. See E. Area. 

Embryotome {em' ' -bre-o-tdm) [kv, within ; 
)3pveiv, to swell with; rofirj, section]. An 
instrument for performing embryotomy. 

Embryotomy {em-bre-of '-o-me) [kv, within ; 
(3pi<etv, to swell with; ropirj, section]. The 
cutting up of the fetus in utero for the pur- 
pose of reducing its size. 

Emesis {e?n f -es-is) [k/ueeiv, to vomit]. Vom- 
iting. 

Emetic {e-met f -ik) [kfieriKog, causing vomit- 
ing]. I. Having the power to induce 
vomiting. 2. An agent causing emesis. E., 



EMETIN 



256 



ENAMEL 



Direct, or E. Mechanic, one acting directly 
on the nerves of the stomach. E., Indirect, or 
E., Systemic, one acting through the blood 
upon the vomiting center. 

Emetin (em'-et-iri). See Ipecacuanha. 

Emetocathartic (em - et - o-kath - ar f - tik) 
[afieoiq, vomiting; natiaipeiv, to purge]. 
Having power to induce vomiting and 
purgation. 

Eminence (em f -in-ens) \eminentia, an emin- 
ence]. A projecting, prominent part of an 
organ, especially of a bone. E., Canine. 
See Canine. E., Collateral, a projection 
in the lateral ventricle of the brain between 
the middle and posterior horns. E., Frontal, 
the two eminences of the frontal bone above 
the superciliary ridges. E., Iliopectineal, 
a ridge on the upper surface of the pubic 
bone. E., Nasal, the prominence above 
the root of the nose between the superciliary 
ridges. E., Parietal, the eminence of the 
parietal bone. 

Emissary Veins (em'-is-ar-e) \e, out ; mit- 
tere, to send]. Small veins piercing the 
skull and conveying blood outward. 

Emmenagogue (em - en' - ag- og) \lfifirjva, 
the menses ; a,} co-yog, leading] . I. Stimulating 
the menstrual flow. 2. An agent that stimu- 
lates the menstrual flow. E., Direct, one 
acting directly on the generative organs. E., 
Indirect, one acting by relieving an under- 
lying condition, as anemia, constipation, etc. 

Emmetropia (em-et-ro' '-pe-ah)\kv, in ; /xirpov, 
measure; <ji/>, the eye]. Normal or perfect 
vision. The state of an eye in which, when 
accommodation is suspended, parallel rays of 
light are brought to a focus upon the retina. 

Emmetropic (em-et-rop' '-ik) \kv, in ; fisrpov, 
measure; uip, the eye]. Characterized by 
emmetropia. 

Emollient (e-mol' '-yent) [emollire, to soften]. 
I. Softening; relaxing; soothing. 2. A 
substance used by external application to sof- 
ten the skin ; or, internally, to soothe an irri- 
tated or inflamed surface. 

Emotional (e-mo f -shun-aT) \emovere, to move 
out]. Pertaining to the emotions. E., In- 
sanity, insanity characterized by exaggera- 
tion of the emotions or feelings. 

Emphysema (em-fiz-e' '-mah) [eLKpvaduv, to 
inflate]. A condition in which there is air 
or gas in normally airless tissues or an excess 
of air in tissues normally containing a certain 
quantity of it. E., Atrophic, senile emphy- 
sema of the lung, characterized by a diminu- 
tion in size of the lung. E., Cutaneous, 
the presence of air or gas in the connective 
tissues beneath the skin. E., Gangren- 
ous. See Edema, Malignant. E., Hy- 
pertrophic. See £., Pulmonary. E., 
Interstitial, the presence of gas in the con- 
nective tissue of a part, particularly in the 



connective tissue of the lung. E., Pulmon- 
ary, a condition of the lungs characterized by 
a permanent dilatation of the alveoli with 
atrophy of the alveolar walls and the blood- 
vessels, resulting in a loss of the normal 
elasticity of the lung-tissue. It is associated 
with dyspnea, with hacking cough, and de- 
fective aeration of the blood. The chest 
becomes round or barrel-shaped, the right side 
of the heart hypertrophies, the abdominal 
viscera are displaced downward. The causes 
are a lessened resistance on the part of the 
lung, which may be inherited or acquired, 
and a distending force, which is usually ex- 
piratory in character, and consists in chronic 
cough, the blowing of wind-instruments, or 
other labor throwing a strain on the respira- 
tory function. E., Substantial, a synonym 
of £., Pulmonary. E., Vesicular, that due 
to dilatation of the air-vesicles. 

Empiric(<?w- J z!>zr / -z/£) [kinrsipinog, experienced] . 
I. Based on practical observation and not 
on scientific reasoning. 2. One who in 
practising medicine relies solely on experience 
and not on scientific reasoning ; a quack. 

Emplastrum (em-plas 1 '-trum) \_eji7TAdaaeLv, to 
plaster up]. A plaster. 

Emprosthotonos (em -pros - thot' - o - nus) 
[efiTrpooBev, forward ; rdvog, tension]. Tonic 
muscular spasm in which the body is bent 
forward. 

Empusa (em-poo' '-zak) [''Einrovcra, the name 
of a hobgoblin] . A genus of fungi parasitic 
on living insects and causing their death. 

Empyema (em-pi- e'-mah) [£?», in ; nvov, pus] . 
Pus in a cavity, especially in the pleural cav- 
ity. E. necessitatis, an empyema in which 
the pus burrows between the intercostal spaces 
and appears as a subcutaneous tumor. E., 
Pulsating, one which transmits the pulsa- 
tions of the heart to the chest -wall. 

Emulsify (e-muV -se-fy) \emulgere, to milk 
out]. To make into an emulsion. 

Emulsin (e-muV 'sin) \_emulgere, to milk out]. 
A proteid ferment contained in bitter almonds. 
It aids in emulsifying almond-oil, and by its 
action on amygdalin liberates hydrocyanic 
acid. 

Emulsion (e-muV 'shun) \_emulsio, emulsion]. 
A preparation consisting of a liquid, usually 
water, containing an insoluble substance in 
suspension. 

Emulsum (e-?nul' 'sum) [L.]. An emulsion. 
The following emulsions are official : E. 
ammoniaci, E. amygdalae, E. asafoetidae, E. 
chloroformi. 

Emunctory (e-munk* '-tor-e) \_emungere, to 
blow the nose, to wipe out]. I. Excretory; 
removing waste -products. 2. An organ that 
excretes waste-materials. 

Enamel (en-am' -el) [ME., enamaile, en- 
amel] . The vitreous substance of the crown 



ENARTHRODIAL 



257 



ENDOMETRITIS 



of the tooth. E. -column, E. -fiber, E.- 
prism, E.-rod, any one of the minute six- 
sided prisms of which the enamel of a tooth 
is composed. E. -organ, the ectodermic 
epithelial cap or process from which the 
enamel of a tooth is developed. 

Enarthrodial ( en-ar-thro f -de-al) [kv, in ; 
apdpov, a joint]. Having the character of an 
enarthrosis. 

Enarthrosis (en-ar-lhro' 'sis) [kv, in ; apdpov, 
joint]. A ball-and-socket joint, like that of 
the hip. 

Encanthis (en-kan f -this) [kv, in ; navdog, 
canthus]. A new growth in the inner canthus 
of the eye. 

Encapsulation (en-kap-su-la f -shun) [en, in ; 
capsula, a capsule]. The process of sur- 
rounding a part with a capsule. 

Encephalic ( en-sef-aV -ik ) [ kyneQahog, the 
brain]. Pertaining to the brain. 

Encephalitis (en-sef-al-i' -tis) [kynetyaAog, 
brain ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the brain. 

Encephalocele (en-sef ; -al-o-sel) [kyaetyaAog, 
brain ; ktjatj, tumor]. Hernia of the brain. 

Encephaloid ( en-sef'-aloid ) [ kyKecpaAog, 
brain; eldog, like]. I. Resembling brain- 
tissue. 2. Soft carcinoma. See Carcinoma. 

Encephalomalacia (en-sef-al-o-mal-a' ' -se-ah) 
[kyne<pa?\.og, brain ; /uaAaKia, softening]. Soft- 
ening of the brain-substance. 

Encephalon ( en-sef ' -al-on ) [kynetyaAoq, the 
brain]. The brain. 

Encephalopathy (en-sef-al-op f -ath-e) [kyne<p- 
aAog, brain; ir&Oog, disease]. Any disease 
of the brain. 

Encephalospinal ( en - sef- al- o - spi f - nal) 
[kynetyaAoc;, the brain ; spina, the spine] . Per- 
taining to the brain and spinal cord. 

Enchondroma ( en-kon-dro'-mah ) [kv, in ; 
Xovdpog, cartilage; 6/j.a, tumor]. A chon- 
droma. 

Enchylema (en-ki-le'-mah) [kv, in ; xvAog, 
juice] . A fluid, granular substance filling the 
interstices of the cell-body and the nucleus. 

Encysted [en -sist f -ed) [kv, in; Kvarig, a 
bag]. Enclosed in a cyst, or capsule. 

Endarteritis (end-ar-ter-i' '-tis) [evdov, within; 
aprr/pla, artery; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the inner coat of an artery. 
E., Obliterating, arteritis obliterans, a form 
in which the production of new connective 
tissue obliterates the vessel-lumen. 

End-artery (end-ar' -ter-i) [AS., ende, end; 
apTTjpla, artery]. An artery that does not 
communicate with other arteries. E. -organ, 
the terminal part of a sensory nerve-fiber. 

Endemic (en-dem' -ik) [kv, in; dij/uog, a peo- 
ple]. Of a disease, found in a certain place 
more or less constantly. 

Endermic (en-der' ' -mik) [kv, in ; dep/xa, the 
skin]. Situated on or applied to the true 
17 



skin; within the skin. E. Medication, a 
method of administering medicines through 
the skin after removal of the cuticle by means 
of a blister. 

Endo- {end-to-} [evdov, within]. A prefix 
meaning within. 

Endocardiac, Endocardial (en-do-kar' -de- 
ak, en-do-kar' '-de-al ) [evdov, within ; napdia, 
the heart]. Situated or arising within the 
heart. 

Endocarditis (en - do - kar - di'- tis) [evdov, 
within; napdia, the heart; ltlc,, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the endocardium or 
lining membrane of the heart. The condi- 
tion may be acute or chronic. Acute endo- 
carditis is either warty or ulcerative, both 
of these being microorganismal in origin. 
The most frequent causes of the acute form 
are rheumatism and the infectious fevers. 
The disease usually affects the valves of the 
left side of the heart, and gives rise to a 
murmur, to fever, dyspnea, and rapid pulse. 
In the ulcerative form the. symptoms resem- 
ble those of pyemia (hectic fever, chills, 
sweats, embolic processes). Chronic or 
sclerotic endocarditis is either a terminal 
process following the acute forms, or is a 
primary affection beginning insidiously. The 
latter is usually associated with general arte- 
riosclerosis, and is due to gout, rheumatism, 
alcoholism, syphilis, and to other obscure 
causes. Both the acute and the chronic form 
give rise to insufficiency or obstruction of the 
valvular orifice, or to both combined. 

Endocardium (en-do-kar' -de-z/m) [ivSov, 
within ; napdia, the heart]. The serous 
membrane lining the interior of the heart. 

Endocervicitis (en-do-ser-vis-i' '-tis) [evdov, 
within; cervix, neck; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the lining membrane of the 
cervix uteri. 

Endoderm ( en f - do-derm ) [evdov, within ; 
6epfj.a, skin] . The inner of the two primi' 
tive cell -layers of the embryo. It lines the 
cavity of the primitive intestine and its deriv- 
atives. Syn. Hypoblast. See Blastoderm. 

Endogenous (en-dof -en-us) [evdov, within; 
yevr/g, producing]. Produced within. Ap- 
plied to spore-formation or cell-formation in- 
side of a parent cell. 

Endolaryngeal {en-do-lar-in' '-je-al) [evdov, 
within; A&pvyZ, the larynx]. Within the 
larynx. 

Endolymph [en f -do-limf) [evdov, within ; 
lympha, water]. The fluid of the membran- 
ous labyrinth of the ear. 

Endometritis (en -do -me- trV - tis) [evdov, 
within; /urjrpa, the womb; mc, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the endometrium. 
E., Cervical. See £ndocervicitis. E., Fun- 
gous, that in which the lining membrane is 
hypertrophied, with the formation of vascular 



ENDOMETRIUM 



258 



ENTEROLITH 



granulations. This is also called hemorrhagic 
endometritis. E., Hemorrhagic. See £., 
Fungous. E., Simple, a catarrhal inflam- 
mation of the endometrium. 

Endometrium (en - do - me'- tre - urn) [evdov, 
within; //jyrpa, uterus]. The mucous mem- 
brane lining the uterus. 

Endomysium {en -do- miz'- e - urn) [evdov, 
within; five;, muscle]. The connective tissue 
between the fibrils of a muscular bundle. 

Endoneurium (en - do - nu f -re-um) [evdov, 
within; vevpov, a nerve]. The delicate con- 
nective tissue holding together the fibrils of 
a bundle of nerves. 

Endoparasite {en - do -par f - as - it) [evdov, 
within ; irapdcirog, parasite]. A parasite liv- 
ing within its host. 

Endoscope (en' -do - shop) [evdov, within ; 
o noire Iv, to observe] . An instrument for the 
examination of a body-cavity through its nat- 
ural outlet. 

Endoskeleton (en - do - skel' - et - un) [evdov, 
within ; oneAerov, a dry body]. The internal 
supporting structure of an animal. 

Endosmometer (en-dos-mom' '-et-er) [evdov, 
within ; coaiuog, a thrusting ; /uerpov, a meas- 
ure]. An instrument for measuring endos- 
mosis. 

Endosmosis (en-dos-mo' '-sis) [evdov, within; 
coo/uog, impulsion]. The passage of a liquid 
through a porous septum from without inward. 

Endosmotic (en-dos-mot'-ik) [evdov, within ; 
coo/nog, a thrusting]. Pertaining to endosmo- 
sis. E. Equivalent, the weight of distilled 
water that passes into the flask of the endos- 
mometer in exchange for a known weight of 
the soluble substance. 

Endospore (en f -do-spor) [evdov, within ; 
ciropoq, seed]. A spore formed within the 
parent-cell. 

Endosteum (end-os'-te-um) [evdov, within ; 
boreov, bone]. The vascular membranous 
layer of connective tissue lining the medul- 
lary cavity of bones. 

Endothelial (en-do-the' '-le-al) [evdov, within ; 
OrjArj, nipple]. Pertaining to endothelium. 

Endothelioma (en-do-the-le-o' '-mah) [evdov, 
within; 6t}?17/,sl nipple; b/ua, a tumor]. A 
variety of sarcoma, formed by the multiplica- 
tion of the endothelial cells of lymphatic 
spaces. 

Endothelium (en-do-the' '-le-um) [evdov, with- 
in; Btjatj, nipple]. See Cell, Endothelial. 

Enema (en* -em-ah) [ev, in; levai, to send]. 
A rectal injection for therapeutic or nutritive 
purposes. 

Energy (en'-er-ge) [ev, in; epyov, work]. 
The capacity for doing work. All forms of 
energy are mutually convertible one into the 
other, without loss, a principle expressed in 
the term " conservation of energy." E., 
Kinetic, the power of a body in motion. E., 



Latent, E., Potential, the power possessed 
by a body at rest, by virtue of its position, 
as the potential E. of a suspended weight. 

Engorged (en-gorjd') [Fr., engorgement, a 
choking up]. Congested. 

Engorgement (en-gorj' '-ment) [Fr. , engorge- 
tnent, a choking up] . Over-distention of the 
vessels of a part with blood. 

Enophthalmos ( en-off-thaV -mos ) [ev, in ; 
bipOaAjuog, the eye]. Recession of the eye- 
ball into the orbit. 

Enostosis (en - os - to' - sis) [ev, in ; boreov, 
bone]. A tumor or bony outgrowth within 
the medullary canal of a bone. 

Ensiform ( en f -sif-orm ) [ensis, a sword ; 
forma, form]. Shaped like a sword. E. 
Appendix, the cartilaginous process at the 
lower extremity of the sternum. 

Ensomphalus (en - som / - fal- us) [ev, in ; 
co)/na, body ; b/LKpaAog, navel]. A double 
monstrosity, with practically complete and 
functionating organs, but united with a more 
or less superficial bond. 

Enteralgia (en-ter-al' -je-ah) [evrepov, intes- 
tine ; akyoq, pain]. Pain in the bowels. 

Enterectomy (en-ter-ek' '-to- me) [evrepov, in- 
testine ; EKTOfirj, excision]. Excision of a 
part of the intestine. 

Enterepiplocele (en-ter-ep-ip f -lo-sel) [evrepov, 
intestine; eirlir2,oov, caul; ktjat], hernia]. 
Hernia in which both bowel and omentum 
are involved. 

Enteric (en-ter f -ik) [evrepov, intestine]. Per- 
taining to the intestines. E. Fever, typhoid 
fever. 

Enteritis (en-ter-i' '-tis) [evrepov, bowel ; tnq, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the intes- 
tine. 

Entero- (en f -ter-o-) [evrepov, intestine]. A 
prefix denoting relation to the intestine. 

Enterocele (en' -ter-o-sel) [evrepov, bowel ; 
KrjTirj, tumor]. A hernia containing a loop 
of intestine. 

Enterocholecystostomy ( en-ter-o-ko-le-sis- 
tos' -to-me). Same as Cholecystenterostomy. 

Enteroclysis (en - ter - ok'- lis - is) [evrepov, 
bowel; KAvciq, a drenching]. Injection of 
a large quantity of fluid into the rectum to 
reach the small intestine. 

Enterocolitis (en-ter-o-ko-W '-tis) [evrepov, 
intestine; k6aov, colon; irtg, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the small intestine and of the 
colon. 

Enteroepiplocele (en-ter-o-e-pip' '-lo-sel). See 
Enterepiplocele. 

Enterogastritis (en-ter-o-gas-tri' '-tis) [evre- 
pov, intestine; yaarr/p, stomach ; trig, inflam- 
mation] . Inflammation of the stomach and 
intestine. 

Enterolith (en f -ter-o-lith) [evrepov, bowel ; 
Aidog, a stone]. A concretion formed in the 
intestines. 



ENTEROPATHY 



259 



EPICYSTOTOMY 



Enteropathy {en-ter - op f -ath-e) [evrepov, 
bowel ; frddog, disease]. Any disease of the 
intestines. 

Enteroplasty {en f - ter -o- plas - te) [evrepov, 
bowel ; -/.aoaeir, to form]. A plastic opera- 
tion upon the intestine. 

Enterorrhagia {en-ter-or-af ' -e-ah) [evrepov, 
bowel; pr/yvinai, to burst forth]. Intestinal 
hemorrhage. 

Enterorrhaphy {en - ter- or f -a-fe) [evrepov, 
bowel ; payi], suture]. Suture of the intes- 
tine. 

Enterostomy {en - ter-os / -. to - me ) [evrepov, 
bowel; aro/xa, mouth]. The formation of an 
artificial opening into the intestine through 
the abdominal wall. 

Enterotome {en'-ter-o-tom) [evrepov, bowel ; 
refivetv, to cut]. An instrument for cutting 
open the intestine. 

Enterotomy {en - ter - of • o - me) [evrepov, 
bowel; rifiveiv, to cut]. Incision of the in- 
testine. 

Enterozoon {en-ter-o-zo / -on) [evrepov, intes- 
tine ; Cwov, an animal]. An animal parasite 
ot the intestine. 

Enthetic {en-tlief -ik) [evridevai, to put in]. 
Introduced ; coming from without ; applied 
especially to syphilitic and other specific con- 
tagious diseases. 

Entoblast {en f -to-blast) [evrog, within ; /3Aa<x- 
rog, a bud, germ]. I. The nucleolus of a 
cell. 2. The entoderm. 

Entophyte {en' '-to-fit) [evrog, within ; <f>vrov, 
a plant]. A vegetable parasite living within 
the body of its host, as e.g., a bacterium. 

Entoplastic {en-to-plas' '-tik) [evrog, within ; 
it AaGcetv, to form]. I. Having an endoplast 
or nucleus. 2. Pertaining to the nucleus. 

Entoptic {ent-op' '-tik) [evrog, within ; orrriKog, 
pertaining to vision] . Pertaining to the inter- 
nal parts of the eye. E. Phenomena, visual 
sensations generated within the eye. 

Entotic {ent-ot'-ik) [evrog, within; ovg, ear]. 
Pertaining to the internal parts of the ear. 

Entozoon {en-to-zo / -on) [evrog, within ; C,tiov, 
an animal]. An animal parasite living within 
another animal. 

Entropion {en-tro' '-pe-on) [ev, in ; rpeixew, to 
turn]. Inversion of the eyelid, so that the 
lashes rub against the globe of the eye. 

Enucleation {e-nu-kle-a* 'shun) [e, out of ; 
nucleus, a kernel]. The shelling-out of a 
tumor or organ from its capsule. The exci- 
sion of the eye-ball. 

Enuresis {en-u-re' 'sis) [evovpeeiv, to be in- 
continent of urine]. The involuntary empty- 
ing of the bladder. E., Nocturnal, that oc- 
curring at night, during sleep. 

Enzyme {en'-zl?n) [ev, in; £v/u.q, leaven]. I. 
Any ferment formed within the living organ- 
ism. 2. A chemic ferment, as distinguished 
from organized ferments, such as the yeasts. 



Eosin {e / -o-sin) [/)o>c, the dawn], G, H 8 Br 4 O 5 . 
Tetrabromfluorescein ; an acid dye produced 
by the action of bromin on fluorescein sus- 
pended in glacial acetic acid. It occurs in 
red or yellowish crystals, and is used as a 
stain in histology. 

Eosinophile {e-o-sin f -o-fil) [eosin, (pihelv, to 
love]. Showing a peculiar affinity for eosin- 
stain or for acid-stains in general. 

Epencephalon {ep-en-sef '-al-on) [erri, on ; 
eyne(j>d?i.og , brain]. The after-brain or hind- 
brain ; the cerebellum and pons taken together. 

Ependyma {ep- en' '-dim -ah) [enevdv/xn, an 
upper garment]. The lining membrane of 
the cerebral ventricles and of the central canal 
of the spinal cord. 

Ependymitis {ep-en-dim-i' '-tis) [eirevdv/ua, an 
upper garment ; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the ependyma. 

Ephedra {ef '-e-drah) [fTrt, upon ; edpa, a seat] . 
A genus of plants of the Gnetaceas. E. anti- 
syphilitica, has been used in gonorrhea. Dose 
of the fluid extract, f ^j-ij (4.0-8.0). E. vul- 
garis, contains the alkaloid ephedrin, which 
is mydriatic. 

Ephelis {ef '-el-is) [hiri, on ; rjlog, wart] . A 
freckle. 

Ephemeral {ef-em' '-er-al) [hfrjfirjpog, living a 
day]. Temporary. Applied to fevers that 
pass away in a day. 

Ephidrosis {ef-id-ro' '-sis) [eni, upon ; Idpuag, 
sweating]. Excessive perspiration. See Hy- 
peridrosis. 

Epiblast {ep f -e-blast) [e-Ki, upon ; /3Aaar6g, a 
sprout]. The external or upper layer of the 
blastoderm ; called also the ectoderm, from 
which are developed the central nervous sys- 
tem and the epithelium of the sense-organs, 
the mucous membranes of the mouth and 
anus, the enamel of the teeth, the epidermis 
and its derivatives (hair, nails, glands, etc.). 

Epiblastic {ep-e-blast' -ik) [eiri, upon; (3?iaorog, 
a sprout] . Pertaining to or derived from the 
epiblast. 

Epibole, Epiboly {ep-ib' '-ol- e) [eni, upon ; 
fid'AXeiv, to throw]. The enclosure of the 
large yolk-mass of an invertebrate ovum by 
the overgrowth of cleavage-cells. 

Epicanthus {ep-e-kan' '-thus) [eni, on ; navdog, 
angle of the eye]. A fold of skin over the 
inner canthus of the eye. 

Epicondyle {ep-e-kon' -dll) [eiri, upon; kov- 
6v2.og, a knuckle]. An eminence upon a bone 
above its condyle. 

Epicranium {ep-e-kra' '-ne-tim) [erri, upon ; 
upaviov, cranium]. The structures covering 
the cranium. 

Epicranius {ep-e-kra' '-ne-us) [e~l, upon ; Kpa- 
viov, cranium] . The occipito-frontalis muscle. 

Epicystotomy {ep-e- sis-tot' '-o-me) \e-xi, upon ; 
Kvarig, a bladder; re/uverv. to cut]. Supra- 
pubic incision of the bladder. 



EPICYTE 



260 



EPIPHYSIS 



Epicyte (ep'-e-slt) [erzi, upon ; Kvroq, cell]. 
The cell- wall. 

Epidemic {ep-e-dem* ' -ik) [kwi, upon ; dfjimq, 
people]. Of a disease, affecting large num- 
bers, or spreading over a wide area. 

Epidemiography (ep-e-dem-e-og' '-ra-fe) [i~i, 
upon ; 6f/p.oq, people; ypdcpeiv, to write]. A 
description of epidemic diseases. 

Epidemiology (ep-e-dem-e-ol' -o-je) [ern, up- 
on ; dij/tog, people; Aoyoq, science]. The 
science of epidemic diseases. 

Epidermatic, Epidermic (ep-e-der-mat'-ik, 
-der'-nuk) [ett'l, upon; dep/ia, skin]. Re- 
lating to the epidermis. E. Method, a 
method of administering medicinal substances 
by applying them to the skin. 

Epidermis (ep-e-der' '-mis) [evrl, upon ; deppia, 
the skin]. The outer layer of the skin. The 
scarf-skin, consisting of a layer of horny cells, 
that protects the true skin. 

Epididymis (ep-e-did'-im-is) [hiri, upon; 
dtdvjuoL, the testes]. The small body lying 
above the testis. The superior end is the 
globus major, the inferior, the globus minor. 

Epididymitis (ep-e-did-im-i'-tis) [eTTididv/xi<;, 
epididymis; trig, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the epididymis. 

Epidural (ep-e-du' -ral) [kiri, upon ; durus, 
hard]. Situated upon or over the dura. 

Epigastric (ep-e-gas' '-trik) \kni, upon; yaoTrjp, 
belly]. Relating to the epigastrium. E. 
Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. 

Epigastrium (ep-e-gas' -tre-um) [kni, upon ; 
yaarrjp, stomach]. The upper and middle 
part of the abdominal surface corresponding 
to the position of the stomach ; the epigastric 
region. See Abdomen. 

Epigea, or Epigaea (ep-e-je' '-ah) \hd, upon ; 
yala, earth]. A genus of trailing ericaceous 
plants. E. repens, trailing arbutus of N. 
America; it has diuretic properties. See 
Trailing Arbutus. 

Epiglottic (ep-e-glof '-ik) \hwl, upon ; yTiurrig, 
glottis]. Relating to the epiglottis. 

Epiglottis (ep-e-glof '-is) [hiri, upon ; yAwrr/c, 
glottis]. A fibrocartilaginous structure that 
aids in preventing food and drink from pass- 
ing into the larynx. 

Epignathus (ep-ig'-na-thus) [e7n, upon; 
yvatioq, jaw]. A monstrosity in which the 
rudimentary organs of a twin are united to 
the superior maxillary bone. 

Epihyal Bone (ep-e-hi' '-al ') [£7rt, upon; hy- 
oid\ The stylohyoid ligament when it is 
ossified. 

Epilation (ep-il-a' -shun) [<?, out of; pilus, a. 
hair]. The extraction of hair. 

Epilating Forceps. Forceps for plucking 
out hairs. 

Epilepsy (ep'-il-ep-se) [kiviTi^iq, a laying hold 
of ]. A chronic nervous affection characterized 
by sudden loss of consciousness with general 



tonic and clonic convulsions, the paroxysms 
lasting but a short time. An epileptic seizure 
is often preceded by a peculiar sensation, or 
aura, and as the patient falls he sometimes 
makes an outcry, the epileptic cry. E., 
Cortical, E., Focal, or E., Jacksonian, 
spasmodic contractions in certain groups 
of muscles, with retention of consciousness, 
due to local disease of the cortex. E., 
Masked. E. larvata. In this, involuntary 
actions, often violent, replace the convulsion. 
E., Nocturnal, epilepsy in which the attack 
occurs during sleep. E., Procursive, a 
form in which the patient runs rapidly for- 
ward before falling. E., Spinal, paroxysms 
of clonic spasm in the lower extremities 
sometimes observed in the course of spastic 
paraplegia. 

Epileptic (ep-il-ep' -tik) [eTr&T/ijjis , a laying 
hold of]. I. Pertaining to or like epilepsy. 
2. One affected with epilepsy. E. Aura, 
E. Cry. See Epilepsy. E. Dementia, the 
dementia which is frequently the terminal 
stage of epilepsy. E. Equivalents, transi- 
ent psychic disturbances replacing the typic 
convulsions. E. Mania, mania following 
or taking the place of the fit. 

Epileptiform (ep-il-ep' -tif-orm) [eTtA^vc, a 
laying hold of; forma, form]. Resembling 
an epileptic attack. 

Epileptogenous (ep - il- ep - loj'- en - tis) [etti- 
Arjrpig, epilepsy; ytvvav, to produce]. Pro- 
ducing epilepsy. 

Epileptoid (ep-il-ep' toid) [eTT&T/ipic, a laying 
hold of; elSog, likeness]. Resembling epi- 
lepsy. 

Epimysium (ep-e-me'-ze-zem) [errl, upon ; ixvq, 
a muscle] . The sheath of areolar tissue sur- 
rounding a muscle. 

Epineurium (ep-e-nu' -re-um) \kixi, upon ; 
vsvpov, a nerve]. The connective-tissue 
sheath of a nerve-trunk. 

Epipastic (ep- e - pas' - tik ) [ eTu-rraoaeiv, to 
sprinkle]. Having the qualities of a dusting 
powder. 

Epiphenomenon (ep- e-fe-nom' -en-on) \_ewi, 
on ; (paivojxevov, phenomenon]. An excep- 
tional sequence or unusual complication aris- 
ing in the course of a disease. 

Epiphora (ep-if -or-ah) [eiri, upon; <f>epecv, 
to bear]. A persistent overflow of tears, due 
to excessive secretion or to impeded outflow 
through the lacrymal channels. 

Epiphyseal, or Epiphysial (ep-e-flz'-e-al) 
[krci, upon; <pveiv, to grow]. Relating to or 
of the nature of an epiphysis. 

Epiphyseitis (ep-e-fiz-e-i' -tis) [e-irtyvcig, an 
epiphysis ; ircg, inflammation] . Inflamma- 
tion of an epiphysis. 

Epiphysis (ep-if ' -is-is) [e^i, upon ; <pveiv, to 
grow]. A process of bone attached for a 
time to another bone by cartilage, but in most 



EPIPHYSITIS 



261 



ERASION 



cases soon becoming consolidated with the 
principal bone. E. cerebri, the pineal gland. 

Epiphysitis {ep-if-is-i* -tis). See Epiphyse- 
itis. 

Epiphyte (ep'-e-flt) [etzl, upon ; <f>vrov, a 
plant] . A vegetable parasite growing on the 
exterior of the body. 

Epipial [cp-e-pe' '-at) \e~1, upon; pia mater~\. 
Upon the pia mater. 

Epiplocele (ep-ip / -lo-sel) [eTrtTTAoov, caul ; 
K/f/.i], hernia] . A hernia containing omentum. 

Epiploic \ep-ip-lo f -ik) [s7ri.TrA.oov, caul]. Re- 
lating or belonging to the omentum. E. 
Appendages, small pouches of peritoneum 
tilled with fat, found on the colon. 

Epiploon {ep-ip r -lo-on) \etxltxaelv, to float 
upon~|. The omentum. 

Episcleral [ep-e-skle / -ral) \et'l, upon ; gkAt]- 
pog, hard]. Situated on the outside of the 
sclerotic coat. 

Episcleritis (ep-e-skle-ri f -tis) [kiri, upon ; 
gk7.t]p6q, hard; trig, inflammation]. An in- 
flammation of the subconjunctival tissues, or 
of the sclera itself. 

Episiorrhaphy (ep-is-e-or'-a-fe) [kmoeiov, 
pubes ; pafyrj, seam]. An operation for the 
repair of tears about the vulva. 

Episiostenosis [ep-is-e-o-sten-o' -sis) \ettlgeiov, 
pubes; gtevoq, narrow]. Contraction or 
narrowing of the vulva. 

Episiotomy [ep-is-e-of '-o-me) [ett'igeiov, vulva ; 
rouf], section]. Incision through the vulva in 
childbirth, to prevent rupture of the perineum 
and to facilitate labor. 

Epispadias (ep-e-spad / -e-as) \etti, above; 
G~deiv, to pierce] . A condition in which the 
urethra opens on the upper part of the penis, 
either on the dorsum or on the glans. 

Epispastic [ep-e-spas' '-tik) [coupon; OTvaois, 
a drawing]. I. Blistering. 2. A substance 
producing a blister. 

Epistaxis {ep-is-taks* -is) [ettlgtci^elv, to cause 
to drop]. Hemorrhage from the nose. 

Episternal [ep-e-stur' '-nal) \_ettl, upon ; orip- 
vov, the sternum]. Above the sternum. 

Epithelial {ep-e-the'-le-al) \etxl, upon; djjArj, 
a nipple]. Pertaining to or made up of epi- 
thelium. 

Epithelioid {ep-e-the'-le-oid) [ett'l, upon; 
Or/?,r/, nipple ; eldog, likeness] . Resembling 
epithelium. 

Epithelioma (ep-e-the-le-o / -mah) [ett'l, upon ; 
Ol'Ai], nipple; 6/j.a, a tumor]. Properly, any 
tumor in which epithelium forms the promi- 
nent element ; by usage the word is restricted 
to carcinoma of the skin and mucous mem- 
branes. 

Epithelium {ep-e-the f -le-um) [ett'l, upon; 
OfjAfj, nipple] . A term applied to the group 
of cells that forms the epidermis, that lines all 
canals having communication with the exter- 
nal air, and that are specialized for secretion 



in certain glands, as the liver, kidneys, etc. 
Epithelium is divided according to the shape 
and arrangement of the cells into columnar, 
cuboidal, flat, pavement, squamous, stratified, 
tessellated, and transitional epithelium; ac- 
cording to function into protective and glandu- 
lar or secreting. E., Ciliated, a form in which 
the cells bear vibratile filaments or cilia on 
their free extremities. E., Transitional, that 
intermediate between simple and stratified. 

Epitrochlea [ep-e-trok'-le-ah) [eki, upon ; 
rpoxnAia, a pulley]. The internal condyle 
of the humerus. 

Epizoon [ep-e-zo' '-on) [ett'i, upon ; £gjov, an 
animal]. An animal parasite living upon the 
exterior of the body. 

Epizootic [ep-e-zo- of '-ik) [ett'i, upon ; (,(Jov, 
animal]. An epidemic disease of the lower 
animals. 

Epoophoron (ep-o-offi'-or-on) [ett'l, upon ; 
tiov, egg ; <j)£p£iv, to bear] . The parovarium. 

Epsom Salt {ep f -sum). See Magnesium. 

Epulis (ep - u f - lis) [ett'l, upon ; ovAa, the 
gums]. A tumor of the alveolar processes 
of the jaws. E., Malignant, a giant-cell 
sarcoma of the jaw. 

Equation {e-kwa f -zhun) [cequare, to make 
equal]. In chemistry, a collection of sym- 
bols so arranged as to indicate the reaction 
that will take place if the bodies represented 
by the symbols be brought together. E., 
Personal, an allowance for individual pecu- 
liarity or error in an observer's work. 

Equator ( e - kzva' - tor ) \cequare, to make 
equal]. An imaginary circle surrounding a 
sphere so as to divide it into equal halves. 
E. of a Cell, the boundary of the plane 
through which division takes place. E. of 
the Eye, the sequator oculi ; a line joining 
the four extremities of the transverse and 
vertical axes of the eye. 

Equilibrating 0^xzX\ori{e-kwil f -ib-ra-ting). 
An operation on the ocular muscles to equal- 
ize their action in cases of squint. 

Equilibration [e-kwil-ib-ra' '-shun) \cequili- 
brare, to balance equally]. The mainten- 
ance of equilibrium. 

Equilibrium [e - kwil- ib / - re - tint) \cequus, 
equal; libra, balance]. A state of balance. 

Equinia [e-kwin' ' -e-ah) \jquus, a horse]. 
Glanders ; farcy. 

Equivalence, Equivalency {e-kwiv'-al-ens, 
e-quiv' ' -al-en-se) [ceqztus, equal ; valere, to be 
worth]. The property possessed by an ele- 
ment or radicle of replacing another element 
or radicle in a compound body in definite 
proportions. 

Equivalent [e-kwiv f -al-ent) \jzquus, equal ; 
valere, to be worth]. Of equal valency ; 
having the same value. 

Erasion (e- ra / - zhun) [<?, out ; radere, to 
scrape]. The act of scraping. 



ERB'S PALSY 



262 



ERYSIPELATOUS 



Erb's Palsy. A paralysis involving the del- 
toid, biceps, brachialis anticus, and supinator 
longus ; often also the supinator brevis, and 
at times the infraspinatus ; rarely the sub- 
scapularis. It is traumatic in origin ; it may 
occur during birth. 

Erectile {e-rek f -til) \_erigere, to set up]. Hav- 
ing the quality of becoming erect. E. Tis- 
sue, a tissue consisting of a network of ex- 
pansile capillaries that under stimulus be- 
come engorged with blood and cause erection 
of the part. 

Erection {e-rek' -shziri) [erigere, to set up]. 
The state of being erect, as erection of the 
penis or clitoris. 

Erector {e-rek' '-tor) \erigere, to erect]. A 
muscle that produces erection of a part. 
See Muscles, Table of. E. pili, the unstriped 
muscular fibers causing the erection of the 
hair and the phenomenon called goose-flesh 
or goose-skin. 

Eremacausis {er - e - mak - aiv* '- sis) [rjpsiia, 
slowly ; navcie, burning]. Slow oxidation 
or gradual decay, without combustion. 

Erethism, Erethismus (er'-e-thizni, er-e- 
thiz / -mus) [kpsdicfioq, irritation]. An abnor- 
mal increase of nervous irritability. 

Erethismic or Erethistic {er-e-thiz'-mik, 
er-e-this' '-tik) \_epedi(j/j.6c, irritation]. Relating 
to, or affected with, erethism. 

Erg [epyov, work]. A unit of work, represent- 
ing the work done in moving a body against 
the force of one dyne through a space of 
one centimeter. 

Ergot, or Ergota (iir r -got, or ur-go' '-tali) 
[Fr., ergot, a spur]. The sclerotium of the 
Claviceps purpurea, a fungus growing on rye. 
It is a vasomotor stimulant and causes con- 
traction of the involuntary muscles. It is used 
to control hemorrhage, and to cause uterine 
contraction ; it is also employed in cerebral 
and spinal congestion, in diabetes insipidus, 
and in night-sweats. Dose gr.x-^j (0.65- 
4.0). E., Ext., Fid. Dose f^ss-f'^ss (2.0- 
16.0). E., Ext., — Ergotin. Dose gr. ij-xx 
(o. 13-I.3), hypodermically gr. ~%.-\ (0.016- 
0.32). E., Infus. (B. P.). Dosef^j-ij 
(32.0-64.0). Injectio ergotinae hypoder- 
mica (B. P.), ergotin I, camphor-water 2. 
Dose subcutaneously mTij-x (0.2—0.65). E., 
Tinctura (B. P.). Dose rr\x-f3J (0.65- 
4.0). 

Ergotin [ur* '-go-tin). See Ergot. 

Ergotinin [ur-got f -in-hi) [Fr., ergot, a spur], 
C 35 H 40 N 4 O 6 . An alkaloid from ergot of rye. 

Ergotism (ur f -got-izm) [Fr. , ergot, a spur]. 
The constitutional effects following the pro- 
longed use of ergot, or of grain containing the 
fungus, claviceps purpurea. The symptoms 
are of two types, either a spasmodic form 
with contractions and cramps of the muscles, 
or a form characterized by dry gangrene. 



Erigeron (er-ij* '-er-ou) [^ptykpuv, groundsel]. 
Fleabane. The plant E. canadense, having 
physiologic actions like those of oil of turpen- 
tine, but less irritant. It contains oil of erigeron , 
and is used as a hemostatic. E. bellidifolium 
and E. philadelphicum afford similar oils, 
and have the same properties. Erigerontis, 
Oleum. Dose ITLx-f^ss (0.65-2.0). Unof. 

Eriodictyon {er-e-o-dik' '-te-on) [epiov, wool ; 
6'lktvov, a net]. Yerba Santa or mountain- 
balm. The leaves of E. glutinosum, a shrub 
of California, an expectorant, and an excipient 
for quinin, the taste of which it largely con- 
ceals. E., Ext., Fid. Dose n\xv-f^j (1.0- 
4.0) E., Ext. Dose gr. ij-x (0.13-0.65). 

Erosion (e-ro'-zhun) \_erodere, to eat out]. 
The eating away of tissue. 

Erotic {er-ot'-ik) [epug, love]. Pertaining to 
the sexual passion. 

Erotomania {er-ot-o-ma f -ne-ah) \_epuc, love ; 
fiavia, madness]. Morbid exaggeration of 
the affections, usually toward the opposite 
sex. 

Errhine {er f -iii) [ev, in; pic, the nose]. I. 
Causing discharges from the nose. 2. A med- 
icine that increases nasal secretions ; a ster- 
nutatory. 

Eructation {e-ruk-ta f ~shuii) [eructare, to 
belch]. Belching. 

Eruption {e-rup'-shun) \erumpere, to burst 
out]. A bursting forth, especially applied to 
the skin-lesions of the exanthematous dis- 
eases. 

Eruptive (e-rup / -th') \_erumpere, to burst out] . 
Attended by an eruption, as an eruptive fever. 

Erysipelas {er-is-ip'-el-as) [kpvdpoc, red; 
rre/./.a, skin]. An acute infectious disease, 
due to the streptococcus erysipelatosus (which 
is probably identical with the streptococcus 
pyogenes), and characterized by an inflamma- 
tion of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. 
E., ambulans. See E., Wandering. E., 
Facial, erysipelas of the face, the most com- 
mon form. After an initial chill the temper- 
ature rises very high ; there may be vomiting 
and delirium, and the disease may rapidly 
spread over a great part of the body. The 
affected area is swollen, has a deep-red color, 
an elevated margin, and itches. E., Idio- 
pathic, erysipelas occurring without any 
visible wound. E. migrans. See £., 
Wandering. E., Phlegmonous, a form of 
erysipelas in which there is pus-formation. 
E., Surgical or Traumatic, erysipelas 
occurring in the site of a wound. E., 
Wandering, a form in which the erysipela- 
tous process successively disappears from one 
part of the body to appear subsequently at 
another part. 

Erysipelatous [er-is-ip-el'-at-us) [hpvdpoc, 
red ; Tre'/Jia, skin]. Of the nature of or af- 
fected with erysipelas. 



ERYTHEMA 



263 



ESOPHAGOTOMY 



Erythema {er-ith-e'-??iah)[kpvdaiveiv, to make 
red]. A redness of the skin occurring in 
patches of variable size and shape. E. an- 
nulare, a form of E. multiforme, in which 
the lesions shrink and desquamate at the cen- 
ter, but continue to extend at the periphery 
by a raised margin. E. intertrigo, intertrigo ; 
a hyperemia of the skin occurring where the 
folds of the integument come in contact. The 
epidermis may be abraded. E. multiforme, 
an acute inflammatory skin-disease, character- 
ized by reddish macules, papules, or tubercles, 
usually appearing on the legs and forearms. 
It is often ushered in by gastric distress and 
rheumatic pains. E. nodosum, dermatitis 
contusiformis, an inflammatory disease char- 
acterized by the formation, especially on the 
tibial surfaces, of rounded, elevated, erythe- 
matous nodules. E., Symptomatic, a hyper- 
emia of the skin either diffuse or in nonele- 
vated patches. It is either idiopathic, as 
when arising from the action of the sun, E. 
solare, or due to various poisons, E. ven- 
enatum, or it is symptomatic of systemic 
disease or gastrointestinal disorder. 

Erythematous {er-ith-em' '-at-us) [kpvdatvetv, 
to make red]. Of the nature of erythema. 

Erythrea {er-ith-ree' '-ah) [kpvdpog, red]. A 
genus of plants of the Gentianacece. E. 
centaurium, is the European centaury. 

Ery threm elalgia [er-ith - rem - el- al'-je - ah) . 
See Erythromelalgia. 

Erythroblast {er-ith' -ro-blasf) [kpvdpog, red ; 
A'Aaarog, germ]. A rudimentary red blood- 
corpuscle. 

Erythrocyte {er-ith' -ro-slt) [kpvdpdg, red; 
Kvrog, cell]. A red blood-corpuscle. 

Erythrodextrin {er-ith-ro-deks' -trin) [kpvd- 
pog, red; dexter, right]. A dextrin formed 
by the action of saliva on starch. It yields a 
red color with iodin. 

Erythrogranulose {er - ith - ro -gran'- u - Ids) 
[kpvdpog, red; granulum, a little grain]. A 
granular substance, found in starch-grains, 
coloring red with iodin. 

Erythromelalgia {er- ith - ro - mel- al'-je - ah) 
[kpvdpog, red ; /ueXog, limb; al yog, pain]. An 
affection of the distal parts of the extremi- 
ties, particularly the feet, characterized by 
redness and neuralgic pain. The disease is 
very obstinate ; its pathology is not well un- 
derstood. It may be a vasomotor neurosis, 
a neuritis of the peripheral nerves, or it may 
be due to changes in the spinal cord. 

Erythrophlein {er-ith-rof'-le-in) [kpvdpog, 
red; faoiog, bark], A poisonous alkaloid 
from Casca bark. 

Erythrophleum {er-ith-rof'-le-um). Casca 
Bark. 

Erythropsia {er-ith-rop' -se-ah) [kpvdpog, red ; 
oTpiq, vision]. An abnormality of vision in 
which all objects appear red ; red vision. 



Erythroxylin {er-ith-roks'-il-in) [kpvdpog, 
red ; f vXov, wood]. Synonym of cocain. 

Erythroxylon {er-ith-roks' -il-on) [kpvdpog, 
red ; t-'v'Aov, wood : gen. , Erythroxyli~\ . Coca, 
Cuca. The leaves of £. coca, a shrub in- 
digenous to the Andes. It contains an al- 
kaloid, cocain, C 17 H 21 N0 4 , to which its 
properties are mainly due. It is an aromatic 
tonic and cerebral stimulant. E. coca 
(B. P.). Dose gr. ij-xv (0.13-1.0). Cocse, 
Ext., Fid. Dose ir^xx-f^ (1.3-4.0). 
Extractum cocae liquid. (B. P.). Dose 
rr^xx-f^j (1.3-4.0). See Coca. 

Eschar {es'-kar) [kax&pa, a scab]. A slough, 
especially that produced by the thermocautery. 
E., Neuropathic. A bedsore. 

Escharotic {es-kar-ot'-ik) [kaxapuriKSg"] . I. 
Caustic ; producing a slough. 2. A sub- 
stance that produces an eschar ; a caustic. 

Eserin {es'-er-in) [Esere, native name of the 
plant or bean]. See Physostigma. 

Esmarch's Bandage, or Apparatus. An 
elastic rubber bandage used upon a limb to be 
amputated, in order to drive the blood out of 
it by the pressure of progressive turns about 
the limb toward the trunk. E.'s Tubes, 
tubes on the sides of which agar or gelatin has 
been solidified in a thin layer, by rapid turn- 
ing of the tube on ice or under ice-water. 

Esodic {e-sod'-ik) [kg, into ; 666g, way]. 
Afferent. 

Esophageal {e-sof-aj' -e-al) [olaotpayog, eso- 
phagus]. Pertaining or belonging to the 
esophagus. 

Esophagismus {e-sof-aj-iz' -mus) [olcofyayog , 
esophagus]. Spasmodic contraction of the 
esophagus. 

Esophagitis {e-sof-aj-i'-tis) [olcotpayog, eso- 
phagus ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the esophagus. 

Esophagocele {e-sof'-ag-o-sel) [olcotyayog, 
esophagus; ktjTitj, hernia]. An abnormal dis- 
tention of a portion of the esophagus. 

Esophagomycosis (<?- sof- ag -o-mi-ko'- sis) 
\olao<pdyog, esophagus; p-VKijg, a fungus]. 
Disease of the esophagus caused by fungi. 

Esophagoscope {e-sof-ag'-o-skop) [oicoipayog, 
esophagus ; gkotveIv, to view] . An instru- 
ment for examining the interior of the eso- 
phagus by artificial light. 

Esophagospasm {e-sof'-ag-o-spazm). See 
Esophagismus. 

Esophagostenosis (<? - sof- ag-o- sten - 0'- sis) 
[olootyayog, esophagus ; creucoatg, constric- 
tion]. Constriction of the esophagus. 

Esophagostomy {e-sof-ag-os'-to-me) [oloo- 
(pdyog, esophagus ; arojia, mouth]. The for- 
mation of an artificial opening in the esoph- 
agus. 

Esophagotomy {e-sof-ag-of -o-me) [olcoipayog, 
esophagus; rofiij, a cutting]. Opening of 
the esophagus by an incision. 



ESOPHAGUS 



264 



ETHYLENE 



Esophagus {e-sof -ag-us) [oepeiv, oloe.iv, to 
carry ; (payelv, to eat]. The gullet, a mus- 
culomembranous canal, about nine inches in 
length, extending from the pharynx to the 
stomach. 

Esophoria (es-o-fo'-re-ah) [ecw, inward ; 
(popelv, to bear]. See Heterophoria. 

Esotropia {e-so-tro* '-pe-ah) [ecu, inward ; 
rperreiv, to turn] . Convergent strabismus. 

Essence (es'-ens) \_essentia, essence]. I. 
That which gives to anything its character or 
peculiar quality. 2. The peculiar qualities 
of a drug extracted and reduced to a small 
compass. 3. A solution of an essential oil 
in alcohol. 

Essential (es-en' '-shal) \essentia, essence]. 

1. Pertaining to the essence of a substance. 

2. Of diseases, occurring without a known 
cause. E. Oils, the volatile oils, obtained 
from aromatic plants by distillation or fer- 
mentation. 

Esthesiometer (es-the-ze-otn' -e-ter) [alcdrjai^, 
sensation ; /lirpov, a measure]. An instru- 
ment for measuring tactile sensibility. 

Esthiomene [es-the-om' '-en-e) [e<jOto/j.iv?}, eat- 
ing]. Lupus exedens. 

Estlander's Operation. An excision of 
portions of one or more ribs for the relief of 
empyema. 

Etat Mamellone (et-ah-niah-mel-on-d) [Fr.]. 
A condition of the stomach in chronic gas- 
tritis in which there is a projection of small 
elevations consisting of hyperplastic mucous 
membrane. 

Ethene (eth'-en). Same as Ethylene. E. 
Chlorid, C 2 H 4 C1 2 . Dutch liquid. An anes- 
thetic resembling chloroform, but less danger- 
ous. 

Ether (e'-iher) \jzther ; aWi/p, the upper air]. 

1. The subtle fluid filling space and pene- 
trating all bodies, the medium of transmis- 
sion of light, heat, electricity, and magnetism. 

2. A compound formed hypothetically from 
H 2 by the substitution of two alcohol-radi- 
cles for the H. 3. Diethylicoxid (C 2 H 5 ) 2 0, 
a thin, colorless, volatile, and highly inflam- 
mable liquid, known also as ethyl ic ether or 
sulphuric ether, as sulphuric acid is used in 
its manufacture. Its chief use is as an anes- 
thetic, it beingless dangerous than chloroform. 
It is also employed as a cardiac stimulant in 
sudden heart-failure, and as a carminative. 
Dose by the mouth rr^xxx-f^ ss (2.0-16.0) 
in ice-water. E., Acetic, has properties 
like those of ethylic ether. Dose Ttbx-f^j 
(0.65-4.0). E. fortior, contains 94 per 
cent, of ethylic oxid. Dose TT^ x-f gj (0.65- 
4.0). E., Hydriodic, unof. Dose for in- 
halation Vf\xv (i.o). E., Hydrobromic, 
unof. Dose n^x-^j (0.65-4.0). Spiritus 
setheris compositus. See Hoffmann's Ano- 
dyne. 



Ethereal (e-the' '-re-al) \_cether, the upper air]. 
I. Pertaining to the ether. 2. Made of 
ether, as E. tinctures. 3. Volatile. 

Etherization (e - ther - iz - a f - shmn) \jzther, 
ether]. The administration of ether to pro- 
duce anesthesia. This is effected by in- 
halation of the vapor. 

Etherize {e'-ther-lz) \cether, ether]. To 
administer ether. 

Ethidene (eth' -id-en) \cether, ether], C 2 H 4 . 
Ethylidene ; a bivalent radicle. E. Chlorid, 
or Dichlorid, a colorless fluid, tasting and 
smelling like chloroform. It has been used 
as a general anesthetic. See Anesthetic. 

Ethmocephalus (eth-mo-sef -al-us) [ififidg, 
ethmoid; Keda/.r/, head]. A variety of sin- 
gle autositic monsters in which there is a 
rudimentary nose in the shape of a pro- 
boscis terminating anteriorly in two imperfect 
nostrils or in a single opening. 

Ethmoid {eth' -moid) [i/O/uoc;, a sieve; eldog, 
likeness]. The sieve-like bone of the nose, 
perforated for the transmission of the olfac- 
torv nerve ; it forms a part of the base of the 
skull. 

Ethmoid or Ethmoidal (eth'-moid, eth-moi'- 
da!) [jjdfiog, sieve ; eldog, likeness]. Relat- 
ing to the ethmoid bone. 

Ethnology {eth-nol' -o-je) \jtdvoc, a nation ; 
/-6yoq, science]. The comparative study of 
the races of mankind. 

Ethoxycaffein (eth-oks-e-kaf f -e-in), C 10 H 14 - 
N 4 3 . A remedy recommended in herpes 
zoster and migraine. Dose gr. iv (0.26). 
Unof. 

Ethyl (eth'-il) [aidqp, ether; v/?j, material]. 
The alcohol - radicle, C 2 H 5 . E. Alcohol, 
ordinary alcohol of the pharmacopeia. See 
Alcohol. E. Bromid, C 2 H 5 Br, Bromethyl ; 
monobromethane. A rapid and transient an- 
esthetic. See Anesthetic. E. Bromid, Liq., 
I in 200, used in angina pectoris. Dose 
f^ss-ij (16.0-64.0). Unof. E. Carbamate. 
Urethane. E. Chlorid, C 2 H 5 C1, an anes- 
thetic resembling chloroform in action. E. 
Iodid, C 2 H 5 I, hydriodic ether, used to re- 
lieve the dyspnea of bronchitic asthma and 
edematous laryngitis. Dose to be inhaled, 
X(\y (0.32), three or four times daily. Unof. 
E. Oxid. See Ether. 

Ethylate (et/d-il-dt). A compound of ethylic 
alcohol in which the H of the hydroxyl is 
replaced by a base. 

Ethyl-chloral-urethane. See Somnal. 

Ethylene (eth'- il-en) [o'ltirjp, ether; vhj, 
matter]. Olefiant gas, C 2 H 4 . A colorless, 
poisonous gas, which burns with a bright, 
luminous flame, and when mixed with air ex- 
plodes violently. It is one of the constituents 
of illuminating gas. E. Bromid, a light, 
brownish-colored liquid with the formula, C 2 - 
H 4 Br 2 . It has been used in epilepsy. Dose 



ETHYLENE-IMID 



265 



EUTOCIA 



rr\J/(-2 (0.05-0.13). Unof. E. Chlorid, 
E. Bichlorid. See Ethene Chlorid. E.- 
diamin, a non-poisonous base isomeric with 
ethylidene-diamin. 

Ethylene-imid {etk*- il-en-im'- id ), C 2 H 5 N. 
A nonpoisonous base found in cholera-cul- 
tures. 

Ethylidene (eth-il' -id-en). See Ethidene. 

Ethylidene-diamin {eth-il' '-id-en di'-a-min) 
C 2 H 4 ,(NH 2 ) 2 . A poisonous ptomain obtained 
from decomposing haddock. Injections into 
mice and guinea-pigs produce hypersecretion 
from mouth, nose, and eyes, mydriasis, exoph- 
thalmos, great dyspnea, and death. 

Ethyl-phenyl-carbamate, Ethyl-phenyl- 
urethane. See Enphorin. 

Etiologic {e-te-ol-oj f -ik) \a\rla, a cause ; ?i6yog, 
science] . Pertaining to etiology. 

Etiology [e-te-oV '-o-je) [airia, a cause ; Tidyoq, 
science]. The causation of disease. 

Eucalyptol {u-kal-ip' '-tol) [ev, well ; kclAvit- 
teiv, to cover], C 10 H 18 O. A neutral principle 
obtained from the volatile oil of Eucalyptus 
globulus, and of some other species of Euca- 
lyptus. It is used in bronchitis and malaria, 
and also in ear-diseases and in urethritis, and 
externally in various liniments and washes. 
Dose n\v-x (0.32-0.65), in capsules, three 
times daily. 

Eucalyptus {u-kal-ip' '-tus) \ev, well ; kclXvtc- 
telv, to cover] . The leaves of E. globulus, 
native to Australia, but now cultivated in 
California. It contains a volatile oil, from 
which eucalyptol is obtained. The properties 
largely depend on the volatile oil. Eucalyptus 
has been used as an antiseptic, as a stimulant 
to mucous membranes, as an antispasmodic 
in asthma, in migraine, and, with doubtful 
success, in malaria. E., Oleum, the vola- 
tile oil. Dose TT\v (o. 32) in capsules or emul- 
sion. E., Unguentum (B. P.), contains 20 
per cent, of E. 01. 

Euchlorhydria {11-klor-hy' -dre-a) \ev, well ; 
X^upSg, green ; vdcjp, water]. The presence 
of a normal amount of hydrochloric acid in 
the gastric juice. 

Eugenia (u-je'-ne-ah) [after Prince Eugene, 
of Savoy]. A genus of trees and shrubs, 
mostly tropical, among which are E. caryo- 

phylata, which yields caryophyllus, and E. 
pi?nenta, which produces pimenta. 

Eugenic Acid {u-jen f -ik). See Eugenol. 

Eugenol (u'-jen-ol) [See Eugenia\ C 10 - 
H ]2 2 . Eugenic Acid; a phenol-like com- 
pound that occurs in clove-oil and in allspice, 
and is convertible into vanillin. It is used as 
an antiseptic, and as a local anesthetic in den- 
tistry. Dose gr. xv (1.0) well diluted. Unof. 

Eunuch (u'-nuk) [evvovxog, guardian of the 
couch]. A male whose genital organs have 
been removed or mutilated so as to render 
him impotent. 



Euonymin {ii-on f -im-iii). A precipitate from 
the tincture of wahoo ; it is tonic, laxative, 
and expectorant. Dose ^ to 3 grains (0.032- 
0.2). Unof. 

Euonymus [u-on'-im-us) [evgjvv/ioc, having a 
good name]. Wahoo, the Dark of E. atropur- 
pureus, a mild purgative and cholagogue. 
E., Ext. Dose gr. j-v (0.065-0.32). 

Eupatorium {u-pat-o f -re-um) [evTrardpiov, 
agrimony]. I. A genus of cdmposite -flow- 
ered plants. The leaves and flowering-tops 
of E. perfoliatum, thoroughwort, or boneset. 
It is a bitter tonic, diaphoretic, and feeble 
emetic. Dose of the powder gr. xx-xxx 
(1.3-2.0). E., Ext., Fid. Dose TT\x-f3J 
(0.65-4.0). 

Euphorbia {ti-for' '-be-ah). A genus of trees, 
shrubs, and herbs, yielding a milky juice. 
E. resinifera, of Africa, affords euphorbium. 
E. corollata, E. ipecacuanha, Ameri- 
can species, have been employed in medicine 
on account of their emetic, diaphoretic, and 
expectorant properties. E. pilulifera, of 
S. America and Australia, is used in asthma 
and bronchitis. Dose of the extract gr. j 
(0.065) > of the fluid extract f ^ ss-j (2.0-4.0) ; 
of the tincture f 3 ss-j (2.0-4.0). 

Euphorbium {tc-for' '-be-um) . An acrid gum- 
resin obtained from Euphorbia resinifera. 
It is strongly purgative and vesicant, and is 
now mainly employed in veterinary medicine. 

Euphoria {u-for f -e-ah) [evtyopoq, easily car- 
ried]. The sense of well-being ; health. 

Euphorin {u f -for-in) [evfyopoq, easily car- 
ried] , C 9 2 H u . Phenyl-urethan , a white crys- 
talline powder derived from anilin. It is re- 
commended as an analgesic and antipyretic 
in neuralgia and rheumatism. Dose gr. v- 
xxx (0.32-2.0) daily. 

Euplastic {u-plas / -tik) \_ev, well ; kAclgoeiv, 
to form]. Capable of being transformed into 
healthy tissue. 

Eupnea (up-ne / -ah) \_ev, well ; ttveecv, to 
breathe]. Normal or easy respiration. 

Europhen {u'-ro-fen). Diisobutylorthocre- 
sol iodid. An amorphous yellow powder re- 
commended as a substitute for iodoform. It 
is used hypodermatically in doses of gr. 
J^-iss in syphilis. 

Eustachian [u-sta f -ke-an) \_Eustachio, an 
Italian anatomist]. E. Catheter, a catheter 
for introduction into the Eustachian tube ; it is 
introduced along the floor of the nose. E. 
Tube, the osseocartilaginous canal extend- 
ing from the tympanum to the pharynx. E. 
Valve, a prolongation of the lining mem- 
brane of the inferior vena cava into the right 
auricle of the fetal heart. 

Euthanasia {u-than-a'-ze-ah) [ev, well ; 
ddvaroc, death] . An easy or calm death. 

Eutocia (u-to'-ke-ah) [ev, well; r<koc, child- 
birth]. Natural or easy childbirth. 



EVACUANT 



266 



EXANTHEMA 



Evacuant (e - vak' - u - ant ) \evacuare, to 
empty]. I. Emptying. 2. A medicine 
that causes the emptying of an organ, es- 
pecially the bowels ; a purgative. 

Evacuation {e-vak-u-a' 'shun) \_evacuare, to 
empty] . I . The act of emptying, especially 
of the bowels. 2. That which is evacuated. 

Evacuator {e - vak ; - u- a- tor) [evacuare, to 
empty]. An agent to produce emptying, 
especially aft instrument for removing from 
the bladder fragments of stone after litho- 
lapaxy. 

Evaporation (e - vap - or - a f - shun) \e priv. : 
vapor, vapor]. The conversion of a liquid 
into vapor. 

Eventration {e-ven-tra* 'shun) \e, out of; 
venter, the belly] . Protrusion of the abdom- 
inal viscera through the abdominal walls. 

Eversion {e-ver f shun) \_eversio y a turning 
out] . A turning outward. 

Evisceration [e-vis-er-a' 'shun) [<?, out ; vis- 
cera, the bowels]. The removal of the vis- 
cera. E. of the Eye, removal of the entire 
contents of the globe of the eye, leaving the 
sclerotic intact. E., Obstetric, the removal 



of the abdominal or thoracic viscera of the 
fetus to facilitate delivery. 

Evolution {ev-o-lu f shun) \evolvere, to un- 
roll]. The process of unfolding or develop- 
ing from a simple to a complex, specialized, 
perfect form. E., Spontaneous, a series 
of changes whereby a shoulder-presentation 
is transformed within the pelvis into a com- 
bined breech-and-shoulder-presentation and 
delivery effected without artificial aid. 

Evulsion (e-vul' 'shun) [evellere, to pluck 
out] . The forcible tearing or plucking away 
of a part. 

Exacerbation [eks-as-er-ba f shun) \_exacer- 
bare, to be violent]. An increase in the 
symptoms of a disease. 

Exalgin [eks-aV -jin) [ef, out; aXyog, pain], 
C 9 H u NO. Methylacetanilid ; a benzene de- 
rivative allied to phenacetin. It is an anal- 
gesic and antipyretic in doses of from one- 
half to four grains (0.032-0.26). Unof. 

Exanthema, or Exanthem {eks-an r -them-ah, 
eks-an' '-them) [^k^avdrjfjLa, eruption]. I. An 
eruption upon the skin. 2. Any exanthema- 
tous or eruptive fever. 









TABLE OF 


EXANTHEMATA. 








% 

< 


ft. z 



°E 
< 

~ m 
a d 
u u 


Z 

fc Z - 

O O 

w </j 
< 

< > 

ifi 


£ , z 

<- u 

H 5 


a Z 
w 

« * 

(J d. 
O 


zi 

« « 



z" 



H 
< 
U 
O 
J 


■ 

< 
2 . 

in H 
W 

Q 


z u 

23 

H W 

< t/3 




3 w 

> z 

z w 

u 


Cerebro- 
spinal 
Menin- 
gitis. 


Un- 
known. 


Sud- 
den. 


2d to 4th 
day. 


Herpes labi- 
alis, pur- 
puric spots, 
dusky ery- 
thema. 




Herpes on 
lips ; pur- 
puric spots 
over entire 
body. 




Varia- 
ble; 
many 

seque- 
lae. 


Lysis. 


Erysipe- 
las. 


Few 
hours 
to 3 or 
4 days. 


1 to 3 
days. 


Within 
24 hours. 


Bright-red, 
shining 
patches, 
with well- 
defined 
raised mar- 
gin. 


4 to 8 days. 


Begins usu- 
ally on 
face ; may 
spread to 
trunk and 
arms. In 
the trau- 
matic form 
begins at 
thewound. 


Branny or 
in large 
flakes. 


1 to 3 

weeks. 


Crisis. 


Measles. 


10 to 12 
days. 


days. 


4th day. 


Small, dark- 
red maculae 
arranged in 
crescentic 
form. Com- 
plete in 24 
hours. 


4 to 5 days. 


Face ; then 
downward 
over body. 


Branny. 8- 
11 days. 


2 
weeks. 


Crisis. 


Rotheln. 


8 to 17 
days. 


24 to 

48 
hours 


Within 
48 hours. 


Rose-colored, 
rounded, 
discrete 
maculae. 


3 days. 


Face and 
scalp; then 
downward 
over body. 


Slightly 
branny. 


4 to 7 
days. 


Crisis. 


Scarlet 
Fever. 


1 to 21 
days. 


1 to 2 
days. 


Within 
24 hours. 


Diffuse, scar- 
let, punc- 
tate. 


7 to 10 days. 


Neck, chest, 
face ; then 
over body. 


Scales or 
large 
flakes. 
About one 
week. 


2 to 3 
weeks. 


Lysis. 



EXANTHEMATOUS 267 

TABLE OF EXANTHEMATA. 



EXCRETIN 

■Continued. 



w 
S 
< 
2 


b. 2 

o 

° 3 

« D 

ti) U 

CU z 


z 

fc z 


a >/) 

< > 

h 
(Si 


Time of Ap- 
pearance 
of Eruption. 


*z 
w 


„ z 

\l 

h 0. 
< D 

Di & 




z 



h 

< 
U 
O 
J 


< 

s . 
< z 



in h 

Q 


z w " 
o£ 

Q a 



w 

a .; 
j a 

> 5 
z a 

U 


Typhoid 
Fever. 


5 to 35 
days. 


6 to 8 
days. 


7th day. 


Rose-colored, 
lenticular 
spots, com- 
ing on in 
successive 
crops. 


Each crop 3 
to 5 days. 
Lasts 10 to 
20 days or 
throughout 
the whole 
course of 
the fever. 


Abdomen, 
chest, and 
back. 


Slightly 
branny or 
none. 


3 to 4 
weeks. 


Lysis. 


Typhus 
Fever. 


4 to 12 
days. 


days. 


Usually 
5th day; 
may be 
on 3d or 
not till 
7th day. 


Dusky spots 
or papules, 
orpetechiae. 


Few days, or 
may last 
throughout 
the course 
of the dis- 
ease. 


Sides of 
chest and 
abdomen, 
arms, 
back. 


Slightly 
branny. 


2 to 4 
weeks. 


Crisis. 


Varicella. 


4 to 14 
days. 


1 to 2 
days. 


Within 
12 to 24 
hours. 


Vesicles ap- 
pearing in 
crops. 


5 to 8 days. 


Back, chest, 
arms. 


Crusts. 5-8 
days. 


2 
weeks. 


Lysis. 


Variola. 


8 to 14 
days. 


3 
days. 


4th day. 


First, shot- 
like pap- 
ules, then 
vesicles, 
then umbil- 
icated pus- 
tules. 


21 to 25 days. 


Face, and 
over body. 


Crusts. 12- 
22 days. 


4 to 5 
weeks. 


Lysis. 



Exanthematous [eks-an-the?n' -at-us) [k^dv- 
drjua, eruption]. Of the nature of or char- 
acterized by exanthema, or eruption ; of the 
nature of an eruptive fever. 

Exarticulation {eks-ar-tik-u-la f -shun) [ex, 
out; articulus, joint]. I. Dislocation of a 
joint. 2. Amputation at a joint. 

Excavation {ex-kav-a' 'shun) \excavare , to 
hollow out]. A hollow or cavity. E. of 
the Optic Nerve, a hollowing or " cup- 
ping" of the optic disc, that may be physiolo- 
gic, congenital, or pathologic, the result of 
glaucoma, optic atrophy, etc. 

Excentric (eks-sen'-trik) [ex, out ; centrum, 
center]. See Eccentric. 

Excipient (ek-sip' -e-ent) \excipere, to take 
up]. Any substance combined with an active 
drug to give the latter an agreeable or con- 
venient form. 

Excision {ek-sizh' '-un) \excisio, a cutting out] . 
The cutting out of a part. 

Excitability {ek-si-ta-bil f -it-e) [excitare, to 
rouse]. The property of reacting to a stim- 
ulus. 

Excitant {ek-si ; -tant) [excitare, to rouse]. I. 
Stimulating. 2. A remedy that stimulates 
the activity of an organ . 

Excitation {ek - si- ta f - shun) [excitare, to 
rouse]. The act of stimulating or irritating. 
E., Direct, the stimulation of a muscle by 
placing an electrode on the muscle itself. E., 



Indirect, the stimulation of a muscle through 
its nerve. 

Exciting {ek-si' '-ting) \excitare, to rouse]. 
Calling forth directly, as an exciting cause. 

Excitomotor (ek-si-to-mo f -tor). Exciting or 
arousing motor function ; also, a drug or 
agent that increases the activity of the motor 
nerve centers. 

Exclusion (eks-klu'-zhun) \excludere, to shut 
out]. A shutting out. E., Diagnosis by, 
the reaching of a diagnosis by excluding one 
hypothesis after another till only one remains. 

Excoriation {eks-ko-re-a* '-shun) [ex, from ; 
corium, the skin]. Abrasion of a portion of 
the skin. 

Excrement (eks' ' -kre-ment) [excemere, to sep- 
arate]. An excreted substance ; the feces. 

Excrementitious [eks-kre-nien-tish' '-us) [ex- 
cernere, to separate ; to excrete] . Pertaining 
to excrement. 

Excrescence {eks-kres' '-ens) [excrescere, to 
grow out]. An abnormal outgrowth upon 
the body. 

Excreta {eks-kre' '-tah) [excemere, to sepa- 
rate]. The natural discharges of the body, 
particularly those of the bowels. 

Excrete {eks-kret f ) [excemere , to separate]. 
To remove from the body useless sub- 
stances. 

Excretin {eks'-kre-tin), C 20 H 36 O. A crystal- 
line substance found in feces. 



EXCRETION 



268 



EXTENSION 



Excretion (eks-kre' 'shun) [excernere, to ex- 
crete]. The discharge of waste-products. 
Excretory {eks' -kre-to-re) [excernere, to ex- 
crete]. Pertaining to excretion. 
Excursion (eks-kur' 'shun) [ex, out of ; cur- 

rere, to run]. A wandering from the usual 

course. 
Exencephalus (eks-ensef -al-tis) [ff, out ; 

evKi(j)a?u)g, brain]. A species of monsters 

characterized by a malformed brain, situated 

without the cranial cavity. 
Exenteration (eks-en-ter-a' 'shun) \k%, out ; 

evrepov, intestine]. Removal of the intes- 
tines of the fetus, to allow delivery. 
Exfoliation (eks-fo-le-a' 'shun) [exfoliare, to 

shed leaves]. The separation of bone or 

other tissue in thin layers. 
Exhalation {ex-hal-a' shun) [exhalare, to 

breathe out]. The giving off of matters in 

the form of vapor. 
Exhaustion {eg-zawsf '-yun) \_exhaurire, to 

pour out]. Loss of vital and nervous power 

from fatigue or protracted disease. 
Exhibit (ek-zib'-ii) \_exhibere, to give]. To 

administer, as a medicine. 
Exhumation (ex-hu-ma' shun) [ex, out of; 

humus, the ground]. The removal of a 

corpse from the ground. 
Exocardiac, or Exocardial (eks-o-ka?-'-de-ak, 

or eks-o-kar'-de-al) [ffw, out; K&pdia, heart]. 

Originating or situated outside of the heart. 
Exodic (eks-od'-ik) [efw, out; 666g, a way]. 

Transmitting ; efferent. 
Exogenetic (eks-o-jen-et'-ik) [etjco, outward ; 

yewav, to produce]. Due to an external 

cause ; not arising within the organism. 
Exogenous [eks-of -en-us) [ef«, out ; yewav, 

to produce] . Growing by accretions to the 

outer surface. 
Exomphalos (eks-om' '-fal-os) [eg, out ; bfi- 

tyaloq, navel]. Undue prominence of the 

navel ; also, umbilical hernia. 
Exophoria {eks-o-fo f -re-ah). See Hetero- 

phoria. 
Exophthalmic {eks- off -thai' -mik) [eg, out ; 

btybalitoc;, eye]. Pertaining to exophthalmos. 

E. Goiter. See Goiter. ' 
Exophthalmos, Exophthalmus {eks - off- 

thaV-mos, -mus) [ef , out ; btydakfibq, eye]. 

Abnormal prominence of the eyeballs. 
Exoskeleton [eks-oskel' -et-un) [e^io, outside ; 

cke7xt6v, a dried body]. The rigid outer 

envelop of many of the lower forms of life 

for the protection and attachment of organs. 
Exosmosis (eks-os-mo' 'sis) [cf , out ; oxy/iog, 

thrust]. Outward osmosis. See Os?nosis. 
Exostosis (eks -os -to' sis) [£f , out ; bareov, 

bone]. A bony outgrowth from the surface 

of a bone. 
Exotropia {eks-o-tro' '-pe-ah). See Strabismus. 
Expectant (eks-pek'-tant) [expectare, to look 

out for]. Awaiting or expecting. E. Treat- 



ment, watching the progress of a disease, 
and not interfering unless warranted by special 
symptoms. 

Expectation of Life. The average number of 
years that persons of a given age live. 

Expectorant (eks-pek' -to-rant) [ex, out ; pec- 
tus, breast]. I. Promoting expectoration. 2. 
A remedy that promotes or modifies expecto- 
ration. 

Expectoration {eks-pek-tor-a' 'shun) [ex, out ; 
pectus, breast]. I. The ejection from the 
mouth of material brought into it from the 
air-passages. 2. The fluid or semi-fluid mat- 
ters from the lungs and air-passages expelled 
by coughing and spitting. E., Prune-juice, 
a sputum containing altered blood expectorated 
in gangrene and cancer of the lung, and in 
grave pneumonias in the aged. E., Rusty. 
See Sputum. 

Expiration {eks-pi-ra f -shun) [expirare, to 
breathe out]. The act of breathing forth, or 
expelling air from the lungs. 

Expiratory (eks-pi f -ra-to-re) [expirare, to 
breathe out]. Relating to expiration. 

Exploration (eks-plo-ra' 'shun) [explorare, to 
search out]. The act of exploring; investi- 
gation of a part hidden from sight by means 
of touch, by artificial light, etc. 

Exploratory (eks-plor f -at-or-e) \_explorare, to 
search out]. Pertaining to exploration. E. 
Puncture, the puncture of a cavity or tumor 
and extraction therefrom of some of the con- 
tents to learn their nature. 

Exploring Needle. A needle with a grooved 
side to allow the passage of fluid along it 
after it is plunged into a part where fluid is 
suspected. 

Expression (eks-presh f -un) [expressus ; ex- 
primere, to press out]. A pressing out. E. 
of Fetus or Placenta, assisting the expul- 
sion of fetus or placenta by pressure upon the 
uterus through the abdominal walls. 

Expulsive {eks-pul' siv) \_expellere, to drive 
out]. Forcing out. 

Exsanguination (eksang-g%vin-a f -shun) [ex, 
out; sanguis, blood]. The act of making 
bloodless. 

Exsection {ek-sek' 'shun) [ex, out of ; secare, 
to cut]. The act of cutting a part out from 
its surroundings. 

Exsiccation (eksik-a / shun) [ex, out ; siccus, 
dry]. The act of drying ; especially the de- 
priving of a crystalline substance of its water 
of crystallization. 

Exstrophy of the Bladder (ek f strof-e) [eg, 
out of; crpeQeiv, to turn]. A congenital 
condition in which the lower part of the ab- 
dominal wall, the anterior wall of the blad- 
der, and usually the symphysis pubis are 
wanting, and the posterior wall of the blad- 
der is pressed through the opening. 

Extension {eks - ten' - shun) [extendere, to 



EXTENSOR 



269 



EYE 



stretch out]. A straightening out, especially 
the muscular movement by which a flexed 
limb is made straight. Counterextension, 
traction made on a part in a direction oppo- 
site to that in which traction is made by an- 
other force. 

Extensor (eks-ten f -sor) [extendere , to extend]. 
That which stretches out or extends, as E. 
muscles. See Muscles, Table of. 

External (ex-fur' -nal) [externus , outward]. 
On the exterior, or on the side removed from 
the center or middle line of the body. 

Extirpation (eks-ter-pa r -shun) [extirpare, to 
root out]. Complete removal of a part. 

Extra- (eks f -trah-) [L.]. A prefix meaning 
outside, without. E. Current, the induced 
electric current. 

Extraarticular (eks-trah-ar-tik' -u-lar). Out- 
side of the proper structures of a joint. 

Extracapsular (eks-trah-cap f -su-lar). Out- 
side of the capsular ligament of a joint. 

Extract, Extractum (ex / -trakt, -trakt' '-urn) 
[extrahere, to extract]. In pharmacy, a 
solid or semi-solid preparation, made by ex- 
tracting the soluble principles of a drug with 
water or alcohol and evaporating the solu- 
tion. E., Alcoholic, that in which alcohol 
is the solvent. E., Aqueous, that prepared 
by using water as the solvent. E. ferri 
pomatum, N. F.; this is made from iron, 
in the form of fine, bright wire, I part ; ripe 
sour apples 50 parts ; water a sufficient quan- 
tity. E., Fluid, a solution of the solid prin- 
ciples of a vegetable drug, of such strength 
that I gram of the drug is fully represented 
by one cubic centimeter of the fluid extract. 

Extraction (ex-trak' '-shun) [extractio ; ex, 
out ; trahere, to draw] . I . The act of draw- 
ing out. 2. The process of making an ex- 
tract. E. of Cataract, removal of a cata- 
ractous lens by surgical operation. 

Extractive (eks-trak' '-tiv) [ex, out ; trahere, 
to draw] . Any organic substance that may be 
extracted in small amount from animal tissues. 

Extractor (eks-traW -tor) [ex, out ; trahere, to 
draw]. An instrument for extracting bullets, 
sequestra?, etc. 

Extradural (eks-trah-du' '-ral) [extra, out- 
side; durus, hard]. Situated outside of the 
dura mater. 

Extramedullary (eks-trah-me-duF -ar-e) [ex- 
tra, without ; medulla, marrow.] Situated or 
occurring outside of the medulla. 

Extraneous {eks-tra f -ne-us) [extraneus, ex- 
ternal]. Existing or belonging outside the 
organism. 

Extrapolar (eks-trah-po / -lar)[extra, without ; 
polus, a pole]. Not lying in the space be- 
tween the electrodes of a battery. 

Extrauterine (eks-trah-yu' '-ter-ln) [extra, out- 
side ; uterus']. Outside of the uterus. E. 
Pregnancy. See Pregnancy. 



Extravasation (eks-trav-as-a' '-shun) [extra, 
outside; vas, a vessel] . I. The passing of 
fluid outside of the cavity or space normally 
containing it. 2. The fluid that has passed 
out. 

Extravascular (eks-trah-vas' '-ku-lar) [extra, 
outside; vas, a vessel]. Outside of the 
vessels. 

Extrinsic {eks - trin f - sik) [extrinsicus, from 
without]. External ; not directly belonging 
to a part. E. Muscles, those situated on 
the exterior of an organ. 

Extroversion (eks-tro-ver f -shun). See Ex- 
strophy. 

Exudate (eks f -u-ddt) [exudare, to sweat]. 
The material that has passed through the 
walls of vessels into the adjacent tissues. 

Exudation (eks - u - da / - shun) [exudare, to 
sweat] . The passing out of serum or pus ; 
the material that has passed out. 

Exudative (eks' '-u-da-tiv) [exudare, to ex- 
ude]. Of the nature of or characterized by 
exudation. 

Eye (i) [AS. , edge] . The organ of vision. 
It occupies the anterior part of the orbit, 
is nearly spheric in outline, and is composed 
of three concentric coats : the sclerotic and 
cornea, the choroid and iris, and the retina. 
The sclerotic is an opaque, dense, white, 
fibrous membrane, into the anterior part of 
which the transparent cornea is fitted. The 
choroid is the vascular tissue, and is con- 
tinuous with the iris in front. The latter 
is a circular membrane with a central per- 
foration, the pupil. Within the choroid is 
the retina, a delicate transparent membrane 
containing the terminations of the optic 
nerve. The greater part of the eyeball is 
filled with a mucoid substance, the vitreous 
humor, against the anterior surface of which 
rests the crystalline lens. The space be- 
tween the lens and the cornea is divided 
by the iris into two compartments, com- 
municating through the pupillary opening, 
the anterior and posterior chambers, which 
contain the aqueous humor. Anteriorly the 
eye is covered by conjunctiva, posteriorly by 
a fibrous capsule (capsule of Tenon). The 
eyeball is moved by a series of muscles at- 
tached on the outer surface. Changes in the 
curvature of the lens are brought about by 
the ciliary muscle, while the size of the pupil 
is modified by the action of dilator and con- 
strictor fibers in the iris. E., Diagram- 
matic, of Listing, a scheme for simplifying 
optic problems by representing the two nodal 
points and the two principal points of the eye 
by a mean nodal point and a mean principal 
point. E.-broW, the hair-covered skin on 
the upper margin of the orbit. E. -lashes, 
the hairs of the eyelid. E.-lid, the pro- 
tective covering of the eyeball, composed of 



270 



FARADISM 



skin, glands, connective and muscular tissue, 
the tarsus and conjunctiva, with the cilia at 
the free edge. E. -piece. Synonym of Ocu- 
lar. E., Reduced, of Donders, a represen- 
tation of the eye in such a way that all the 



distances needed in the calculations are rep- 
resented by whole numbers. E. -specu- 
lum, an instrument for retracting the eye- 
lids. E. -teeth, the canine teeth of the upper 

jaw. 



F. I. Abbreviation of Fahrenheit. 2. Sym- 
bol for fiuorin. 

Ft. Abbreviation of fiat or f. ant, let there 
be made. 

Face (fas) [fades, the face]. A name ap- 
plied to the lower and anterior part of the 
head, including the eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, 
lips, etc. 

Facet (fas'-et) [¥r.,facette, a little face]. A 
small plane surface, especially on a bone or 
a hard body, like a calculus. 

Facial {fa'-shal) [facits, the face]. Per- 
taining to the face. F. Angle, an angle 
measured in different ways by different au- 
thorities. That of Virchow and Holder is 
formed by the union of a line joining the 
frontonasal suture and the most prominent 
point of the lower edge of the superior 
al veolar process, and a line joining the superior 
border of the external auditor}." meatus and 
the lower portion of the orbit. That of 
Camper is formed by the union of Camper's 
line (a line touching the most prominent 
points of the upper and lower face) and a 
line joining the acantion and the auricular 
point. 

Facies (fa'-she-ez) [L. , face]. The appear- 
ance of the face. F. hippocratica, an ap- 
pearance of the face indicative of the rapid 
approach of dissolution : the nose is pinched, 
the temples hollow, the eyes sunken, the ears 
leaden and cold, the lips relaxed, the skin 
livid. F. leontina. See Leontiasis. 

Factitious {fak-tish' -us) [facere, to make]. 
Artificial. 

Facultative ( ' fak' ' -itl-ta-tvv) [facultas, capa- 
bility]. Voluntary; optional. F. aerobia. 
See Aerobic. F. anaerobia. See Anaerobia. 
F. Manifest Hyperopia, that part of the 
manifest hyperopia that can be concealed by 
the accommodation. F. Parasite, an or- 
ganism that while usually parasitic, can also 
live outside of its host. 

Faecal, Faeces \fe f -kal,fe'-sez). See. Fecal, 

feces. 

Faenumgxaecum. See Fenugreek. 

Fahrenheit's Thermometer. See Ther- 
mometer. 



Falciform ( faF -si-form) {fair, a sickle; 
forma, form]. Having the shape of a sickle. 
F. Ligament. See Ligament. F. Pro- 
cess, a process of the dura mater that sepa- 
rates the hemispheres of the brain ; the falx. 

Falling ( fawF-ing) [AS., feallan, to fall]. 
Dropping down. F. -sickness, epilepsy. 
F. of Womb, a descent of the uterus into 
the vagina. 

Fallopian {fal-o> '-pe-an\ [Fallopio, an Ital- 
ian anatomist]. Described by Fallopio or 
Fallopius. F. Tubes. See Oviducts. 

Fallopius, Aqueduct of. See Aqueduct. 
F., Hiatus of, an opening in the petrous por- 
tion of the temporal bone, for the tranmission 
of the petrosal branch of the Vidian nerve. 

False (fazi'ls) [falsus, deceptive]. Not gen- 
uine ; not real ; imitating. F. Aneurysm. 
See Aneurysm. F. Ankylosis, ankylosis 
due to rigidity of the soft tissues. F. 
Image, in diplopia, the image of the de- 
viating eye. F. Membrane, a fibrinous ex- 
udate upon a surface. F. Pains, pains that 
precede true labor-pains. F. Passage, a 
passage formed by the laceration of any 
canal. F. Pelvis, the portion of the pelvic 
cavitv situated above the linea ileopectinea. 
F. Ribs. See Ribs. 

Falx (falks) [L.]. A sickle; a sickle- 
shaped structure. F. cerebelli, a sickle-like 
process of dura mater between the lobes of 
the cerebellum. F. cerebri, the process of 
the dura, separating the hemispheres of the 
cerebrum. 

Famine Fever. Same as Relapsing Fever. 

Fang \_AS.,fangan, to seize]. The root of 
a tooth. 

Farad {far f -ad) [after Michael Faraday, a 
physicist]. The unit of electric capacity; a 
capacity sufficient to hold one coulomb of 
current having a potential of one volt. 

Faradaic, Faradic (far-ad-a'-ik, far-ad' '-ik) 
Pertaining to induced electric currents. F. 
Current, the induced electric current. 

Faradism (far'-ad-izm) [after Michael Fara- 
day, a physicist]. I. The electricity pro- 
duced in an induced or faradic current. 2. 
Faradization. 



FARADIZATION 



271 



FECULA 



Faradization (far-ad-iz-a' 'shuii). The ap- 
plication of the induced current to a part. 

Farcy (far'-se) [farcire, to stuff]. The form 
of glanders that attacks the skin and lym- 
phatic glands. 

Farfara (far'-far-a/i). See Coltsfoot. 

Farina (far-e' '-nah) [farina, meal]. The 
ground or powdered starchy part of seeds, 
especially that of corn, barley, rye, and wheat. 

Farinaceous [far - in- a' - se - us) [farina, 
meal]. Having the nature of or yielding 
flour. 

Far Point. The most distant point at which 
an eye can see distinctly when accommo- 
dation is completely relaxed. 

Far-sightedness. Hypermetropia. 

Fascia (fa'-s/ie-a/i) [fascia, a band]. The 
areolar tissue forming layers beneath the skin 
(superficial F.), or between muscles (deep 
F.). F., Anal. See F, Ischiorectal. F., 
Cervical, Deep, that which invests the mus- 
cles of the neck and encloses the vessels and 
nerves. F., Colles', the deep layer of the su- 
perficial fascia of the perineum. F., Cremas- 
teric, a thin covering of the spermatic cord, 
formed by the stretched fibers of the cremas- 
ter muscle. F., Cribriform, the sieve-like 
covering of the saphenous opening. F. den- 
tata, a serrated band of gray matter of the 
hippocampal gyrus of the cerebrum. F., 
Infundibuliform, the process of the transver- 
salis fascia extended over the spermatic cord. 
F., Intercolumnar, a fascia attached to the 
margins of the external abdominal ring and 
forming a sheath for the cord and testis. F., 
Ischiorectal, covers the perineal aspect of 
the levator ani muscle. F. lata, the dense 
fascia surrounding the muscles of the thigh. 
F., Transversalis, that lying between the 
transversalis muscle and the peritoneum. 

Fascial (fa'-she-al) [fascialis, of a fascia]. 
Pertaining to or of the nature of a fascia. 

Fasciculus (fas-ik' '-u-lus) [dim. of fascis, a 
bundle]. A little bundle, particularly of 
muscle-fibers. F., Cuneate, the continuation 
of Burdach's column, or the posteromedian 
column of the spinal cord. F., Gracile, 
the posterior pyramid of the medulla. F., 
Olivary. See Fillet, Olivary. F., Postero- 
longitudinal, fibers connecting the corpora 
quadrigemina and the nuclei of the fourth 
and sixth nerves with the parts below. F., 
Solitary, fibers connecting the internal cap- 
sule and the lenticular nucleus with parts be- 
low. F. subcallosus (of Muratoff ), a tract 
of long association-fibers lying under the 
corpus callosum, and connecting the frontal, 
parietal, and occipital lobes. F., Uncinate, 
fibers connecting the frontal and the temporo- 
sphenoidal lobes. 

Fastigium (fas-tif -e-um) [L., summit]. The 
acme of a disease. 



Fat [ME., fat, fat]. A greasy substance, a 
compound of oleic, palmitic, or stearic acid 
with glycerol. F.-cell, a connective-tissue 
cell containing oil-globules. F. -necrosis, a 
peculiar form of necrosis of a fatty tissue 
occurring in pin-point sized areas of a dead- 
white color. 

Fatigue {fa-tSg f ) [fatigo, weariness]. Weari- 
ness. F. Fever, fever following excessive 
exertions, and supposed to be caused by the 
absorption of waste -products. 

Fatty {fat ; -e) [ME., fat, fat]. Containing 
fat, or derived from fat. F. Acids, a series 
of acids with the formula C n H 2n _ 1 0(OH) 
some of the members of which combine with 
glycerol to form fats. F. Degeneration. 
See Degeneration. 

Fauces (fazu'-sez) [L., the upper part of the 
throat. ] The space surrounded by the palate, 
tonsils, and uvula. F., Isthmus of, the 
space at the back of the mouth enclosed by 
the margin of the palate, the back of the 
tongue and the pillars of the fauces. F., Pil- 
lars of, the folds formed by the palatoglossus 
muscle in front of the tonsils and by the 
palatopharyngeus behind them. 

Faucial (fazv' -se-al) [fauces, the upper part 
of the throat] . Pertaining to the fauces. 

Favus (fa'-vus) [L., a honeycomb]. Tinea 
favosa ; a parasitic skin-disease due to the 
presence of a vegetable parasite, the Achorion 
schonleinii. It is characterized by the pres- 
ence of round, sulphur-yellow, cup-shaped 
crusts, having a peculiar musty odor, and which 
are found on microscopic examination to be 
composed almost entirely of the elements of 
the fungus. The disease affects most fre- 
quently the scalp, but may occur anywhere. 
F.-cup, any one of the cup- shaped crusts that 
characterize favus. 

Febricula {fe-brik f -u-laK) [febris, fever]. A 
slight fever of short duration, most frequently 
encountered among children. 

Febrifuge (feb'-rifuj) [febris, fever; fu- 
gare, to dispel]. I. Dispelling fever. 2. An 
agent that lessens fever. 

Febrile (feb'-ril) [febrilis ; febris, a fever]. 
Pertaining to or characterized by fever. 

Febris [feb'-ris) [L.]. See Fever. 

Fecal (fe'-kal) [fcex, sediment]. Pertaining 
to, consisting of, or discharging, feces. 

Feces (fe / -sez) [fcex, sediment]. The excre- 
tions of the bowels. Feces consists of excre- 
tions and secretions from the intestines and 
of undigested food, the latter being made up 
of digestible substances that escaped diges- 
tion and of undigestible matters, such as nu- 
clein, cellulose, chlorophyl, and mineral salts. 

Fechner's Law. See Law. 

Fecula (fek'-u-lak) [dim. of fcex, sediment]. 
The starchy part of a seed. Also the sedi- 
ment subsiding from an infusion. 



FECUNDATION 



272 



FERMENTATION 



Fecundation (fek-un-da'-shun)\_fecundatio; 
fecundus, fruitful]. The act of fertilizing. 
F., Artificial, fecundation brought about by 
the injection of semen into the vagina or 
uterus through a syringe or other instrument. 
Fecundity (fe-kun' '-dit-e) [fecunditas, fruit- 
fulness]. The ability to produce offspring. 
Fehling's Solution. A solution used as a 
test for glucose, especially in the urine. The 
solution is prepared as follows : (a) Copper 
sulphate, 34.652 grams, is dissolved in 
about 200 c.c. of water. (b) Sodic potas- 
sium tartrate (Rochelle salt), 173 grams, is 
dissolved in 480 c.c. of sodium hydrate solu- 
tion of specific gravity 1. 14. The two solu- 
tions are mixed and sufficient water added to 
make 1000 c.c. One c.c. of this solution is 
reduced by 0.005 of glucose. To apply the 
test, a small quantity of the solution is placed 
in a test-tube, diluted with water, boiled, and 
the urine added drop by drop. The presence 
of sugar is indicated by a reddish or yellow 
precipitate, due to the reduction of the copper 
sulphate to the copper oxid or hydrate. 
Fel [L.]. Bile. F. bovis purificatum, 
purified ox -gall ; it is said to be tonic and 
laxative. Dose gr. iij-v (0.2—0.32). 
Felon (fel' -on). See Paronychia. 
Female (fe'-mdl) \_femina, woman]. I. 
Pertaining to the sex that conceives and bears 
young ; pertaining to a woman. 2. Denot- 
ing that part of a double-limbed instrument 
that receives the complementary part. F. 
Catheter, a catheter for emptying the female 
bladder. 
Femoral (fern' - or- al) [fetnur, the thigh 
bone]. Pertaining to the femur. F. Arch, 
Poupart's ligament. F. Artery. See Ar- 
teries, Table of. F. Canal, a canal in the 
sheath of the femoral vessels, to the inner 
side of the femoral vein, through which at 
times a hernia descends. F. Hernia. See 
Hernia. F. Ligament of Hey. See Liga- 
ment. F. Ring, the abdominal end of the 
femoral canal, normally closed by the crural 
septum and the peritoneum. F. Sheath, a 
continuation downward of the fasciae that line 
the abdomen. It contains the femoral vessels. 
Femorotibial (fem-or-o-tib' -e-al). Relating 
to the femur and the tibia. 
Femur (fe'-mur) [L.]. The thigh-bone. 
Fenestra (fe-nes' -trah) [L., a window], A 
window-like opening, as the open space in 
the blade of an obstetric forceps, or an open- 
ing in a bandage or dressing for drainage, 
etc. F. ovalis, F. rotunda. See Ear. 
Fenestrated (fe-nes' -tra-ted) [ fenestra, a 
window]. Perforated. F. Membrane of 
Henle, the layer of elastic tissue in the in- 
tima of large arteries. 
Fennel (fen' -el) [ME., fenel\ See Fosni- 
culufti. 



Fenugreek (fen'-u-grek). The Trigonella 
fcenumgraecum, a leguminous plant cultivated 
in France and Germany, the seeds of which 
contain two alkaloids, cholin and trigonellin. 
The seeds are employed for the preparation 
of emollient poultices, enemata, ointments, 
and plasters. They are not used internally. 

Ferment (fer'-ment) [fermentum, leaven, 
yeast] . Any substance which in contact with 
another substance is capable of setting up 
changes (fermentation) in the latter, without 
itself undergoing much change. Ferments 
are classified into unorganized, or soluble, and 
organized, or living, ferments. According 
to the character of the fermentation, the un- 
organized ferments are divided into amylo- 
lytic, proteolytic, fat-decomposing, milk-curd- 
ling, and coagulating ferments. Atnylolytic 
ferments (sugar-producing or diastatic fer- 
ments) convert starch into sugar. The most 
important is ptyalin of the saliva ; but similar 
ferments are found in the pancreatic and in- 
testinal juice, bile, blood, milk, urine, etc. 
Proteolytic ferments convert proteids into 
peptones and albumoses. They are found in 
the stomach (pepsin), in the pancreatic juice 
(trypsin), and elsewhere. A fat- decomposing 
ferment is found in the stomach and in the 
pancreatic juice. Milk-curdling ferment is 
found in the stomach and the intestinal 
juice. The best example of a coagulating 
ferment is the fibrin-ferment. The organized 
or living ferments are the yeasts and bacteria. 
See Fermentation. 

Fermentation (fer-men-ta' -shun) \_fermen- 
tum, leaven]. The decomposition of com- 
plex molecules under the influence of fer- 
ments. F., Acetic, the fermentation whereby 
weak alcoholic solutions are converted into 
vinegar ; caused by the Bacillus aceti, etc. 
F., Alcoholic, that occurring in carbohy- 
drates under the action of various saccharo- 
mycetes. F., Ammoniacal, that giving rise 
to ammoniacal gas and carbon dioxid, which 
combine to form ammonium carbonate. The 
agent of the ammoniacal fermentation of 
urine is the Micrococcus ureas. F., Butyric, 
the conversion of sugars, starches, milk, etc., 
into butyric acid, due to various microor- 
ganisms, especially the bacillus butyricus. 
F., Lactic, the "souring" of milk, caused 
by the Bacillus lacticus. F., Propionic, 
the Bacillus cavicida, decomposes saccharine 
solutions, producing propionic acid. F., 
Test, a test for glucose in the urine. The 
glucose is decomposed by yeast into alcohol 
and C0 2 , the escape of the latter caus- 
ing a reduction in the specific gravity of the 
urine. From the loss in weight the amount 
of glucose is calculated. F., Viscous, a 
fermentation characterized by the production 
of a gummy substance. 



FERN 



273 



FEVER 



Fern. Any cryptogamous plant of the order 
Filices. See Aspidium. 

Ferralia (fer-a'-fe-ah) \_ferrum, iron]. Pre- 
parations containing iron. 

Ferrein, Pyramids of. See Pyramid. 

Ferric (fer'-ik) \_ferrum, iron]. Containing 
iron as a quadrivalent element. 

Ferricyanid (fer-i-si' -ait-id). A compound 
of ferricyanogen Fe 2 (CN) 6 with an element 
or radicle. 

Ferro- (fer'-o-) \_ferrtim, iron]. A prefix 
used with the names of ferrous compounds. 

Ferrocyanid (fer-o-si'-an-id). A compound 
of ferrocyanogen, Fe(CN) 2 , with an element 
or radicle. 

Ferrous (fer'-tis) \_ferrum, iron]. Contain- 
ing iron as a bivalent element. 

Ferrum (fer'-um) [L.]. Iron, Fe = 56. 
Quantivalence II, IV. The most familiar and 
most useful of all metals ; it is found in 
many minerals, in nearly all soils, in many 
mineral waters, and also occurs pure, especi- 
ally in the form of meteoric iron. Pure iron 
is rare, nearly all commercial irons containing 
carbon in various proportions. In pharmacy, 
iron is used in the form of fine, bright, non- 
elastic wire, as reduced iron, a metallic iron 
with a variable amount of iron oxid, and in the 
form of salts. The therapeutic properties of 
iron depend on its power to build up the blood, 
it being a normal constituent of the red corpus- 
cles. Hence it is useful in all forms of anemia 
and in the diseases depending upon the latter. 
Externally many of the soluble salts of iron 
are used as styptic and astringent lotions. The 
following preparations of iron are chiefly em- 
ployed : F. acetatis, Liq. Dose n\ij-x 
(0.13-0.65). F. albuminas ; it contains 5 
per cent, ferric oxid, or 10 per cent, ferric chlo- 
rid. Dose gr. xx-xxx (1.3-2.0). Unof. F. 
arsenias, (B. P.), is chiefly valuable for the 
arsenic it contains. Dose gr. T V~g- (0.006- 
0.008). F. bromidum, used in solution, in 
doses of 20 drops, three times daily, as an alter- 
ative tonic in chorea and scrofula. Unof. F. 
carbonas saccharatus, U. S. P. Dose gr. 
v-xxx (0.32-2.0). F. carbonatis, Massa, 
Vallet's Mass. Dose gr.iij-v (0.2-0.32). F. 
carbonatis, Pilulae, Blaud's Pill; it consists 
of ferrous sulphate, potassium carbonate, and 
sugar. F., Mistura, Composita, Griffith's 
Mixture. Dose f^ss-f^j (16.0-32.0). F. 
chloridum is used in the preparation of F. 
chloridi, Liquor, dose TT^ij-x (0.13-0.65), 
and F. chloridi, Tinct., dose mjc-xxx 
(0.65-2.0). F. citras. Dose gr. iij-v (0.2- 
0.32). F. citratis, Liquor. Dose n\x 
(0.65). F. et ammonii citras. Dose gr. v 
(0.32). F. et quininae citras (B. P.). Dose 
gr. v-xv (0.32-1.0). F. et quininae citras 
solubilis. Dose gr. v (0.32). F. et strych- 
ninae citras. Dosegr. j-iij (0.065-0.2). F., 
18 



Vinum amarum, is made from the soluble 
citrate of iron and quinin. Dose f % j-ij (4.0- 
8.0). F. citratis, Vinum (U. S. P.). Dose 
f 3 j-ij (4.0-8.0). F. et magnesii citras. 
Dose gr. v-x (0.32-0.65). Unof. F. etbis- 
muthi citras. Unof. F. dialysatum. Dose 
of the solution 10-20 drops (0.32-0.65). F. 
dialysatus, Liq. (B. P.). Dose n\,x-xxx 
(0.65.-2.0). F. hypophosphis is used to 
prepare F. hypophosphitis, Syrupus, N. 
F. Dose f 3 ij-vj (8.0-24.0). F. iodidum. 
Dose gr. j-viij (0.065-0.52). Unof. F. 
iodidum saccharatum. Dose gr. ij-v 
(0.13-0.32). F. iodidi, Pil., Blancard's 
pills ; each contain one grain of ferrous iodid. 
F. iodidi, Syrupus. Dose rtpcv-xxx (1.0- 
2.0). F. lactas. Dosegr. v (0.32). Syrupus 
hypophosphitum cum Ferro contains F. lactas. 
Dosef^ss-j (2.0-4.0). F. oxalas. Dose 
gr. ij-iij (0.13-0.20). Unof. F. oxidum 
hydratum is an antidote to arsenic. F. 
oxidum hydratum cum magnesio is an 
antidote to arsenic. F. oxidum magneti- 
cum. Dose gr. v-xx (0.32-1.3). Unof. 
F. phosphas (B. P.). Dose gr. v-x 
(0.32-0:65). F. phosphas solubilis. 
Dosegr. v-x (0.32-0.65). F. pyrophosphas 
solubilis. Dose gr. ij-v (0.13-0.32). Syru- 
pus ferri, quininae et strychninae phosphatum. 
Dose f 3J (4.0). F. reductum. Dose gr. 
iij-vj (0.2-0.4). F. succinas. Dose gr. 
v (0.32). Unof. F. sulphas. Dose gr. 
v (0.32). F. sulphas exsiccatus. Dose 
gr. iij (0.2). F. sulphas granulatus. Dose 
gr. iij (0.2). F. tannas. Dose gr. viij-xxx 
(0.52-2.0) in 24 hours. F. valerianas. 
Dose gr. ij-v (0.13-0.32). 

Fertile (fer'-til) [fertilis, fruitful]. Prolific, 
fruitful. 

Fertilization (fer-til-iz-a' -shun) \_fertilis, 
fruitful] . The art of making fertile ; impreg- 
nation. 

Ferula {fer> '-u-lah) [L.]. A genus of the 
order Umbelliferse. See Asafelida and Gal- 
banum. 

Festination (fes-tin-a' '-shun) [festinare, to 
hasten]. A gait that increases in rapidity ; 
it is seen in paralysis agitans. 

Fetal (fe'-tal) [foetus, offspring]. Pertaining 
to the fetus. 

Feticide (fe' -tis -Id )\_ foetus , offspring; ccedere, 
to kill]. The killing of the fetus in the 
womb. 

Fetus (fe'-tzcs) \_ foetus, offspring]. The un- 
born offspring of viviparous animals in the 
later stages of development. 

Fever (fe'-ver) \_febris, a fever]. I. An ele- 
vation of the body-temperature above the 
normal. 2. A disease the distinctive charac- 
teristic of which is elevation of temperature, 
accompanied also by quickened pulse and 
respirations, increased tissue-waste, and dis- 



FIBER 



274 



FIBROID 



ordered secretions. F., Asthenic, one in 
which there is a weak circulation, a clammy 
skin, and a low state of the nervous system. 
F. -blister. See Herpes labialis. F., Brain, 
fever associated with inflammation of the cere- 
bral meninges ; meningitis. F., Catarrhal, 
influenza. F., Catheter. See F., Urethral. 
F., Cerebrospinal, an acute infectious dis- 
ease characterized by inflammation of the 
meninges of the brain and cord with involve- 
ment of the superficial layers of nerve-sub- 
stance. See Exanthemata, Table of. F., 
Chagres, a malignant form of malaria. F., 
Continued, one the course of which is 
free from remissions or intermissions. F., 
Dandy. Synonym of Dengue. F., En- 
teric. See F. , Typhoid. F., Eruptive, one 
that is accompanied by an eruption on the 
skin. F., Famine. See F., Relapsing. F., 
Gastric, a term used indefinitely to indicate 
any febrile ailment associated with abdominal 
symptoms. F., Hay. See Hay-fever. F., 
Hectic, a diurnally intermittent fever with 
the highest temperature in the evening and 
accompanied by sweats and chills. It is 
found in tuberculosis and other diseases 
associated with the absorption of septic pro- 
ducts. F., Low, fever of an asthenic type. 
F., Lung, croupous pneumonia. F., Milk, 
a slight form of puerperal septicemia, formerly 
thought to be due to the formation of milk in 
the mother's breast. F., Puerperal. See 
Puerperal. F., Relapsing. See Relapsing 
Fever. F., Remittent, a paroxysmal fever 
with exacerbations and remissions, but not 
intermissions ; usually applied specifically to 
remittent malarial fever. F. Rheumatic. 
See Rheumatism. F., Scarlet. See Scarlet 
Fever. F., Septic, one due to the entrance 
of septic matter into the system. F., Simple 
Continued, a continued, noncontagious 
fever, varying in duration from one to twelve 
days, and usually ending in recovery. F., 
Spirillum. Synonym of F., Relapsing. 
F., Splenic. Synonym of Anthrax. F., 
Sthenic, a fever characterized by rapid, full 
pulse, heat and dryness of the skin, high 
temperature, scanty urine, and delirium. F., 
Traumatic, that following traumatism. F., 
Typhoid. See Typhoid Fever. F., Typhus. 
See Typhus Fever. F., Urethral, the febrile 
disturbance that follows the use of the cathe- 
ter or bougie. F., Yellow. See Yellozv Fever. 
Fiber (f'-ber) [fbra, a thread] . A filament- 
ary or thread-like structure. F. of Gerdy, 
a transverse band of fibers supporting the 
hand crosswise and forming the web of the 
fingers. F., Muscle. See Muscle. F., 
Nerve. See Nerve. F. of Remak, the 
nonmedullated nerve-fibers. F. of Sharpey, 
delicate processes or rods that pass through 
and rivet together the concentric laminae of 



bone. F. of Tome, elongated and branched 
processes of the odontoblasts of the pulp, 
filling the dentinal tubules of teeth. 

Fibril (ft-bril) [fbra, a fiber]. A little 
fiber, particularly one of the ultimate fibers 
of muscle or of fibrous connective tissue. 

Fibrillar (ft '-bril-ar) [fbrilla, a small fiber]. 
Pertaining to fibrils. F. Contractions, 
spontaneous contractions successively taking 
place in different bundles of muscular fibers ; 
they are seen in progressive muscular atrophy 
and other diseases. 

Fibrillary (ft-bril-a-re). Same as Fibrillar. 

Fibrin (ft-brin) [fbra, a fiber]. A proteid 
formed in shed blood, lymph, in other 
body-fluids, and in tissues when these coagu- 
late. It exists in the shape of fibrils, gran- 
ules, plates, or as a homogeneous material. 
Fibrin forms about 0.2 per cent, of the blood. 
F.- factors, the substances necessary for 
and concerned in the formation of fibrin. 
They are fibrinogen, fibrin -ferment, and cer- 
tain salts. F. -ferment, a ferment obtained 
from blood-serum after clotting has occurred. 
It is one of the fibrin-factors, and is probably 
derived from the leukocytes. 

Fibrinogen (fi-brin'-o-jeii) [fbra, a fiber; 
yewav, to produce]. A proteid of the globu- 
lin class, obtained from blood-plasma and 
serous transudations. It is one of the chief 
elements in the formation of fibrin. 

Fibrinogenous (fi-brin-oj f -en-us) [fbra, a 
fiber; yewav, to produce]. Forming or pro- 
ducing fibrin. 

Fibrinoplastic (f-brin-o-plas'-tik) [fibra, a 
fiber; tz/Aggelv, to form]. Of the nature of 
fibrinoplastin. 

Fibrinoplastin (f - brin - -plas f - tin) . See 
Paraglobulin. 

Fibrinous (ft -brin-us) [fbra, a fiber] . Of 
the nature of or containing fibrin. 

Fibroareolar (fi-bro-ar-e' -o-lar)[fibra, fiber ; 
areola, dim. of area, an open space] . Con- 
taining fibrous tissue with an areolar arrange- 
ment. 

Fibrocartilage {f-bro-kar f -til-dj) [fbra, a 
fiber; cartilago, gristle]. Cartilage with an 
intermixture of fibrous elements. 

Fibrocellular (ft-bro-sel' '-u-lar) [fbra, fiber ; 
cella, cell]. Both fibrous and cellular ; fibro- 
areolar. 

Fibrocyst (ft-bro-sist) [fbra, fiber ; Kvarig, 
cyst]. A fibroma that has undergone cystic 
degeneration. 

Fibroglioma (f-bro-gli-o / -mah) [fbra, fiber; 
y/ia, glue ; bjia, tumor]. A tumor having 
the elements of a fibroma and a glioma. 

Fibroid (fi'-broid) [fbra, fiber; eldoc, like- 
ness]. Resembling fibers or composed of 
fibers. Also, a fibroid tumor. F. Heart, a 
chronic form of myocarditis in which there 
is a development of fibrous connective tissue 



FIBROMA 



275 



FIMBRIA 



in the cardiac muscle. F. Induration. See 
Induration. F. Phthisis, a chronic form 
of phthisis, in which there is a formation of 
fibrous tissue. 

Fibroma (fi-bro'-mah) \_fibra, a fiber ; b/xa, a 
tumor]. A benign tumor composed of fibrous 
tissue. F. Hard, one containing few cells, 
being chiefly composed of fibers. F. lipo- 
matodes. Same as Xanthoma. F. mollus- 
cum. Synonym of Molluscum fibrosum. F. 
Soft, one rich in cells. 

Y'^\!oxox^s\yovciZ.{fi-bro-mi-o , -mah) \Jibra, fiber ; 
/ivg, muscle ; b/ua, a tumor]. A tumor com- 
posed of fibrous and muscular tissue. 

Fibromyxoma {fi-bro-miks-o' -mah) [fibra, 
fiber ; ji'v^a, mucus; b/ua, a tumor]. A tumor 
composed of fibrous and myxomatous tissue. 

Fibroneuroma {fi-bro-nu-ro' '-mah) [fibra, 
fiber; vevpov, nerve ; b/ia, tumor]. A tumor 
composed of fibrous tissue and nerve-fibers. 

Fibroplastic {fi-bro-plas' -tik) [fibra, fiber ; 
—/.aooeiv, to form]. Tending to form fibers. 

Fibrosarcoma {fi-bro-sar-ko'-?nah) [fibra, 
fiber; adp§, flesh; bfia, tumor]. A sarcoma 
containing fibrous tissue. 

Fibrosis {fi-bro' -sis) \_fibra, fiber]. The de- 
velopment of fibrous tissue. F., Arterio- 
capillary. See Endarteritis. 

Fibrous (fi / -brus) [fibra, a fiber]. Contain- 
ing fibers ; of the character of fibrous tissue. 

Fibula {fib' '-u-lah) [L. , a buckle]. The 
slender bone at the outer part of the leg ar- 
ticulating above with the tibia and below with 
the astragalus and tibia. 

Ficus (fi'-kus) [L. , a fig-tree]. The fig. 
The fleshy receptacle of F. carica, native of 
Asia Minor, and cultivated throughout Europe 
and tropic America. It is laxative and nutri- 
tious, and is a constituent of Confectio sennse. 

Field {field) [ME., feeld\ I. An open 
space or area. 2. The field of vision. F. 
of Fixation. See Fixation. F. Magnetic, 
the portion of space about a magnet in which 
its action is felt. F. of a Microscope, the 
area that can be seen through a microscope at 
one time. F. of Vision, the space in which 
the patient can see when the eye is steadily 
fixed on the object held in the direct line of 
vision. 

Fifth Nerve. See Trifacial. F. Ventricle. 
See Ventricle. 

Fig. See Ficus. F.-wart, a moist condyloma. 
F.-wort, the herb Scrophularia nodosa, an 
alterative, diuretic, and anodyne. It is some- 
times used in the form of an ointment for 
piles. Dose of the fld. ext. f^ss-j (2.0-4.0). 
Unof. 

Filament (fit* '-am-ent) [filum, a thread]. A 
small, thread-like structure. F., Spermatic, 
the caudal filament of a spermatozoon. 

Filaria {fi-la r -re-ah) [filum, a thread]. A 
genus of nematode or thread-worms of the 



family Filariid?e. F. medinensis, Guinea 
Worm, an animal parasite, the female of 
which works its way from the intestinal tract 
to the subcutaneous tissue, where, after de- 
veloping its embryos, it is sooner or later set 
free by abscess -formation and discharge. F. 
sanguinis hominis, the larva or embryo of 
the nematode worm, Filaria bancrofti. The 
embryos are about 0.35 mm. long, and in- 
habit the lymph-channels of the lower ex- 
tremities and the scrotum. They lead to dila- 
tation of the lymphatics, to hyperplasia of the 
tissues, to chyluria, hematuria, abscesses, etc. 
They are found in the blood at night. Ele- 
phantiasis arabum and lymph-scrotum are said 
to be due to the filaria. 

Filariasis [fi-lar-i' '-as-is) [filum, a thread]. 
A diseased state due to the presence in the 
body of Filaria sanguinis hominis, or allied 
species. 

Filicic Acid, C U H 16 5 . An acid extracted 
from Filix mas. 

Filiform {fiV -if-orm) [filum, a thread ; 

forma, form]. Thread-like. F. Bougie. 
See Bougie. F. Papillae, the smallest and 
most numerous of the papillae of the tongue, 
occurring over its whole surface. 

Filix {fi f -liks) [L.]. A fern. F. mas, 
male fern. See Aspidium. 

Fillet {fil'-et) [Fr., filet, a thread]. I. A 
loop for the purpose of making traction on 
the fetus. 2. The lemniscus, a band of 
nerve-fibers connected below with the nucleus 
gracilis and nucleus caudatus of the medulla 
and running upward through the pons and 
crus cerebri to the cerebrum, a portion of 
the fibers (lateral fillet) entering the posterior 
corpora quadrigemina, another (mesal fillet) 
passing to the anterior corpora quadrigemina 
and the optic thalamus. A part Of the 
mesal fillet is continued into the corlex. 
F., Olivary, a fasciculus of nerve-fibers 
enclosing the olivary body of the medulla. 

Filter {fiP-ter) [filtrum, felt]. An appara- 
tus for straining water or other liquids to re- 
move any undissolved matters. F., Pasteur- 
Chamberland, a hollow column of unglazed 
porcelain through which solutions are filtered 
by means of a vacuum-exhaust or by pressure. 
F. -paper, an unglazed paper used for fil- 
tration. 

Filtrate (fil'-trat) [filtrum, felt]. The liquid 
that has passed through a filter. 

Filtration {fil-tra' '-shun) [filtrum, felt] . The 
operation of straining through a filter. 

Filum terminate (fi'-lum ter-min-al f -e\ A 
long, slender thread of pia mater, the termi- 
nation of the spinal cord. 

Fimbria {fim f -bre-ah) [fimbria, a fringe]. 
A fringe. F. of Fallopian Tube, the 
fringe-like processes of the outer extremity 
of the oviduct. 



FIMBRIATED 



276 



FLATUS 



Fimbriated ( fi m f - bre - a - ted ) [ fimbria , 
fringe] . Fringed. 

Finger {fing'-ger) [ME., finger]. A digit 
of the hand. F., Clubbed, a finger the 
terminal phalanx of which is short and broad 
with overhanging nail. It is seen in cases 
of pulmonary tuberculosis, congenital heart- 
disease, etc. 

Fir {fur) [WE., fir, the fir-tree]. See Abies. 
F. -balsam. See Abies balsamea. 

First Intention. See Healing, 

Fish-berry. See Cocculns indicus. 

Fish-skin Disease. See Ichthyosis. 

Fissiparous {fis-ip' '-ar-us) [findere, to split ; 

parere, to produce]. Propagating by fission. 

Fissure {fish'-ur) [fissura ; findere, to 
cleave]. A groove or cleft. A term applied 
to the clefts or grooves in various organs, as 
the skull, the brain, the liver, the spinal cord. 
Also to cracks in the skin or linear ulcers in 
mucous membranes. F. of the Anus, a 
linear ulcer at the mucocutaneous junction of 
the anus, giving rise to intense suffering on 
defecation. F. of Bichat, the transverse 
fissure of the brain, between the fornix 
and the upper surface of the cerebellum. 
Through it the pia enters the ventricles. 
F. of Broca, a fissure surrounding Broca's 
lobe. F., Calcarine, a fissure on the 
mesal aspect of the cerebrum, between the 
lingual lobule and the cuneate lobe. F., 
Callosomarginal, one on the mesal surface 
of the cerebral hemisphere, dividing the area 
between the corpus callosum and the margin 
into nearly equal parts. F., Longitudinal, 
the deep fissure that divides the cerebrum 
into two hemispheres. F., Occipital, a deep 
fissure, situated between the parietal and oc- 
cipital lobes of the brain. F., Palpebral, the 
space between the eyelids extending from the 
outer to the inner canthus. F., Portal. See 
F. , Transverse [of liver). F., Precentral, 
a fissure in front of the F. of Rolando and 
parallel to it. F. of Rolando, a fissure on 
the lateral aspect of the cerebrum, extending 
downward from near the longitudinal fissure 
at about its middle point. It separates the 
frontal from the parietal lobe. F. of Sylvius, 
a deep fissure of the brain beginning on the 
outer side of the anterior perforated space, 
and extending outward to the lateral surface 
of the hemisphere. It has two branches, a 
short vertical and a long horizontal, the latter 
separating the parietal from the temporo- 
sphenoidal lobe. Between the branches lies 
the Island of Reil. F., Transverse {of liver), 
a fissure crossing transversely the lower sur- 
face of the right lobe of the liver. It trans- 
mits the portal vein, hepatic artery and nerves, 
and hepatic duct. 

Fistula {fis f -tu-lah) [L., a pipe]. A narrow 
canal or tube left by the incomplete healing 



of abscesses or wounds, and usually trans- 
mitting some fluid, either pus or the secretions 
or contents of some organ or body- cavity. 
F., Anal, a fistula in the neighborhood of 
the anus which may or may not communicate 
with the bowel. F., Blind, a fistula open 
at one end only. F., Blind, External, one 
the only opening of which is on the exterior 
of the body. F., Blind, Internal, one which 
opens only upon an internal surface. F., 
Branchial, an opening that extends from 
the surface of the neck to the pharynx ; it is 
an unclosed branchial cleft. F., Complete, 
one having two openings, an internal and 
external. F., Fecal, a fistula communi- 
cating with the intestine. 

Fit [AS., fit, a struggle]. A name applied 
to any sudden paroxysm of a disease, but es- 
pecially to an epileptic convulsion. 

Fixation {fiks-a' -shun) [fixus, fixed]. The 
act of fixing or making firm. F., Field of, 
in optics, the region bounded by the utmost 
limits of distinct or central vision, and which 
the eye has under its direct control through 
its excursions, without movements of the 
head. F. -forceps, those used for fixing or 
holding a part in position during a surgical 
operation. 

Fixing {fiks r -ing) [fixus, fixed]. The pre- 
paration of tissue for microscopic study by 
means of some agent that hardens it and pre- 
serves the form and arrangement of the cells. 

Flagellate {fiaj f -el-at) [flagelhwi, a whip]. 
Furnished with slender, whip-like processes. 

Flagellum {flaj-el'-um) [L., a whip]. A 
whip-like mobile process ; the organ of loco- 
motion of certain bacteria and infusoria. 

Flag, Sweet. See Calamus. 

Flank {flank) [ME., flank, from L. flaccus, 
soft]. The part of the body between the 
ribs and the upper border of the ilium. 

Flap [ME., flap, a loose, flexible part]. A 
loose and partly detached portion of the skin 
or other soft tissue. F. -amputation, one 
in which flaps of soft tissues are left to cover 
over the end of the bone. F. -extraction, 
a method of extracting the crystalline lens 
so as to make a flap of the cornea. 

Flat [ME., flat]. I. Lying on one plane; 
having an even surface. 2. Of a percussion- 
sound, having no resonance. F.-foot, de- 
pression of the plantar arch. 

Flatness {flat f -nes) [ME., flat]. The sound 
obtained by percussing over an airless organ 
or a large effusion. 

Flatulence {flat' -ti- 1 ens) [flatus, breath] . A 
condition marked by the presence of gas in 
the stomach and intestinal canal. 

Flatulent { flat' - u - lent) [flatus, breath]. 
Characterized by flatulence. 

Flatus {fla'-tus) [L.]. Gas, especially gas 
in the gastrointestinal canal. 



FLAX 



277 



FCENICULUM 



Flax [AS. ,fleax~\. See Linum. F. -dress- 
er's Phthisis, a fibroid pneumonia resulting 
from the inhalation of particles in flax- dress- 
ing. F.-seed. See Li)ium. 

Flea (fle). See Pulex. F.-bane. See 
Erigeron. 

Fleam (/?<?/«) [QfefioTOjuov, a lancet, from 
<t>leip, a vein ; rifivetv, to cut]. A phlebo- 
tome ; a lancet for venesection. 

Fleece of Stilling. A group of white fibers 
surrounding the corpus dentatum of the cere- 
bellum. 

Fleming's Tincture. An alcoholic prepara- 
tion of aconite, stronger than the official 
tincture. Dose, two minims (o. 13). 

Flemming's Solution. A mixture used as 
a fixing agent for tissue in histologic study. 
It consists of 15 parts of I per cent, solution 
of chromic acid, 4 parts of a 2 per cent, solu- 
tion of osmic acid, I part of glacial acetic acid. 

Flesh [AS.,flosse, flesh]. The soft tissues of 
the body, especially the muscles. F., Proud, 
the soft and exuberant granulations of a 
wound or ulcer. 

Flexibilitas (fleks-ib-W -it-as) [L.]. Flexi- 
bility. F. cerea, a condition of the limbs in 
catalepsy in which they seem as if made of 
wax. 

Flexible (fleks'-ib-l) [flexus, bent]. That 
which may be bent, as a F. catheter, F. collo- 
dion. 

Flexion (flek'-shun) [flexus, bent]. The 
act of bending ; the condition of being bent. 

Flexor (fleks'-or) [flexus, bent]. A muscle 
that bends or flexes a limb or part. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Flexure (fleks f -ur) [flextira, a bending]. A 
bending. F., Caudal, the bend at the lower 
portion of the embryo. F., Cephalic, the 
arching over of the cephalic end of the em- 
bryo. F., Sigmoid. See Sigmoid Flexure. 

Floating (floating) [AS.,fleotan, to float]. 
Swimming ; free to move around. F. Kid- 
ney, one that is detached from its normal 
position and abnormally movable. F. Liver, 
one with abnormal mobility ; movable liver. 
F. Ribs. See Ribs. 
.Floccitation (flok-sit - a'-shun). Same as 
Carphology . 

Flocculent (flok' '-u-lent) [floccus, a flock of 
wool]. Flaky, downy, or woolly; coales- 
cing in flocky masses. 

Flocculus (flok'-u-lus) [dim. of floccus, a 
tuft of wool].- A prominent lobe of the cere- 
bellum situated behind and below the middle 
cerebellar peduncle on either side of the 
median fissure. 

Flood's Ligament. See Ligament. 

Flooding {flud'-ing) [AS., flod, a flood]. 
A copious bleeding from the womb. 

Flores (flo'-rez) [L.]. Plural of flos, a 
flower. 1. The flowers or blossoms of a plant. 



2. A flocculent or pulverulent form assumed 
by certain substances after sublimation, as 
flores sulphuris, flowers of sulphur. 

Florida Allspice, the leaves of Calycanthus 
floridus, having the properties of an aromatic- 
stimulant. Unof. 

Flour (flozor) [flos, a flower]. The finer 
part of the ground grain, especially of wheat. 

Flow (flo) [AS.,flozuan, to flow]. The free 
discharge of a liquid, as the blood ; the 
menses. 

Flower (flotv'-er). See Flores. 

Fluctuation (Jluk-tu-a / -shun) [fluctuare, to 
float or roll]. The wave-like motion pro- 
duced when a body containing fluid is tapped 
between the fingers or hands. 

Fluor albus (flu'-or al'-bus) [L., a white 
flow]. Leukorrhea. 

Fluorescein (flu-or-es'-e-in), C 20 H 12 O 5 -f- 
H 2 0. An anhydrid of resorcin, prepared by 
heating phthalic anhydrid with resorcin to 
200 C. It has the property of coloring 
abrasions of the cornea greenish, and has 
been used on this account for diagnostic 
purposes. 

Fluorescence (flu - or - es f - ens) \Jluere, to 
flow], A property possessed by certain 
substances of converting obscure actinic rays 
(such as the ultraviolet) into luminous rays. 

Fluorin (flu'-or-in) [fluor, a flow]. F = 19; 
quantivalence I. An element belonging to 
the chlorin group. Its intense chemic affin- 
ity has so far rendered its isolation impossi- 
ble. The salts formed with the alkaline 
metals, fluorids, have been used in goiter and 
in rheumatism. See Elements, Table of. 
Hydrofluoric acid is a powerful caustic. 

Flux (fluhs) \_fluxus, flowing]. I. An ex- 
cessive flow of any of the excretions of the 
body, especially the feces. 2. Dysentery. 

Focal (fo f -kal) [ focus, a. fire-place]. Per- 
taining to or occupying a focus. F. Depth, 
the power of a lens to give clear images of 
objects at different distances from it. F. 
Distance, the distance from the focus to a 
reflecting or refracting surface, or in the case 
of a lens to the principal point of the lens. 
F. Disease, F. Lesion, one that is limited 
to a small area. F. Epilepsy, epilepsy due 
to a focal lesion of the brain ; Jacksonian 
epilepsy. 

Focus \fo'-kus) [focus, a. fire-place]. I. The 
principal seat of a disease. 2. The point 
(called principal focus or real focus), at 
which rays of light converge that pass through 
a convex lens or are reflected from a concave 
mirror. F., Negative or Virtual, the 
point at which divergent rays would meet if 
prolonged in a backward direction. 

Fceniculum (fen-ik' '-u-lum) [L.]. Fennel. 
The fruit of F. vulgare, the properties of 
which are due to a volatile oil. It is a mild 



FCENUM GR.ECUM 



278 



FORAMEN 



stimulant and aromatic carminative. F., 
Aqua, 2 parts of the oil in iooo of water. 



Dose fsjss-f/fj (2.0-32.0). F., Oleum. iris 



Fontana*s Spaces. Spaces between the pro- 
cesses of the ligamentum pectinatum of the 



Dose n\ij-v (0.13-0.32). 

Fcenum Graecum {fe'-nu?7i g?-ee , -knm). 
See Fenugreek. 

Fcetal (fe'-tal). See Fetal. 

Foetus (fe'-tus). See Fetus. 

Folia {fo'-le-ah) [folium, leaf]. Leaves. 

Follicle (fol'-ik-l) [folliculus, dim. oifollis, 
bellows]. I. A small lymphatic gland, the tis- 
sue of which is arranged in the form of a 
little sac; also a small tubular gland. 2. 
A simple tubular gland. F., Graafian, one 
of the small vesicular bodies in the ovary, each- 
of which contains an ovum. F. of Lieber- 
kiihn. See Crypts of Lieberkiihn. F., 
Sebaceous, the sebaceous glands of the 
skin. F., Solitary, small discrete lymph- 
follicles found in the mucous membrane of 
the intestines. 

Follicular {fol-ik' '-u-lar) [folliculus, a little 
follicle]. Pertaining to a follicle. 

Folliculitis (fol-ik-u li'-tis) [ folliculus, a 
follicle ; irig, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of a group of follicles. F. barbae. See 
Sycosis. 

Fomentation (fo-men-ta'-s/zun) \_fomentare , 
to foment]. The application of heat and 
moisture to a part to relieve pain or reduce 
inflammation. It may be by cloths soaked 
in hot water or medicated solution, or by a 
poultice. Also the substance applied. 



Fontanel, or Fontanelle (fon-tan-el') [dim. 
oifontana , a fountain] . A membranous space 
between the cranial bones in fetal life and 
infancy. F., Anterior, that at the point of 
union of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal 
sutures. F., Posterior, that at the point of 
junction of the lambdoid and the sagittal 
sutures. 

Food [AS., foda, food]. Anything which 
when taken into the body is capable of build- 
ing up tissue, or by oxidation, of supplying 
heat. 

Foot [ME.,/00/]. I. The terminal extrem- 
ity of the leg. It consists of the tarsus, meta- 
tarsus, and phalanges, or toes. 2. The base 
of a microscope. 3. A measure of length 
equal to twelve inches, or 30.479 cm. F.- 
clonus. See Ankle-clonus. F.-drop, a 
falling of the foot due to a paralysis of the 
flexors of the ankle. F., Fungus-. See 
Madura-foot. F.-and-mouth Disease, a 
febrile affection of sheep, cows, pigs, and 
horses, rarely of man, manifesting itself by 
the appearance of vesicles and bullae in the 
mouth and on the feet. It is probably due 
to a special microorganism. F. -pound, the 
work equal to that of raising a pound to the 
height of one foot. 

Foramen {fo7--a'-7nen) [forare, to pierce]. 
A perforation or opening, especially in a bone. 



TABLE OF FORAMINA. 



Name. 



Auditory, external. 



Location. 



The external meatus of the auditory canal. 



Auditory, internal. 



Of Bichat. 



Of Botallo. 



Cecal (of frontal bo?ie). 



Cecal (of medulla ob- 
lo7igata). 



Cecal (of pharynx). 



The petrous portion of temporal bone. 



Connects subarachnoid space and third ventricle (?). 



Between the two auricles in the fetal heart. 



Formed by the frontal bone and the crista galli of the 
ethmoid ; a small foramen. 

A depression at the termination of the anterior 
median fissure. 



Median line of posterior wall of the pharynx ; a de- 
pression in the mucous membrane. 



Cecal (of tongue). 



Posterior termination of the median raphe of tongue. 



Transmits. 



Sound-waves to tym- 
panic membrane. 



The auditory and facial 
nerves. 



Cerebrospinal fluid. 



A vein, occasionally 



A number of small glands 
ooen into it. 



Condyloid, anterior | 
(sometimes double). 



Anterior to and to the outer side of each occipital I Hypoglossal nerve; oc- 
condvle passing downward, outward, and forward j casionally a meningeal 
through the basilar process. j branch of ascending 

pharyngeal artery. 



FORAMINA 279 FORAMINA 

TABLE OF FORAMINA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Transmits. 


Condyloid, posterior. 


The fossa behind the occipital condyles. 


A vein to the lateral 
sinus. 


Cotyloid. 


A notch in the acetabulum converted into a canal by 
a ligament. 


Vessels and nerves. 


Dental, inferior. 


The external aperture of the inferior dental canal, in 
the ramus of the inferior maxilla. 


Inferior dental vessels 
and nerves. 


Esophageal. 


The diaphragm. 


The esophagus. 


Ethmoid, anterior. 


A canal formed between the ethmoid and frontal 
bones. 


Nasal branch of the oph- 
thalmic nerve ; anterior 
ethmoidal vessels. 


Frontal. 


The supraorbital notch of the frontal bone when it is 
converted into a canal by a bony process. 


Supraorbital vessels and 
nerves. 


Incisor. 


Aperture of the incisor canal in the alveolar margin. 


Nerves and vessels to 
the incisor teeth. 


Infraorbital. 


In the superior maxilla, the external aperture of the 
infraorbital canal. 


The infraorbital nerve 
and artery. 


Intervertebral, ante- 
rior. 


The aperture formed by the notches opposite to each 
other in the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. 


The spinal nerves and 
vessels. 


Intervertebral, poste- 
rior. 


The space between the articular processes of ad- 
jacent vertebras, except the first cervical. 




Jugular. 


See F., Lacerated, posterior. 




Lacerated, anterior. 


See F., Lacerated, middle. 




Lacerated, middle. 


An irregular aperture between the apex of the petrous 
portion of the temporal bone and the body and great 
wing of the sphenoid, and the basilar process of the 
occipital bone. 


The carotid artery and 
the large superficial pe- 
trosal nerve. 


Lacerated, posterior. 


The space formed by the jugular notches of the occi- 
pital and temporal bones, divided into two portions. 


The posterior portion, 
the internal jugular 
vein ; the anterior por- 
tion, the 9th, roth, and 
nth cranial nerves, and 
the inferior petrosal 
sinus. 


Of Magendie. 


An orifice in the pia mater of the roof of the fourth 
ventricle. 




Magnum. 


A large oval aperture, centrally placed in the lower 
and anterior part of the occipital bone. 


The spinal cord and its 
membranes ; the spinal 
accessory nerves ; the 
vertebral arteries. 


Mastoid. 


A small foramen behind the mastoid process. 


A small artery from the 
dura; a vein opening 
into the lateral sinus. 


Medullary. 


See Nutrient. 




Mental. 


A foramen in the inferior maxilla, external to the 
incisive fossa. 


Mental nerve and ves- 
sels. 


Of Monro. 


An opening behind the anterior pillars of the fornix 
through which the lateral ventricle of the brain 
communicates with the third ventricle. 


The choroid plexus. 


Nutrient. 


The canal connecting the medullary cavity of the 
bone with its external surface. 


The nutrient vessels. 


Obturator. 


The large ovoid opening between the ischium and the 
pubis, internal and inferior to the acetabulum ; it is 
partly closed in by a fibrous membrane. 


Obturator vessels and 
nerves. 



FORAMINA 280 FORAMINA 

TABLE OF FORAMINA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Transmits. 


Olfactory. 


Numerous foramina in the cribriform plate of the eth- 
moid. 


Olfactory nerves. 


Omental, lesser or 
small. 


See Foramen of Winslow. 




Optic. 


The canal at the apex of the orbit, the anterior term- 
ination of the optic groove, just beneath the lesser 
wing of the sphenoid bone. 


Optic nerve, ; ophthalmic 
artery. 


Ovale (of the heart). 


In the fetus, the opening between the two auricles 
of the heart, situated at the lower posterior portion 
of the septum. 




Ovale (of the sphenoid). 


An ovoid aperture near the posterior margin of the 
great wing of the sphenoid. 


The inferior maxillary 
division of the trigemi- 
nal nerve; the small 
meningeal artery ; oc- 
casionally, the small 
petrosal nerve. 


Palatine, anterior. 


The orifice of the incisor canal in the anterior part of 
the roof of the mouth. 


The nasopalatine nerve 
and a branch of the 
posterior palatine 
artery. 


Palatine, great poste- 
rior. 


The orifice of the posterior palatine canal upon the 
posterior part of the hard palate. 


The descending palatine 
artery. 


Parietal. 


Near the posterior superior angle of the parietal 
bone ; inconstant. 


An emissary vein of the 
superior longitudinal 
sinus ; occasionally a 
small branch of the 
occipital artery. 


Pterygopalatine. 


The external aperture of the pterygopalatine canal. 


Pterygopalatine vessels ; 
pharyngeal nerve. 


Quadrate. 


The diaphragm. 


The inferior vena cava. 


Rotundum. 


A round opening in the great wing of the sphenoid 
bone. 


The superior division of 
the fifth nerve. 


Sacral, anterior (four 
on either side). 


On the anterior surface of the sacrum, connecting 
with the sacral canal. 


The anterior branches of 
sacral nerves. 


Sacral, posterior (four 
on either side). 


The posterior surface of the sacrum, external to the 
articular processes. 


Posterior branches of 
sacral nerves. 


Sacrosciatic, great. 


The oval space between the lesser sacrosciatic liga- 
ment and the innominate bone. 


The pyriformis muscle, 
the gluteal, sciatic, and 
pudic vessels and 
nerves. 


Sacrosciatic, small. 


The space included between the greater and lesser 
sacrosciatic ligaments and the portion of the in- 
nominate bone between the spine and tuberosity of 
the ischium. 


Internal obturator 
muscle ; the internal 
pudic vessels and 
nerves. 


Of Scarpa. 


Bony canals opening into the incisor canal. 


The nasopalatine nerves. 


Of Soemmering, 


The Fovea centralis. 




Sphenopalatine. 


The space between the sphenoidal and orbital pro- 
cesses of the palate bone ; it opens into the nasal 
cavity. 


Branches from Meckel's 
ganglion ; the nasal 
branch of the internal 
maxillary artery. 


Spinosum. 


The great wing of the sphenoid bone, near its poste- 
rior angle. 


The middle meningeal 
artery. 


Of Stensen. 


The lateral pair of the four orifices of the anterior 
palatine foramen. 


Terminal branches of 
the posterior palatine 
arteries. 



FORCE 281 FORMULARY 

TABLE OF FORAMINA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Transmits. 


Supraorbital. 


A notch in the superior orbital margin at the junction 
of the middle with the inner third, sometimes con- 
verted into a foramen by a bony process or a liga- 
mentous band. 


Supraorbital artery, 
veins, and nerve. 


Of Thebesius. 


Small depressions on the inner surface of the heart, 
especially in the right auricle. 


Some of these are cul- 
de-sacs ; others are the 
mouths of the venae 
minimae cordis. 


Thyroid. 


See Obturator. 




Vertebral. 


The space included between the body and arch of a 
vertebra. 


The spinal cord and its 
appendages. 


Vertebrarterial. 


The foramina in the transverse processes of the cer- 
vical vertebras. 


Vertebral artery and 
vein. 


Of Winslow. 


An aperture situated between the liver and stomach, 
bounded in front by the portal vein, hepatic artery 
and duct, behind, by the inferior vena cava, below, 
by the hepatic artery, and above, by the liver. It is 
formed by folds of the peritoneum, and establishes 
communication between the greater and lesser cavi- 
ties of the peritoneum. 





Force {fors) [fortis, strong]. That which 
produces or arrests motion. 

Forced (forst) [fortis, strong]. Accom- 
plished by an exertion of force. F. Feed- 
ing. I. Systematic overfeeding as a thera- 
peutic measure. 2. Feeding performed 
against the will of the patient. 

Forceps (for'-seps) [forceps, a pair of tongs]. 
An instrument with two blades and handles 
used for purposes of drawing on or compress- 
ing an object. F., Bone-, a cutting forceps 
for use in operations upon bones. F;, Hem- 
ostatic, a forceps for controlling hemorrhage. 

Forcipressure (for' ' -se-presh-ur) [forceps, a 
pair of tongs ; pressura, a pressing]. The 
catching the end of the divided vessel with 
a pair of spring-forceps, which is left on for 
some time for the purpose of preventing 
hemorrhage. 

Fore (for) [AS., fore, before]. In front, 
coming first. F.-arm, that part of the arm 
between the wrist and the elbow. F. -brain, 
the anterior of the encephalic vesicles into 
which the primary nervous axis of the em- 
bryo divides at an early stage ; the prosen- 
cephalon. F. -finger, the index finger. 
F.-gut, the embryonic tube corresponding to 
the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duo- 
denum. F.-head, that part of the face above 
the orbits of the eyes. F.-skin, the prepuce. 

Foreign Body. A substance not normally 
present in the place where it is found. 

Forensic (for-en f -sik) [forensis, belonging 
to the forum] . Pertaining to a court of law. 
In medicine, that part of the science con- 
nected with judicial inquiry. 



Formal (for'-mal). See Methylal. 

Formaldehyd (form-aV -de-hld). See Alde- 
hyd, Formic. 

Formalin (for'-mal-in) [formica, an ant]. 
A proprietary substance composed of a 40 per 
cent, solution of formaldehyd. It is used as 
an antiseptic and as a fixing- agent in histo- 
logic studies. 

Formate (for' -mat). A salt of formic acid. 

Formatio (for-ma'-she-o) [L.]. A forma- 
tion. F. reticularis, the intercrossing of 
the fibers of the anterior columns in the 
medulla. 

Formative (for f -ma-tiv) [formare, to form]. 
Concerned in the formation of tissue. 

Formic Acid (for'-mik). See Acid. 

Formication (for-mik-a' -sJnin) [formica, an 
ant]. A sensation like that produced by ants 
or other insects crawling upon the skin. 

Formol (for f -mol). See Formalin. 

Formula (form' '-u-lah) [dim. of forma, a 
form]. I. A prescribed method. 2. The 
representation of a chemic compound by sym- 
bols. F., Constitutional, or Rational, one 
that indicates by means of symbols the exact 
proportion by weight in which the elements 
enter into a compound. F., Empiric, one 
that indicates only the constituents and their 
proportions in a molecule, as HN0 3 , nitric 
acid. F., Graphic. See F. , Structural. 
F., Rational. Same as F. , Constitutional. 
F., Structural, one in which the symbols are 
united by the bonds of affinity according to 
their quantivalence, as H-O-H. 

Formulary (for f -mu- la-re) [formula ; dim. 
of forma, form]. A collection of formulas 



FORMYL 



282 



FRACTURE 



or recipes. F., National, a collection of 
widely-used and well-known preparations, 
omitted from the U. S. Pharmacopeia, but 
collected and published by the American 
Pharmaceutic Association. 

Formyl (for' -mil) [formica, the ant; vTitj, 
matter], CHO. The radicle of formic acid. 
F., Bromid, bromoform. F., Chlorid, 
chloroform. F., Iodid, iodoform. 

Fornicate (for' -?iik-at) [fornix, an arch]. 
Arched. F. Gyrus. See Convolution. 

Fornix (for'-niks) [fornix, an arch]. A 
triangular body of white matter beneath the 
corpus callosum. From the apex, situated 
anteriorly, the anterior pillars arise and de- 
scend to form the corpora mamillaria. From 
the extremities of the base the posterior pil- 
lars descend into the lateral ventricles. The 
fornix serves as an anteroposterior commis- 
sure between the optic thalamus and the hip- 
pocampus major and the uncinate gyrus. 

Fortification-spectrum (for-tif-ik-a' -shun- 
spekt-trum). Teichopsia; the appearance of 
a peculiar subjective visual sensation, some- 
times followed by migrain. The luminous 
shape assumes a zigzag form, with angles 
resembling those of a fortification. 

Fossa (fos'-ah) [fossa, a ditch]. A depres- 
sion or pit. F., Canine, a depression on 
the external surface of the superior maxilla, 
above and to the outer side of the socket of the 
canine tooth. F., Cranial, any of the three 
depressions in the base of the skull for the 
reception of the lobes of the brain. F., Di- 
gastric, a deep groove on the inner aspect 
of the mastoid process. F., Digital, a de- 
pression at the base of the inner surface of 
the great trochanter of the femur. F., Glen- 
oid, the fossa in the temporal bone that re- 
ceives the condyle of the lower jaw. F., 
Hyaloid, a depression in the anterior surface 
of the vitreous body for the crystalline lens. 
F., Iliac, the smooth internal surface of the 
ilium. F., Ischiorectal, the depression on 
either side of the anus, bounded on the outer 
side by the tuberosity of the ischium. F., 
Lacrymal, the depression in the orbital plate 
of the frontal bone for the reception of the 
lacrymal gland. F. navicularis, the di- 
lated portion of the urethra in the glans 
penis. In the vulva, the depression between 
the posterior commissure and the fourchet. 
F. ovalis, an oval depression in the right 
auricle of the heart. F. patellaris. See 
F., Hyaloid. F., Pituitary, a depression in 
the sphenoid bone lodging the pituitary 7 body. 
F., Sublingual, a depression on the internal 
surface of the inferior maxillary bone, for 
containing the sublingual gland. F., Sub- 
maxillary, the oblong depression on the 
internal surface of the inferior maxillary bone, 
containing the submaxillary gland. 



Fourchet, or Fourchette (foor-shet') [Fr.,a 
fork]. I. A fold of mucous membrane just 
inside of the posterior commissure of the vulva. 
2. A forked instrument used in division of 
the frenum linguae. 

Fourth Cranial Nerve. The pathetic nerve, 
supplying the superior oblique muscle. 

Fovea (fo-ve'-ah) [L., a small pit]. A small 
depression or pit. Applied to many depres- 
sions in the body, but more particularly to 
the fovea centralis retinae, a little pit in the 
macula lutea, opposite the visual axis, the 
spot of most distinct vision. F. hemiel- 
liptica, a small depression on the inner wall 
of the labyrinth. It is perforated for the 
passage of filaments of the auditory nerve. 
F. hemisphaerica, a depression in the roof 
of the labyrinth. 

Fowler's Solution. See Arsenic. 

Fox-glove (foks'-gluv). See Digitalis. 

Fractional (frak'-shun-al) [f radio, a break- 
ing]. Divided. F. Cultivation, the isolation 
of microorganisms from each other by diluting 
the mixture containing them to such a degree 
that a given quantity contains but few or- 
ganisms. F. Distillation. See Distillation. 
F. Sterilization, intermittent sterilization. 

Fracture (frak'-tur) [frangere, to break]. 
A breaking, especially of a bone. F., Bar- 
ton's. See Diseases, Table of. F.-bed, 
a bed designed for patients having fractures. 
It usually has a hole in the center to transmit 
the discharges. F.-box, a long box without 
ends or cover, used in the immobilization of 
fractured legs. F., Comminuted, one in 
which the bone is splintered. F., Colles'. 
See Diseases, Table of. F., Complete, one 
in which the bone is entirely broken through. 
F., Complicated, one associated with in- 
jury of adjacent parts. F., Compound, one 
in which the point of fracture is in communi- 
cation with the external air through a wound 
of the overlying parts. F. by Contre-Coup, 
a fracture of the skull caused by transmitted 
violence, and occurring at a distance from 
the point struck, usually opposite. F., De- 
pressed, one in which the fractured part is 
depressed below the normal level, as in frac- 
ture of the skull. F., Double, the existence 
of two fractures in the same bone. F., 
Greenstick, one in which one side of the bone 
is broken, the other bent. F., Impacted, 
one in which one fragment is driven into the 
other so as to be held fast. F., Pott's, 
fracture of the fibula about three inches above 
the ankle-joint, usually with a splitting-off of 
the tip of the inner malleolus, and at times 
rupture of the internal lateral ligament. F., 
Simple, one in which the overlying integu- 
ment is intact. F., Smith's, fracture of the 
lower end of the radius, from a quarter of an 
inch to an inch from the articular surface. 



FRENULUM 



283 



FRUIT 



F., Spontaneous, one due to a slight force, 
as when there is disease of the bone. F., 
Ununited, one in which bony union has 
failed to occur. 

Fraenulum {fren'-u-httn). See Frenulum. 

Fraenum {fre'-num). See Frenum. 

Fragilitas {fraj-W '-it-as) [L.]. Brittleness. 
F. crinium, an atrophic condition of the 
hair in which the individual hairs split into 
numerous fibrillar F. ossium, abnormal 
brittleness of the bones. 

Fragmentation {frag-men-ta* 'shun) [frag- 
mentum, a piece]. The breaking up into 
fragments. 

Frambesia ( fratn - be' - ze - ah) [frambasia, 
raspberry] . Yaws ; Pian. A tropical conta- 
gious disease of the skin, of long duration, 
characterized by dirty or bright-red raspberry- 
like tubercles, appearing usually on the face, 
toes, and genital organs. It is most frequent 
in young negroes. 

Frangula (frang'-gu-lah) [L.]. The bark 
of Rhamnus frangula, or alder-buckthorn. 
The young bark is very irritant ; bark at 
least a year old is laxative, resembling rhu- 
barb in action. F., Ext., Fid. Dose tt\,x- 
xx (0.65-1.3). Ext. rhamni frangulae 
liq. (B. P.). Dose Tl\x-xx (0.65-1.3). 

Frankincense {frangk'-in-sens) [francum 
incensum, pure incense]. See Olibanum. 
F., Common, a concrete turpentine obtained 
from Pinus palustris and other species of 
Pinus. 

Franklin Spectacles. [Named after B. 
Franklin, their inventor]. Spectacles with 
each eye-glass divided horizontally into an 
upper lens, suited for far vision, and a lower 
for close work. 

Franklinic Electricity. Static or frictional 
electricity. 

Frasera (fra'-ze-rah). The root of Ameri- 
can Columbo ; it is a mild tonic and simple 
bitter. Dose in powder 3J (4.0). Unof. 

Fraunhofer's Lines. See Absorption. 

Fraxinus {fraks-in'-us). See Manna. 

Freckles {frek'-lz). See Lentigo. 

Freezing Microtome. A microtome provi- 
ded with a contrivance for freezing artifici- 
ally the tissue to be cut. 

Freezing-mixture, a mixture of salt and 
snow or ice, which absorbs a great deal of 
heat in undergoing solution. 

Freezing-point, the temperature at which a 
liquid freezes. 

Fremitus (frem'-tt-us) [L., a murmur]. A 
vibration. F., Friction, the vibrations pro- 
duced by the rubbing together of two dry 
surfaces, and felt by the hand. F., Rhon- 
chal, vibrations produced by the passage of 
air through a large bronchial tube containing 
mucus. F., Tactile, the vibratory sensation 
conveyed to the hand applied to the chest of 



a person speaking. F., Vocal, the sounds 
of the voice transmitted to the ear applied to 
the chest of a person speaking. 

Frenulum [fren' '-u-lum) [dim. of frenum, a 
bridle]. A small frenum; a slight ridge on 
the upper part of the valve of Vieussens. F. 
pudendi, the fourchet. 

Frenum (fre'-num) [L., a bridle]. A fold 
of integument, or mucous membrane, that 
checks or limits the movements of any organ. 
F. linguae, the vertical fold of mucous 
membrane under the tongue. F. of Penis, 
the fold on the lower surface of the glans 
penis connecting it with the prepuce. 

Frenzy (fren'-ze) \jppi]v, mind]. Violent 
mania. 

Friable (fri'-ab-l) [friare, to break into 
pieces]. Easily broken or crumbled. 

Friction (frik f -s/nui) \_fricare, to rub]. The 
act of rubbing. F. -fremitus. See Fremitus. 
F. -sound, the sound observed in ausculta- 
tion as a result of the rubbing together of 
adjacent parts, e.g., of the pleural folds, the 
pericardium, or the peritoneum, when the 
layers are dry or roughened. 

Friedreich's Ataxia or Disease. See Dis- 
eases, Table of. F.'s Sign. See Signs and 
Symptoms, Table of. 

Frigorific {frig -or- if- ih) \_frigus, cold ; 
facere, to make]. Producing extreme cold. 

Frog's Belly. The flaccid abdomen seen in 
children suffering from rickets or from atony 
of the abdominal cells, the result of dyspepsia 
with flatulent distention. 

Frommann's Lines. Transverse markings 
on the axis-cylinder of medullated nerve- 
fibers, seen after treatment with silver nitrate. 

Fron's Reagent. The double iodid of potas- 
sium and bismuth, used as a test for alkaloids. 

Front-tap Contraction of Gowers. See 
Reflexes, Table of. 

Frontal (frunt'-al) \_frons, forehead]. I. 
Pertaining to the anterior part or aspect of an 
organ or body. 2. Belonging to the fore- 
head. F. Bone, the anterior bone of the 
skull and superior bone of the face. F. Emi- 
nence. See Eminence. F. Lobe. See 
Lobe. F. Section. See Section. F. Si- 
nuses, the hollow air-spaces in the frontal 
bone. 

Fronto- (frun'-to-) [frons, the forehead]. 
A prefix denoting anterior position, or ex- 
pressing a relation with the forehead. 

Frost-bite, the morbid condition of a part, 
the result of extreme cold. 

Frost-itch, a name for Prurigo hiemalis. 

Frosted Feet (fros'-tedfet). See Chilblain. 

Fructose (fruk'-tos) [fructus, fruit], C 6 H ]2 - 
6 . Fruit-sugar, formerly called levulose ; it 
is found in nearly all sweet fruits. 

Fruit (frute) [fructus, fruit]. I. The devel- 
oped ovary of a plant, and especially the sue- 



FRUMENTUM 

culent, fleshy parts gathered about the same. 
2. The offspring of animals. F.-sugar. See 
Fructose. 

Frumentum {fru-men* -turn) [L.]. Wheat 
or other grain. Spiritus frumenti, whisky. 

Ft. Abbreviation for fiat or fiant, L. for Let 
there be made. 

Fuchsin .{fook'-sin) [after Leonhard Fucks'], 
^2o-"- 19 X 3 . QH 4 2 . The hydrochlorid or ace- 
tate of rosanilin, a lustrous, green, crystalline 
salt imparting an intense red color to solu- 
tions. It is employed as a staining agent in 
microscopy, and has been used internally in 
albuminuria. Dose gr. T L-£ (0.006-0.01). 

Fucus {fu'-kus) [(pwoc, seaweed], A genus 
of marine algae, the rock-weeds. F. vesi- 
culosus, bladder-wrack, sea-wrack. It is 
employed in goiter and glandular enlarge- 
ments, and in obesity, under the name of 
antifat. Dose of the solid extract, gr. x 
(0.65) ; of the fluid extract, f 3 j-ij (4.0-8.0). 
Unof. 

Fulgurant {fuV-gu-rant) [fulgur,\ightnmg\. 
Lightning-like. F. Pains, pains that are 
excruciating and come on with lightning-like 
suddenness, and disappear as quickly. 
Fulminant, or Fulminating {ful'-min-ant, 
or ful> ' -??iin-a-ting) [ fulminare, to lighten].' 
Sudden, severe, and rapid in course; as ful- 
minant glaucoma. 
Fumigation {fu-viig-a f -shun ) [fumigare, to 
smoke]. Disinfection by exposure to the 
fumes of a vaporized disinfectant. 
Fuming (/«> ' -ming)[fumus , smoke]. Emit- 
ting smoke or vapor. 
Function {fungk f -shun) I fungi, to perform] . 

The normal or special action of a part. 
Functional {fungk'-shun-at) [fungi, to per- 
form]. Pertaining to the special action of an 
organ. F. Disease, a derangement of the 
normal action of an organ without structural 
alteration. 
Fundament {fun' '-dam-ent) [fundus, bot- 
tom]. 1. The foundation or base of a thing. 
2. The rudiment. 3. The breech. 
Fundamental {fun- dam- en? -at) [fundus, 
bottom]. Pertaining to the foundation. 
Fundus {fun'-dus) [fundus, the bottom]. 
The base of an organ ; the part farthest re- 
moved from the opening of the organ. F. 
oculi, the posterior portion of the interior of 
the eye seen by the ophthalmoscope. F. 
uteri, the part of the womb remotest from 
the cervix. F. vesicae, the floor, or bas fond 
of the urinary bladder. 
Fungiform {fun'-jif-orm) [fungus, a mush- 
room ; for?na, form]. Having the form of a 
mushroom, as the F. papillae of the tongue. 
Fungoid {fung> '-goid) [fungus, a toadstool ; 

eldog, likeness]. Resembling a fungus. 
Fungus {fung'-gus) [L.]. 1. One of the 
lowest orders of plants, without stems, leaves, 



284 



FUSEL OIL 



or roots, and destitute of chlorophyl. The 
chief classes of fungi are the molds, or hy- 
phomycetes, the yeasts, or saccharomycetes, 
and the bacteria, or schizomycetes. 2. A 
spongy, morbid excrescence, as proud flesh. 
F. of Brain, hernia* cerebri. F. of Dura 
Mater, a tumor of the skull, of malignant 
nature, originating in the layers of osteal 
cells. F. Foot. See Madura-foot. F. 
haematodes, a bleeding tumor, generally a 
soft carcinoma. F., Ray-, the actinomyces. 
Funic {fu'-nik) [funis, a rope]. Pertaining 
to the funis. 
Funicular {fu-nik'-u-lar) [funis, a rope]. 
Relating to the umbilical or spermatic cord. 
F. Process, the portion of the tunica vagin- 
alis that surrounds the spermatic cord. 
Funiculus {fu-nik' -u-his) [dim. of funis, a 
rope]. 1. A cord-like structure, as the 
spermatic cord, the umbilical cord. 2. A 
bundle of nerve-fibers in a sheath of perineu- 
rium. 3. A name for the different columns 
of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata ; as 
the F. cuneatus, F. gracilis, F. of Rolando, 
F. teres. F. cuneatus. Column of Burdach. 
F. gracilis. Column of Goll. 
Funis {fu f -nis) [L.]. A cord; the umbilical 

cord. 
Funnel {funnel) [Etymology doubtful; 
Welsh, ffynel, an air-hole]. 1. A wide- 
mouthed, conic vessel ending in an open 
tube, used to transfer liquids from one vessel 
to another, and as a support for paper-filters. 
Furfuraceous {fur-fur-a'-se-us) [furfur, 
bran]. Resembling the scales of bran, as 
F. desquamation. 
Furrow {fur'-o) [AS., fur A, a groove]. A 
groove. F., Digital, one of the transverse 
lines or furrows on the palmar surface of the 
fingers. F., Genital, a groove appearing on 
the genital tubercle of the fetus at the end 
of the second month. 
Furuncle {fu-rung / -kl). See Fztrunculus. 
Furunculosis {fu-rung-ku-lo' -sis) [furun- 
culus, aboil]. A condition associated with 
the formation of furuncles. 
Furunculus {fit-rung* -ku-lus)\fL]. Aboil. 
A local inflammatory affection, commonly in- 
volving a skin-gland or hair-follicle, and 
ending in suppuration. It begins with a pain- 
ful induration, followed by swelling, suppu- 
ration of the corium and subcutaneous con- 
nective tissue, and the discharge of a central 
slough or core. F. orientalis, Oriental boil, 
Aleppo boil, Delhi boil, Biscara button, Pend- 
jeh sore, Natal sore. A disease, marked by 
the successive formation of papule, tubercle, 
scab, and sharply circumscribed ulcer on the 
face, especially the cheeks and angle of the 
mouth. It is common along the shores of 
the Mediterranean Sea. 
Fusel Oil (>'^/),C 5 H u HO. Amylic alco- 



FUSIBLE 



285 



GALANGA 



i hoi. An oily liquid of strong odor. It is an 
ingredient of crude alcohol obtained by dis- 
tilling grain and potatoes. 
Fusible (fu'-ziol) [fusus, melted]. Capa- 
ble of being melted. F. Calculus, a calcu- 

\ lus that can be liquefiea by heat. 
Fusiform {fu' -zif-orm) [fusus, a spindle ; 
forma, shape]. Spindle-shaped. F. Pap- 
illae, the slender papillae covering the anterior 
two-thirds of the tongue. F. Lobule, the 



convolution on the median aspect of the 
brain below the collateral fissure. 

Fusion (fu'-zhun) \jundere, to pour out]. 
The process of melting ; the act of uniting, 
or cohering. 

Fustigation {fus-tig-a f -shun) [fustigare, to 
beat]. Flagellation. F., Electric, an ap- 
plication of electricity in which the surface 
of the body is rapidly tapped with the elec- 
trodes of an induced current. 



G. Abbreviation of gram. 

Gadinin {gad'-in-iri), C 7 H 17 N0 2 . A pto- 
niain obtained from decomposing haddock, 
and also from cultures of the bacteria of hu- 
man feces. 

Gaduin {gad f -u-in) [gadus, the codfish], 
C 35 H 46 9 . A fatty principle occurring in 
cod-liver oil. 

Gadus (ga / -dus) [yddog, the whiting]. A 
genus of fish. G. morrhua, the cod ; a fish 
from the livers of which cod-liver oil is ob- 
tained. 

Gaertner, Duct of. See Duct. 

Gag [Welsh, cegio, to choke]. An instrument 
placed between the teeth to prevent closure 
of the jaws. 

Gait {gat) [Icel. gata, a way]. The manner 
of walking. G., Ataxic, a gait in which 
the foot is raised high, thrown forward, and 
brought down suddenly, the whole sole strik- 
ing the ground at once. G., Cerebellar, a gait 
associated with a staggering movement. G., 
Spastic, a gait in which the legs are held 
close together and move in a stiff manner, 
and the toes tend to drag and catch. G., 
Steppage, a gait observed in certain neuro- 
tic conditions, in which the foot is thrown 
forcibly forward, the toe lifted high in the 
air, the heel being first brought down and 
then the entire foot. 

Galactagogue (gal-ak'-tag-og) [yaka, milk; 
ayayoq, leading]. I. Inducing the secretion 
of milk. 2. An agent that increases the se- 
cretion of milk. 

Galactidrosis {gal- ak - tid- ro'- sis) [yaka, 
milk ; Idpag, sweat]. The sweating of a 
milk-like fluid. 

Galactin {gal-ak'-tin) [yaka, milk], C 54 H 18 - 
N i 25 . An amorphous alkaloid found in milk. 

Galactoblast {gal-ak' '-to-blast) [yaka, milk; 
j3?mot6(;, a germ]. A peculiar fat-containing 
globule found in the acini of the mammary 
gland. 



Galactocele {gal-aW-to-sel) [yaka, milk; 
KTjkrj, tumor] . I . A cystic tumor of the fe- 
male breast due to a collection of milk result- 
ing from closure of a milk-duct. 2. Hydro- 
cele with milky contents. 

Galactometer {gal-ak-tom'-et-er). See Lac- 
tometer. 

Galactophlysis {gal-ak-toff f -lis-is) [yaka, 
milk; <j>kvaig, eruption]. A vesicular erup- 
tion containing a milk-like fluid. 

Galactophorous {gal-ak-toff' '-or-us) [yaka, 
milk ; (pepeiv, to bear]. Milk-bearing. G. 
Ducts, the excretory ducts of the mammae. 

Galactophygous {gal-ak-toff '-ig-us) [yaka, 
milk; <pvyrj, flight]. Arresting the secretion 
of milk. 

Galactoplania {gal-ak-to-pla' '-ne-ah) [ya?\,a, 
milk; irkdvTj, a wandering]. The metastasis 
of milk ; a disease due to the suppression 
of lactation and the metastasis of the milk. 

Galactopoietic {gal-ak-to-poi-ef -ik) [yd/la, 
milk; tzoleelv, to make]. Galactagogue. 

Galactorrhea {gal-ak-tor-e' '-ah) [ya?M, milk ; 
pola, a flow]. An excessive flow of milk. 

Galactoscope {gal-ak' -to -shop). See Lacto- 
scope. 

Galactose {gal-ak' '-tos) [yaka, milk], C 6 H 12 - 
O e . A sugar formed by boiling milk-sugar 

* with dilute acids. It readily reduces alkaline 
copper-solutions and is fermentable with 
yeast. 

Galactostasis ( gal- ak - tos f - tas -is) [ yaka, 
milk ; ardacq, stoppage]. A stoppage of 
the milk. 

Galactotherapy {gal-ak-to-ther f -ap-e) [yd?M, 
milk; depaireiv, treatment]. I. The treat- 
ment of disease in suckling infants by the ad- 
ministration of the remedies to the mother or 
wet-nurse. 2. Milk-cure. 

Galanga, or Galangal {gal-ang' -gah , or 
gal' -an-gal) [Chin.]. The rhizome of Al- 
pinia officinarum, and of Maranta galganga 
(great galangal) . The active principles are a 



GALBANUM 



286 



GANGLION 



volatile oil and a resin ; the actions those of 
a stimulant aromatic. Dose gr. xv-xxx 
(1.0-2.0). 

Galbanum {gal'-ban-um) [Heb. , khelbenah, 
white milk], 1. A gum-resin of Ferula 
galbanifiua, and F. rubricaulis. It is ex- 
pectorant, stimulant, and antispasmodic, and 
is useful in chronic bronchitis, amenorrhea, 
and chronic rheumatism. Locally it is em- 
ployed in the form of a plaster for indolent 
swellings. Dose gr. x-xx (0.65-1.3). 
G., Pil., Comp., now termed Pil. asa- 
fcetidae comp.; each pill contains galba- 
num gr. jss, myrrh gr. jss, asafetida gr. 
ss, and syrup. Dose ij-iij. G., Em- 
plastrum, galbanum 16, turpentine 2, Bur- 
gundy pitch 6, lead-plaster 76 parts. 

Galea {ga'-le-ah) [galea, helmet]. The 
aponeurotic portion of the occipito-fron- 
talis muscle. 

Gall {gawl) [AS., gealla, bile]. The bile. 
G. -bladder, the pear-shaped sac on the un- 
der surface of the right lobe of the liver, con- 
stituting the reservoir for the bile. G.- 
cyst, the gall-bladder. G. -stones, the con- 
cretions occasionally formed in the gall-blad- 
der and bile-ducts. 

Galla {gal' -ah) [L.]. Nut-gall. An ex- 
crescence on the leaves of dyer's oak, Quer- 
cus lusitanica, caused by the deposited ova 
of an insect. It contains tannic acid from 
10-75 P er cent., gallic acid 5 per cent. Dose 
gr. v-xv (0.32-1.0). G., Tinct., 20 per 
cent. Dose f^ss-iij (2.0-12.0). G., Un- 
guentum, 10 per cent. See Acid, Tannic. 
G., Unguentum, cum opio (B.P.), an as- 
tringent and sedative ointment. 

Gallic Acid {gal'-ik). See Acid, Gallic. 

Gallipot {gal'-e-pot) [OD., gleypot, a galli- 
pot]. An apothecary's pot for holding oint- 
ments or confections. 

Gallon {gal' -on) [ME., 6 ^/ra; L. , congitts'] . 
A standard unit of volumetric measurement, 
having in the United States a capacity of 231 
cubic inches. 

Galvanic ( gal-van' '-ik) \_Galvani, an Italian 



scientist]. Pertaining to galvanism. G. 
Battery. See Battery. 

Galvanism {gal' -van-izm) \_Galvani, an Ital- 
ian scientist] . Primary electricity produced 
by chemic action. 

Galvano- {gal-van' -0-) [Galvani, an Italian 
scientist]. A prefix denoting a galvanic or 
primary current of electricity. G. -cautery, 
a form of thermal cautery in which the heat 
is produced by a galvanic current. G. -con- 
tractility, the property of being contractile 
under stimulation by the galvanic current. 
G. -faradization, the simultaneous excitation 
of a nerve or muscle by both a galvanic and 
a faradic current. G. -puncture, the intro- 
duction of fine needles that complete an 
electric circuit. G. -therapeutics, treat- 
ment by means of the galvanic current. 

Galvanometer {gal-van-om' -et-er) [Galvani, 
an Italian scientist; fierpov, a measure]. 
An instrument used for the qualitative 
determination of the presence of an electric 
current. 

Galvanoscope {gal-van' -o-skop) \_Galvani, 
an Italian scientist; CKO~elv, to view]. An 
instrument for detecting the presence and 
direction of a galvanic current. 

Gamboge {gam-boz/i'). See Cambogia. 

Gammacism (gam'-as-izm) [gammacismus ; 
yafifia, the letter G]. Difficulty in pronounc- 
ing the letters g and k. 

Gamogenesis {gam-o-jen' -es-is) [yauoc, mar- 
riage ; yeveaic, origin]. Sexual reproduction. 

Gangliform {gang' -gle -form) [ydyy/.tov, 
ganglion; forma, form]. Having the shape 
of a ganglion. 

Ganglion {gang'-gle-on) \_yayyAiw, a knot] . 
I . A well-defined collection of nerve-cells and 
fibers forming a subsidiary nerve-center. 2. 
An enlarged bursa in connection with a 
tendon. G.-cell, the large nerve-cell 
characteristic of the ganglia ; similar cells 
are found in other parts of the nervous system. 
Ganglia, Basal, the ganglia at the base of 
the brain, comprising the corpora striata (cau- 
date and lenticular nuclei), and optic thalami. 



TABLE OF GANGLIA. 



Bidder's (2). 



Name. 


Location. 


Roots. 


Distribution. 




Andersch's. 


See Petrous. 






Arnold's. 


See Otic. 






Auricular. 


See Otic. 




Basal. 


At base of cerebrum ; they in- 
elude corpora striata and ' 
optic thalami. 





In the auricular septum of the Termination of the cardi- Heart, 
frog's heart. ' ac branches of the vagus. ' 



GANGLIA 287 GANGLIA 

TABLE OF GANGLIA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Roots. 


Distribution. 


Bochdalek's. 


Above the root of one of the 
upper incisor teeth, at the 
point of communication be- 
tween the posterior nasal 
branch of Meckel's ganglion 
and the anterior dental 
nerve. 


Dental nerves. 


Dental nerves. 


Cardiac, superior 

(Wrisberg). 


Beneath the arch of the aorta. 


Superficial cardiac plexus. 


Cardiac plexus. 


Carotid. 


In the lower part of the caver- 
nous sinus, beneath the caro- 
tid artery. 


Filaments from the caro- 
tid plexus. 


Carotid plexus. 


Carotid, inferior. 


Lower portion of the carotid 
canal. 


Carotid plexus. 


Filaments to the carotid 
artery. 


Carotid, superior. 


Upper portion of the carotid 
canal. 


Carotid plexus. 


Filaments to the carotid 
artery. 


Casserian. 


See Gasserian. 






Cephalic. 


Sympathetic ganglia of the 
head. They include the cil- 
iary, sphenopalatine, otic, 
and submaxillary. 






Cervical, inferior. 


Between the neck of the first 
rib, and the transverse pro- 
cess of the last cervical ver- 
tebra. 


Three lower cervical, 
first dorsal. 


Cardiac nerves and 
plexus, etc. 


Cervical, middle, 
or thyroid. 


Opposite the fifth cervical 
vertebra, near the inferior 
thyroid artery. 


Fifth and sixth cervical 
nerves, spinal nerves and 
ganglia. 


Thyroid gland, cardiac 
nerve, cavernous plex- 
us. 


Cervical, superior. 


Opposite the second and third 
cervical vertebrae. 


Four upper cervical, pe- 
trosal, vagus, glosso- 
pharyngeal, and hypo- 
glossal nerves. 


Superior, inferior, exter- 
nal, internal branches ; 
carotid and cavernous 
plexuses. 


Cervical (of uterus). 


Near the cervix uteri. 


Filaments from the hypo- 
gastric plexus, sacral 
ganglia, and sacral 
nerves. 


Uterine nerves. 


Ciliary. 


See Ophthalmic. 






Of Cloquet. 


Incisor foramen. 


Nasopalatine nerves. 


Nasopalatine nerves. 


Coccygeal. 


See Impar. 






Gasser's. 


See Gasserian. 






Gasserian, or semi- 
lunar. 


Fossa on the anterior part of 
the petrous portion of the 
temporal bone, near the 
apex. 


Fifth cranial nerve, caro- 
tid plexus. 


Ophthalmic, superior 
and inferior maxillary 
nerves. 


Geniculate. 


Aqueduct of Fallopius. 


Large and small superfi- 
cial petrosal. 


Facial. 


Hepatic. 


Around the hepatic artery. 


Hepatic branches of the 
semilunar ganglion. 


Liver. 


Impar, or coccy- 
geal. 


Anterior surface of the tip of 
the coccyx, uniting the two 
sympathetic nerves. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Inferior (of vagus). 


Near jugular foramen. 


Hypoglossal and cervical 
nerves and various 
plexuses. 


Vagus. 


Inframaxillary, an- 
terior. 


Near the incisor teeth. 


Inferior maxillary nerve. 


Filaments to the teeth. 











GANGLIA 288 GANGLIA 

TABLE OF GANGLIA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Roots. 


Distribution. 


Inframaxillary, pos- 
terior. 


Near the last molar tooth. 


Inferior maxillary nerve. 


Filaments to the teeth. 


Jugular (Ehrenrit- 
ter's). 


Upper part of the jugular fora- 
men. 


Glossopharyngeal. 


Continuation of the 
glossopharyngeal. 


J ugular (of vagus). 


Jugular foramen. 


Vagus. 


Vagus. 


Ludwig's. 


Right auricle of the heart. 


Cardiac plexus. 


Cardiac plexus. 


Lumbar (4 or 5). 


On each side and behind the 
abdominal aorta. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Meckel's. 


See Sphenopalatine . 






Mesenteric, infe- 
rior. 


The inferior mesenteric artery. 


Inferior mesenteric plexus. 


Mesentery and intestine. 


Mesenteric, lateral. 


In connection with superior 
mesenteric plexus, on left side. 


Superior mesenteric plex- 
us. 


Mesentery and bowel. 


Mesenteric, supe- 
rior. 


Near the origin of the supe- 
rior mesenteric artery. 


Superior mesenteric plex- 
us. 


Sympathetic. 


Nasal. 


See MeckeP s. 






Ophthalmic. 


Posterior part of the orbit. 


Nasal branch of the oph- 
thalmic, third nerve, 
cavernous plexus, and 
Meckel's ganglion. 


Short ciliary. 


Orbital. 


See Ophthalmic. 






Otic (Arnold's). 


Below the foramen ovale. 


Inferior maxillary, auricu- 
lotemporal, glossopha- 
ryngeal, facial, sympa- 
thetic, and internal pte- 
rygoid. 


Tensor tympani, tensor 
palati, chorda tympani. 


Petrous (An- 
dersch's). 


Petrous portion of the tempo- 
ral bone, lower border. 


Glossopharyngeal. 


Tympanic, sympathetic, 
and vagus. 


Pharyngeal. 


Near ascending pharyngeal 
artery. 


Carotid plexus. 


Carotid plexus. 


Phrenic. 


Under the diaphragm at the 
junction of the right phrenic 
neive and phrenic plexus. 


Sympathetic. 


To the diaphragm, infe- 
rior vena cava, supra- 
renal capsule, hepatic 
plexus. 


Prostatic (of Mul- 
ler). 


On the prostate. 


Prostatic plexus. 


Filaments to seminal 
vesicles and cavernous 
tissue of penis. 


Pterygopalatine. 


See Meckel's. 






Remak's. 


Tissue of the heart, near the 
superior vena cava. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Renal. 


Around the renal artery. 


Renal plexus. 


Renal artery. 


Of Ribes. 


Anterior communicating arte- 
ry of the brain. (It is the 
upper termination of the 
sympathetic.) 


Branches from the two su- 
perior ganglia. 


Sympathetic. 


Sacral (4 or 5). 


Ventral surface of the sacrum. 


Sympathetic. 


Sympathetic. 


Scarpa's. 


Near the internal auditory 
meatus, at the point of junc- 
tion of the facial nerve and 
the vestibular branch of the 
auditory nerve. 


Facial and auditory 
nerves. 


Internal ear. 


Schacher's. 


See Ophthalmic. 







GANGLIONIC 289 GANGRENOUS 

TABLE OF GANGLIA.— Continued. 



Name. 


Location. 


Roots. 


Distribution. 


Semilunar (2, right 
and left). 


Near the suprarenal bodies, 
in front of the crura of the 
diaphragm. 


Solar plexus and great 
splanchnic nerves. 


Solar plexus. 


Solar. 


See Semilunar. 






Sphenopalatine 
(Meckel's). 


Sphenomaxillary fossa, near 
the sphenopalatine foramen. 


Superior maxillary, facial, 
sympathetic. 


Anterior, posterior, and 
external palatine, naso- 
palatine, superior nasal, 
Vidian, pharyngeal. 


Splanchnic. 


See Semilunar. 






Submaxillary. 


Above the submaxillary gland. 


Gustatory, chorda tympa- 
ni, submaxillary, sympa- 
thetic. 


Mouth, submaxillary 
gland, and Wharton's 
duct. 


Superior (of va- 
gus). 


Jugular foramen. 


Superior cervical and pe- 
trous ganglia, and spinal 
accessory. 


Vagus. 


Suprarenal. 


Junction of the great splanch- 
nic nerves. 


Solar plexus. 


Suprarenal plexus. 


Thoracic (12). 


Between the transverse pro- 
cesses of the vertebrae and 
the heads of the ribs. 


Sympathetic. 


Splanchnic nerves and 
branches to spinal 
nerves and plexuses. 


Thyroid, inferior. 


See Cervical, middle. 






Thyroid, superior. 


See Cervical, superior. 






Tympanic. 


Canal between lower surface 
of the petrous portion of 
the temporal bone and the 
tympanum. 


Tympanic branch of the 
glossopharyngeal. 


Tympanum. 


Vagus : (1) of the 
root, see Jugular ; 
(2) of the trunk 
{Vagus). 


Below the jugular foramen. 


Vagus. 


Vagus. 


Valentin's. 


Above the root of the second 
bicuspid, at the junction of 
the middle and posterior 
dental nerves. 


Posterior and middle den- 
tal nerves. 


Filaments to the teeth. 


Ventricular. 


See Bidder's. 






Vestibular. 


Aqueduct of Fallopius. 


Geniculate ganglion. 


Vestibular nerve. 


Walter's. 


See Impar. 






Of Wrisberg. 


See Cardiac. 







Ganglionic (gang-gle-on' -ik) [yayyXiov, a 
ganglion]. Pertaining to or of the nature 
of a ganglion. 

Gangrene (gang' -grin) [yayypatva, a sore, 
from ypaiveiv, to gnaw]. The putrefactive 
fermentation of dead tissue. G., Diabe- 
tic, a moist gangrene sometimes occurring 
in diabetic persons. G., Dry, shriveling 
and desiccation from insufficiency of arterial 
blood. G., Embolic, that caused by an 
embolus that cuts off the supply of blood. 
G., Hospital-, a contagious, rapidly fatal 
form arising under crowded conditions, par- 
19 



ticularly in military hospitals. G., Moist, a 
form with abundance of serous exudation 
and rapid decomposition. G., Nosocomial, 
hospital-gangrene. G., Primary, that 
without preceding inflammation of the part. 
G., Pulpy. See G., Hospital-. G., Sec- 
ondary, a form with preceding inflamma- 
tion. G., Senile, that attacking the ex- 
tremities of the aged. G., Symmetric, 
that attacking corresponding parts of oppo- 
site sides. It is also called Raynaud's dis- 
ease. 
Gangrenous (gang' -gren-us) [yayypatva, 



GARGLE 



290 



GASTROHYSTEROTOMY 



gangrene] . Pertaining to or of the nature of 
gangrene. G. Emphysema. See Edema, 
Malignant. 

Gargle (gar f -gl) [OF., gargouiller, to gar- 
gle]. A solution used for rinsing the pharynx 
and nasopharynx. 

Garlic (gar'-lik). See Allium. 

Garrot (gar'-ot) [Fr., gar otter, to bind]. 
An instrument for compression of an artery 
by twisting a circular bandage about the 
part. 

Gas (gaz) [a word coined by the Belgian 
chemist, Yan Helmont]. An air-like fluid. 
The word is especially applied to those 
fluids that under normal conditions are 
aeriform ; while those that can be readily 
condensed to liquids are termed vapors. 
G., Laughing, nitrous oxid. G., Marsh, 
methane. G., Olefiant, ethylene. G., 
Permanent, a term formerly applied to 
those gases, as ox}-gen, nitrogen, hydrogen, 
that were thought nonliquefiable. 

Gaseous (gaz f -e-us) [see Gas]. Of the na- 
ture of a gas. 

Gasserian Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table 
of. 

Gasser's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. 

Gastero- (gas f -ter-o-) [yaurr/p, belly]. See 
Gastro-. 

Gastralgia (gas-tral'-je-ah) [^acrf/p, stom- 
ach; a/jog, pain]. Paroxysmal pain in the 
stomach. 

Gastrectomy (gas -trek' -to- me) ^acrf/p, 
stomach; ektouj], a cutting out]. Excision 
of the whole or a part of the stomach. 

Gastric (gas'-trik) [yaoriip, stomach]. Per- 
taining to the stomach. G. Artery. See 
Arteries, Table of G. Crisis, a severe, par- 
oxysmal attack of pain in the stomach, ac- 
companied by obstinate vomiting, occurring 
in the course of locomotor ataxia. G. Juice, 
the secretion of the glands of the stomach. 
It is a clear, colorless liquid, having an acid 
reaction and a specific gravity of 1002.5, 
and containing five per cent, of solid matter. 
A small amount of hydrochloric acid, 0.2 to 
0.4 per cent. , and a ferment called pepsin, are 
the essential elements. It digests proteids 
and precipitates the casein of milk. 

Gastritis (gas-tri' -tis) [yaarr/p, stomach ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
stomach. It may be acute or chronic ; ca- 
tarrhal, suppurative or phlegmonous, or diph- 
theric. G., Atrophic, a chronic form 
with atrophy of the mucous membrane. G., 
Hypertrophic, the early stage of chronic 
gastritis in which there is a hyperplasia of 
the mucous membrane. G. polyposa, a 
form of chronic gastritis characterized by a 
great overgrowth of the connective tissue of 
the organ, giving rise to polypoid projections 
of fibrous tissue covered by epithelium. 



Gastro- (gas'-tro-) [jaorrjp, stomach, belly]. 
A prefix denoting relation with the stomach. 

Gastrocele (gas' -tro-sel) \jaarf/p, stomach ; 
K7]'/j], hernia.] A hernia of the stomach. 

Gastrocnemius (gas-trok-ne' ' -me-us) [yacri/p, 
belly; nvijfiT], leg]. A double-headed mus- 
cle forming the greater part of the calf of 
the leg. 

Gastrocolic (gas-tro-koV -ik) [yamr/p, stom- 
ach ; ko /.or, the large intestine]. Pertaining 
to the stomach and the colon. 

Gastrocolitis (gas-ti-o-ko-li f -tis) \jacrijp, 
stomach; ko'/.ov, colon; inc, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the stomach and colon. 

Gastrocolpotomy ( gas-tro - kol-pot' -o-me) 
[yatrrij/p 3 belly; ko/.~ oc, vagina; riureiv, to 
cut]. The operation of Cesarean section 
in which the opening is made through the 
linea alba into the upper part of the vagina. 

Gastrodiaphane { gas-tro-di' -afan) \jax/~^p, 
stomach; did, through; yaivetv, to show]. 
See Gastrodiaphany. 

Gastrodiaphany (gas-tro-di-af -an-e) {jaa- 
TTjp, stomach; did, through; oaivtiv, to 
show]. A method of exploration of the 
stomach by means of an electric lamp known 
as the gastrodiaphane. 

Gastroduodenal (gas-tro-du-o-de' -nal) \yaa- 
rijp, stomach ; duodeni, twelve each]. Per- 
taining to the stomach and the duodenum. 

Gastroduodenitis ( gas - tro - du - od- en-i'-tis) 
[yaoTTjp, stomach ; duodeni, twelve each ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
stomach and duodenum. 

Gastrodynia (gas-tro- din' ' -e- ah) [yatrriip, 
stomach; bdii/;, pain]. Pain in the stom- 
ach. 

Gastroenteritis (gas-tro-en-ter-i'-tis) [>aa- 
rr/p, stomach; h-repov, bowel; trie, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of stomach and 
bowels. 

Gastroenterostomy (gas -tro -en- ter-os' -to- 
me) ^aoTTjp, stomach; evrepov, bowel; ard- 
pa, mouth]. The formation of a communi- 
cation between the stomach and the small 
intestine. 

Gastroenterotomy (gas-tro-en-ter-of '-o-me) 
\_-)ac7T]p, belly; hvrepov, bowel; repveiv, to 
cut]. Incision of the intestines through the 
abdominal wall. 

Gastroepiploic (gas-tro-ep-ip-lo' -ik) [yaoTTjp, 
stomach; e~i~/.oov, caul]. Pertaining to 
the stomach and omentum. 

Gastrohepatic (gas-tro-he-pat f -ik) [yacrTqp, 
stomach; r/-ap, the liver]. Relating to the 
stomach and liver. 

Gastrohysterectomy (gas-tro-his-ter-ek' -to- 
me) \jac-7jp, the belly; here pa, the womb; 
eKToui;, a cutting out]. Removal of the 
uterus through the abdominal wall. 

Gastrohysterotomy (gas-tro-his-ter-otf -o-me) 
\jao-iip, belly; varepa, womb; riuieiv, to 



GASTROINTESTINAL 



291 



GELSEMIUM 



cut]. Incision of the uterus through the 
abdominal wall, usually for the purpose of 
removing a fetus. 

Gastrointestinal (gas-t r o-i n-t e s r -t i n-a I ) 
[-.aarr/p, stomach ; intestine]. Pertaining to 
the stomach and intestine. 

Gastrolith {gas'-tro-lith) \jaarrjp, stomach ; 
7/tfoc, a stone]. A calcareous formation in 
the stomach. 

Gastromalacia {gas-tro-mal-a f -se-ah) \jcig- 
7///J, stomach ; fiaXa/cia, softening]. An ab- 
normal softening of the walls of the stomach. 

Gastromelus {gas-trom f -el-us) [yciGTrjp, belly; 
//e/loc, limb]. A monster with accessory 
limbs attached to the abdomen. 

Gastropathy {gas-trop' '-ath-e) [yaur^p, stom- 
ach; TtadoQ, disease]. Any disease or dis- 
order of the stomach. 

Gastrophrenic [gas-tro-fren' -ik) \_yaarrjp, 
stomach; (f>pr/v, diaphragm]. Relating to 
the stomach and diaphragm. 

Gastrorrhagia (gas-tro-raj'-e-ah) [yacTrjp, 
stomach; prjyvvvai, to break forth]. Hem- 
orrhage from the stomach. 

Gastrorrhaphy ( gas - tror' -a-fe) [ yacrrjp, 
stomach; patyf), suture]. Suture of a wound 
of the stomach or abdominal wall. 

Gastrorrhea (gas-tror-e'-ah) [yaoTyp, stom- 
ach ; poia, a flow] . Excessive secretion of 
mucus or gastric juice in the stomach. 

Gastroschisis [gas-tros / • kis-is) \yacTrjp, belly; 
ax'OiQ, cleft]. A congenital malformation 
in which the abdomen remains open. 

Gastroscope {gas' '-tro-skop) [yaarrjp, stom- 
ach; GKMreiv, to see]. An instrument for 
examining the interior of the stomach. 

Gastroscopy {gas-tros' '-ko-pe) \_yaarrjp, stom- 
ach ; aaoTrelv, to see]. The inspection of 
the interior of the stomach by means of the 
gastroscope. ' 

Gastrosplenic (gas-tro-splen' '-ik) [yaarf/p, 
stomach; gtvUjv, spleen]. Relating to the 
stomach and the spleen. 

Gastrostenosis (gas-tro-ste-no'-sis) [yaoTrjp, 
stomach ; gtivoq, narrow]. A narrowing or 
stricture of the stomach. 

Gastrostomy (gas-tros' '-to-me) \yaarrjp, stom- 
ach ; GTOfia, mouth]. The establishing of a 
fistulous opening into the stomach. 

Gastrotomy {gas-trot 1 '-o-me) [yaoTrfp, stom- 
ach; TEfivuv, to cut}. Incision of the abdo- 
men or the stomach. 

Gastroxia, Gastroxynsis (gas-troks / -e-ah, 
gas - troks - in' -sis) [yaGtrjp, stomach ; bi~vq, 
acid]. Excessive secretion of hydrochloric 
acid by the stomach, a condition that 
characterizes a form of dyspepsia. 

Gastrula [gas f -tru-lah) [yaGrrjp, belly]. The 
embryo at that stage of its development 
when it consists of two cellular layers formed 
by the invagination of the blastula. 

Gastrulation [gas -tru-la f -shun) [ yaGrfjp, 



belly]. The process of formation of the 
gastrula by the invagination of the blastula. 

Gathering [AS., gcedrian, to gather]. A 
collection of pus beneath the surface. 

Gaucher's Disease ( go - shaz) . So-called 
primary epithelioma of the spleen. 

Gaultheria (gawl-the'-re ah). Wintergreen, 
teaberry. The plant, G. procumbens, the 
leaves of which yield a volatile oil, oleum 
gaultheria?, which contains 90 per cent, of 
methyl salicylate, and is used in acute rheu- 
matism, and as a local antiseptic. Dose of 
oleum gaultheriae rr^iij-x (0.2-0.65). Spir- 
itus gaultheria; consists of oil of gaultheria 
5, alcohol 95 parts. It is used chiefly as a 
flavoring agent. Dose rr^x-xx ^0.65-1. 3 U 

Gauze (gawz) [so called because first imported 
{romGaza in Palestine]. A thin, open-meshed 
cloth used for surgical dressings. When im- 
pregnated with antiseptic substances it is 
called antiseptic gauze, or, according to the 
substance used, it is spoken of as iodoform- 
gauze, sublimate-gauze, etc. 

Gavage {gav-ahzh') [Fr]. The administra- 
tion of liquid nourishment through the stom- 
ach-tube. 

Gay-Lussac's Laws. See Law. 

Gelatin (jel'-at-in) \_gelare, to congeal]. An 
albuminoid substance of jelly-like consistence, 
obtained by boiling connective tissue in water. 
G., Bone, the gelatin extracted from osseous 
tissue. G. Capsules, capsules of gelatin de- 
signed for containing medicines of nauseating 
taste. G. Culture-medium, a culture me- 
dium for bacteria containing from 8 to 1 5 per 
cent, of gelatin, in order to give it a solid 
consistence. G., Medicated, gelatin-discs, 
or Lamellae (B.P.), containing traces of al- 
kaloids, for introduction into the conjunc- 
tival sac. They are dissolved by the tears, 
the effects of the alkaloids being thus ob- 
tained. 

Gelatiniferous (jel-at-in-if '-er-us) [gelatma, 
gelatin ; ferre, to bear]. Producing gelatin. 

Gelatinize (Jet' '-at-in-lz) \_gelatina, gelatin]. 
To convert into a jelly-like mass. 

Gelatinous (jel-at' '-in-us) \_gelatina, gelatin]. 
Resembling or having the nature of gelatin. 

Gelose {jel'-oz) \_gelare, to freeze]. The 
gelatinizing principle of agar-agar. 

Gelsemium (jel-sem' -e-um) \_gelseminum , 
jasmine]. Yellow jasmine. The root of G. 
sempervirens, the properties of which are 
mainly due to a bitter alkaloid, gelsemin, C u 
H 19 N0 2 , a powerful motor depressant, anti- 
spasmodic, and diaphoretic. In toxic doses 
it produces diplopia, extreme muscular weak- 
ness, and anesthesia, death occurring from 
asphyxia. Gelsemium is used in neuralgia, 
especially in migraine, in dysmenorrhea, 
hysteria, chorea, delirium tremens, and in 
malarial and typhoid fevers. G., Ext., 



GEMELLUS 



292 



GERM 



Alcoholic (B. P.). Dose gr. )i-% (0.016- 
0.032). G., Ext., Fid. Dose TT\ij-xx 
(0.13-1.3). G., Tinct. Dose rr\x (0.65). 
Gelsemin. Dose gr. -£$- ■£$ (0.001-0.003J. 

Gemellus {jem-el'-us) [dim. of getninu:, 
twin]. Applied to one of two muscles, G. 
superior and G. inferior ; also to the gastroc- 
nemius muscle on account of its two heads 
of origin. 

Gemmation (je/n-a'-skun) [gemmare , to put 
forth buds]. Budding ; a mode of reproduc- 
tion seen in low forms of animal and vege- 
tal life, and characterized by the formation 
of a small projection from the parent-cell, 
which becomes constricted off and forms an 
independent individual. 

Gemmule {Jem' '-iil)[gemmula, dim.ofgemma, 
a bud]. A small bud. 

Genera {jen'-er-ah) [L.]. Plural of Genus. 

General (jen' ' -er-al) [genus, race]. Common 
to a class ; distributed through many parts ; 
diffuse. G. Anatomy, anatomy of the tis- 
sues in general, as distinguished from special 
anatomy, that dealing with special organs. 
G. Paralysis, or Paresis. See Paralysis, 
General. G. Pathology. See Pathology. 

Generation ( jen-er-a'-shun) [generare, to be- 
get]. 1. The act of begetting offspring. 2. 
A period extending from the birth of an in- 
dividual to the birth of his offspring, usually 
estimated at a third of a century. G.. Alter- 
nate, the alternation of asexual with sexual 
generation in the same species of animals or 
plants, the offspring of one process differing 
from that of the other. G., Asexual, re- 
production without previous union of two 
sexual elements ; reproduction by fission or 
gemmation. G., Organs of, those that are 
functional in reproduction. G., Sexual, re- 
production by the union of a male and female 
element. G., Spontaneous, the generation 
of living from nonliving matter. 

Genesial, Genesic ( jen-e f -ze-al, jen-e'-sic) 
[-■eveoig, origin]. Pertaining to generation. 

Genesis (Jen'-es-is)[- / £veGic, production]. Be- 
getting ; development ; origin ; formation ; 
generation. 

Genetic (jen-ef-ik) [yeveaic, generation]. 
Pertaining to generation ; producing. 

Genial ( je'-ne-al) [-jevelov, chin]. Pertaining 
to the chin. G. Tubercles, four prominent 
tubercles on the internal surface of the lower 
jaw. 

Geniculate, Geniculated ijen-ik'-u-ldt, -ed) 
[genu, the knee]. Abruptly bent. G. 
Bodies, the corpora geniculata ; two oblong, 
flattened bodies, the external and internal G. 
bodies, on the posterior inferior part of the 
optic thalamus. G. Ganglion. See Ganglia, 
Table of. 

Genio- ( je'-ne-o-) [yevetav, the chin]. A pre- 
fix denoting: connection with the chin. G.- 



hyoglossus Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 
G.-hyoid Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Genital (Jen'-it-al) [genitalis, pertaining to 
generation, from gignere, to beget]. Per- 
taining to the organs of generation or to re- 
production. G. Eminence, or Tubercle, an 
elevation appearing about the sixth week of 
embryonic life, in front of the cloaca, and 
from which the penis or clitoris is developed. 
G. Furrow, a furrow extending from the gen- 
ital eminence of the embryo to the cloaca. 

Genitalia { jen-it-a'-le-ah) [genitalis, pertain- 
ing to generation; from gignere, to beget]. 
The organs of generation. In the male these 
consist of two testicles or seminal glands, 
with their excretory ducts, the prostate, the 
penis, and the urethra. The female genitals 
include the vulva, the vagina, the ovaries, 
the Fallopian tubes, and the uterus. 

Genito- (Jeu'-it-o-) [gignere, to beget]. A 
prefix denoting connection with or relation to 
the genital organs. G. -crural. See .Verves, 
Table of. G. -urinary, relating to the geni- 
talia and the urinary organs. 

Gentian { jen'-she-ati) [gentiana, gentian]. 
The root of G. lutea, containing a neutral 
bitter principle, gentiopicrin, C^H^O^, and 
gentianin, or gentisin, C, 4 H 10 O 5 . There are 
several other species of gentian (G. purpurea, 
G. catesbsei), very similar in action to G. 
lutea. Gentian is an excellent tonic, simple 
bitter. G., Ext. Dose gr. j-v (0.065- 
0.32); dose of the British extract gr. 
ij-x (0.13-0.65). G., Ext., Fid. Dose 
f.^ss- j (2.0-4.0). G., Infusum, Comp., 
unof. Dose fSJ-f^j (4.0-32.0). G., 
Tinct., Comp. Dose f^ss-ij (2.0-8.O). 
G. -violet, a basic anilin -dye, staining tissues 
violet. 

Genu (je'-nu) [genu, the knee]. I. The 
knee. 2. Any structure bent like a knee, 
as the genu of the corpus callosum, or 
of the optic tract. G. extrorsum, out- 
knee ; outward bowing of the knee ; bow-leg. 
G. -pectoral, relating to the knee and the 
chest. G. recurvatum, the backward curva- 
ture of the knee-joint. G. valgum, inward 
curving of the knee ; knock-knee ; in-knee. 
G. varum. Same as G. extrorsum. 

Geophagism (j'e-of r/ - aj- izm) [;;;, earth; 
oa-)£iv, to eat]. The practice of eating earth 
or clay. 

Geranium (Je-ra'-ne-um) [}epaviov, gera- 
nium]. Cranesbill-root. The root of G. 
maculatum, the properties of which are due 
in tannic and gallic acids. It is an astring- 
ent, useful in diarrhea, etc. G., Ext., Fid. 
Dosef^ss-j (2.0-4.0). 

Gerdy, Fibers of. A transverse band of 
fibers supporting the web of the fingers. 

Gerlier's Disease. See Diseares, Table of. 

Germ (jerm) [L,.,germen, sprig, offshoot]. 



GERMAN 



293 



GLAIRIN 



I. A portion of matter capable of developing 
into a living organism ; a spore, seed, or 
embryo. 2. A bacterium. G.-area, the 
spot on an ovum where the development of 
the embryo begins. G. -epithelium, a thick- 
ening on the ventromesial aspect of the Wolf- 
fian body, giving rise to the male and female 
sexual elements. G. -layer, any one of the 
layers of a developing embryo. G. -plasm, 
the reproductive or hereditary substance of 
living organisms, which is passed on from the 
germ-cell in which an organism originates in 
direct continuity to the germ-cells of succeed- 
ing generations. G. -theory, the doctrine of 
the origin of every organism from a germ or 
germ-plasm ; also the theory that certain dis- 
eases are due to the development of micro- 
organisms in the body. 

German (Jer'-man) [Germanus, German]. 
Pertaining to Germany. G. Measles. See 
Rubeola. 

Germicidal (Jer f - mis-i- dal) \_germen, a 
germ; ccedere, to killj. Destroying germs. 

Germicide (Jer f - mis -id) [germen, germ; 
credere, to kill]. An agent that destroys 
germs. 

Germinal (Jer'-min-al) \_germen, a germ]. 
Pertaining to a germ or to the development 
of a tissue or organ. G. Area, a round spot 
upon one side of the vitelline membrane in 
which the development of the embryo begins. 
G. Disc. See Disc. G. Membrane, the 
blastoderm. G. Spot, the nucleolus of the 
ovule. G. Vesicle, the blastodermic vesicle. 

Germination (Jer-min-a' '-shun) [germina- 
tio, sprouting, budding]. Sprouting of a 
seed or spore. 

Gerontoxon (Jer-on-toks f -on) [yepuv, an old 
man; rogov, a bow]. The arcus senilis. 

Gestation (jes-ta f -shun) \_gestare, to bear]. 
Pregnancy. G., Abdominal, the form 
of extrauterine gestation in which the 
product of conception is developed in the 
abdominal cavity. G., Double. I. Twin 
pregnancy. 2. The coexistence of uterine 
and extrauterine pregnancy. G., Ectopic. 
Same as G. , Extrauterine. G., Extra- 
uterine, pregnancy in which the product of 
conception is not contained in the uterine 
cavity. 

Giant (ji'-ant) [yiyciQ, giant]. A being or 
organism of great size. G.-cell. See Cell. 

Gibbosity (gib-os'-it-e) \_gibbus, a hump]. 
The condition of being hump-backed. 

Gibbous {gib' -us) [^to,ahump]. Hump- 
backed. 

Gibson's Bandage. A bandage for fracture 
of the lower jaw. 

Giddiness (gid'-e-nes) [ME., gidi, dizzy]. 
A sensation of whirling or unsteadiness of 
the body ; vertigo. 

Gigantoblast (ji-gan' - to - blast) [yyac, 



giant; (i'Aaaroc, a germ]. A large nucleated 
red corpuscle, found in the blood in per- 
nicious anemia. 

Gimbernat's Ligament. See Ligament. 

Gin (Jin) [OF. , genevre, juniper]. Common 
grain-spirit distilled and flavored with juniper- 
berries. It is a stimulant and diuretic. 
Spiritus juniperi compositus is its official sub- 
stitute in U. S. P. G. -drinker's Liver. 
The liver of atrophic cirrhosis. 

Ginger (Jin'-Jer). See Zingiber. 

Gingiva (Jin-Ji'-vah) [L.]. The gum; the 
vascular tissue surrounding the necks of the 
teeth and covering the alveoli. 

Gingival (Jin'-Jiv-al) [gingiva, the gum]. 
Pertaining to the gums. G. Line, a line 
along the gums, seen in chronic metallic 
poisoning, as the blue line of lead. 

Gingivitis ( Jin - jiv - i' '-tis) [gingiva, the 
gum; irig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the gums. 

Ginglymus (ging'-glim-us). See Diarthrosis. 

Ginseng (Jin'-seng) [Chinese, Jintsan, gin- 
seng] . The root of several species of Panax 
or Aralia. It has no other medicinal vir- 
tues than those of a demulcent, but it has a 
wonderful reputation in China, to which 
country most of "it is exported. 

Giraldensian Organ or Organ of Giraldes. 
Irregular tubules lying in the convolutions 
of the epididymis. They are the atrophic 
remains of the tubes of the Wolffian body. 

Girdle (gir'-dl) [AS., gyrdel, a waistband]. 
A band designed to go around the body ; a 
structure resembling a circular belt or band. 
G.-pain, a sensation as if a girdle were 
drawn tightly around the body. G., Pelvic, 
the bones (the two ossa innominata) form- 
ing the support for the lower limbs. G. -sen- 
sation. Same as G.-pain. G., Shoulder-, 
the system of bones supporting the upper 
limbs or arms. 

Gizzard (giz'-ard) [L., gigeria, the cooked 
entrails of poultry]. The strong muscular 
stomach of birds used for triturating the food. 
A proprietary substance, ingluvin, prepared 
from it, has been used in dyspepsia. 

Glabella (gla-bel' -ah) [dim. of glaber, 
smooth]. The smooth triangular space be- 
tween the eyebrows, just above the root of 
the nose. 

Glacial (gla'-she-al) \_glacies, ice]. Icy; re- 
sembling ice in appearance, as glacial acetic 
or phosphoric acid. 

Gladiolus (glad-e-o'-lus) [dim. of gladius, a 
sword]. The middle or second piece of the 
sternum. 

Glairin ( gldr'-in) [OF., glaire, the white of 
egg, from clarus, clear]. A peculiar organic, 
gelatinous substance found on the surface of 
some thermal waters. It is also called bare- 
gin. • 



GLAIRY 



294 



GLANDULAR 



Glairy (gldr'-e) [OF., glaive, the white of 
egg, from clarus, clear]. Slimy; albumin- 
ous. 

Gland \_glans, an acorn]. I. An organ which 
secretes something essential to the system or 
excretes waste materials the retention of 
which would be deleterious to the body. The 
word is also applied to structures which 
were formerly thought to secrete, as the supra- 
renal capsules, the pineal gland, etc., but 
which have no visible secretion. In structure 
glands may be tubular or racemose, simple or 
compound. 2. The bulbous end of the 
penis and clitoris. G., Absorbent. See 
G. , Lymphatic. G., Accessory Thy- 
roid, a small mass of gland-tissue connected 
with the thyroid gland. G., Acinous. See 
G. , Racemose. G., Agminated. See G., 
Peyer's. G., Axillary, the lymph-glands 
situated in the axilla. G. of Bartholin, a 
small gland on either side of the vagina, open- 
ing through a duct, on the inner side of the 
nympha; the vulvovaginal gland. G., Blood. 
See G. , Hematopoietic. G., Bronchial, the 
lymph-glands of the root of the bronchi. 
G., Brunner's, the racemose glands found 
in the wall of the duodenum. G., Ceru- 
minous, the glands secreting the ceru- 
men of the ear. G., Cervical, the lymph- 
glands of the neck. G., Coccygeal (or 
Luschka's G.), a small vascular body at the 
tip of the coccyx. G., Compound, one com- 
posed of a number of small pouches ; a gland 
the duct of which is branched. G., Con- 
globate. See G., Lymphatic. G., Duct- 
less, a gland without a duct, as the supra- 
renal capsule. In reality ductless glands are 
not true glands. G., Duodenal. See G., 
Brimner's. G., Duverney's. See G. of Bar- 
tholin. G., Hematopoietic, the so-called 
glands that are supposed to take part in the 
formation of the blood, as the spleen, thymus, 
suprarenal capsules, etc. G., Intestinal, 
Solitary, the isolated lymph-glands distrib- 
uted through the intestinal mucous membrane. 
G., Lacrymal, a compound racemose gland 
in the upper and outer portion of the orbit, the 
function of which is to secrete the tears. G. 
of Lieberkiihn. See Crypts of Lieberkiihn. 
G. of Littre (or of Morgagni), the small 
racemose muciparous glands in the mucous 
membrane of the urethra. G., Luschka's. 
See G., Coccygeal. G., Lymphatic, small 
oval masses of lymphatic tissue in the course 
of lymphatic vessels. Their functions are to 
act as filters to the blood, retaining foreign 
particles, and also to form white corpuscles. 
G., Mammary, the glands that secrete 
milk. G., Meibomian, the minute seba- 
ceous follicles between the cartilage and 
conjunctiva of the eyelids. G., Montgom- 
ery's, the sebaceous glands of the areola of 



the breast. G., Mucous, the glands in 
mucous membranes, secreting mucus. G., 
Parotid, a large salivary gland situated in 
front of the ear. G., Peyer's, a well-de- 
fined collection of solitary lymphatic glands, 
varying in length from I to 4 inches, and 
situated chiefly in the ileum. G., Pituitary, 
a term for the hypophysis of the brain. 
G., Prostate. See Pi'-ostate Gland. G. f 
Pyloric, the glands of the stomach situated 
near the pylorus and secreting pepsin. G., 
Racemose, a gland composed of a number 
of acini communicating with several excretory 
ducts, which usually join to form a common 
duct. G., Rivini's. See G. , Sublingual. 
G., Salivary, a gland that secretes saliva. 
G., Sebaceous, the glands in the corium 
of the skin, secreting sebum. G., Seminal, 
the testicle. G., Serous, a secreting gland, 
the cells of which are granular and spheric 
in form, with central nuclei, and which se- 
crete a thin watery fluid. G., Sublingual, 
the smallest of the salivary glands, situated 
one on either side beneath the tongue. G., 
Submaxillary, a salivary gland situated 
below the angle of the jaw. G., Sudor- 
iparous, the convoluted glands in the skin 
that secrete the sweat. G., Thymus. See 
Thymus. G., Thyroid. See Thyroid. G., 
Tubular, a gland having a tube-like struct- 
ure. G., Tubular, Compound, one com- 
posed of a number of small tubules with a 
single duct. G., Urethral. See G. of Littre. 
G., Vaginal, one of the glands in the vaginal 
mucous membrane. G., Vulvovaginal. See 
G. of Bartholin. 

Glanderous (glan f -der-us) \_glans, acorn]. 
Affected with glanders. 

Glanders (glan'-derz) [glans, acorn]. A con- 
tagious disease of horses and asses, but com- 
municable to man, and due to the bacillus of 
glanders or bacillus mallei. It appears in 
two forms — as glanders proper, when affect- 
ing the mucous membranes, and as farcy, 
when limited to the skin and lymphatic 
glands. On mucous membranes, especially 
the nasal, it manifests itself as isolated nodules 
which coalesce and break down into deep 
ulcers that involve the cartilages and bones. 
It is apt to extend down to the lungs and 
give rise to suppuration and pneumonic 
processes. In man the disease usually 
runs an acute, febrile course, typhoid in 
type, and terminates fatally. Farcy is char- 
acterized by nodules (farcy-buds) in the 
skin and lymphatic glands, which break 
down into irregular chronic ulcers. 

Glandula (gland'- u - lah) [L.]. A little 
gland. 

Glandular (gland'-u-lar) [glandula, a little 
gland]. Relating to, or of the nature of, a 
gland. 



GLANS 



295 



GLOMERULUS 



Glans (glanz) [glans, an acorn]. An acorn- 
shaped body. G. clitoridis, the rounded 
end of the clitoris analogous to the glans 
penis of the male. G. penis, the conical- 
shaped body forming the head of the penis. 

Glass (glas) [AS., glees, glass]. I. A brit- 
tle, hard, transparent substance, consisting 
usually of the fused amorphous silicates of 
potassium and calcium, or sodium and cal- 
cium, with an excess of silica. 2. Any arti- 
cle made from glass. G., Crown, a very 
hard glass, is a silicate of sodium and cal- 
cium. G., Flint, that composed of lead and 
potassium silicates. G., Soluble, potassium 
or sodium silicate, used as a substitute for 
plaster of Paris. 

Glasses (glas'-es) [AS., glees, glass]. A 
synonym of spectacles or eye-glasses. G., 
Bifocal, those that have a different refract- 
ing power in the upper part from that in the 
lower. G., Prismatic, those formed of 
prisms ; used in insufficiency and paralysis of 
the ocular muscles. 

Glauber's Salt (glaw'-berz) [from Glauber, 
a German chemist]. Sodium sulphate. 

Glaucoma (glazu - ko f - mah) [yXavtcog, sea- 
green ; bfia, tumor]. A disease of the eye 
characterized by heightened intraocular ten- 
sion, resulting in hardness of the globe, ex- 
cavation of the papilla or optic disc, a re- 
striction of the field of vision, corneal anes- 
thesia, colored halo about lights, and lessen- 
ing of visual power that may proceed to 
blindness. The etiology is obscure. G. 
absolutum, or consummatum, the com- 
pleted glaucomatous process when the eye- 
ball is exceedingly hard and totally blind. 
G. haemorrhagicum, or apoplecticum, 
that associated with retinal hemorrhage. G., 
Secondary, that consequent upon other ocu- 
lar diseases. G. simplex, that form without 
inflammatory symptoms. 

Glaucomatous (glaw-kom'-at-us) [ylavnog, 
sea-green]. Affected with or pertaining to 
glaucoma. 

Gleet (glet) [AS., glidan, to glide]. The 
chronic stage of urethritis characterized by 
a slight mucopurulent discharge. 

Gleety (gle'-te) [AS., glidan, to glide]. Re- 
sembling the discharge of gleet. 

Glenard's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Glenoid (gle'-noid) [y^vij, a cavity; eldoq, 
form]. Having a shallow cavity ; resembling 
a shallow cavity or socket. G. Cavity, the 
depression in the scapula for the reception of 
the head of the humerus. G. Fossa, a de- 
pression in the temporal bone for articulation 
with the condyle of the lower jaw. 

Glia (gli'-ah) [yXta, glue]. The neuroglia. 

Gliadin (gli'-ad-in) [ylia, glue]. A proteid 
found in wheat-gluten. 

Glioma (gli-o'-mah) [yXia, glue; bfia, a tu- 



mor]. A tumor composed of neuroglia-cells 
and occurring in the brain, spinal cord, retina, 
nerves, and suprarenal capsules. In the 
brain it closely resembles the brain-substance, 
but is usually more gelatinous and darker. 
In the retina it is often combined with sar- 
coma (gliosarcoma). It may also be com- 
bined with fibroma, myxoma, and neuroma. 
The last combination is known as neurogli- 
oma ganglionare. 

Gliomatosis (gli-o-mat-o'-sis) [ylia, glue; 
djua, a tumor]. The development of exuberant 
masses of glioma-like tissue in the nerve- 
centers. It is seen in the spinal cord in some 
cases of syringomyelia. 

Gliomatous (gli-o'-mat-tis) [yl'ta, glue; b/ua, 
a tumor]. Of the nature of, or affected 
with, glioma. 

Glisson's Capsule. See Capsule. 

Globin (glo'-bin) [globtis, a globe]. A pro- 
teid derived from hemoglobin. 

Globule (glob' -til) [dim. of globus, a ball]. 
A small spheric particle, as a blood-cor- 
puscle or lymph-corpuscle. Also a small 
pill or pellet. 

Globulicidal ( glob-u-lis-i'-dal) \_globulus , a 
little ball ; aedere, to kill]. Destructive to 
the blood-corpuscles. 

Globulin (glob'-u-lin) [globtdus, a little ball]. 
I . A general name for various proteids com- 
prising globulin, vitellin, paraglobulin, or 
serum- globulin, fibrinogen, myosin, and glo- 
bin, which differ from the albumins in not 
being soluble in water, but soluble in dilute 
neutral saline solutions. These solutions 
are coagulated by heat, and precipitated by 
a large amount of water. 2. Specifically, 
a proteid found in the crystalline lens. 

Globulinuria (glob-ti-lin-td -re-ah) [globulus, 
a little ball ; ovpov, urine]. The presence 
of globulin in the urine. 

Globus (glo'-bus) [L. ]. A ball or globe. 
G. hystericus, the "lump" or choking sen- 
sation occurring in hysteria, caused probably 
by spasmodic contraction of the esophageal 
and pharyngeal muscles. G. major, the 
larger end or head of the epididymis. G. 
minor, the lower end of the epididymis. 

Glomerate ( glom' '- er - at) \_glomerare, to 
wind around]. Rolled together like a ball 
of thread. 

Glomerulitis (glom-er-u-li' -tis) [glomerulus, 
a small ball; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the glomeruli of the kidney. 

Glomerulonephritis (glom-er-u-lo-nefri' '- 
tis) [glomerulus, a little ball ; veeppoe, the 
kidney; tTtq, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the Malpighian bodies of the kidney. 

Glomerulus, or Glomerule (glom-er'-u-lus, 
or glom'-er-ul) [dim. of glomus, a ball]. I. 
A small rounded mass. 2. A coil of blood- 
vessels projecting into the expanded end 



GLOXOIX 



296 



GLYCERITE 



(Bowman's capsule) of each uriniferous tubule 
and with it composing the Malpighian body. 

Glonoin (glo' '-no-in) [from Gl = glyceryl; 
O = oxygen ; N — nitrogen, in the formula 
G10 3 (X0. 2 ) 3 , in which Gl stands for gly- 
ceryl]. Nitroglycerin. 

Glossal (glos'-al) [y /.ticca, tongue]. Per- 
taining to the tongue. 

Glossalgia (glos-al' -je-ah) [y/.ticca, tongue ; 
d/.}oc, pain]. Pain in the tongue. 

Glossitis (glos-i' -tis) \_f /.ticca, tongue; iric, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the tongue. 

Glossoepiglottidean (glos-o-ep-e-glot-id' -e- 
an) [y /.ticca, tongue; £~l, upon; "f/.urriq, 
glottis]. Pertaining to both tongue and 
e-:U-::::s. 

Glossograph (glos / -o-graf) [} /.ticca, tongue ; 
ypaoeiv, to write]. An instrument for regis- 
tering the movements of the tongue in speech. 

Glossohyal i glos-o-hi' -al ) [} /.ticca, tongue ; 
ioeaii/c, the hyoid bone]. Pertaining to the 
tongue and the hyoid bone. 

Glossolabiolaryngeal Paralysis (glos-o-la- 
be-o-lar-in' -je-al). See Palsy, Bulbar. 

Glossology ( glos-ol' -o-je) \j /.ticca , tongue ; 
;, a treatise]. A treatise concerning the 
tongue. 

Glossopathy (glos-op / -ath-e)\^j'/.ticca, tongue; 
waQog, disease]. Any disease of the tongue. 

Glossopharyngeal (glos-o -far - in' - je - al) 
[-//ticca, tongue; oapiy*, pharynx]. I. 
Pertaining to the tongue and the pharynx. 
2. Pertaining to the glossopharyngeal nerve. 

Glossophytia (glos - o-fi'-te-ah) [//.ticca, 
tongue; ovrov, a plant]. A dark discolora- 
tion of the tongue, due to the accumulation 
of spores and dead epithelium ; black tongue. 

Glossoplegia (glos-o- pie' -je-ah) [} /.ticca, 
tongue ; - . stroke]. Paralysis of the 
tongue. 

Glossospasm (glos / - o - spazm) [} /.ticca, 
tongue; c~acu6c, spasm]. Spasm of the 
tongue. 

Glossy Skin. A peculiar shining condition 
of the skin, due to trophic changes following 
injury or disease of the cutaneous nerves. 

Glottis (glof-is) [-//.cottIc, glottis]. The 
space between the vocal bands. 

Glove-area. The area of anesthesia of the 
fingers, hand, and forearm, in multiple neu- 
ritis. It corresponds to the region of skin 
covered by gloves of various lengths. 

Glovers' Stitch. The continuqus suture used 
especially in repairing wounds of the intes- 
tines. 

Glucose (glu'-kds) [y/.vKvq, sweet], C 6 H 12 6 . 
Grape-sugar ; dextrose. I . A form of sugar 
found in many fruits, in blood and lymph, 
and in the urine in diabetes. It is crystal- 
line ; its solution turns the plane of polarized 
light to the right ; it is less soluble and less 
sweet than cane-sugar, and ferments readily. 



It can be obtained from starch by the action 
of diastatic ferments, or by boiling with dilute 
mineral acids, and crystallizes in nodular 
masses, melting at 86° F. 2. A generic name 
for a class of carbohydrates having the com- 
position C 6 H 12 6 , and of which ordinary 
glucose is the type. 

Glucosid (glu'-ko-sid) [yAwtwf, sweet]. Any 
member of a series of compounds that may be 
resolved by an acid into glucose and another 
principle. The more important ones are 
amygdalin, arbutin, myronic acid, and salicin. 

Glucosin {glu'-ko-sin) [~-/.inic, sweet]. Any 
one of a series of bases obtained by the ac- 
tion of ammonia on glucose. 

Glue (glu) [Low ~L.,glutem, accus. of ghis, 
glue]. An impure gelatin prepared by boil- 
ing the skin, hoofs, and horns of animals. 
It is a very adhesive substance, and when 
cold, holds firmly together the surfaces be- 
tween which it is placed. 

Gluge's Corpuscles (glu f -gez) [Gluge, a 
professor of the University of Brussels]. 
Compound granular corpuscles ; compound 
granule-cells occurring in tissues that are the 
seat of fatty degeneration. 

Glutamic Acid (g'u-tam'-ik), C 5 H 9 X0 4 . A 
crystalline acid found in gluten and other 
proteids. 

Glutaric Acid (glu-tar'-ik), C 5 H,0 4 . A 
crystalline acid found in decomposed pus. 

Gluteal (glu-te / -al) [}/.ovr6g, the buttock]. 
Pertaining to the buttocks. G. Artery, See 
Arteries, Table of. G. Muscles. See Mus- 
cles, Table of. G. Nerve. See Nerves, 
Table of G. "Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of . 

Gluten (glu f -ten) [gluten, glue]. A nitrog- 
enous substance found in the seed of cereals. 
It consists mainly of gluten-fibrin, gluten- 
casein, gliadin, and mucedin. G. -bread, 
bread made from wheat-flour from which all 
the starch has been removed ; it is used as a 
substitute for ordinary bread in diabetes. 

Gluteofemoral ( glu-te-o-fem'-or-al^y'/.ovroQ, 
the buttock ; femur, the femur]. Relating 
to the buttock and the thigh. 

Gluteus (glu-tcZ-us) [-.'/.ovroq, the buttock]. 
One of the large muscles of the buttock. 
See Muscles, Table of 

Glutin (glu' -tin). I. See Gelatin. 2. Syn- 
onym of gluten-casein. See Gluten. 

Glycerid ( glis'-er-id) [j/.viapog, sweet]. A 
compound of glycerol and an acid ; the neu- 
tral fats are glycerids. 

Glycerin, Glycerinum ( glis' ' -er-in,glis-er-i' '- 
num.) [}/.ivdr, sweet]. I. See Glycerol. 
2. In the B. P. , a solution of a medicinal sub- 
stance in glycerol ; a glycerite. G., Sup- 
positoria, U. S. P. , each contains six grams 
of glycerol ; they are used in constipation. 

Glycerite, or Glyceritum (glis'-er-lt, or glis- 
er-i'-tum) \y~Avidq, sweet]. A mixture of 



GLYCEROL 



297 



GONEPOIETIC 



medicinal substances with glycerin. The 
following glycerites are official : G. acidi car- 
bolici ; G. acidi tannici ; G. amyli ; G. boro- 
glycerini ; G. hydrastis ; G. vitelli. 

Glycerol (g/is'-er-d/) [yAvuvq, sweet], C 3 - 
H 5 (HO) 3 . Glycerin. A colorless substance, 
of syrupy consistence, sweetish to the taste, 
obtained from fats and fixed oils. Chemi- 
cally it is a triatomic alcohol, and may be 
looked upon as propenyl alcohol. It is solu- 
ble in water and in alcohol ; and has a spe- 
cific gravity of 1. 25 at 15 C. It is used 
as a vehicle in pharmaceutic preparations, as 
an emollient application to chaps of the skin, 
as a laxative administered by the mouth or 
in suppository, for tampons in pelvic conges- 
tion, as a substitute for sugar in diabetes, as 
a mounting-medium in microscopy, and as 
an addition to bacteriologic culture-media. 

Glyceryl (glis'-er-il) [yAvuvq, sweet]. The 
trivalent radicle, C 3 H 5 , of glycerol, combining 
with the fatty acids to form the neutral fats. 

Glycin (gli'-sin). Synonym of Glycocol. 

Glycocholic Acid (gli-ko-kol'-ik) [yAvuvg, 
sweet; x°^V, bile]. An acid found in the 
bile. See Acid. 

Glycocol [gli' -ko-kol )[y?iVKv<; , sweet ; koaaci, 
glue], C 2 H 5 N0 2 . Also termed glycin, gela- 
tin-sugar, or amidoacetic acid. It is obtained 
when glycocholic acid is boiled with caustic 
potash, baryta-water, or with dilute mineral 
acids ; also by boiling gelatin with dilute 
acids. It is capable of acting as a base and 
as an acid. 

Glycogen (gli' - ko-jeri) [yAvuvq, sweet; 
ytwav, to produce], 6(C 6 H 10 O 5 ) -|- H 2 0. A 
carbohydrate found in the form of amorphous 
granules in the liver-cells, in all tissues of 
the embryo, in the testicle, muscles, leuko- 
cytes, fresh pus-cells, cartilage, and other 
tissues. It is formed from carbohydrates 
and probably also from proteids, and is 
stored in the liver, where it is converted, as 
the system requires, into sugar (glucose). 
Glycogen is soluble in water, dextrorotatory, 
and is colored red by iodin. 

Glycogeny [gli-kof '-en-e) [yXvavq, sweet ; 
yevecig, production]. The normal production 
of glycogen. 

Glycol (gli'-kol) [yAvuvc;, sweet]. A dia- 
tomic alcohol ; a compound intermediate in 
its properties and chemic relations between 
monohydric alcohol and trihydric glycerol. 

Glycolytic (gli-kol-it'-ik) [yAvuvg, sweet ; 
Avaig, dissolution]. Splitting up glucose. 

Glyconin {gli' '-ko-nin) [yAvuvg, sweet]. The 
Glyceritum vitelli of the U. S. P. It is a 
mixture of yolk of egg 45, and glycerol 55 
parts. 

Glycosuria {gli-ko-su' -re-aJi) \yAvnvc;, sweet ; 
ovpov, urine]. The presence of grape-sugar 
in the urine. 



Glycuronic Acid {gll-kit-ron'-ik). See Acid. 

Glycyrrhiza (glis-ir-i'-zak) [yAvavg, sweet; 
pi\a, root]. Liquorice-root. The root of G. 
glabra, a demulcent and mild laxative, of 
sweet taste. It is used in catarrhal affections, 
and as an ingredient of pills. G., Ext., 
Liquid (B. P.). Dose f^j-ij (4.0-8.0). 
G., Ext., Fid., a vehicle for administering 
quinin. G., Ext., Purum. This is used 
for making pills. G., Mist., Comp., Brown 
mixture. Dose {% ss-f^j (16.0-32.0). G. 
et opii, Trochisci. Dose 1-2. G., Pulv., 
Comp., compound liquorice-powder. Dose 

3J (4-o)- . 
Glycyrrhizinum (ghs-ir-iz-i' '-num) [ylvabg, 

sweet ; piC,a, root] . The active principle of 
liquorice-root. It is in reality an acid, glycyr- 
rhizic acid, C 44 H 63 N0 18 . G. ammoniatum 
(U. S. P.), ammoniated glycyrrhizin, a sweet 
preparation used as a substitute for liquorice. 
Dose gr. v-xv (0.32-1.0). 

Gmelin's Test. Same as Gtnelin-Heintz' 
Reaction. 

Gmelin-Heintz' Reaction. A test for bile- 
pigments, consisting in the development of a 
series of spectral colors, green, blue, and vio- 
let, when strong nitric acid is added to a so- 
lution containing bile-pigments. 

Gnathic (na'-thik) [yvadoq, jaw]. Pertain- 
ing to the jaw. G. Index. See Index. 

Goa-powder. See Araroba. 

Goblet-cells. Beaker-shaped cells found 
on mucous membranes. 

Goggles (gog'-tz) [Irish and Gael., gog, a 
nod]. Spectacles with colored lenses and 
wire or cloth sides, to protect the eyes from 
excessive light or dust. 

Goiter (goi'-tr) \_guttur, throat]. Enlarge- 
ment of the thyroid gland. It is also called 
bronchocele, tracheocele, and Derbyshire 
neck. G., Exophthalmic, Basedow's dis- 
ease, Graves' disease. 
*Gold \_AS.,.gold, gold]. See Aurum. G.- 
beater's Skin, a thin membrane prepared 
from the cecum of the ox. 

Golden Seal. See Hydrastis. 

Goll, Columns of. See Column. 

Gomphosis (go?n-fo / -sis) [yo/z</>of, nail]. See 
Synarthrosis. 

Gonagra (gon-a / -gra/i) \_yovv, knee; aypa, 
seizure] . Gout of the knee-joint. 

Gonarthritis (gon-ar-thri' -tis) \_y6vv, knee ; 
apdpov, a joint; itlq, inflammation] . Inflam- 
mation of the knee-joint. 

Gonecyst (gon f -e-sist) [yovf/, semen; kvctiq, 
cyst]. A seminal vesicle. 

Gonecystitis (gon-e-sis-ti'-tis) [yovij, semen ; 
kvctlq, cyst ; itlq, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the seminal vesicles. 

Gonepoietic (gon-e-poi-et'-ik) [yovrj, semen ; 
Tcoieiv, to make]. Pertaining to the secre- 
tion of semen. 



GONION 



298 



GRANATUM 



Gonion {go'-ne on) \_yuvia, an angle]. The 
angle of the lower jaw. 

Gonococcus {gon-o-kok f -us) \yovfj, semen; 
KOKKog, kernel]. The organism causing gon- 
orrhea. See Micrococcus gonorrhea, Bac- 
teria, Table of. 

Gonorrhea {gon-or-e f -ah) \_yovij, semen; 
pola, a flow]. A specific infectious inflam- 
mation of the mucous membrane of the ure- 
thra and adjacent cavities, due to the gonococ- 
cus of Neisser. The disease is characterized 
by pain, burning urination, a profuse muco- 
purulent discharge, and a protracted course. 
It is apt to become chronic, and is frequently 
accompanied by complications — prostatitis, 
periurethral abscess, epididymitis, cystitis, 
purulent conjunctivitis. It may also cause 
arthritis (gonorrheal rheumatism), endocar- 
ditis; and in women, salpingitis. G., Dry, a 
form unassociated with discharge. 

Gonorrheal {gon - or - e / - al) \yovq, semen ; 
pola, a flow]. Relating to gonorrhea, as G. 
ophthalmia. G. Rheumatism, inflamma- 
tion of one or more joints as a sequel of gon- 
orrhea. 

Goose [AS., gos, goose]. A bird of the 
family of Anserines. G. -flesh, G.-skin, 
cutis ansera ; a condition of the skin marked 
by prominence about the hair-follicles. 

Gorget {gor-'jet) [gurges, a chasm]. A 
channeled instrument similar to a grooved di- 
rector used in lithotomy. 

Gossypium {gos-ip f -e-tim) [L. ]. The Cot- 
ton-tree, Gossypium herbaceum, and other 
species of Gossypium, of the order Malva- 
ceae. G. purificatum, cotton-wool, the hairs 
of the seed of Gossypium herbaceum, and of 
other species of Gossypium, used as a dress- 
ing and as a substitute for sponges in surgery ; 
in pharmacy, as a filtering medium. See Cot- 
ton. Gossypii radicis cortex ; this is used 
as an emmenagogue, especially in the form 
of G. radicis, Ext., Fid. Dose fsjss-f^j 
(2.0-4.0). G. seminis, Oleum, cotton- 
seed oil. It is used in ointments. 

Goulard's Cerate. See Plumbum. G.'s 
Extract. See Phwibum. 

Gout {gowt) [gutta, a drop]. A disease 
characterized by a paroxysmal painful in- 
flammation of the small joints, particularly 
the great toe, accompanied by the deposit of 
sodium urate. The attack usually comes on 
at night, is attended by a dusky, glazed 
swelling of the joint and agonizing pain, and 
disappears with a. sweat in the morning, to 
recur again at night. In some cases gout 
presents an atypic form, appearing as dys- 
pepsia, bronchitis, or intestinal catarrh ; at 
times it produces pneumonia and inflamma- 
tion of the serous membranes. The cause 
of gout is not definitely known, but is con- 
nected with an excess of uric acid or urates 



in the blood. The disease is most com 
mon in high livers. G., Latent or Masked, 
lithemia, a condition ascribed to a gouty 
diathesis, but not presenting the typic 
symptoms of gout. G., Retrocedent, that 
form that presents severe internal manifes- 
tations, without the customary arthritic symp- 
toms. G., Rheumatic. See Arthritis, 
Rheumatoid. 

Gouty (gow'-te) \_gutta, a drop]. Of the 
nature of gout; affected with gout. G. 
Kidney, chronic interstitial nephritis due to 
gout. 

Graafian Follicles, or Vesicles [Ragner de 
Graaf, a Dutch anatomist]. Vesicular bod- 
ies existing in the ovary, and each containing 
an ovum. 

Gracilis {gras / -il-is) [L., slender]. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Graduate (grad'-u-at) [gradus, a step] . A 
vessel upon which the divisions of liquid 
measure have been marked. 

Graduated {grad / -u-a-ted) [gradus, a step]. 
Arranged in degrees or steps. G. Com- 
press, a compress made of pieces decreasing 
progressively in size, the apex or smallest 
piece being applied to the focus of pressure. 

Graefe's Knife \_gra-fe\ A narrow knife for 
the performance of the operation for cataract. 
G.'s Signs or Symptoms. See Signs and 
Symptoms, Table of. 

Graft [ME., graffe, graft, from ypatyeiv, to 
write]. A small portion of skin, bone, peri- 
osteum, nerve, etc. , used to replace a defect 
in a corresponding structure. G., Sponge-, 
the insertion of a piece of sponge into the 
tissues to act as a framework for granulations. 

Grain {gran) [granum, grain]. I. Seed, 
as that of the cereals. 2. A body resemb- 
ling a seed, as a starch-grain. 3. The unit 
of weight of the Troy and avoirdupois sys- 
tem of weights. See Weights and Meas- 
ures. G. of Paradise, the unripe fruit of 
Amomum melegueta, and of A. granum para- 
disi, brought from W. Africa. It is an aromatic 
stimulant and diuretic, useful in some cases 
of neuralgia. Unof. 

Gram, Gramme {gram) [ypdju/ua, inscrip- 
tion]. The gravimetric unit of the metric 
system of weights and measures, equivalent 
to the weight of a cubic centimeter of dis- 
tilled water at its maximum density. 

Gram's Method. A method for staining bac- 
teria. The bacteria on the cover-glass or in the 
section are stained first with Ehrlich's so- 
lution, and then are treated with Gram's 
solution (iodin I , potassium iodid 2, water 
300) , and then with alcohol. Some bacteria 
give up the color when washed with alcohol. 

Granatum {gran- a' -turn). The bark of the 
stem and root of Punica granatum. The 
bark contains punicotannic acid and mannite, 



1 



- 



P 



GRAND MAL 



299 



GROOVE 



'. but the active principle is the alkaloid pelle- 
! tierin, CgHj-jNO. The chief use of pome- 
granate and its preparations is as a teniacide. 
G.,Decoctum; this consists of ^ij of bark in 
Oij of water, boiled down to a pint. Pel- 
! letierin tannate, dose gr. $-% (0.032-0.048) 
(from gr. v-viij (0.32-0.52), according to 
some authorities). 
! Grand Mai [Fr., great evil]. Epilepsy. See, 
! also, Petit Mai. 

! Granular (gran'-u-lar) [granum, a grain]. 
Made up of, or containing, granules. G. 
Lids, trachoma. G. Pharyngitis, pha- 
ryngitis characterized by the presence of 
prominent follicles. 

Granulation (gran-zt-la'-s/iun) [granula, 
dim. of granum, a grain]. I. A capil- 
lary loop of blood-vessels surrounded by a 
group of connective-tissue cells. 2. Also 
the process by which these are formed. 3. 
The formation of new or cicatricial tissue in 
the repair of w T ounds or ulcers, the surface of 
which has a granular appearance ; also, any 
one of the elevated points of such a surface 
or formation. G. -tissue, the material con- 
sisting of granulations by which the repair of 
loss of substance or the healing together of 
surfaces is brought about. 
Granule (gran'-ul) [granula, a little grain]. 
A small grain, body, or particle, as the gran- 
ules of a cell ; also a small pill. G. -layer. 
See Retina. 
Granuloma ( gran-u-lo f -mah) [granulum, a 
small grain; bjia, a tumor]. A tumor or 
tumor-like nodule made up of granulation-tis- 
sue. G., Infectious, that due to a specific 
microorganism, as tubercle, gumma, etc. 
Granulose (gran'-u-los) [granu/a, a little 
grain]. The material that forms the inner 
portion of starch-granules. 
Granum (gra'-nuvi). See Grain. 
Grape-cure (grap'-kur). A treatment of 
pulmonary tuberculosis, consisting in the 
ingestion of large quantities of grapes. G.- 
sugar. See Glucose and Dextrose. 
Graphite (graf'-lt) [ypatyetv, to write]. 
Plumbago, or black lead, an impure allo- 
typic form of carbon. It has been applied 
externally in skin-diseases. 
Graphospasm (graf f -o-spazni) [ypatyfj, writ- 
ing ; an-aa/uog, spasm]. Writers' cramp. 
Grating ( grafting) [ grata, a grating] . I . A 
frame or screen composed of bars. 2. A 
sound produced by the friction of very rough 
surfaces against each other. 3. A glass 
ruled with exceedingly fine parallel lines to 
produce chromatic dispersion in the rays of 
light reflected from it. 

Grattage (grah-ta(h)zh') [Fr.]. A method 
of removing morbid growths, as polypi or 
trachomatous granulations, by rubbing with a 
harsh sponge or brush. 



Gravel (grav'-el) [Fr., gravelle, from Bret., 

grouan, gravel]. A granular, sand-like ma- 
terial forming the substance of urinary cal- 
culi, and often passed in the form of detritus 
with the urine. 

Graves's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Gravid (grav'-id) [gravare, to load]. Preg- 
nant. G. Uterus, the womb during preg- 
nancy. 

Gravida (grav' -id-ah) [gravidus, pregnant]. 
A pregnant woman. 

Gravimetric (grav - e - met' '- rik) [gravis, 
heavy ; psrpov, measure] . Pertaining to 
measurement by weight. G. Analysis, an 
analysis in which the component substances 
are weighed. 

Gravity (grav'-it-e) [gravis, heavy ] . Weight. 
G., Specific, the measured weight of a sub- 
stance compared with that of an equal volume 
of another taken as a standard. For gaseous 
fluids, hydrogen is taken as the standard ; 
for liquids and solids, distilled water at its 
maximum density. 

Gray (gra) [AS., grceg, gray]. Ofa color 
between white and black. G. Hepatization. 
See Hepatization. G. Matter, that form- 
ing the outer part of the brain and the inner 
part of the cord, containing the specialized 
cells of these parts. G. Powder, hydrar- 
gyrum cum creta. See Mercury. 

Green (gren) [ME., grene, green]. Of the 
color of grass. G.. Blindness, a variety 
of color-blindness in which green is not dis- 
tinguished. G., Paris-, the acetoarsenite of 
copper. G., Scheele's, cupric arsenite. G., 
Schweinfurth's, synonym of Paris-green. 
G. Sickness, chlorosis. 

Gregarina (greg-ar-i' -nah) [grex, a herd]. 
A genus of protozoa. 

Grindelia (grin-de f -le-ali) [after H. Grindel, 
a German botanist]. The leaves and flower- 
ing tops of G. robusta, wild sunflower, or 
gum-plant, and G. squarrosa. G., Ext., 
Fid. Dose f 5 ss-f 3 j (2.0-4.0). It is used 
in asthma, bronchitis, and whooping-cough, 
and locally in rhus-poisoning. 

Grinder (grin'-der) [AS.,grindan, to grind]. 
A molar tooth. 

Grinder's Asthma. A fibroid pneumonia, 

a chronic affection of the lungs resulting 

from the inspiration of metallic or siliceous 

dust. 

Grip or Grippe (grip). See Influenza. 

Gristle (gris'-l) [AS., gristel, cartilage]. 

Cartilage. 
Groin [Icel., grein, a branch or arm]. The 
depression between the abdomen and thigh. 
Groove (groov) [D., groef, a channel]. A 
furrow or channel. G., Bicipital, the deep 
groove on the anterior surface of the humerus 
separating the greater and lesser tuberosities 
and containing the long tendon of the biceps. 



GROSS 



300 



GUTTA 



G., Cavernous, abroad groove on the supe- 
rior surface of the sphenoid bone lodging the 
internal carotid artery and the cavernous 
sinus. G., Medullary, a long shallow fur- 
row that appears along the dorsal line of the 
neural tube of the embryo. 

Gross (g)'ds) [Fr. , gros, great]. Coarse; 
large. G. Anatomy, anatomy as studied 
with the naked eye. 

Grove Cell. See Cell. 

Growing-pains [gro'-ing) [AS., grozvan, 
to grow]. A term applied to pains in the 
limbs occurring during youth, and perhaps 
of rheumatic origin. 

Gruel (gru'-el) [O. Low G., grut, groats]. 
A decoction of corn-meal or oat-meal boiled 
in water to a thick paste. 

Grumous [gru'-mus) [gru?nus, a little heap]. 
Clotted ; consisting of lumps. 

Grutum (grit' -turn) \_grutum, grit]. See 
Milium . 

Gtt. Abbreviation of gutta, or guttce, drop, 
or drops. 

Guachamaca {gwaw-shaxv-maw' -kah). The 
bark of an apocynaceous tree. G. toxifera, 
or Malouetia nitida, furnishes a virulent 
arrow-poison, somewhat resembling curare; 
it has been employed in tetanus and hydro- 
phobia. Unof. 

Guaco {gzvaw f -ko). The Mikania guaco 
and other species of Mikania and Aristo- 
lochia, used in South America for snake- 
bites ; it has been employed in rheumatism, 
gout, and in various skin -diseases. Dose of 
a watery extract gr. iij (0.19). 

Guaiacol {gwi'-ak-ol) [S. Amer.], C-H 8 2 . 
Methyl-pyrocatechin, a substance obtained 
from beechwood creosote and also, syntheti- 
cally, from pyrocatechin and methyl-sulphuric 
acid. It is used as a substitute for creosote in 
tuberculosis in doses of n\iij-v (0.19—0.32) ; 
externally it has been employed as an anti- 
pyretic, 20-40 drops being painted on the skin. 

Guaiacum {gitnf-ak-itm). A genus of trees 
belonging to the order Zygophyllese. G., Lig- 
num, guaiac-wood, is the heart-wood of G. 
officinale and G. sanctum, and yields guaiac- 
resin — Resina guaiaci. The last contains 
guaiacic acid, C 12 H I6 6 , guaiac-yellow, guaia- 
cene, C 5 H 8 0, guaiacol, and pyroguaiacin. 
Guaiac is alterative, expectorant, and dia- 
phoretic. It is used in syphilis, chronic 
rheumatism, and gout. 

Guanin {gwaiv / «/;/)[Peruv. ,hzianu, dung], 
C 5 H 5 N 5 0. A leukomain found in the pan- 
creas, liver, and muscle-extract, as a decom- 
position-product of nuclein. It also occurs 
in guano, and is non-poisonous. 

Guano [gwaw'-no] [Peruv. , huann, dung]. 
The excrement of sea-fowl found on certain 
islands in the Pacific Ocean. It contains 
guanin and alkaline urates and phosphates, 



and is used externally in certain skin-dis- 
eases. 

Guarana {gwaw-rah' '-nah) [Braz.]. A dried i 
paste prepared from the seeds of Paullinia 
sorbilis, found in Brazil. It contains an alka- 
loid, guaranin, C 8 H 10 N < O 2 .H 2 O, identical ; 
with caffein. It is employed in nervous 
sick-headaches. Dose of the fluid extract, \ 
TT^v-xxx (0.32-2.0) ; of guaranin gr. j-iij \ 
(0.065-0.19). 

Gubernaculum testis {gu-ber-nak' -u-lum ; 
tes'-tis) [L.]. The conical-shaped cord at- 
tached above the lower end of the epididy- 
mis, below to the bottom of the scrotum, and . 
governing the descent of the testes. 

Gubler's Line. A line connecting the super- 
ficial origin of the trifacial nerves. A lesion 
of the pons below this line causes crossed 
paralysis. G.'s Tumor, a prominence over 
the dorsum of the wrist in chronic wrist-drop. 

Gullet (gul'-et) \_gula, throat]. See Esoph- 
agus. 

Gum [gu?nmi, gum]. A concrete vegetable 
juice exuded from many plants. When 
treated with nitric acid it yields mucic acid. 
Gums are either entirely soluble in water, or 
swell up in it into a viscid mass. Various 
names are given to gums, usually indicating 
the place whence exported. G. Arabic. See 
Acacia. G. Benjamin. See Benzoin. G., 
Blue. See Etualyptus. G. Tragacanth. 
See Tragacanth. 

Gumma {gum'-aJi) [gummi, gum]. The 
gummy tumor characterizing the tertiary 
stage of syphilis. It consists of granulation- 
tissue, with giant-cells, and is the seat of a 
peculiar degeneration which causes the gum- 
my appearance. 

Gummatous [gu?n f -at-us) [gummi, gum]. 
Of the nature of or affected with gummata. 

Gurgling \_gurges, a whirlpool]. The pecu- 
liar sound caused by the passage of gas through 
a liquid. It is observed upon palpation of the 
abdomen in enteric fever and other condi- 
tions in which the bowel is distended with 
gas and contains liquid. G. Rale, a sound 
heard over the chest when the bronchi or 
pulmonary cavities contain fluid. 

Gurjun Balsam {ger f -jun\. Balsamum dip- 
terocarpi, wood-oil. An oleoresin obtained 
from several species of Dipterocarpus, trees 
native to Southern Asia. It is similar to co- 
paiba, but more decided in therapeutic effects, 
and is less unpleasant. It is used as an expec- 
torant, and in leprosy and gonorrhea. Dose 
TT\xv-xl (1.0-2.6). 

Gustatory (gus' -ta-to-re) [gustare, to taste]. 
Pertaining to taste. G. Bud, a taste-bud. 
G. Nerve. See A T erve. 

Gut [ME., gut, intestine]. The intestine. 

Gutta (gut'-ah) [L.]. A drop. G. rosacea, 
rosacea. G. serena, amaurosis. G.-percha, 



GUTTATIM 



301 



HALLUCINATION 



the concrete juice of Dichopsis Gutta and 
other species of the natural order Tapotacere 
It is used to make splints, as a dressing for 
wounds, and as a vehicle for caustic sub- 
stances. 

Guttatim {gut-a'-tim) [gutta, a drop]. Drop 
by drop. 

Guttur {gut'-er) [L.]. The throat. 

Guttural {gut'-u-ral) [guttur, the throat]. 
Pertaining to the throat. 

Gutturotetany {gut-u-ro-tet'-an-e) [guttur, 
throat ; tetanus, tetanus] . A form of stutter- 
ing in which the pronunciation of such 
sounds as g, k'q, is difficult. 

Gymnastics {jim-nas'-tiks) [yvjivoq, naked]. 
Physical exercise, especially systematic ex- 
ercise for the purpose of restoring or maintain- 
ing the bodily health. G., Ocular, regu- 
lar muscular exercise of the eye by the use 
of prisms or other means to overcome mus- 



cular insufficiency. G., Swedish, a system 
of exercises to restore strength to paretic 
muscles, consisting in movements made by 
the patient against the resistance of an atten- 
dant. 

Gynecian {jin-e' se-an) [yvvrj, a woman]. 
Pertaining to women. 

Gynecology {Jin - e - kol' - o -je) [yvvrj, a 
woman ; "koyoq, science]. The science of 
the diseases of women, especially of those 
affecting the sexual organs. 

Gynephobia (jin-e-fo' '-be-ali) [yvvrj, woman ; 
(po(3og, fear]. Morbid aversion to the society 
of women. 

Gypsum {jip'-suni) [yvipog, chalk], CuS0 4 
-j- 2H 2 0. Native calcium sulphate. De- 
prived of its water of crystallization it consti- 
tutes plaster of Paris. 

Gyrus {ji'-rus) [yvpoq, a circle]. A convo- 
lution of the brain. See Convolution. 



H 



H. I. Symbol for Hydrogen. 2. Abbrevi- 
ation for Hypermetropia, and for Haustus, a 
draught. 

Habenula [hab-en'-u-lah) [habena, a rein]. 
I . A ribbon-like structure ; a name applied to 
different portions of the basilar membrane 
of the internal ear. 2. A peduncle of the 
pineal gland. Ganglion habenulae, a small 
club-shaped body on the mesial surface of 
the optic thalamus, in which the correspond- 
ing peduncle of the pineal gland terminates. 

Habit (hab'-it) [habere, to have]. I. The 
general condition or appearance of an indi- 
vidual, as a full habit, a condition of ple- 
thora indicated by congestion of the super- 
ficial vessels and obesity. 2. The tendency 
to repeat an action or condition. H. -spasm, 
or habit-chorea, a spasmodic, constantly re- 
curring movement of certain voluntary mus- 
cles, usually seen in children. 

Habitat [hab'-it-at) [habitare, to dwell]. 
The natural home of an animal or vegetal 
species. 

Habitus (hab'-it-us) [habere, to have]. Gen- 
eral appearance or expression. 

Hachement (hahsh-mon(g') ) [Fr., hacking, 
or chopping]. A form of massage consisting 
of a succession of strokes. 

Hacking [hak'-ing). See Hachement. 

Hadernkrankheit {hah'- dern - kronk - hit) 
[G.]. A disease of rag-pickers, by some 
supposed to be anthrax. Others look upon 
it as malignant edema. 



Haema- (hem'-ah-) \a\fia, blood]. A prefix 
signifying relationship with the blood. See 
Hema. 

Haidinger's Brushes. A brush-like image 
seen on directing the eye toward a source 
of polarized light, due to the doubly refrac- 
tive character of the elements of the macula. 

Hair [AS., kcer']. A delicate filament grow- 
ing from the skin of mammals ; collectively, 
all the filaments forming the covering of the 
skin. Hair is a modified epidermal struct- 
ure, and consists of a shaft and a root, the 
latter expanded at its end into the hair-bulb, 
which is concave and caps the hair-papilla. 
H.-cell, an epithelial cell with delicate hair- 
like processes, as, e.g., the hair-cells of the 
organ of Corti. H. -follicle, the depression 
in the corium and subcutaneous connective 
tissue containing the root of the hair. 

Halisteresis (hal - is - ter -e '- sis) [alq, salt ; 
areprjaiq, privation]. The loss of lime-salts 
of bone. 

Halitus {hal' -it-us) [L., a vapor]. A vapor, 
as that expired from the lung. 

Haller [a German physiologist]. H., Circle 
of, arterial and venous circles in the eye. 

Hall's, (Marshall) Disease. See Diseases, 
Table of. 

Hallucination (hal-lu-sin-a' -shuii) [hallu- 
cinari, to wander in mind]. A false sense- 
perception ; it is the perception of an object 
or phenomenon which has no external exist- 
ence, as H. of sight, sound, smell, taste, or 
touch. 



HALLUX 



302 



HEAD 



Hallux {hal'-uks) [L.]. The great toe. H. 
valgus, displacement of the great toe 
toward the other toes. H. varus, displace- 
ment of the great toe away from the other 
toes. 

•Halo [ha'-lo) [aAwc, a round threshing-floor]. 
I . The areola of the nipple. 2. The lumin- 
ous circles seen about a light. 

Halogen (hal f -o-jen) [d2.c, salt ; yevvav, to 
produce]. A univalent element that forms 
a compound of a saline nature by its direct 
union with a metal. The halogens are 
chlorin, iodin, bromin, and fluorin. H. 
Acid, an acid formed by the combination of 
a halogen with hydrogen. 

Haloid (hal'-oid) [d/Lc, salt; eldog, likeness]. 
Resembling sea-salt. H. Salts, any one of 
those compounds that consist of a metal 
directly united to chlorin, bromin, iodin, or 
fluorin. 

Ham [AS., hamm, the ham]. The back 
part of the knee; the popliteal space. 

Hamamelis [ham- am- e' -lis) [a^a, together 
with ; yirfkov, apple-tree]. The leaves of H. 
virginica ; witch-hazel. It is styptic, and 
sedative, and is used in uterine and other 
hemorrhages ; as an application to hemor- 
rhoids and to contused parts. Ext. hama- 
melidis fid. Dose n^x-ocx (0.65-1.3). 

Hammer, Thermal. A hammer-shaped 
cautery-iron. 

Hammer-toe. A term applied to a condi- 
tion of the second toe in which the proximal 
phalanx is extremely extended while the 
two distal phalanges are flexed. 

Hamstring. The tendons bounding the ham 
above on the outer and inner side. H., 
Inner, the tendons of the semimembranosus, 
sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus mus- 
cles. H., Outer, the tendons of the biceps 
flexor cruris. 

Hamular [ham'-u-lar) \_hamus, a hook]. 
Pertaining to or shaped like a hook. 

Hamulus {ham' '-u-lus) [dim. of hamus, a 
hook]. A hook-shaped process, as of a 
bone. H. of the Cochlea, the hook-like 
process of the osseous lamina at the cupola. 

Hand [ME., hand, hand]. The organ of 
prehension in bimana and quadrumana, 
composed of the carpus, the metacarpus, and 
the phalanges. H., Ape, H., Claw, H., 
Monkey. See Main en griffe. 

Handkerchief [hang'-ker- ch -if) [ME., hand, 
hand ; kerchef, a kerchief]. A square piece 
of cloth for wiping the face or nose. H. 
Dressing, a form of temporary dressing 
for wounds and fractures, made of handker- 
chiefs. 

Hangnail (hang'nal). A partly detached 
piece of epidermis at the root of the nail, the 
friction against which has caused inflamma- 
tion of the abraded surface. 



Haphalgesia [haf-al-je f -ze-ah) [atyrj, touch; 
aXyog, pain] . A feeling of pain produced by 
merely touching an object. 

Hardening ( hard'- en - ing ) [ AS. , heard, 
hard] . A stage in the preparation of tissues 
for microscopic examination, in which they 
are rendered firm, so that they may, after em- 
bedding, be readily cut. 

Harelip-suture. A figure-of-8 suture about 
a pin thrust through the lips of the freshened 
edges of the cleft. 

Harmony [har' ' -mo-ne) \apjj,ovia, harmony]. 
A form of articulation between two bones 
that are closely and immovably apposed. 

Hartshorn [harts' -horn). I. Cornu cervi, 
the horn of the stag, formerly a source of 
ammonia, or spirits of hartshorn. 2. A name 
popularly given to ammonium hydroxid. See 
Ammonium. 

Hashish [hash'-esh). See Cannabis. 

Hassall, Concentric Corpuscles of. Pe- 
culiar bodies found in the medulla of the 
thymus gland. They consist of concentric 
layers of flattened epithelial cells. 

Haunch [hawnch) [Fr., hanche, haunch]. 
The part of the body including the hips and 
the buttocks. H.-bone, the innominate 
bone. 

Haustus [haws' '-tus) \haurire> to draw]. A 
draught. 

Havers, Canals of. See Canal. H., 
Spaces of, large and irregular spaces found 
in growing bone, and resulting from the ab- 
sorption of the primary osseous formation. 
In them the Haversian systems are deposited. 

Haversian [hav-er' '-zhe-un) [Havers, an 
English anatomist]. Described by Havers. 
H. Canal. See Canal. H. System, an 
Haversian canal w r ith canaliculi radiating from 
it and the surrounding concentric lamellae. 

Hawking [haw'-king) [ME., hatch, to 
hawk]. Clearing the throat by a forcible 
expiration. 

Hay-asthma, Hay-cold, Hay-fever. An 
acute affection of the conjunctiva and upper 
air-passages, coming on periodically at cer- 
tain seasons of the year, especially in summer 
and autumn, in persons predisposed to the 
disease. The exciting factor is in some cases 
the pollen of grasses ; in others the disease 
seems to be caused reflexly by polypi and 
other diseased conditions of the nose. The 
chief symptoms are coryza, sneezing, head- 
ache, cough, and asthmatic attacks. 

Hay's Method. A method of removing 
dropsical effusions by producing frequent 
serous evacuations by means of saline 
cathartics combined with a dry diet. 

Head {hed) [ME., hed, the head]. I. The 
uppermost part of the body ; that part of the 
body containing the brain, the organ of sight 
of smell, taste, and hearing, and part of the 



HEADACHE 

organs of speech. 2. The top, beginning, or 
most prominent part of anything, as the head 
of the femur, the head of a muscle etc. 
H.-drop, a peculiar disease seen in Japan 
during the spring and early summer, sup- 
posed to be miasmatic in origin. It is at- 
tended with inability to hold the head erect, 
paralytic symptoms in the limbs, and optic 
disorders. One attack predisposes to others. 
H.-gut. See Fore-gut. H. -kidney, 

pronephros. Head-louse, the pediculus 
capitis. 

Headache (ked f -ak). Pain in the head ; 
cephalalgia. The following varieties of head- 
ache are described : local, general ; organic, 
functional ; toxemic — alcoholic, caffeinic, 
diabetic, lithemic, malarial, rheumatic, urem- 
ic ; reflex — gastric, ocular, nasal, uterine ; 
cardiac, pulmonic, anemic, congestive; hys- 
teric, neurasthenic. H., Bilious, migraine. 

Healing (he' -ling) [AS., hcelan, to heal]. 
The process or act of getting well, or of 
making whole ; especially the getting well 
of an ulcer or wound. H. by First In- 
tention or Primary Healing, the union of 
two accurately apposed surfaces without any 
visible granulating process. H. by Second 
Intention, healing through the medium of 
granulations, which fill up the gap of the 
wound. H. by Third Intention, the two 
granulating surfaces are approximated so as 
to unite and heal readily. 

Health (helih) [AS., hcelan, to heal]. That 
condition of the body in which all the func- 
tions are performed normally. 

Hearing (he' -ring) [AS., hyran, to hear]. 

* The special sense by which the sonorous 
vibrations of the air are communicated to the 
mind. The organ of hearing is the ear, 
whence the vibrations are carried by the 
auditory nerve to the center of hearing, situ- 
ated in the temporosphenoidal lobe of the 
cerebrum. 

Heart [hart) [AS., heorte, heart]. A hollow, 
muscular organ, the function of which is to 
pump the blood through the vessels. It is 
enveloped by a serous sac called the peri- 
cardium, and consists of two symmetric 
halves, a right auricle and ventricle and a left 
auricle and ventricle. The right auriculo- 
ventricular orifice is guarded by the tricuspid 
valve ; the left by a valve with two leaflets, 
the mitral. These valves are broad and thin, 
consisting of two layers of the lining mem- 
brane of the heart, the endocardium, separ- 
ated by a slight amount of connective tissue. 
To support them, thin chordae tendineae join 
their free margins to the muscles in the wall 
of the ventricle, the columnse carneae. The 
outlet of the right ventricle into the pulmonic 
artery, and the left into the aorta, are guarded 
by stout, short, tricuspid valves, the semi- 



303 HECTOLITER 

lunar valves. H.-burn, a burning feeling 
at the epigastrium and lower part of the 
chest, caused by fermentation of the gastric 
contents. H., Fatty, a name given to two 
distinct pathologic conditions of the heart- 
tissue. In the first there is a true fatty de- 
generation of the muscular fibers of the 
heart ; and in the second there is an increase 
in the quantity of subpericardial fat — a fatty 
infiltration. 

Heart-berg (Jiart f -berg). The vulgar name 
of the thoracic portion of the thymus gland 
of animals. See Neck-berg. 

Heat (Jiet) [AS., hcetu, heat]. A form of 
kinetic energy communicable from one body 
to another ; it is that form of molecular mo- 
tion which is appreciated by a special thermal 
sense. H., Atomic. See Atomic. H., Ca- 
pacity for, the number of heat-units required 
to raise the temperature of a body 1° C. H.- 
centers, centers in the brain for stimulating 
heat-production or heat-elimination, and for 
regulating the relation of these. H., Latent, 
the quantity of heat necessary to convert a 
body into another state without changing its 
temperature H., Molecular, the product 
of the molecular weight of a compound 
multiplied by its specific heat. H., Prickly, 
or H.-rash, miliaria. H., Specific, this 
is the ratio of the capacity for heat of a 
body to that of an equal weight of water. 
H.- stroke, the symptoms produced by ex- 
posure to great heat, either that of the sun 
or that of heated rooms. H.-unit, the 
amount of heat required to raise the temper- 
ature of one kilogram of water from o° to 1° 
C; it is technically called a calorie. 

Hebephrenia {Jie-be-fre' -ne-ah) [_v(3r/, pub- 
erty ; typrjv, mind]. A form of mental de- 
rangement occurring in young persons at or 
soon after the age of puberty, and charac- 
terized by mental deterioration, and a gradu- 
ally increasing egoism. It may end in a 
permanent dementia. 

Heberden's Nodes. See Nodes. 

Hebetude (heb> '-e-tud) \_hebetudo, bluntness]. 
Dulness of the special senses and intellect ; a 
condition present in grave fevers. 

Hectic Fever {hek'-tik) [e/cri/cdc, habitual]. 
A fever caused by absorption of toxic sub- 
stances formed in the process of suppuration, 
and characterized by daily intermissions and 
frequent drenching sweats. It occurs in 
pulmonary tuberculosis, in pyemia, etc. H. 
Flush, the flushed cheek seen in hectic fever. 

Hectogram [hek' ' -to-gram) [e/curw, one hun- 
dred ; ypdjujua, an inscription]. One hundred 
grams, or 1543.2349 grains. 

Hectoliter [hek' '-to-le-ter) [snarov, hundred ; 
Mrpa, a pound]. One hundred liters, equal 
to 22.009 imperial gallons, or 26.4 U. S. 
gallons. 



HECTOMETER 



304 



HEMAPOIETIC 



Hectometer (kek f -to-me-ter) \knar6v, hun- 
dred ; jierpov, a measure] . One hundred 
meters, or 328 feet, I inch. 

Hedeoma (he-de-o' '-mak) \ji5vg, sweet ; 607/7, 
smell]. American pennyroyal. The leaves 
and tops of H. pulegioides,the properties of 
which are due to a volatile oil. It is stimu- 
lant, carminative, and emmenagogue. It is 
used in suppression of the menses, the flatu- 
lent colic of children, and, on account of 
its pungent odor, to drive off fleas and mos- 
quitoes. H., Oleum, the volatile oil. 
Dose tr^ij-x (0.13-0.65). 

Hedge-hog Crystals. Crystals of ammo- 
nium urate found as a urinary deposit in the 
form of globular crystals, with spiny projec- 
tions. 

Hedrocele {hed f -ro-sel) \kdpa, breech ; ufay, 
tumor]. A hernia through the notch of the 
ischium. Also, prolapsus of the anus. 

Heel (hel) [AS., hela, heel]. The hinder 
part of the foot. H.-bone, the calcaneum. 

Heidenhain, Demilune Cells of. See Dem- 
ilune and Crescent of Gianuzzi. 

Helcoid {hel f -koid) [e/./coc, ulcer; eldog, like- 
ness]. Resembling an ulcer. 

Helcoma (Jiel-ko f -niah) [eluog, an ulcer]. 
An ulcer. 

Helicine (hel'-is-in) [£?.<£, a spiral]. I. Spi- 
ral in structure. 2. Pertaining to the helix. 
H. Arteries, spirally-winding arteries sup- 
plying the erectile tissue of the penis. 

Helicoid {JieV -ik-oid) \_k?u^, a spiral; eldog, 
form]. Spiral ; coiled like a snail-shell. 

Helicotrema (hel-ik-o-tre' '-mak ) [e?a£, helix, 
coil ; rpfjjia, hole]. The opening connecting 
the scalae tympani and vestibuli of the spiral 
canal of the cochlea. 

Heliophobia (he-le-o-fo' '-be-ah) [fftaog, sun ; 
<po(3og, fear]. Morbid fear of exposure to the 
sun's rays. 

Heliotherapy {he-Ie-o-ther* '-ap-e) \ffkiog, sun ; 
OepaTreia, treatment]. The treatment of dis- 
ease by exposure of the body to sunlight. 
Sun-bathing. 

Helix (he'-liks) [£A*f , a coil]. I . The rounded, 
convex margin of the pinna of the ear. 2. 
A coil of wire, as that of a faradic battery 
or of an electromagnet. 

Hellebore, Black. See Helleborus. H., 
White. See Veratrum album. 

Helleborus {hel-eb f -or-us) [kXkefiopog, helle- 
bore]. The root of H. niger, black helle- 
bore, the properties of which are due to two 
glucosids, helleborin, C 36 H 42 O fi , and helle- 
borein, C 26 H 4+ ]5 . It is a drastic hydragogue 
cathartic, and an emmenagogue, and has been 
used as a drastic purge in insanity, dropsy, 
and amenorrhea. Dose of the powdered root, 
as a purge, gr. x-xx (o 65-1.3). 
Heller's Test. I. A test for albumin in the 
urine. A little nitric acid is placed in a test- 



tube and the urine allowed carefully to flow 
down the side of the tube, so as to form a 
layer on the acid without mixing. The de- 
velopment of an opaque white ring indicates 
albumin. 2. A test for the presence of blood- 
coloring matter in the urine. The urine is 
boiled with half its volume of caustic potash, 
— whereby the phosphates are precipitated. 
The precipitate is colored red if blood is 
present. 

Helminth (hel'-minth) [khfjuvq, worm]. A 
worm. 

Helminthagogue (hel-minth'-ag-og). See 
Anthelmintic. 

Helminthiasis (hel-min-thi' -as-is) \k7ijiLvg, a 
worm]. The diseased condition produced 
by the presence of worms in the body. 

Helminthology {Jiel-min-thoV -o-je) \z\uivg, 
a worm; ?i6yog, science]. A treatise on 
worms, especially those parasitic within the 
body. 

Hemabarometer {hem - ab - ar - om f - et - er) 
[al/ua, blood ; /3apvg, heavy ; /nerpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for the determination 
of the specific gravity of the blood. 

Hem-, Hemato- (hem-, hem'-at-o-) [cii/ia, 
blood]. A prefix signifying of or pertaining 
to the blood. 

Hemacyanin (hem-as-i' -an-in) . See Hemo- 
cyanin. 

Hemad (hem / -ad) \_aiua, blood]. Toward 
the hemal aspect ; opposed to neurad. 

Hemadromometer ( he??i-ad-ro-mom / ' -et-er) 
[a\/j.a, blood ; dpopog, course ; fierpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for measuring the ve- 
locity of the blood-current. 

Hemadynamometer (hem-ad-i-nam-om' -et- 
er} [al/ua, blood ; 6 vvajutg, strength ; /uerpov, 
a measure]. An instrument for measuring 
the tension or pressure of blood within the 
arteries. 

Hemagogue (hem'-ag-og) \_aljua, blood; ayu- 
yog, leading]. Promoting the menstrual or 
hemorrhoidal discharge of blood. 

Hemal (hem'-al) [aijua, blood] . I. Pertain- 
ing to the blood or vascular system. 2. Per- 
taining to the ventral aspect of the body, 
that part containing the heart and blood-ves- 
sels. 

Hemameba {hem-am-e f -bah) [al/j-a, blood ; 
(iji6l(5t], a change]. A white blood-cell. 

Hemangioma ( hem-an-je-o' '-?nah ) [ aip.a, 
blood ; ayyelov, vessel ; 6/na, a tumor] . An 
angioma made up of blood-vessels. 

Hemaphein (hem-af-e / -in) [aijua, blood ; 
<pai6g, dusky]. A brown coloring-matter 
from blood, regarded as a decomposition- 
product of hematin. 

Hemapoiesis (Jiem-ap-oi-e* 'sis). See Hem- 
atopoiesis. 

Hemapoietic [hem-ap-oi-ef '-ik). See Hema- 
topoietic. 



HEMARTHROSIS 



305 



HEMATOMPHALOCELE 



Hemarthrosis {hem - ar - thro'- sis) [ aiiia, 
blood; apOioatg, a joint]. Effusion of blood 
into a joint. 

Hematachometer {hem-at-ak-o?/i' -et-er). See 
Hc'niotachometer. 

Hematemesis {hem-at-em' -es-is) [alfia, 
blood ; ifiietv, to vomit]. The vomiting of 
blood. 

Hematic {he?n-at f -ik)[aiyia, blood]. Bloody; 
pertaining to, full of, or having the color of, 
blood. 

Hematidrosis {hem - at - id- ro f - sis) [al/ua, 
blood ; 'idpuoig, sweat]. A sweating of 
blood. 

Hematimeter [hem - at - imf- et - er) [ai/ua, 
blood; fierpov, measure]. An instrument for 
counting the corpuscles in a given volume of 
blood. 

Hematin {hem f -at-in) [al/j.a, blood], C 32 H 32 - 
N 4 Fe0 4 . A decomposition-product of hemo- 
globin. It is bluish-black, amorphous, con- 
tains iron, and is soluble in dilute alkalies 
and acids, insoluble in water, in alcohol, and 
in ether. 

Hematinic {hem-at-in' -ik) [al/ua, blood]. I. 
Relating to hematin. 2. An agent which 
tends to increase the proportion of hematin or 
coloring-matter in the blood. 

Hematinometer {hem-at-in-om' '-et-er) . Same 
as Hemoglobinometer. 

Hematinuria {hem- at- in- u f - re- ah) [al/ua, 
blood ; ovpov, urine] . Same as Hemoglobin- 
uria. 

Hemato- {hem f -at-o-) [al/ua, blood]. A pre- 
fix signifying pertaining to the blood. 

Hematobium [hem - at - o f - be - urn) [al/ua, 
blood; /5/of, life]. I. A blood-corpuscle. 
2. A blood-parasite. 

Hematoblast {hem'-at-o-blasf) [al/ua, blood ; 
(5/MOTog, germ]. A blood-plate ; an imma- 
ture red blood-corpuscle. 

Hematocele [hetn ; -at-o-sel) [al/ua, blood ; 
ktjItj, a tumor]. A tumor formed by the 
extravasation and collection of blood in a 
part, especially in the tunica vaginalis testis, 
or in the pelvic cavity (Pelvic H.). 

Hematocephalus {hem-at-o-sef '-al-us) [al/ua, 
blood; K£(pa?„7], head]. I. An effusion of 
blood into the brain. 2. A monstrosity char- 
acterized by an effusion of blood into the 
cerebral hemispheres. 

Hematochyluria {hem -at-o-ki- lu f - re - ah) 
[al/ua, blood; ^iM.oc, chyle; ovpov, urine]. 
The presence of blood and chylous material 
in the urine. 

Hematocolpos {hem - at- o - kol f -pos) [al/ua, 
blood; /cdA/Toc, vagina]. A collection of 
blood within the vagina. 

Hematocrit {hem'-at-o-krit) [al/ua, blood; 
apivetv, to separate, to judge]. An instru- 
ment for making volumetric estimation of 
the blood-corpuscles by separating, by cen- 

20 



trifugal action, the corpuscles from the 
plasma. 

Hematocyst {hem' -at-o-sist) \_a\p:a, blood ; 
k'votiq, bladder]. I. A cyst containing 
blood. 2. An effusion of blood into the 
bladder. 

Hematocyte {hem'-at-o-slt) [aipta, blood; 
Kvrig, cell]. A blood-corpuscle. 

Hematocytometer {hem-at-o-si-tom' '-et-er). 
See Hemacytometer. 

Hematodes {hem - at - o f - dez) [al/xaTudrjc , 
bloody]. Bloody. 

Hematogenesis {hem-at-o-jen' '-es-is) \_aijia, 
blood ; ykvEGtq, production]. The develop- 
ment of blood or blood-corpuscles. 

Hematogenic {hem - at- o -jen f - ik) [al/ua, 
blood; ysvvav, to produce]. Pertaining to 
the formation of blood. 

Hematogenous {hem - at - oj v - en - us) [aljua, 
blood; yevvav, to produce]. Derived from, 
or having origin in, the blood. 

Hematoglobin {hem-at-o-glo'-bin). See 
Hemoglobin. 

Hematoid {hem'-at-oid) \_aijj.a, blood ; eldog, 
form]. Resembling blood. 

Hematoidin {hem-at-oi* ' -din) \_alfia, blood ; 
eidog, resemblance] , C ]6 H 18 N 2 3 . An iron- 
free derivative of hemoglobin, occurring in 
old blood-clots as yellowish-brown, rhombo- 
hedral crystals. 

Hematokrit {hem' ' -at-o-krit) . See Hematocrit. 

Hematology {hem-at-ol f -o-je) \alp,a, blood ; 
Myoq, science]. The science of the blood, 
its nature, functions, and diseases. 

Hematolysis {hem-at-oF -is-is) [al/ua, blood ; 
Tivatq, a solution]. Destruction or disorgan- 
ization of the blood or of the corpuscles. 

Hematoma {he-mat-o' ' -mah) \_a\ua, blood ; 
bjua, tumor]. A tumor or swelling contain- 
ing blood. H. auris, insane ear ; an effu- 
sion of blood or serum between the cartilage 
of the ear and its covering, occurring in vari- 
ous forms of insanity as the result of injuries 
or trophic changes. H. of the Dura mater, 
an effusion of blood beneath the dura mater, 
forming membranous layers. H., Pelvic, 
an effusion of blood into the cellular tissue 
of the pelvis. 

Hematomediastinum {hem -at-o-me- de-as- 
ti'-num) [aljia, blood ; mediastinui?i, the medi- 
astinum]. An effusion of blood into the 
mediastinal spaces. 

Hem atom etra {hem - at '■- o - me' '• trah) [atiia, 
blood ; /ur/rpa, womb] . An accumulation of 
blood within the uterine cavity. 

Hematomonas {hem-at-om'-on-as) [al/ua, 
blood; /uovdg, a unit]. A genus of protozoan 
parasites inhabiting the blood. 

Hematomphalocele {hem-at-om-fal' '-o-sel ) 
[alfia, blood; bpKpaAog, navel ; k^/^, tumor]. 
A hernia at the navel, distended with 
blood. 



HEMATOMYELIA 



306 



HEMIANOPIA 



Hematomyelia {hem-at-o-mi-e' -le-ah) [al/ua, 
blood; /aveXog, marrow]. Hemorrhage into 
the spinal cord ; an accumulation of blood in 
the central canal of the spinal cord. 

Hematomyelitis {hem-at-o-mi-el-i f -tis) [ai/ia, 
blood; /uvslog, marrow ; irtg, inflammation]. 
An acute myelitis attended with an effusion 
of blood into the spinal cord. 

Hematopericardium {he?n-at-o-per-ik-ar f -de- 
um) \_a\ua, blood; nepi, about; napdia, 
heart]. An effusion of blood into the peri- 
cardium. 

Hematophagous {hem-at-off / -ag-us) [al/Lia, 
blood; <f>ayelv, to eat]. Feeding on blood ; 
blood-sucking. 

Hematophyte {hem f -at-o-fit) \_a\fia, blood ; 
(j)vrov, a plant]. A vegetable organism, such 
as a bacterium, living in the blood. 

Hematoplastic {Jiem-at-o-plas' '-tik) [al/un, 
blood; izXacTiKoc,, plastic]. Blood-forming. 

Hematopoiesis {hem-at-o-poi e f -sis) [al/ia, 
blood ; ttoleelv, to make]. The formation of 
blood. 

Hematopoietic {he?n-at-o-poi-et / '-ik) [^aljua, 
blood; 7ro(ieiv, to make]. Relating to the 
processes of blood-making. H. Organs, 
the blood-making organs. 

Hematoporphyrin (hem - at- o -por'-fe- rin) 
[aijua, blood; iroptyvpog, purple], C 68 H 74 N 8 - 
12 . Iron-free hematin, a decomposition- 
product of hemoglobin occurring in the urine 
in conditions associated with destruction of 
red corpuscles. It is produced by dissolving 
hematin in concentrated sulphuric acid. 

Hematoporphyrinuria {hem-at - o -por-fe- 
rin-u f -re-ah) \alfxa, blood ; nopyvpog, purple ; 
ovpov, urine]. The presence of hematopor- 
phyrin in the urine. 

Hematoposia (hem-at-o-po f -ze-ah) [a\pa, 
blood; izoaig, a drinking]. The drinking 
of blood. 

Hematorrhachis {hem-at-or 1 ' -ak-is) \_atjua, 
blood; pa-xtg, spine]. Hemorrhage within 
the vertebral canal. 

Hematorrhea {hem-at-or-e' '-ah) [al//a, blood ; 
po'ia, a flow]. A copious flow or discharge 
of blood. 

Hematosalpinx {hem-at-o-saV -pinks) \_difih. 
blood; aa Tnuyt-, a trumpet]. A collection of 
blood in a Fallopian tube. 

Hematoscope {hem / -at-o-skop) [al/ua, blood; 
(jtioirelv, to inspect]. An instrument used in 
the spectroscopic examination of the blood, 
by means of which the thickness of the layer 
of blood can be regulated. 

Hema.toscopy {hem-at-os / -ko-pe) [a Ipa, hlood; 
<jko7tsIv, to inspect]. Visual examination of 
the blood ; examination of the blood by 
means of the hematoscope. 

Hematosepsis {hem - at - o -sep' - sis) \aip.a, 
blood; oijipig, putrefaction]. Septicemia. 

Hematosis {hem-at-o f -sis) [al/ua, blood]. 



The process of the formation of blood and 
the development of blood-corpuscles. 

Hematospectroscope {hem -at-o- spek'- tro - 
skop) [al/ua, blood ; spectrum, an image ; 
ckotte'cv, to view]. A spectroscope adapted 
to the study of the blood. 

Hematospermia {hem -at-o- sper'- me - ah) 
al/ua, blood; onep{ia, seed]. The discharge 
of bloody semen. 

Hematothorax {hem-at-o-tho'-rahs). See 
Hemothorax. 

Hematoxylin {hem - at - oks f - il- in) \_a\p.a, 
blood ; £ v?iov, wood] , C 16 H u 6 . The col- 
oring-matter of logwood. It is a crystalline 
substance and is used as a stain in micros- 
copy. 

Hematoxylon {hem - at '- oks' '- il '- on) [aipia, 
blood ; f vTiov, wood] . Logwood ; the heart- 
wood of H. campechianum ; it contains tan- 
nic acid and a coloring-principle, hematoxy- 
lin, C 16 H u O e , and is a mild astringent. H., 
Ext. Dose gr. v-xx (0.32-1.3). H., De- 
coctum, strength 1 to 17. Dose f Jj-ij 
(32.0-64.0). Unof. 

Hematozoon {hem-at-o-zo' '-on) [aljxa, blood ; 
C,Ciov, animal]. Any animal parasite in the 
blood. 

Hematuresis {hem-at-u-re' '-sis) [al//a, blood ; 
ovpov, urine]. The passage of bloody urine. 

Hematuria {hem-at-u' ' -re-ah) \aipa, blood ; 
ovpov, urine]. The discharge of urine con- 
taining blood. When only the coloring- 
matter of the blood is found in the urine, it 
is termed hemoglobinuria or hema^inuria. 

Hemautography {hem-aw-tog' ' -ra-fe) \_a\ua, 
blood; avrog, self ; ypatyetv, to write]. The 
tracing produced by a jet of blood from a di- 
vided artery caught upon paper drawn in 
front of it. 

Hemeralopia {hem-er-al-o / -pe-ah) [rj/iepa, 
day; cjip, eye]. Night-blindness; a condi- 
tion in which the individual sees relatively 
much better in the day than at night. H. is 
a symptom of retinitis pigmentosa. 

Hemiachromatopsia {hem-e-ah- kro-mat-op' '- 
se-ah) \rjjj.L, half ; a priv. ; ^pw^a, color ; 
oipig, vision]. Color-blindness in one-half of 
the field of vision. 

Hemialbumin {he?n-e-al> '-bu-min). See An- 
tialbumin. 

Hemialbuminose {hem-e- al-bu' - min - os). 
The same as Hemialbumose. 

Hemialbumose {hem-e-al' '-bu-mos) \f}p.L, half ; 
albumen, the white of egg^- The most char- 
acteristic and most frequently obtained by- 
product of proteid-digestion. It is the fore- 
runner of hemipeptone. 

Hemianesthesia {hem - e - an - es-the' -ze-ah) 
\jijjii, half; avaio-8??oia, want of feeling]. An- 
esthesia of one lateral half of the body. 

Hemianopia, Hemianopsia {hem-e-an-o' '-pe- 
ah, hem-e-an-op' '-se-ah) [?J//«, half; av priv. ; 



HEMIATAXIA 



307 



HEMOGENESIS 



orpic, sight]. Blindness in one-half of the 
visual field. It may be bilateral (binocular) 
or unilateral (uniocular). H., Binasal, 
blindness on the nasal side of the visual field, 
usually due to disease of the outer sides of 
the optic commissure. H., Bitemporal, 
blindness on the temporal side of the visual 
field, due to disease of the central parts of 
the commissure. H., Crossed or Heter- 
onymous, a general term for either binasal 
or bitemporal hemianopsia. H., Homony- 
mous, the form affecting the inner half of 
one field and the outer half of the other. 

Hemiataxia [hem-e-at-aks f -e-ali) [r'jixi, half; 
a priv. ; rdf<c, order]. Ataxia limited to 
one side of the body. 

Hemiathetosis^hem-e-ath-et-o'-sis) [rjfii, half ; 
adtrog, without fixed position]. Athetosis of 
one side of the body. 

Hemiatrophy {hem-e-at f -ro-fe) \fjui, half; 
arpcxpia, lack of nourishment]. Atrophy con- 
fined to one side of the body. 

Hemic (hem'-ik) [atfia, blood]. Pertaining 
to or developed by the blood. 

Hemichorea {Jiem-e-ko-re'-aJi) [fjfii, half; 
Xopsla, chorea, dance]. A form of chorea 
in which the convulsive movements are con- 
fined to one side of the body. 

Hemicrania {Jiem-e-kra f -ne-ah) \rjui, half ; 
upaviov, head]. I. Neuralgia of one-half of 
the head ; migraine. 2. Imperfect develop- 
ment or absence of the anterior or posterior 
part of the skull. 

Hemidiaphoresis (he??i-e-di-af-or-e f -sis) \jiiu, 
half; dicupoprjciz, sweating]. Sweating of one 
lateral half of the body. 

Hemidrosis (hem-id-ro'-sis). See Hemati- 
drosis. 

Hemidysesthesia {hem -e -dis-es-the> '-ze-ah) 
[?//«, half; dvc, difficult ; aiodrjciQ, sensation]. 
Dysesthesia of a lateral half of the body. 

Hemiglossitis {hem-e-glos-i' '-tis) [f/fii, half; 
yXuaaa, tongue; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of one-half of the tongue. 

Hemihyperesthesia {hem-e-hi-per-es-the' -ze- 
ah) [fifii, half ; virep, over; alcdrjoLQ, sensa- 
tion] . Hyperesthesia confined to one lateral 
half of the body. 

Hemimelus (he?n-im f -el-ns) \J][J.i, half ; /neXog, 
limb]. A monster with incomplete or stunted 
extremities. 

Hemin {hejn'-in) [alfia, blood], C 32 H 30 N 4 Fe- 
3 . HC1. Teichmann's crystals, or chlorid 
of hematin ; doubly-refractive crystals de- 
rived from blood by heating a drop of blood 
on a glass slide with a little glacial acetic acid. 

Hemineurasthenia (hem-e-nu-ras-the' '-ne- 
ah) \Jifii, half; vevpov, a nerve ; aadevia, weak- 
ness]. Neurasthenia affecting one lateral 
half of the body. 

Hemiopia (hem-e-o' '-pe-ah). Hemianopsia. 

Hemiopic {Jiem-e-o' -pik) [??/.«, half; wi/;, eye]. 



Pertaining to hemianopsia. H. Papillary 
Reaction, Wernicke's reaction. 

Hemiparesis (he/?i-epar'-es-is) [rjpiL, half; 
iraprcng, impairment of strength]. Paresis 
of one side of the body. 

Hemipeptone (hem-e-pep'-ton). See Pep- 
tones. 

Hemiplegia (hem-e-ple'-je-ah) [fyu, half; 
TzArjyf], stroke]. Paralysis of one side of the 
body, due usually to a lesion in the internal 
capsule or corpus striatum, but at times 
caused by an extensive lesion of the cortex, 
or a lesion of the crus, pons, or medulla, or 
of the upper part of the spinal cord. If in 
the brain, the lesion is on the side opposite to 
the paralysis. H., Alternate, paralysis of 
the facial muscles upon one side, with paral- 
ysis of the trunk and extremities upon the 
opposite side of the body. H., Bilateral 
Spastic. See Paraplegia, Infantile Spas- 
modic. H., Cerebral, the ordinary form first 
desoribed. H., Crossed. Same as H., 
Alternate. H., Facial, motor paralysis of 
one side of the face. H., Spastic, a form 
occurring in infants, in which the affected 
extremities are spastically contracted. H., 
Spinal. See Brown- S'equard'' s Paralysis. 

Hemispasm {hem'-e-spazm) \j]iu, half; airaa- 
//dc, a spasm]. A spasm affecting only one 
side of the body. 

Hemisphere (he?n / -is-fer) [r/fic, half; acpalpa, 
a ball]. Half a sphere. H., Cerebellar, 
either lateral half of the cerebellum. H., 
Cerebral, either lateral half of the cerebrum. 

Hemisystole (hem-e-sis / -to-le) [fjiii, half; 
avaro\i), a contraction]. A peculiar kind of 
irregular action of the heart-muscle, in which, 
with every two beats of the heart, only one 
beat of the pulse is felt. 

Hemiterata (hem - it -er'- at -ah) [rjfit, half; 
rkpaq, monster]. A class of malformations, 
not grave enough to be called monstrous. 

Hemiteratic (liem-it-er-at'-ik) \fjin, half; 
repaq, a monster]. Pertaining to hemiterata. 

Hemlock (hem f -lok). See Conium. 

Hemocyanin (hem-osi' -an-in) [aljua, blood ; 
niavoc, blue]. A coloring matter found in 
the blood of certain invertebrates. It con- 
tains copper, and gives to the blood a blue 
color. 

Hemocyte (hem / -o-sit) [al/ua, blood; kvtoq, 
a cell] . A red blood-corpuscle. 

Hemocytometer (hem-o-si-tom' -et-er) [^aipia, 
blood; Kvrog, a cell; /uerpov, a measure]. 
An instrument for estimating the number of 
corpuscles in the blood. 

Hemodromometer (hem-o dro-mom'-et-er). 
See Hemadromometer . 

Hemodynamometer (he7?i-o-di-na?n-om / -et- 
er). See Hemadynamo7neter. 

Hemogenesis [hem-o-jen' '-es-is). See Hema- 
to^enesis. 



HEMOGENIC 



308 



HEMOSPASIA 



Hemogenic {Jiem-o-jen'-ik). See He7iiato- 
genic. 

Hemoglobin {hei?i-o-glo f -biii) [alua, blood ; 
globus, a round body] . The coloring-matter 
of the red corpuscles. It is an exceedingly 
complex body, containing iron ; it crystallizes 
in rhombic plates or prisms, and is composed 
of hematin and a proteid substance, called 
globulin. It has a strong affinity for oxygen, 
and the greater part of the oxygen in the 
blood is in combination with it as oxy- 
hemoglobin. When it gives up the oxygen 
to the tissues it becomes reduced hemoglobin. 

Hemoglobinemia {Jiem-o-glo-bin-e> '-me-ah) 
\_a'iua, blood ; globus, a round body ; aiua, 
blood]. A condition in which the hemo- 
globin is dissolved out of the red corpuscles, 
probably as the result of the destruction 
of the latter, and is held in solution in the 
serum. The blood is "lake-colored." It 
occurs in some infectious diseases, and after 
injecting certain substances into the blood. 

Hemoglobinometer {hem-o-glo-bin-om' -et- 
er) \a~ijia, blood ; globus, a round body ; 
fierpov, a measure]. An instrument for the 
quantitative estimation of hemoglobin in the 
blood. H. of Fleischl ; in this a certain di- 
lution of the blood is made, and its color then 
compared with that of different thicknesses 
of a sliding wedge of red glass. H. of 
Gowers ; in this the calculation is made by 
measuring the amount of dilution necessary 
to make the blood of the same shade as a 
standard solution of carmin in gelatin. 

Hemoglobinuria {hem-o-glo-bin-u r -re-ah ) 
\aiua, blood ; globus, a round body ; ovpov, 
urine]. The presence of hemoglobin in the 
urine, due either to its solution out of the 
red corpuscles, or to disintegration of the red 
corpuscles. H., Epidemic, hemoglobin- 
uria of the new-born associated with jaun- 
dice, cyanosis, and nervous symptoms. H., 
Intermittent or H., Paroxysmal, a form 
characterized by recurring periodic attacks. 
It is related to cold, and is also closely asso- 
ciated with Raynaud's disease. H., Toxic, 
that form occurring in consequence of poison- 
ing by various substances. 

Hemology {heui-oU -o-je) \_aipa, blood ; aojoq, 
science]. The science treating of the blood. 

Hemolysis [kem-ol'-is-is'). See Hematolysis. 

Hemometer (Jiem-otn'-et-er). See Hemo- 
globinometer. 

Hemophilia {]ie77i-o-fil> '-e-ah) [ai/ua, blood; 
oi/.elv, to love]. Bleeder's disease, an ab- 
normal tendency to hemorrhage. It is 
usually hereditary, and though it is most 
common in males, the hereditary influence 
is transmitted through the mother. 

Hemophthalmia {hem - off- thai'- me- ah ) 
\_aiua, blood ; oQda/.ucg, eye] . A hemor- 
rhage into the interior of the eye. 



Hemopneumothorax [hem - o - nu-mo-thc/- 
raks) [aiua, blood; wvevfia, wind; Oupat;, 
the chest]. A collection of air and blood 
within the pleural cavity. 

Hemoptysis (Jiem-op* '-tis-is) [dk, blood; 
irri'eiv, to spit]. The spitting of blood from 
the larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs. 

Hemorrhage {hem 1 ' -or-aj) [_aijua, blood ; 
prjyvvvai, to burst forth]. An escape of blood 
from the vessels, either by diapedesis through 
intact walls, or by rhexis through ruptured 
walls. H., Accidental, hemorrhage during 
pregnancy from premature detachment of the 
placenta when normally situated. H., 
Capillary, oozing of blood from the capil- 
laries. H., Concealed, a variety of acci- 
dental hemorrhage in which the bleeding 
takes place between the ovum and the uterine 
walls, without escape from the genital tract. 
H., Consecutive, one ensuing some time 
after injur} 7 . H., Critical, occurring at the 
turning-point of a disease. H., Petechial, 
hemorrhage under the surface in the form of 
minute points. H., Postpartum, hemor- 
rhage occurring shortly after labor. H., 
Primary, that immediately following any 
traumatism. H., Secondary, that occur- 
ring some time after the traumatism. H., 
Unavoidable, hemorrhage from detachment 
of a placenta previa. H., Vicarious, a dis- 
charge of blood from a part owing to the 
suppression of a flow in another part, as 
vicarious menstruation. 

Hemorrhagic [hem-or-a' -jik) \a\ua, blood ; 
p^vvvai, to burst forth]. Relating to or 
accompanied by hemorrhage. H. Diathe- 
sis. See Hemophilia. H., Infarct. See 
Infarct. 

Hemorrhea {Jiem - or - e f - all) \aiiia, blood; 
pola, a flow]. A hemorrhage. 

Hemorrhoid [)iem f -or-oid) \_aiuoppooc,. flow- 
ing with blood]. A pile. An enlarged 
and varicose condition of the veins of the 
lower portion of the rectum and the tissues 
about the anus. H., External, those situ- 
ated without the sphincter ani. H., Inter- 
nal, those within the anal orifice. 

Hemorrhoidal (hem-or-oi'-dal) \alpoppoog, 
flowing with blood]. Pertaining to or 
affected with hemorrhoids. H. Veins, the 
three veins which form a plexus about the 
lower end of the rectum. Through them the 
general venous system and the portal system 
communicate. 

Hemosiderin (hem-o-sid'-er-in) [at/ua, blood ; 
oidr/pog, iron]. A granular pigment, a pro- 
duct of the decomposition of hemoglobin. 
It is found where blood is extravasated in 
contact with active cells, and contains iron. 

Hemospasia (hem-o-sfla' -ze-ah)[a! ua, blood ; 
arcdetv, to draw]. The drawing of blood 
from a part by dry or wet cupping. 



HEMOSTATIC 



309 



HERMAPHRODITE 



Hemostatic [Aem-o-stai* '-ik) [al/ua, blood ; 
otcltikuc;, stationary]. I. Arresting hemor- 
rhage. 2. An agent or remedy that arrests 
hemorrhage. 

Hemotachometer {Jiem - o - tak - om f - et-er) 
[atjua, blood; ra^o^, swiftness; /utrpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
rate of tlow of blood. 

Hemothorax {Jiem-o-tho' -raks) \aifia, blood ; 
ftcjpa^, the chest]. An accumulation of blood 
in a pleural cavity. 

Hemp [ME., hemp, hemp] . Cannabis sativa, 
the bast;-fiber of which is used for textile 
purposes. H., Indian. See Cannabis indica. 

Henbane. See Hyoscyamus. 

Henle's Fenestrated Membrane \_ffenle, 
a German anatomist]. The layer of longi- 
tudinal elastic fibers of the inner coat of the 
arteries. H.'s Layer, a layer of flat, horny, 
polygonal, nonnucleated cells situated be- 
tween the cuticula and the external root- 
sheath of a hair-bulb. H.'s Loop, a loop 
in the uriniferous tubules. H.'s Sheath, a 
connective-tissue sheath surrounding terminal 
nerve-fibers. 

Henry's Law. See Law. 

Hepar (he' -par) [rjirap, the liver]. I. The 
liver. 2. A substance having the color of 
liver, as H. sulphuris. 

Hepatalgia {Jiep-at-aV -je-ah) [rjirap, liver ; 
dAyoc, pain]. Neuralgic pain in the liver. 

Hepatectomy [Jiep-at-ek' '-to-me)[r}rrap , liver ; 
EKTouf/, a cutting out]. Excision of the liver, 
wholly or in part. 

Hepatic {liep-atf -ik) [rjirap, liver]. Pertain- 
ing to the liver. 

Hepatitis [Jiep-at-i' '-tis) [rjirap, liver ; ltiq, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the liver. 
H., Chronic Interstitial, cirrhosis of the 
liver. H., Acute Parenchymatous, acute 
yellow atrophy of the liver. H., Suppura- 
tive, abscess of the liver. 

Hepatization (Jiep - at - iz - a' - shim) [r/nap, 
liver]. A change of a tissue into a condition 
in which it resembles the liver, as H. of the 
lung. H. Gray, that in which the hepatized 
lung- tissue is gray. H. Red, that in which 
it is red from an excess of blood. 

Hepatocele {hep r -at-o-sel) [rjirap, liver ; 
nfjfaj, a tumor]. Hernia of the liver. 

Hepatocirrhosis (hep-at-o-sir-o / -sis) [rjirap, 
liver; Kip'pog, yellow]. Cirrhosis of the 
liver. 

Hepatogenic, Hepatogenous {hep-at-o-jen'- 
ik, hep-at-oj' '-en-us) [rjirap, liver; yevvav, to 
beget]. Produced by or in the liver. H. 
Icterus, jaundice caused by the absorption 
of bile from the liver. 

Hepatolithiasis {hep-at-o-lith-i' 'as -is) [rjirap, 
liver; XlOoc,, a stone]. A diseased condi- 
tion characterized by the formation of gall- 
stones in the liver. 



Hepatomalacia {/up - at - o - vial- a' ' - se - ah) 
[//Trap, liver; [la'Xaiua, softness]. Softening 
of the liver. 

Hepatopathy (Jiep-at-op' -ath-e) [r)nap, liver; 
irddoq, disease]. Any disease of the liver. 

Hepatorrhaphy [hep - at - or f - a - fe) [rjirap, 
liver; pafij, suture]. Suture of the liver. 

Hepatotomy [hep-at-of-o-me) [rjirap, liver ; 
TEfivuLV, to cut]. Incision of the liver. 

Hephestic [hef-es r -tik) [Hephczstus, Vulcan]. 
Prevailing or occurring among hammermen, 
as H. cramp. 

Heptad {hep' -tad) [kirra, seven]. An ele- 
ment having a quantivalence of seven. 

Heptane {hep' -tan) [ekto,, seven], C V H ]6 . A 
liquid hydrocarbon of the paraffin -group, con- 
tained in petroleum and also obtained from 
the resin of Pinus sabiniana by dry distil- 
lation. It is also called abietene. 

Herb (erb or herb) \_herba, an herb]. A plant 
the stem of which contains but little wood 
and dies down to the ground at the end of 
the season. 

Herbivorous {her-biv f -or-ns) [herba, grass ; 
vorare, to devour] . Living on vegetable food. 

Hereditary (he-red' -it-a-re) \_heres, an heir]. 
Transmitted from parent to offspring, as H. 
disease. H. Ataxia. See Friedreich' 's Dis- 
ease, Diseases, Table of. H. Syphilis. See 
Syphilis. 

Heredity {he-red* '-it-e) \Jiereditas, heredity]. 
The transmission of physical or mental quali- 
ties or tendencies from ancestor to offspring ; 
the principle or force by reason of which the 
offspring resembles the parent. 

Hermaphrodism, or Hermaphroditism 
[her - maf- ro - dizm, her - maf r - ro - di - tizm) 
['Ep/ujjg, Mercury; 'A(ppoSir/j, Venus]. The 
coexistence in a single individual of 
ovaries and testicles. H., Complex, a con- 
dition in which there are present both the 
internal and external organs of either sex. 
H., Lateral, a form in which male or- 
gans (especially a testicle) are more or less 
developed on one side, and female organs 
(especially an ovary) on the opposite side. 
H., Spurious, a condition in which the indi- 
vidual is of one sex, but presents the outward 
signs of the other. H., Transverse, an 
instance in which the external organs indi- 
cate the one sex, and the internal the oppo- 
site. H., Unilateral, on one side an ovary 
and a testicle, on the other an ovary or a 
testicle. 

Hermaphrodite {her-maf -ro-dit) ['Epfijjg, 
Mercury; 'A(fipo6ir/j, Venus]. An individual 
affected with hermaphrodism ; usually the 
condition is due to some congenital malforma- 
tion of the genital organs, such as epispadias, 
hypospadias, cleft of the scrotum, etc., that 
makes the determination of sex somewhat 
doubtful. 



HERMETIC 



310 



HERPES 



Hermetic [her-mef-ik) ['Epfafc, the god 

Mercury]. Protected from exposure to air ; 
air-tight, as the H. sealing of a wound. 
Hernia {Jier' -ne-ali) [hernia, from epvog, 
sprout] . A protrusion of a viscus through an 
abnormal opening in the wall of the contain- 
ing cavity ; used without qualification, the 
word refers to hernia of the intestines. H., 
Abdominal, a protrusion of a portion of the 
abdominal viscera through some portion of 
the parietes. H. of the Bladder, the pro- 
trusion of a part of the bladder through 
one of the openings of the abdominal 
cavity. H. of the Brain, or H. cerebri, 
Fungus cerebri, a protrusion of the brain 
through the skull. H., Complete, a her- 
nia in which the sac and its contents have 
passed the hernial orifice. H., Congenital, 
a form of indirect inguinal hernia in which, 
the vaginal process of the peritoneum having 
remained patulous, the bowel descends at 
once into the scrotum, in direct contact with 
the testicle. H., Crural. See H. , Femoral. 
H., Cystic. Same as Cystocele. H., 
Diaphragmatic, a protrusion of a portion of 
some of the abdominal viscera into the 
thorax, through a congenital defect in the 
diaphragm, or through a dilatation or lacer- 
ation of one of the natural openings. H., 
Encysted ; in this the pouch forming the 
tunica vaginalis is closed at its upper end 
but open below. The hernia in descending 
along the inguinal canal, enters the scrotum 
behind the tunica vaginalis, and is more or 
less completely surrounded by its posterior 
layer. H., Femoral, a hernia through the 
femoral canal, the tumor appearing on the 
upper inner aspect of the thigh, below 
Poupart's ligament. H., Incarcerated, 
a hernia which has become occluded 
by the accumulation of gas, feces, or un- 
digested food, thus causing obstruction of 
the bowels. H., Incomplete, one that has 
not entirely passed through the hernial orifice. 
H., Infantile. See H., Encysted. H., 
Inguinal, a hernia occupying the inguinal 
canal. H. of Iris, a protrusion of a portion 
of the iris after iridectomy, trauma, etc. H., 
Irreducible, one in which the protruded 
viscus cannot be returned by manipulation. 
H., Ischiatic, a protrusion of the bowel 
through the great sacrosciatic foramen. H.- 
knife, a probe-pointed knife for incising the 
constriction of a hernial sac. H., Labial, a 
protrusion of the bowel between the vagina 
and the ramus of the ischium into a labium 
majus. H. of Littre, a hernia in which 
only a diverticulum of the bowel is affected. 
The term is improperly applied to Richter's 
H. H., Obstructed. See H. , Incarcerated. 
H., Obturator, a protrusion of bowel through 
the obturator foramen. H., Omental, a 



hernia containing omentum ; epiplocele. H., 
Perineal, a protrusion of the abdominal 
contents between the fibers of the levator ani 
muscle in front of or to one side of the anus. 
H.. Pudendal. Same as H., Labial. H., 
Reducible, one that may be returned by 
manipulation. H., Retroperitoneal, a hernia 
in which the intestine lodges in the fossa 
duodenojejunalis. H., Richter's, one in 
which only a portion of the caliber of the gut 
enters the orifice. H., Scrotal, that form 
of inguinal hernia in which the protrusion 
has entered the scrotum. H., Strangulated, 
a hernia which is so tightly constricted at its 
neck as to interfere with its return, with the 
circulation of blood, and the passage of 
feces. H., Umbilical, a protrusion of die 
abdominal contents through the umbilicus. 
H., Ventral, the name applied to protrusions 
of the abdominal contents through the abdom- 
inal walls in situations not usually subject to 
hernia;. 

Hernial (her' -ne -al) [hernia, a rupture]. 
Pertaining to hernia. H. Sac, the diverti- 
culum of the peritoneum which the hernia 
pushes before it or into which it descends. 

Herniopuncture (her -ne- o -punk' - chur) 
[hernia, hernia ; punctura, a pricking]. The 
puncture of a hernia. 

Herniotome (her'-ne-o-tom) [hernia, hernia ; 
rouoc, cutting]. A hernia-knife. 

Herniotomy {Jier - ne - of ' - o - me) [hernia* 
hernia; re uveiv, to cut]. Operation for the 
relief of hernia by section of the constriction. 

Heroic (he-ro'-ik) [npoc, a hero]. Bold or 
daring ; rash or unusually severe, as heroic 
treatment or measures. 

Herophilus, Torcular of. See Torcular. 

Herpes (her'-pez) [ep-rrjc ; epireiv, to creep]. 
An acute inflammatory affection of the skin 
or mucous membrane, characterized by the 
development of groups of vesicles on an in- 
flammatory base. H. circinatus. See 
Tinea circinata. H. facialis, herpes fe- 
brilis ; an acute, noncontagious, inflamma- 
tory disorder of the skin that appears in the 
form of one or more groups of vesicles. It 
is commonly called fever-blisters, a fonn 
of herpes appearing especially on the lips. 
It is frequent in "cold," malaria, croupous 
pneumonia, and cerebrospinal meningitis. 
H. febrilis. See H. facialis. H. Iris, 
a form of erythema with vesicles grow- 
ing in a ring. It is usually seen on the 
backs of the hands and feet. H. labialis. 
See H. facialis. H. preputialis, H. pro- 
genitalis, a form of herpes in which vesicles 
occur upon the glans and prepuce, from the size 
of a pin's head to that of a small pea. H. ton- 
surans. See Tinea tonsurans. H. zoster, 
zoster, zona, shingles, ignis sacer ; herpes in 
which the lesions are distributed in relation 



HERPETIC 



311 



HETEROTOPIA 



to the course of a cutaneous nerve, and, as a 
rule, unilateral. They are usually seen in 
the line of the intercostal nerves, but may 
follow the course of any nerve. The outbreak 
of the eruption is generally preceded by se- 
vere neuralgic pain. 

Herpetic [Jier-pet'-ik) [eprreg, herpes]. Per- 
taining to herpes. H. Sore-throat. See 
Tonsil it is, Herpetic. 

Herpetiform {her-pet' '-if-orm) [eprreg, herpes; 
forma, form]. Resembling herpes. 

Hesselbach's Triangle. See Triangles, 
Table of. 

Heteradelphus (het '- er- ad '-el' '-/us) [erepog, 
other; adeAcpog, brother]. A joined twin- 
monster, consisting of an autositic monster 
with an attached parasite, the head of the 
latter being absent. 

Heteradenia (het- er-ad-e / -ne-ah) [erepog, 
other; adrjv, gland]. I. Normal glandular 
structure occurring in a part normally not 
provided with glands. 2. Glandular struc- 
ture departing from the normal type. 

Heteradenic (het-er-ad-e' ' -nik)[erepog , other ; 
clStjv, gland]. Pertaining to or consisting of 
tissue that is unlike normal glandular tissue, 
or to glandular tissue occurring in an abnor- 
mal place. 

Heteralius (het-er-a' '-le-us) [erepog, other ; 
a/,wg, a disc]. A double monster in which 
the parasite is very incomplete, and with no 
direct connection with the umbilical cord of 
its host. 

Hetero- (het'-er-o-) -[erepog, other]. A pre- 
fix denoting unlikeness. 

Heteroalbumose (het-er-o-al' '-bu-mos) [ere- 
pog, other ; albumose~\ . A variety of albumose 
soluble in salt-solutions, insoluble in water, 
and precipitated by saturation with sodium 
chlorid or magnesium sulphate. 

Heteroautoplasty (Jiet- er-o-azu f - to -plas-te) 
[erepog, other; avrog, self; irAacoeiv, to 
form]. Grafting of skin from one person 
upon the body of another. 

Heteroblastic (het - er-o-blas'- tik) [erepog, 
other, different; ftAaarog, germ, bud]. Aris- 
ing from tissue of a different kind. 

Heterodymus [het- er- od' '- im - us) [erepog, 
other; didvfiog, twin]. A double monster, 
the accessory part being but an imperfect 
head, with a neck and thorax by which it is 
implanted in the anterior abdominal wall of 
its host. 

Heterogeneous (het-er-o-je' ' -ne-us) [erepog, 
other; yevog, kind]. Differing in kind or 
nature ; composed of different substances ; 
not homogeneous. 

Heterogenesis (hel-er-o-jen* -es-is) [erepog, 
different; -yeveaig, generation]. A mode of 
reproduction in which the living parent gives 
rise to offspring that pass through totally dif- 
ferent series of states from those exhibited by 



the parents, and do not return into the cycle 
of the parents. 

Heteroinfection {Jiet - er-o -in - fek f - shun) 
erepog, other; infcere, to taint]. I. Infec- 
tion transmitted by a person who is himself 
not affected. 2. Infection of any organism 
by a poison not produced within itself ; op- 
posed to autoinfection. 

Heteroinoculation (het-er- o-in-ok-u- la / - 
shun) [erepog, other ; inoculatio , an ingraft- 
ing]. Inoculation of one person by another. 

Heterologous (het-er-ol f -o-gus) [erepog, other ; 
Xoyog, relation]. Differing in structure or 
form from the normal. H. tumors, tumors 
constituted of a different tissue from that of 
the part in or on which they are situated. 

Heteromorphous (het-er-o-mor f -fus) [erepog, 
other; f^opcj)^, form]. Differing from the 
normal in form. 

Heteronymous (het-er -on r -im-us) [erepog, 
other; bvv/ua, name]. On opposite sides. 

Heteropagus (het-er-op'-ag-us) [erepog, 
other; Trr/yvvvac, to unite]. A double mon- 
ster in which the parasite, having a head and 
extremities, is attached to the anterior ab- 
dominal wall of its host. 

Heteropathy (het-er-op f -ath-e) [erepog, other ; 
Tiddog, affection]. I. The treatment of a 
disease by inducing a different morbid condi- 
tion to neutralize it. 2. Abnormal reaction 
to stimulus or irritation. 

Heterophoralgia (het - er - o - for - aV - je - ah) 
[erepog, other ; (popog, tending ; aAyog, pain]. 
Eye-strain or ocular pain caused by hetero- 
phoria. 

Heterophoria (het- er-o-fo f -re-ah) [erepog, 
different; (popog, tending]. A relation of 
the visual lines of the two eyes other than 
that of parallelism. It may be Esophoria, 
a tending of the lines inward; or Exo- 
phoria, outward; or Hyperphoria, a tend- 
ing of the right or left visual line in a direc- 
tion above its fellow ; Hyperesophoria, a 
tending of the visual lines upward and in- 
ward ; Hyperexophoria, upward and out- 
ward. 

Heteroplasia (het-er-o-pla f -ze-ah) [erepog, 
other; izAaoig, shaping]. The presence in a 
part of a tissue that does not belong there 
normally. 

Heteroplasty (het'-er-o-plas-te) [erepog, 
other; re Aacoeiv, to form]. I. Heteroplasia. 
2. The operation of grafting parts taken from 
another species. 

Heterotaxis (het-er - o- tahs'- is) [erepog, 
other ; rd^ig, order]. The anomalous dis- 
position or transposition of organs. 

Heterotopia (het-er-o-to f -pe-ah) [erepog, 
other ; rdrrog, place]. A misplacement of nor- 
mal tissue, especially a congenital malforma- 
tion of the brain, in which masses of gray 
matter are found transplanted into the white. 



HETEROTROPHIA 



312 



HISTIOID 



Heterotrophia, or Heterotrophy (het-er-o- 
tro'-fe-ah, or het-er-ot' -ro-fe) [irepog, other ; 
rpotprj, sustenance]. Any perversion or dis- 
order of nutrition. 

Heterotropia (Jiet-er-o-lrdp'-e-ah). See 
Strabismus. 

Heterotypus (het-er-o-ti'-pus) [erepog, differ- 
ent ; rvTcog, a type]. A double monster 
having the parasitic fetus hanging from the 
ventral wall of the principal subject. 

Heteroxanthin (het-er-o-zan' -thin) [erepog, 
other ; gavddg, yellow], C 6 H 6 N 4 2 . A leu- 
komain that can be isolated in crystalline 
form from urine. 

Heubner's Disease. Syphilitic disease of 
the cerebral arteries. See Diseases, Table of. 

Hexad (heks' '-ad) [e^dg, six]. An element 
the atom of which has a quantivalence of 
six. 

Hexane (heks' -an) [eljdg, six], C 6 H U . The 
sixth member of the paraffin- series of hydro- 
carbons. It is a liquid, boiling at about 71 
C, found in various natural oils. 

Hexatomic (heks-at-om'-ik) [e^dg, six ; aro- 
fiog, an atom]. Consisting of six atoms ; also 
applied to atoms that are hexavalent, and to 
alcohols or other compounds having six re- 
placeable hydrogen atoms. 

Hexavalent (heks-av' '-al-ent) [egdg, six ; val- 
ens, having power]. Having the same com- 
bining power as six hydrogen atoms. 

Hey's Ligament. See Ligament. 

Hiatus (hi-a'-tus) \_hiare , to gape]. A space 
or opening. Also, the vulva. H. of Fal- 
lopius, a shallow groove on the petrous por- 
tion of the temporal bone for the passage of 
the petrosal branch of the Vidian nerve. 

Hiccup, or Hiccough (hik'-up) [hie, a 
mimic word ; cough, a cough]. A spas- 
modic contraction of the diaphragm causing 
inspiration, followed by a sudden closure of 
the glottis. Synonym Singultus. 

Hide-bound Disease. See Scleroderma. 

Hidropoiesis (hid-ro-poi-e' -sis) [Idpcjg, sweat; 
iroceeiv, to make] . The formation of sweat. 

Hidropoietic (hid-ro-poi-el'-ik) [idpug, sweat; 
iroieeiv, to make]. Relating to hidropoiesis. 

Hidrosadenitis (hid-ros-ad-en-i' '-tis) [Idpug, 
sweat; aSrjv, gland; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the sweat-glands. 

Hidrosis (hid-ro' '-sis) [Ifip&g, sweat] . I. The 
formation and excretion of sweat. 2. Ab- 
normally profuse sweating. 3. Any skin- 
disease marked by disorder of the sweat- 
glands. 

Hiera picra (hi'-er-ah pi'-krah) [L. , sacred 
bitters]. Pulvis aloes et can ellse. See Aloes. 

Highmore, Antrum of (hi'-mor) [W. High- 
more, an English physician]. A cavity in 
the superior maxillary bone, communicating 
with the middle meatus of the nose. H., 
Body of, a thickening of the tunica albu- 



ginea at the posterior part of the testis, from 
which connective-tissue septa diverge. 

Hilum (hi' -htm) [hilum, a little thing]. A 
pit, recess, or opening in an organ, usually 
for the entrance and exit of vessels or ducts. 

Hind (hind) [AS., hindan, at the back of]. 
Pertaining to the rear or posterior extremity. 
H. -brain, a division of the brain in the em- 
bryo, that becomes the cerebellum and the 
medulla oblongata. H.-gut, that part of 
the embryonic intestine from which the ce- 
cum, vermiform appendix, colon, and rectum 
are developed. 

Hinge-joint (hinj' -joint). See Diarthrosis. 

Hip [AS., hype, hip]. I. The upper part of 
the thigh at its junction with the buttocks. 
2. The hip-joint. H.-bath. See Bath. 
H.-bone, the ischium. H. -girdle, the 
pelvic arch. H. -joint, the articulation of 
the femur with the haunch-bone or innomi- 
nate bone. H. -joint Disease, coxitis, an 
inflammation of the hip-joint, usually tuber- 
culous, and occurring most commonly in the 
young, and, according as it begins in the 
head of the femur, the acetabulum, or in the 
synovial membrane and proper structures of 
the joint, divided into femoral, acetabular, 
and arthritic. Symptoms : Shuffling gait, pain 
often referred to the inner side of the knee, 
pain in the hip elicited by jarring the heel, 
deformity, abduction and eversion of the 
thigh, slight flexion of the knee, and arching 
of the lumbar spine ; later, adduction and in- 
version of the thigh, with flexion of the knee 
and shortening of the limb. Suppuration with 
formation of fistulse occurs in the advanced 
stages. 

Hippocampal (hip - - kam' - pal) [l-xrcog. 
horse; ndjnrog, a sea-monster]. Relating to 
the hippocampus. 

Hippocampus (hip - - kam' -pits) [limog, 
horse ; Ka/uirog, a sea-monster], A name ap- 
plied to two elevations, H. major and H. 
minor, the former situated in the middle, 
and the latter in the posterior horn of the 
ventricles of the brain. 

Hippocratic (hip-o-krat'-ik) [Hippocrates, a 
Greek physician of the fifth century B. C.]. 
Described by Hippocrates. H. Expression, 
an anxious, pinched expression of the coun- 
tenance, described as characteristic of peri- 
tonitis. H. Sound. See Succussion-sound. 

Hippuric Acid (hip-u'-rik). See Acid. 

Hippus (hip' -us) [iTTirog, horse, from analogy 
to the movements of this animal]. Spasmodic 
pupillary movement, independent of the ac- 
tion of light. 

Hirsute (her-suf) [hirsutus, shaggy]. 
Shaggy, hairy. 

Hirsuties (her-su' -te-ez) [hirsutus, shaggy]. 
Excessive growth of hair. 

Histioid (his'-te-oid). See Histoid, 



HISTOCHEMISTRY 



313 



HOMOLOGY 



Histochemistry (his - to - kem ' - is - tre) \_lar6g, 
tissue; ^///zfi'a, chemistry]. The chemistry 
of the histologic elements of the body. 

Histodialysis (his - to-di - al ; -is-is) \larog, 
web ; 6 id Ave ig, a resolution]. The dissolu- 
tion of organic tissue. 

Histogenesis (his-to-jen f -es-is) [iorog, web ; 
yevawfj generation]. The formation of 
tissues. 

Histogenetic (his-to-jen-et f -ik) [iardg, web ; 
ysvvav, to produce]. Relating to histo- 
genesis. 

Histohematin [his - to - hem? - at - in) [Igtoc, 
web ; aliia, blood]. A pigment found in 
muscles, suprarenal capsules, and other or- 
gans, and believed to have a respiratory 
function. 

Histoid (his'-toid) [icxrdc, web ; eldog, like- 
ness] . Composed of only one kind of tissue. 

Histologic (his-to-lof '-ik) [iarog, tissue; Aoyog, 
science]. Relating to histology. 

Histology (his-toV -o-je) \ior6g, tissue ; loyog, 
science]. The minute anatomy of tissues. 

Histolysis (his-toV -is-is) [toroc, tissue ; Avaig, 
dissolution]. Disintegration and dissolution 
of organic tissue. 

Histonorhy (his-ton'-o-?ne) \lar6g, tissue ; 
vSuog, a law]. The laws of the develop- 
ment and arrangement of organic tissue. 

Histopathology (his-to-path-oF -o-je) [iarog, 
tissue; iradog, disease; ao yog, science]. The 
study of minute pathologic changes in tissues. 

Histophysiology (his-to-fiz-e-oV -o-je) \larog, 
web, tissue ; (pvoig, nature; ?i6yoc, science]. 
The science of the functions of the various 
tissues. 

Histotome (his f -to-tdm) [iarog, tissue ; teju- 
veiv, to cut]. An apparatus for cutting tissue 
for the study of its minute structure ; a 
microtome. 

Histotomy {his - tot' - o - me) [iarog, tissue; 
tejivelv, to cut]. The dissection of tissues. 

Histrionic (his-tre-on' '-ik) [histrio, an actor]. 
Dramatic. H. Mania, insanity with affec- 
tation and lofty manner. H. Muscles, the 
muscles of expression of the face. H. Spasm, 
spasm of the muscles of expression. 

Hives (liivz) [origin uncertain]. I. Urtica- 
ria. 2. In Great Britain the term is also 
applied to croup, laryngitis, and to chicken- 
pox. 

Hob-nail Liver. The liver of advanced 
atrophic cirrhosis, so called on account of the 
small projections on the surface. It is called 
also gin-drinker's liver. 

Hodgkin's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Hoffmann's Anodyne [ho/'- mans an f -o- 
dln). Spiritus aetheris compositus (U. S. P.), 
compound spirit of ether. It is anodyne, 
stimulant, and antispasmodic, and is used in 
nervous irritation, angina pectoris, and asth- 
ma. Dose n^xxx-f^ij (2.0-8.0). 



Hollyhock {kol'-e-hok). See Alt lira. 

Holmgren's Test. A test for color-blind- 
ness. The patient is requested to matcli 
worsted skeins of different colors, and if color- 
blind, always selects characteristic shades. 

Holoblastic {hol-o-blas' '-tik) [d'Aog, whole ; 
pAaardg, germ]. Applied to ova in which 
the entire yolk is included in the process of 
segmentation ; one in which there is no sepa- 
rate food-yolk. 

Homatropin [ho-maf '-ro-pin) , C 16 H 21 N0 3 . 
An alkaloid derived fromatropin. It causes 
dilatation of the pupil and paralysis of ac- 
commodation like atropin, but its effects 
pass off more quickly, usually in two or 
three days. The hydrobromate is the salt 
generally employed. 

Homeopathy {ho-i7ie-op / -ath-e) [ouoloq, like ; 
iradug, ailment or disease]. A system of 
treatment of disease by the use of agents 
that, administered in health, would produce 
symptoms similar to those for the relief of 
which they are given. 

Homocentric [ho-mo-sen f -trik) [o//<5c, same ; 
nivrpov, center]. Concentric ; having the 
same center. H. Rays, light rays that 
have a common focus or are parallel. 

Homocerebrin(/z<?-wc-^r / -^-^r/«)[6 / uoc, like ; 
cerebrum, cerebrum]. A substance derived 
from brain-tissue, closely resembling cerebrin, 
but more soluble in alcohol. 

Homceo- {ho'-me-o-). For words thus be- 
ginning, see Homeo. 

Homogeneous (ho-mo-Je'-ne-us) [djuog, like ; 
yevog, kind]. Having the same nature or 
qualities ; having a uniform character in all 
parts. 

Homogenesis (Jio-mo-jen' '-es-is) \_6/x6g, like; 
yevvav, to beget]. Reproduction in which a 
parent gives rise to offspring that pass through 
the same cycle of changes as itself. 

Homogentisic Acid {hom-o-jen-tiz f -ik). See 
Acid. 

Homologous (Jio-moV -o-gus) \_6 t uog, the 
same; Aoyog, relation]. Corresponding in 
structure, either directly or as referred to a 
fundamental type. In chemistry, being of 
the same type or series ; differing by a mul- 
tiple or an arithmetic ratio in certain con- 
stituents. H. Tissues, those identical in 
type of structure. H. Tumor, a tumor 
consisting of tissue identical with that of the 
organ whence it springs. 

Homologue {hom'-o-log) \_6/u6g, same ; Aoyog, 
proportion]. An organ which has the same 
relative structure, position, or development as 
another. The same organ in different organ- 
isms under every variety of form and function. 

Homology (ho-mol'-o-je) [o^og, same ; Xoyog, 
proportion]. The quality of being homolo- 
gous ; also, the morphologic identity of parts 
or organs in different animals. 



HOMONYMOUS 



314 



HUMIDITY 



Homonymous {Jio-mon f -im-us) \_6/u6g, same ; 
bw/ia, a name]. I. Having the same sound 
or name ; having the same relative position. 
H. Diplopia, a form of diplopia in which the 
image seen by the right eye is on the right 
side and that seen by the left eye is on the 
left side. H. Hemianopia. See Hemiano- 
pia. 

Homothermic(//f-;«c»-/^ 1 ?/' / -mik)\_buoc , same ; 
Oepfir], heat]. Having a uniform temperature. 

Homotonic (ho-mo-ton f -ik) [dfiog, same ; 
rovoq, tone, tension]. Having a uniform or 
even course. 

Homotype (ho' ' -mo -tip) [6/u.og, same ; rvrcoq, 
a pattern] . A part corresponding and simi- 
lar to another part, as the humerus to the 
femur. 

Honduras Bark (lion-du'-ras bark). Cas- 
cara amarga. 

Honey [hun ; -e) [ME., hony, honey]. See 
Mel. 

Hook [AS., hoc, a hook]. A curved instru- 
ment. H., Blunt, an instrument for exer- 
cising traction upon the fetus in an arrested 
breech-presentation. H., Malgaigne's, two 
pair of hooks connected by a screw for ap- 
proximating the fragments of a fractured pa- 
tella. H., Tyrrel's, a blunt, slender hook 
for operations upon the eye. 

Hop. See Humidus. 

Hope's Camphor-mixture. A mixture con- 
taining nitric acid, camphor-water, and tinc- 
ture of opium. It is used in the treatment 
of serous or choleraic diarrheas. 

Hordeolum (lior-de'-o-luni) \hordeum, a 
grain of barley]. A stye; a furuncular in- 
flammation of the connective tissue of the 
lids, near a hair-follicle. 

Hordeum (hor f -de-u?n) [L.]. Barley. 

Horehound (hor' '-hownd) . See Marrubium. 

Horizontal (hor-iz-on'-tal) [opifav, the hori- 
zon]. Parallel to the horizon. 

Horn. See Comu. 

Horner's Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Horny (horn'-e) [ME., horn, horn]. Com- 
posed of, or resembling, horn. 

Horopter (hor - op' - ter) [opoq, boundary ; 
ottttjp, an observer]. The sum of all the 
points seen singly by the two retinae while 
the fixation-point remains stationary. 

Horripilation (hor-ip-il-a' -shun) \horrere, to 
stand on end; pilus,th.e hair]. Erection 
of the hairs of the skin produced by the con- 
traction of arrectores pili muscles. 

Horse-radish (hors' '-rad-ish) . Cochlearia 
armoracia, a plant of the order Cruciferae. 
The root (Armoracise radix, U. S. P.) contains 
a volatile oil, and is a gastric stimulant and 
diuretic. It is chiefly used as a condiment, 
but has been employed in medicine in dropsy, 
chronic rheumatism, and scurvy. Dose of 
the root ^ss (2.0) or more. 



Horseshoe-kidney. A kidney having some- 
what the shape of a horseshoe, due to a fu- 
sion of the two kidneys at one of their ends, 
usually the lower. 

Horseshoe-magnet. A magnet bent in the 
shape of a horseshoe. 

Horseweed. 1. The Collinsonia canadensis, 
an indigenous plant, the root of which (in de- 
coction) is used in cystitis, leukorrhea, dropsy, 
gravel, etc. 2. The Erigeron canadense. 

Horsley's Method. A method of deter- 
mining the position of the fissure of Rolando 
by means of an instrument called a cyrtom- 
eter, encircling the head, and having an arm 
fixed at an angle of 67 , which indicates the 
position of the fissure. H. Test, a test for 
glucose. The urine rendered alkaline is 
boiled with potassium dichromate ; if sugar is 
present, a green color is developed. 

Hospital (hos'-pzt-al) [hospes, a guest]. A 
building for the care and treatment of sick 
or infirm persons. H. Gangrene, a conta- 
gious, phagedenic gangrene occasionally at- 
tacking wounds or open sores. It is confined 
mainly to military hospitals, and is of mi- 
crobic origin. 

Hospitalism (hos / - pit - al '- izm) \hospes, a 
guest]. The morbid conditions arising from 
the gathering of diseased persons in a hos- 
pital. 

Host (host) \_hostis, a stranger, a landlord]. 
The organic body upon which parasites live. 

Hot [ME., hot, hot]. Having or yielding 
the sensation of heat ; stimulating ; biting. 
H.-air Bath. See Bath. H. Bath. See 
Bath. 

Hottentotism (hot'-n-tot-izm). An extreme 
form of congenital stammering. 

Hour-glass Contraction. A contraction of 
a hollow organ, as the uterus or stomach, 
near the middle, producing a condition re- 
sembling an hour-glass. 

Housemaid's Knee. A chronic inflamma- 
tion of the bursa in front of the patella with 
an accumulation of serous fluid. 

Howship's Lacunae, or Pits [John How- 
ship, an English surgeon]. Minute depres- 
sions or pits in bone undergoing absorption, 
produced by the action of osteoclasts. 

Huguier's Canal. See Canal. 

Humeral [hu f -mer-al) [humerus, the shoul- 
der]. Pertaining to the humerus. 

Humerus (hu' -mer-us) [L.]. 1. The bone 
of the upper arm. 2. The shoulder. 

Humidity (hu-mid / -it-e) \humor, moisture]. 
The state or quality of being moist ; moist- 
ure ; dampness. H., Absolute, the actual 
amount of water present in the air at any 
moment. H., Relative, the relative amount 
of water present in air as compared to what 
the air would contain at the existing temper- 
ature were its condition that of saturation. 



HUMOR 



315 



HYDRANGEA 



Humor (hu'-mor) [L., moisture], i. Any 
fluid or semi-fluid part of the body. H., 
Aqueous, the transparent fluid of the ante- 
rior chamber of the eye. H., Crystalline. 
See Lens, Crystalline. H., Vitreous. The 
transparent gelatin-like substance filling the 
greater part of the globe of the eye. 2. Dispo- 
sition, temperament, as the four humors of 
Galen, the choleric, melancholy, phlegmatic, 
and sanguine. 

Humoral (hu' '-mnr-al) [humor, moisture]. 
Pertaining to the natural fluids of the body. 
H. Pathology, that system of pathology ac- 
cording to which all diseases result from a 
disordered or abnormal condition of the fluids 
or humors of the body. H. Theory, that 
theory which ascribes the production of im- 
munity to the antitoxic or bactericidal action 
of the fluids of the body. 

Humpback (hump'- bah). See Kyphosis. 

Humulus (hu' -mu-lus) [L.]. Hop. The 
fruit-cones or strobiles of H. lupulus, which 
yield a powder, lupulin, a volatile oil, and 
tannin. Hops are tonic and slightly nar- 
cotic, and are used internally in dyspepsia, 
delirium tremens, and insomnia; locally, as 
emollient poultices. H., Tinct. Dose £j— 
ij (4.0-8.0). Lupulinum, the glandular 
powder. Dose gr. v-xv (0.32-1.0). Lu- 
puli, Ext. (B. P.). Dose gr. v-x (0.32- 
0.65). Lupuli, Infusum (B. P.). Dose 
f 3HJ (3 2 -o-64-o)- 

Hunchback (hunch' -bak). See Kyphosis. 

Hunger (hung'-ger) [AS., hungor, hunger]. 
A condition marked by a sensation of empti- 
ness of the stomach, with a longing for food. 

Hunter's Canal [John Hunter, an English 
scientist and surgeon]. See Canal. H.'s 
Method, a method of treating aneurysm by 
ligating the artery on the proximal side of 
the sac. 

Hunterian Chancre. See Chancre. 

Huntingdon's Chorea. See Chorea. 

Hunyadi Janos Water (Jiun-yah' '-de yah'- 
nos). An aperient mineral water from Hun- 
gary, containing the sulphates of potassium, 
sodium, and magnesium, sodium chlorid and 
carbonate, iron oxid, and alumina. 

Hutchinson's Teeth [Jonathan Hutchinson, 
an English physician]. A notched or fur- 
rowed condition of the free edges of the per- 
manent teeth, especially the central incisors 
of the upper jaw, due to inherited syphilis. 

Huxley's Layer [Thomas Huxley, an Eng- 
lish biologist]. A layer of nucleated, elon- 
gated, polygonal cells lying within Henle's 
layer of the inner root-sheath of hairs. 

Huygenian Ocular {Jii-je'-ne-ari). See 
Ocular. 

Hyalin (hi'-al-in) [ya7,oc, glass]. A trans- 
lucent substance forming the walls of hydatid 
cysts. 



Hyaline [hi'-al-in) [valoq, glass]. Resem- 
bling glass. H. Cartilage. See Cartilage. 
H. Cast, or Cylinder, a clear, nearly trans- 
parent urinary tube-cast. H. Degeneration. 
See Degeneration. 

Hyalitis (hi - al- i' -tis) [vaAoc, glass; itic, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the hyaloid 
membrane of the vitreous humor. 

Hyaloid (hi' - al - oid) \yaAoq, glass; eUoc, 
form]. Transparent; glass-like. H. Artery, 
a branch of the arteria centralis retinae in the 
embryo, traversing the vitreous humor to the 
posterior capsule of the lens. H. Mem- 
brane, a delicate, transparent membrane sur- 
rounding the vitreous humor, except in front, 
where it becomes fibrous and strong and 
forms a leaflet of the zonula of Zinn. 

Hyaloplasm (hi'-al-o-plazm) [ya?Mc, glass ; 
irAacjia, plasm]. The fluid portion of the 
protoplasm of a living cell. 

Hybrid (hi'-bria 7 ) [yfipic, insult]. The off- 
spring of two individuals of distinct but 
closely related species. 

Hydantoin {hi-dan-to' -in) , C 3 H 4 N 2 2 . Gly- 
colyl urea. A crystalline substance derived 
from allantoin and related to urea. 

Hydatid (hi'-dat-id) [vdaric, vesicle]. A 
cyst-like body with clear contents, especially 
that formed by the larva of the Taenia echino- 
coccus. H. Disease, a disease characterized 
by the presence in various portions of the 
body of cysts containing the embryo of the 
Taenia echinococcus. H. Fremitus, H. 
Thrill, a fremitus occasionally obtained on 
palpating an hydatid cyst. H. Mole. See 
Chorion, Cystic Degeneration of, and Mole. H. 
of Morgagni, a small cyst connected with 
the fimbriated extremity of the Fallopian 
tube. In the testicle it is found between the 
testicle proper and the epididymis. It rep- 
resents the remains of the Miillerian duct. 

Hydatidiform (hi-dat-id' -iform) [ydaric, hy- 
datid ; forma, form]. Having the form of 
an hydatid. H. Mole. See Chorion, Cystic 
Degeneration of. 

Hydracetin (hi-dras'-et-in^), C 6 H 5 N 2 H 2 (C 2 - 
H 3 0). A coal-tar derivative. It is antipy- 
retic and antirheumatic. Dose gr. y^ to ij 
fp.032-0.13). 

Hydracid (hi-dras'-id) [ydup, water; acid- 
um, acid]. An acid formed by a combination 
of hydrogen and an acid element or radicle 
other than oxygen. 

Hydrsemia (hi-dre' -me-ah). See Hydremia. 

Hydragogue (hi'-drag-og) \ydup, water ; 
ayuyoc, leading]. I. Expelling water. 2. 
A purgative that causes copious liquid dis- 
charges. 

Hydramnios (hi-dram' -ne-os) [ydup, water ; 
a/j,viov, fetal membrane]. An abnormal 
amount of amniotic fluid. 

Hydrangea (hi-dran' -je-ah) [ydup, water ; 



HYDRARGISM 



316 



HYDROCEPHALUS 



ayyelov, vessel]. A genus of saxifragaceous 
shrubs. The root of H. arborescensis 
contains hydrangin , and is employed in lithia- 
sis. 

Hydrargism, Hydrargyria, Hydrargyri- 
asis, Hydrargyrism (hi-drar'-gizm, hi- 
drar-jir' -e-ah, hi-drar-jir-i' '-as-is, hi-drar'- 
jir-izni). Chronic mercurial poisoning. See 
Mercurialism . 

Hydrargyrum {hi-drar f -jir-wri) [ydpapyvpoq, 
mercury]. See Mercury. 

Hydrarthrosis (hi - drar - thro' 'sis) \ydop, 
water ; apdpov, joint] . An accumulation of 
fluid in a joint. 

Hydrastis (hi-dras'-tis) . Goldenseal, a plant 
of the order Ranunculacese. The rhizome and 
roots of H. canadensis, which contain the 
alkaloids hydrastin and berberin. It is tonic, 
antiperiodic, cholagogue, and diuretic, and 
has been employed in leukorrhea, cystitis, 
constipation, menorrhagia, gonorrhea, dys- 
pepsia, etc. Dose of the hydrastin of com- 
merce, an impure body, gr. v-x (0.32-0.65); 
of the alkaloid, gr. i-i (0.008-0.022). H., 
Ext., Fid. Dose fgss-j (2.0-4.0). H., 
Glyceritum. Dose f 3 ss-j (2.0-4.0). 

Hydrate (hi' -drat) [ydwp, water]. 1. A com- 
pound which may be considered to be formed 
by the replacement of half the hydrogen of 
one or more molecules of water by an elec- 
tropositive element or radicle. 2. A salt 
containing water of crystallization. 

Hydrated (hi' -dra-ted) [ydup, water]. Com- 
bined with water. 

Hydration (hi- dr a' -shun) [ySop, water]. 
The process of combining with water, or of 
converting into a hydrate. 

Hydrazin (hi-draz' -in) [ydop, water ; azotum, 
nitrogen], H 4 N 2 . I. Diamid; a color- 
less, stable, gas, soluble in water, having a 
peculiar odor, and a strong alkaline reaction. 
2. One of a class of bodies derived from 
hydrazin by replacing one or more of its 
hydrogen atoms by a radicle. 

Hydremia (hi-dre'-me-ah) \y8op, water ; al/ua, 
blood]. A watery condition of the blood. 

Hydrencephalocele ( hi-dren-sef ' -al-o-sel) 
[ydop, water; ey/ce^a/oc, brain; ktjAt), her- 
nia]. Hernia of the brain, in which the tu- 
mor is in part composed of a watery fluid. 

Hydrencephalus (hi-dren-sef ' -al-us). See 
Hydrocephalus. 

Hydric (hi'-drik) [ydop, water]. Containing 
water. 

Hydrid (hi'-drid) [vSop, water]. A chemic 
compound containing hydrogen united to an 
element or radicle. 

Hydriodic ( hi-dre-od'-ik ) [ Mop, water ; 
lodrjQ, like a violet]. Containing hydrogen 
and iodin. H. Acid, HI, a heavy, colorless 
gas, with a suffocating odor and an acid re- 
action. The syrup of hydriodic acid (Syrupus 



acidi hydriodici, U. S. P. ) contains 10 per cent, 
of absolute HI. Dose TT^xx-xl (1.3-2.6). 
It is used as an alterative in scrofula, rickets, 
etc. 

Hydro- (hi'-dro-) [vdup, water]. A prefix 
signifying combined with water or with hy- 
drogen. 

Hydroa (hi-dro'-ah) [ydop, water ; cjov, egg]. 
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin 
characterized by erythema, papules, pus- 
tules, vesicles, bullae, or combinations of these, 
and by intense itching. It is also known as 
dermatitis herpetiformis or pemphigus prurigi- 
nosus. 

Hydrobilirubin (hi dro-bil-e-ru' -bin) [ydop, 
water; bilis, bile ; ruber, red], C 32 H 40 N 4 O 7 . 
A brown-red pigment formed by treating a 
solution of bilirubin with sodium-amalgam. 
It is probably identical with stercobilin, the 
coloring-matter of the feces, and urobilin, 
the pigment of the urine. 

Hydrobromate (hi - dro-bro' - mat) \y6up, 
water; fipotioQ, a stench]. A salt of hydro- 
bromic acid. 

Hydrobromic (hi-dro-bro'-mih)[ySo)p, water ; 
(3pc)/uog, stench]. Composed of hydrogen 
and bromin. H. Acid. See Acid, Hydro- 
bromic. H. Ether, C 2 H 5 Br. See Ethyl 
Bromid. 

Hydrobromid (hi-dro-bro' -mid). Same as 
Hydrobromate. 

Hydrocarbon (hi-dro-kar' -bon)\ydop, water ; 
carbo, charcoal] . Any compound composed 
of hydrogen and carbon. All other organic 
compounds may be considered as derivatives 
of the hydrocarbons. The chief derivatives 
are (1) those containing hydrogen ; (2) those 
containing oxygen ; (3) those containing sul- 
phur ; and (4) those containing nitrogen. The 
principal hydrocarbons are : (1) the saturated 
hydrocarbons of the paraffin or marsh-gas 
series (C n H 2n +2) ; (2) the unsaturated hy- 
drocarbons of the olefin series (C n H 2n ) ; and 
(3) the benzene series or aromatic hydrocar- 
bons (C n H 2n _6). 

Hydrocele (hi'-dro-sel) [youp, water; nrfAri, 
tumor]. A collection of serous fluid about 
the testicle or spermatic cord. 

Hydrocephalic (hi - dro - sef- al'- ik) \y6up, 
water; Kt^aArj, head]. Pertaining to or af- 
fected with hydrocephalus. H. Cry, the 
loud cry of a child, indicating pain in the head. 

Hydrocephalocele (hi - dro - sef- al-o-sel) 
\_v6up, water; uttyalrj, head ; KrfXr), a tumor]. 
See Hydrencephalocele. 

Hydrocephaloid (hi-dro-sef -al-oid) \_v8up, 
water; ne^alr/, head ; elSog, form] . Pertain- 
ing to or resembling hydrocephalus. H. 
Disease. See Hairs Disease, Diseases, Ta- 
ble of . 

Hydrocephalus (hi-dro-sef ' -al-us) [ydup, 
water; Kzfyahrj, head]. A collection of fluid 



HYDROCHINONE 



317 



HYDROPERICARDIUM 



in the cerebral ventricles (internal H.) or 
outside the brain-substance (external H.). 
The symptoms are : Progressive enlargement 
of the head, bulging of the fontanels, promi- 
nent forehead, thinness of hair and scalp, dis- 
tention of the superficial veins, mental im- 
pairment, muscular weakness, convulsions. 
Acute external H. is due to inflammation of 
the meninges, usually tuberculous ; acute in- 
ternal H. is caused by ependymitis. Chronic 
H. is either congenital or acquired. 

Hydrochinone (hi-dro-ki'-non) [vdop, water; 
quinone\. See Hydroquinone. 

Hydrochlorate (hi - dro - klo' - rat) [vdop, 
water; j/wpoc, green]. Any salt of hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Hydrochloric Acid (hi-dro-klo'-rik). See 
Acid, Hydrochloric. 

Hydrochlorid (hi-dro-klo'-rid) [vdop, water ; 
x'^opog, green]. Same as Hydrochlorate. 

Hydrocirsocele (hi-dro-sir'-so-sel) [vdop, 
water ; nipooc, venous enlargement ; nrjlrj, 
tumor]. Hydrocele accompanied with vari- 
cose veins of the spermatic cord. 

Hydrocollidin (hi - dro - kol f - id - in) [vdop, 
water; n6X2.a, glue], C 8 H 13 N. A highly 
poisonous ptomain obtained from putrefying 
mackerel, horse-flesh, and ox-flesh, and said 
to be identical with one obtained from nico- 
tin. 

Hydrocyanic {Jii-dro-se-an' '-ik). See Cyano- 
gen, and Acid, Hydrocyanic. 

Hydroelectric (hi-dro-e-lek' '-trik) [ydup, wa- 
ter; rjAearpov, electricity]. Pertaining to 
electricity developed in connection with 
water. H. Bath, a bath in which the me- 
tallic lining of the tub is connected with one 
pole of a battery, the other pole being in 
contact with the person of the patient. 

Hydrofluoric Acid (hi-dro-jlu-or'-ik). See 
Acid and Fhiorin. 

Hydrogen (hi' -dro- j en) [vdop, water; yev- 
vav, to produce] . Symbol H ; atomic weight 
I ; quantivalence I. A combustible, gaseous 
element, feebly basic, and occurring in nature 
in greatest abundance combined with oxygen 
in the form of water, H 2 0. It is present in 
nearly all organic compounds, and is a constant 
constituent of acids. H. Monoxid, H 2 0, 
water. H. Dioxid, or H. Peroxid, H 2 2 , 
an unstable liquid which readily yields up 
an atom of oxygen, and hence is a power- 
ful oxidizer. It is strongly antiseptic. Aqua 
hydrogenii dioxidi (U. S. P.), contains 3 
per cent, of pure H 2 2 . It is useful as an 
antiseptic application to inflamed mucous 
membranes in diphtheria, scarlet fever, gon- 
orrhea, etc., and as a cleansing agent of sup- 
purating cavities. 

Hydrolein (hi-drol' '-e-in) [vdop, water ; oleum, 
oil]. A proprietary remedy, an emulsion of 
cod-liver oil with pancreatin and borax. 



Hydrology (hi-drol f - o-je) [vdop, water; 
loyoc, science]. A treatise on the nature and 
uses of water. 

Hydrolytic (hi -dro- lit' -ik) [vdop, water; 
"kvziv, to dissolve]. Pertaining to the decom- 
position of water, or the liberation of water 
during a chemic reaction. H. Ferments, 
those causing a combination with the ele- 
ments of water in the substances they decom- 
pose. 

Hydromel (hi'-dro-mel) [vdop, water; /neXi, 
honey]. A mixture of honey and water with 
or without a medicinal substance. 

Hydromeningitis (hi-dro-?nen-in-ji'-tis) [vd- 
op, water ; /uf/viyt;, a membrane ; trie, inflam- 
mation]. I. Inflammation of the mem- 
branes of the brain or cord, accompanied by 
effusion of serous fluid. 2. Inflammation 
of the membrane of Descemet. 

Hydromeningocele (hidro-men-in' -go-sel) 
[ydup, water; fiijviy^, membrane; Krfkrj, a 
tumor]. I. A cystic tumor of the meninges, 
protruding through the skull. 2. A form of 
spina bifida, in which the sac contains cere- 
brospinal fluid. 

Hydrometer (hi-drom' -et-er) [vdop, water ; 
/tie rpov, a measure]. An instrument for de- 
termining the specific gravity of liquids. 

Hydrometra (hi-dro-me' -trah) [vdop, water ; 
fiijTpa, the womb]. A collection of watery 
fluid in the uterus. 

Hydromphalus (hi drom'-fal-us) [vdop, wa- 
ter; ou^oa/loc, navel]. A tumor at the navel 
distended with water. 

Hydromyelia (hi-dro-mi-e' -le-ah) or Hydro- 
myelus (hi-dro-mi' -el-us) [vdop, water ; five- 
/loc, marrow]. Dilatation of the central 
canal of the spinal cord with an accumula- 
tion of fluid. 

Hydronaphtol (hi-dro-naf -tol) [vdop, wa- 
ter; vatyda, asphalt]. A substance probably 
identical with beta-naphtol, and like it used 
as an intestinal antiseptic. Dose gr. iij-iv 
(0.20-0.26). 

Hydronephrosis (hi-dro-nef-ro'-sis) [vdop, 
water; ve<ppog, kidney]. A collection of 
urine in the pelvis of the kidney from ob- 
structed outflow. The pressure of the fluid 
causes in time atrophy of the kidney-struc- 
ture, and the whole organ is converted into 
a large cyst. 

Hydronephrotic (hi-dro-nef-rof -ik) [vdop, 
water ; vecppoc, kidney]. Relating to, affected 
with, or of the nature of, hydronephrosis 

Hydropathy (hi-drop' -ath-e) [vdop, water ; 
ttclOoc, disease]. The treatment of diseases 
by the use of water, externally and inter- 
nally. 

Hydropericardium (hi-dro-per-ik-ar' -de-um) 
[vdop, water; irepi, around ; impdia, heart]. 
A collection of serum within the pericardial 
cavity. 



HYDROPERITONEUM 



318 



HYDROXYLAMIN 



Hydroperitoneum ( hi-dro-per-it-on-e' ' -wn ) 
[ydup, water ; peritoneum~\. Ascites. 

Hydrophobia (hi-dro-fo' '-be-ah) [ydup, water ; 
(pofiog, dread]. An acute infectious disease 
communicated to man by the bites of animals 
suffering from rabies. The period of incuba- 
tion is variable, the average being from three 
to six months. The disease begins with ma- 
laise, slight spasmodic movements, and en- 
largement of the lymphatic glands in the 
neighborhood of the original wound. Soon 
the true hydrophobic state sets in — it is char- 
acterized by tonic spasm of the muscles of 
deglutition, excited by an effort at swallowing 
water or even at the sight of water. The 
pulse is rapid, there is a slight fever, and 
usually profuse salivation. Toward the end 
paralysis may develop. The disease is 
nearly always fatal. Pasteur has proposed a 
method of prophylaxis, consisting in the in- 
jection of material from the spinal cord of 
animals dead of rabies. 

Hydrophobic (hi-dro-fo' '-bik) [ydup, water; 
<p6(3oc, dread] . Pertaining to, or of the nature 
of, hydrophobia. H. Tetanus. See Tetanus. 

Hydrophobophobia (hy-dro-fo-bo-fo' -be-ah) 
[vdop, water; (pofioq, fear]. An intense 
dread of hydrophobia ; a condition produc- 
ing a state simulating true hydrophobia. 

Hydrophthalmia [hi - droff- thaV - me - ah) 
\_v6up, water; b&daA/xog, eye]. An increase 
in the fluid contents of the eye causing the 
organ to become distended, resulting in glau- 
coma, keratoglobus, staphyloma, etc. 

Hydropic [hi- drop' -ik) [vdpuip, dropsy] . Per- 
taining to dropsy, dropsical. 

Hydropneumatosis (hi - dro - mi - mat -o'- sis) 
[ydup, water; TTVEv^arucnc; , inflation]. A 
collection of fluid and air or other gas within 
the tissues. 

Hydropneumopericardium (hi-dro-nu-mo- 
per-ik-ar' -de-um) \vdup, water ; ttvev/io, air ; 
Trepitcapdiov, pericardium]. A collection of 
serum and air or other gas within the peri- 
cardium. 

Hydropneumothorax (hi-dro-nu - mo - tho'- 
raks) [ydop, water ; irvevua, air ; dupai;, 
thorax]. The presence of serous fluid and 
air or gas in the pleural cavity. 

Hydrops (hi' -drops) [vdpoip, dropsy]. 
Dropsy. H. articuli, a watery effusion into 
the synovial cavity of a joint. 

Hydroquinin (hi-dro-kzu in' -hi) [y5up, water ; 
quina, Peruvian bark], C 20 H 26 N 2 O 2 . An al- 
kaloid obtained from cinchona, and frequently 
contaminating quinin. 

Hydroquinone (hi-dro-kwin' '-on) , C 6 H 6 2 . 
An isomer of resorcin and pyrocatechin, 
found in arbutin (see Uva ursi), and also ob- 
tained from quinin and quinone, etc. It is 
antipyretic and antiseptic. Dose gr. xv-xx 
(i. 0-I.3). Unof. 



Hydrorrhea {hi - dror - e' - ah) [iidup, water; 
poia, flow]. A flow of watery liquid. H., 
gravidarum, a discharge from the pregnant 
uterus of thin mucus that accumulates as a 
result of excessive secretion of the uterine 
glands. 

Hydrosalpinx (hi-dro-sal' -pinks)[ydup, water; 
o&Aiuyt;, trumpet]. A distention of the Fal- 
lopian tube with fluid. 

Hydrosarcocele (hi-dro-sar'-ko-sel) [vdup, 
water; cap£, flesh, /C7/17, hernia]. Sarcocele 
with hydrocele. 

Hydrostat (hi-dro'-stat)\_vSup, water; laravai, 
to stand]. An apparatus for preventing the 
spilling of the fluid of electric batteries dur- 
ing transportation. 

Hydrostatic or Hydrostatics (hi-dro-staf - 
ik or iks) [ydwp, water ; lardvai, to stand] . 
The science treating of the properties of 
liquids in a state of equilibrium. 

Hydrosulphuric Acid (hi-dro-sul-fu'-rik). 
See Acid. 

Hydrotherapeutics (hi-dro-ther-ap-u' - tiks) 
[ydup, water; deparrevsiv, to heal]. The 
treatment of disease by means of water, or 
the use of water in the treatment of disease. 

Hydrotherapy (hi-dro-ther'ap-e). See Hy- 
drotherapeutics . 

Hydrothionammonemia (hi-dro-thi-on-am- 
o-ne'-tne-ah) [vfi up, water ; dtiov, sulphur; am- 
monia, ammonia; at/ia, blood]. The condition 
produced by the presence of ammonium sul- 
phid in the blood. 

Hy drothionemia [hi - dro - thi- on - e'- me - ah) 
[t'rkip, water; Otlov, sulphur ; aipa, blood]. 
The condition produced by the presence of 
hydrogen sulphid in the blood. 

Hydrothionuria {hi- dro - thi - on- u'- re -ah) 
\y6up water; Beiov, sulphur ; ovpov, urine]. 
The presence of hydrogen sulphid in the 
urine. 

Hydrothorax {hi-dro-tho'-rahs)[vd(op, water ; 
Owpat;, chest]. The presence of serous fluid 
in the pleural cavity, due to a passive effusion, 
as in cardiac, renal, and other diseases. 

Hydrotomy {hi-drot' -o-me) \y6up, water ; 
TEf-iveiv, to cut]. A method of dissecting 
tissues by the forcible injection of water into 
the arteries and capillaries, whereby the 
structures are separated. 

Hydroxid (hi- dro ks' -id) \y6up water ; o^vg, 
sharp]. A metallic or basic radicle com- 
bined with one or more hydroxyl groups. 
Hydroxids may be regarded as formed from 
water (HOH) by the substitution for one of 
its hydrogen atoms of a metal or basic radicle. 
Synonym of Hydrate. 

Hydroxyl (hi-droks'-il) [vSup, water ; dtjvg, 
sharp]. The univalent radicle, OH, the com- 
bination of which with basic elements or 
radicles forms the hydroxids. 

Hydroxylamin (hi-droks-W -am-in) [vdop, 



HYDRURIA 



319 



HYPERCATHARSIS 



water; b$vg, sharp; amin\ NH 2 OH. A 
basic substance, known only in solution in 
water or in combination with acids. Its 
hydrochloric! has been used as a substitute 
for chrysarobin in skin-diseases. 

Hydruria {hi-druf -re-ah) [vdwp, water ; ovpov, 
urine]. The discharge of a large quantity 
of urine of low specific gravity. 

Hygiene (hi-je-en) [vyieivog, good for the 
health]. The science that treats of the laws 
of health and the methods of their observ- 
ance. 

Hygienic (hi-je-en' -ik) [vyieivog, good for 
the health]. Pertaining to hygiene, as H. 
treatment, that which simply guards against 
infraction of the laws of health. 

Hygrin (hi' -grin) [vypog, moist ; from its 
liquid form], C 12 H 13 N. A liquid alkaloid, 
derived from coca. 

Hygroma (hi-gro'-mah) [yypog, moist ; 6/ua, 
tumor]. A bursa, or newly-formed sac, dis- 
tended with fluid. 

Hygrometer (hi-grom'-et-er) [vypog, moist ; 
ii'erpov, measure]. An instrument for deter- 
mining quantitatively the amount of moisture 
in the air. 

Hygrometric (hi-gro-mef '-rik) [vypog, moist ; 
juerpov, measure] . I. Pertaining to hygrom- 
etry. 2. Readily absorbing water ; hygro- 
scopic. 

Hygrometry (hi-grom' '-et-re) [vypog, moist ; 
fxerpov, measure]. The measurement of the 
moisture of the air. 

Hygroscopic (hi-gro-skop 1 '-ik) [vypog, moist ; 
ckotteIv, to see]. Having the property of 
absorbing moisture from the air. 

Hymen (hi' -men) [i'/ui/v, membrane]. The 
fold of mucous membrane that partially oc- 
cludes the vaginal orifice. 

Hymenal (hi'-me-nal) [y^rjv, membrane]. 
Pertaining to the hymen. 

Hymenitis (hi-men-i' '-tis) [vfirjv, membrane ; 
/rig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
hymen, or of any membranous structure. 

Hymenology (hi-men-ol' -o-je) [viiiiv, mem- 
brane ; AoyoQ, science]. The science of the 
nature, structure, functions, and diseases of 
membranes. 

Hyoepiglottic (hi - o - ep - e -glot'-ik) [voeifirjg 
hyoid ; e-rriylioTTig, epiglottis]. Relating to 
the hyoid bone and the epiglottis. 

Hyoglossal (hi-o-glos' '-al) [voei6r?g, hyoid ; 
yAuaaa, tongue]. Extending from the hyoid 
bone to the tongue. 

Hyoglossus (hi-o-glos' -us). See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Hyoid (hi' -oid) [T, the Greek letter upsilon ; 
eidog, resemblance]. Having the form of the 
Greek letter upsilon. H. Bone, a bone situ- 
ated between the root of the tongue and the 
larynx, supporting the tongue and giving at- 
tachment to its muscles. 



Hyoscin (hi'-o-sin) [vg, hog; Kva/uog, bean], 
C 17 H 23 N0 3 . A liquid alkaloid found in hy- 
oscyamus. It is a powerful depressant of the 
cerebrum and the motor centers of the cord, 
and is employed in insomnia, mania, and ex- 
cessive sexual excitement. The hydrobro- 
mate is most commonly administered. Dose 
§ r - T2 (r- 8 V .(°- 0005-0. 00075 ) • 

Hyoscyamin (hi - o - si' - am - in) [vg, hog ; 
Kva.fj.og, bean], C, 7 H. 23 N0 3 . An alkaloid oc- 
curring in hyoscyamus. It is isomeric with 
atropin, is a mydriatic, narcotic, and sedative. 
Dose gr. ^ (0.0005). 

Hyoscyamus (hi - os - si' - am - us) [vg, hog ; 
Kvafiog, bean]. Henbane, a plant of the or- 
der Solanacese. The leaves and flowering 
tops of H. niger yield the alkaloids hyoscy- 
amin and hyoscin. It is sedative to the ner- 
vous system, and has been employed in hys- 
teria, cough, and colic, and to relieve pain in 
rheumatism, headache , and malignant tumors. 
H., Ext. Dose gr. j-ij (0.065-0. 13). H., 
Ext., Fid. Dose rr\, v-x (0.32-0.65). H., 
Succus (B. P.). Dose f 3 ss-j (2.0-4.0). 
H., Tinct. Dose f; 5 ss-j (2.0-4.0). 

Hypacousis, Hypacusia, Hypacusis, or 
Hypakusis (hip-ak- u' -sis, hip-ak-u' -ze-ah) 
[vn6, under ; anovoig, hearing]. Impairment 
of hearing. 

Hypalbuminosis (hip-al-bu-min-o'-sis) [inro, 
under ; albumen]. Diminution in the pro- 
portion of albumin in the blood. 

Hyper- (hi' -per-) [yirep, above]. A Greek 
prefix signifying above, beyond, or excessive. 

Hyperacidity (hi-per-as-id' -it-e) [yirep, over ; 
acidum, acid]. Excess of acidity. 

Hyperacousis, Hyperacusia, Hyperacu- 
sis, or Hyperakusis (hi-per-ak-u'-sis, hi- 
per-ak-u' -ze-ah) [inrep, over ; anovaig, hear- 
ing]. Morbid acuteness of the sense of hear- 
ing ; auditory hyperesthesia. 

Hyperactivity (hi -per - ak - tiv'- it-e) [vir'ep, 
over; agere, to do] . Excessive or abnormal 
activity. 

Hyperaemia (hi-per-e' -me-ah). See Hyper- 
emia. 

Hyperaesthesia (hi-per-es-the' -ze-ah). See 
Hyperesthesia 

Hyperakusis (hi-per-ak-u'-sis). See Hypera- 
cousis. 

Hyperalbuminosis (hi-per-al-bu-min-o' -sis) 
[inrep, over; albumen, albumin]. An in- 
crease in the amount of albumin in the blood. 

Hyperalgesia (hi- per - al-je' -ze-ah) [yiriip, 
over; aA.yi]aig, pain]. Excessive sensibility 
to pain. 

Hyperbulia (hi-per-bu' -le-ah) [vrrep, over ; 
l3ovXt/, will]. Exaggerated wilfulness; ab- 
normal development of will-power. 

Hypercatharsis (hi-per-kath-ar' -sis) [yirep, 
over; nadapoig, cleansing] . Excessive purg- 
ing. 



HYPERCHOLIA 



320 



HYPERPSELAPHESIA 



Hypercholia {hi-per-ko' ' -le-aJi) [v~ep, over ; 
Xo'/.v, bile]. An excessive secretion of bile. 

Hypercyesis (hi-per-si-e' -sis) [vrrep, over ; 
hvtjok;, conception]. Superfetation. 

Hyperdicrotic (hi -per - di - krot'-ik) [virep, 
over; dcKporog, a double beat]. Affected 
with marked or delayed dicrotism ; a condi- 
tion in which the aortic notch is below the 
base-line. 

Hyperdistention (hi-per-dis-ten' '-shun) [iVep, 
over; distendere, to stretch]. Forcible or 
extreme distention. 

Hyperdynamia {Jii-per-di nam' '-e-ah) [virep, 
over; dvvafug, energy]. Excessive strength 
or exaggeration of nervous or muscular func- 
tion. 

Hyperemesis (hi-per-em' '-es-is) [y-ep, over ; 
eueaig, vomiting]. Excessive vomiting. 

Hyperemia {hi-per-e' '-me-ah) [virep, over ; 
alfia, blood]. Excessive blood in a part. H., 
Active, that caused by an excessive supply 
of blood going to a part. H., Passive, 
that caused by an impediment to the removal 
of the blood. 

Hyperencephalus {hi -per - en - sef- a - /us) 
\_v~ep, over ; h/ite<pa?-og, brain]. A variety of 
single autositic monsters in which the upper 
portion of the skull is entirely lacking. 

Hypererythrocythemia (hi-per-er-ith-ro-si- 
the'-me ah) [v~ep, over; kpvdpog, red ; nvrog, 
cell ; aipia, blood] . Excess of red corpuscles 
in the blood. 

Hyperesthesia (hi-per-es-the' -ze-ah) [virep, 
over; aiodqotg, sensational]. Excessive sen- 
sibility of the skin. 

Hypergeusia (hi-per-gu' '-se-ah) [vrrep, over; 
yevotg, taste]. Abnormal acuteness of the 
sense of taste. 

Hyperglobulia (hi-per-glo-bu f -le-ah) [virep, 
over; globus, a ball]. An increase in the 
number of the red blood-corpuscles. 

Hyperhidrosis, or Hyperidrosis (hi-per- 
hid-ro' ' -sis , or hi-per-id-ro' '-sis) [virep, over ; 
iSpcog. sweat] . Excessive sweating. 

Hyperinosis {Jii-per-in-o' '-sis) [v~ep, over; 
lg, fiber]. An excessive increase in the 
fibrin-factors in the blood. 

Hyperinvolution (hi - per - in - vo- lu f - shun) 
v~ep, over; invo Ivere, to roll around]. Ex- 
cessive involution of an organ after enlarge- 
ment, as of the uterus after pregnancy, re- 
sulting in a reduction below the normal size. 

Hyperkeratosis (hi-per-ker-at-o' -sis) [virep, 
over; Kzpag, horn, cornea]. I. Hypertrophy 
of the cornea. 2. Hypertrophy of the horny 
layer of the skin. 

Hyperkinesia (ki - per- kin -e' -se-ah) [virep. 
over; kIvtjglq, energy]. Excessive movement, 
as that associated with muscular spasm. 

Hyperleukocythemia (hi-per-lu-ko-si-the' '- 
me-ah). See Hyperletikocytosis 

Hyperleukocytosis (hi-per-lu-ko-si-to' '-sis) 



[virep, over; ?,evnog, white; nvrog, cell]. 
An increase in the number of leukocytes in 
the blood. 

Hypermastia {hi-per-mas' -te-ah)[y7rep, over ; 
fiaarog, breast]. Excessive development of 
the mammary gland. 

Hypermetropia (hi-per-me-tro' -pe-ah). Same 
as Hyperopia. 

Hypermetropic (hi-per-me-trop> '-ik) [vTrep, 
over; jierpov, measure; cbip, eye]. Affected 
with, or pertaining to, hypermetropia. 

Hyperonychia (hi - per - o-nik' '-e-ah) [yntp, 
over; bvvi- , nail]. Hypertrophy of the nails. 

Hyperope (hi' -per -dp) \y~ep, over; vip, 
sight]. One who is affected with hyperopia. 

Hyperopia (hi-per-o 1 '-pe-ah) \y~kp, over ; hip, 
sight]. That condition of the refractive 
media of the eye in which, with suspended 
accommodation, the focus of parallel rays of 
light is behind the retina, It is due to an ab- 
normally short anteroposterior diameter of 
the eye, or to a subnormal refractive power 
of its media. H., Absolute, that which 
cannot be corrected completely by accommo- 
dation, so that there is indistinct vision even 
for distance. H., Axial, that due to abnor- 
mal shortness of the anteroposterior diameter 
of the eye, the refractive power being normal. 
H., Facultative, that which may be cor- 
rected by the accommodation, so that there is 
distinct vision at a distance. H., Latent, 
that part of the total H. that cannot be over- 
come by the accommodation, or the difference 
between the manifest and the total hyperopia. 
H., Manifest, that which the accommoda- 
tion can overcome, or that corrigible by a 
convex glass aided by the accommodation. 
H., Relative, a high hyperopia in which 
distinct vision is possible only when excessive 
convergence is made. H., Total, the en- 
tire hyperopia, both latent and manifest. 

Hyperosmia (hi-per-oz' -me-ah) \yrcep, over ; 
baarj, smell]. An abnormally acute sense of 
smell. 

Hyperostosis (hi-per-os-to' '-sis) \y~kp, over ; 
bariov, bone]. A bony outgrowth. 

Hyperplasia (hi-per-pla' '-ze-ah) [virep, over ; 
TT/.aaig, molding]. Excessive formation of 
tissue ; an increase in the size of a tissue or 
organ ow T ing to an increase in the number of 
cells ; also termed numerical hypertrophy. 

Hyperplastic (hi-per-plas' ' -tik) [y-ep, over; 
■xhaoTLKog, fit for molding]. Pertaining to 
hyperplasia. 

Hyperpnea (hi-per-pne' '-ah) [y-xkp, over; 
izvorj, breath]. Panting or exaggerated res- 
piration. 

Hyperpraxia (hi- per - praks' - e-ah) [vrrep, 
over; rrpagig, exercise]. The restlessness 
of movement characterizing certain forms of 
mania. 

Hyperpselaphesia (hi - per-sel-af - e f -ze-ah) 



HYPERPYREXIA 



321 



HYPOCHLORITE 



[vrrip, over; x}n/Xa<pr]ois, touch]. Abnormal 
increase of tactile sensibility. 

Hyperpyrexia (hi-per- pi-reks' '-e-ah) [birkp, 
over; frvp, fire; ex ecv i to have]. Exces- 
sively high body-temperature. By some the 
term is used only when the temperature is 
above 106 F. 

Hyperresonance {Jii-per-res' '-o-nans) \_vKep, 
over; resonance]. Increased resonance on 
percussion. 

Hypersecretion (hi-per-se-kre' -shun) \yirep, 
over ; secemere, to separate] . Excessive se- 
cretion. 

Hyperthermia {Jii-per-ther' '-jfie-ah). Eleva- 
tion of temperature above the normal. 

Hypertrichiasis, Hypertrichosis (hi-per- 
trik-i' '-as-is , hi- per -trik-o' 'sis). Excessive 
growth of hair of a part or the whole of the 
body. 

Hypertrophy {Jii-per' '-tro-fe) \jmi]p, over ; 
Tpoprj, nourishment]. An increase in the 
size of a tissue or organ independent of the 
general growth of the body. H., Compen- 
satory, that resulting from the increased 
activity of an organ to make up some defici- 
ency in a paired organ, or in itself. H., 
Concentric, of the heart, increase in the 
thickness of the walls, without increase in 
the size of the organ, but with diminution in 
the capacity of its chambers. H., Excen- 
tric, of the heart, hypertrophy with dilatation. 
H., False, an increase in some one constit- 
uent tissue of an organ, usually the connec- 
tive tissue. H., Numeric, H. due to an in- 
crease in the number of cells. H., Simple. 

1 . That in which there is increase in the size 
of the individual cells. 2. Of the heart, in- 
creased thickness of the walls, the size of the 
cavities remaining unchanged. H., True, an 
increase of all the component tissues of an 
organ giving increased power. 

Hypesthesia (hip-es-the' '-ze-ah) [inzd, under ; 
aladrjatg, sensation]. Impairment of sensa- 
tion ; lessened tactile sensibility. 

Hyphemia (hi-fe'-me-ah) [inro, under ; al/ua, 
blood]. I. Oligemia; deficiency of blood. 

2. Hemorrhage in the anterior chamber of 
the eye. 

Hyphomycetes (hi-fo-mi-se' -tez) [yfyr], web ; 

fivtcyg, fungus]. The molds. 
Hypinosis (hip-in-o' '-sis) \vtto, under; tc, 

ivdg, fiber]. A deficiency of fibrin-factors in 

the blood. 
Hypnal (hip'-nal) [imvog, sleep]. A drug 

composed of antipyrin and chloral hydrate, 

and used as an hypnotic. Dose gr. xv (i.o). 

Unof. 
Hypnic (hip'-nik) [vttvikoq, producing sleep] . 

I. Pertaining to or inducing sleep. 2. An 

agent that induces sleep. 
Hypnogenetic, Hypnogenic, Hypnogen- 

ous (hip-no-jen-et'-ik, hip-no-jen'-ik, hip- 
21 



noj'-en-us) [ynvoq, sleep ; yevvdv, to pro- 
duce]. I. Producing or inducing sleep. 

2. Inducing hypnotism. 

Hypnolepsy [hip' ' -no-lep-se) [vtzvoq, sleep ; 

/l^i/uc, seizure]. Excessive sleepiness. 
Hypnology (hip-nol' -o-je) [ynvog, sleep ; 

"hoyoq, science]. The science dealing with 

sleep or with hypnotism. 
Hypnone (hip' -non). See Acetophenone. 
Hypnosis (hip-no' -sis) [yirvoq, sleep]. I. 

The condition produced by hypnotizing. 2. 

The production of sleep ; also, the gradual 

approach of sleep. 
Hypnotic (hip-not' -ik) \ytrvog, sleep]. I. 

Inducing sleep. 2. Pertaining to hypnotism. 

3. A remedy that causes sleep. 
Hypnotism (hip' -not-izm) [ynvog, sleep]. A 

state of artificial somnambulism or trance, 
induced in certain persons by concentrating 
the gaze on a small object, or on a revolving 
mirror, or by complete subjection of their 
will to that of another, at whose command 
the hypnotic state develops. Three stages 
are described, — the cataleptic, the lethargic, 
and the somnambulistic. 

Hypnotization (hip-not-iz-a' -shim) [yirvog, 
sleep ; facere, to make] . The induction of 
hypnotism. 

Hypo- (hi'-po-) [yixd, under]. A prefix de- 
noting : I. Deficiency or lack. 2. Below or 
beneath, opposed to epi-, upon. 3. Of acids 
and salts, denoting those having a less num- 
ber of atoms of oxygen than other compounds 
of the same elements. 

Hypoblast (hi'-po- blast) [inro, under ; fiXac- 
rog, sprout]. The internal layer of the 
blastoderm, also called the endoderm, en- 
doblast, or entoderm. From it is developed 
the intestinal epithelium (except that of the 
mouth and anus), and that of the glands open- 
ing into the intestines, and the epithelium of 
the air-passages. 

Hypobromite (hy-po-bro' -mlt) \inro, under; 
ftptijuog, stench]. A salt of hypobromous 
acid. H. Method, a method of estimating 
the quantity of urea in urine, based upon the 
fact that when urea is acted upon by sodium 
hypobromite it is decomposed into nitrogen, 
carbon dioxid, and water. From the volume 
of nitrogen evolved the quantity of urea can 
be determined. 

Hypobulia (hi-po-bu' -le-ah) \vtto, under ; 
ftovTiT), will]. Deficiency of will-power. 

Hypochlorhydria (hi -po - klor - hi'-dre - ah) 
\Jjk6, under; ^Awpoc, green ; vdap, water]. 
A condition in which there is a diminished 
amount of hydrochloric acid in the gastric 
juice. 

Hypochlorite (hi-po-klo' -rit) \vtto, under ; 
X^cjpog, green]. Any salt of hypochlorous 
acid, HCIO. The most important are those 
of calcium and sodium. 



HYPOCHONDRIAC 



322 



HYPOTHERMIA 



Hypochondriac [hi-po -kon' -dre-ak) [vrro, 
under; x° v &P°£i cartilage], I. Pertaining to 
the hypochondrium. 2. A person who is 
affected with hypochondriasis. 

Hypochondriasis [hi-po-kon-dri' '-as-is) [vrro- 
Xovopianog, affected in the hypochondria]. 
A condition in which the patient believes him- 
self suffering from grave bodily diseases. 

Hypochondrium [hi-po-kon' -dre-um) [vrro, 
under; ^oi^/ioc, cartilage]. The upper lat- 
eral region of the abdomen beneath the lower 
ribs. 

Hypodermatic [hi-po-der-maf '-ik) [vrro, un- 
der; depua, skin]. Placed or introduced be- 
neath the skin, as H. injection. 

Hypodermatoclysis or Hypodermoclysis 
(hi-po-der-mat-ok' '- iis-is, hi-po-der-mok' '- lis- 
ts) [vrro, under ; dep/ua, skin ; KAvctg, injec- 
tion]. The introduction into the subcutaneous 
tissues of large quantities of fluids, especially 
of normal saline solution. 

Hypodermic [hi-po-der' '-mik). See Hypo- 
dermatic. 

Hypogastric [hi-po-gas' -trik) [y-6, under ; 
yaarrjp, the belly.] Pertaining to the hypo- 
gastrium. 

Hypogastrium [hi - po - gas' '- tre - urn) [vrro, 
under; yaarrjp, stomach]. The lower me- 
dian anterior region of the abdomen. 

Hypogeusia [hi-po-gid -se-ah) [y-6, under; 
yevcLQ, taste]. Diminution in the sense of 
taste. 

Hypoglossal [hi-po-glos'-al) [vrro, under; 
y/.tiaaa, tongue]. Situated under the tongue. 
H. Nerve. See Nerves, Table of. 

Hypoglossals [hi-po-glos' -us) [1-6, under ; 
yAuaaa, tongue]. The hypoglossal nerve. 

Hypoglottis [hi-po- glotf -is) [vivo, under ; 
yAoxyaa, tongue]. I. The under part of the 
tongue. 2. A swelling at the under part of the 
tongue, as a ranula. 

Hypognathous [hi-pog' '-na-thus) [vrro, under ; 
yvddoq, jaw]. Having the lower mandible 
longer than the upper. 

Hypognathus [hi-pog / -na-thus) [vrro, under; 
yvddoc, jaw]. A double monstrosity in 
which the parasite is attached to the inferior 
maxillary bone. 

Hypohidrosis [hi-po- hid- ro' -sis) [vtto, under ; 
\6puGLQ, sweating]. Scanty perspiration. 

Hypokinesia, or Hypokinesis [hi-po-kin-e' '- 
se-ah, or hi-po-kin-e' -sis) [vrro, under ; 
KivTjatc, motion]. Deficiency in motor reac- 
tion under stimulation. 

Hypoleukocytosis [hi-po-lu-ko-si - to' -sis) 
[vrro, under; Aevnog, white ; kvtoq, cell]. A 
diminution of the number of leukocytes in 
the blood. 

Hypomania [hi-po- ma' -ne-ah) [vrro, under; 
fiavla, madness]. A moderate degree of 
maniacal exaltation. 

Hypomelancholia [hi po-me-lan-ko' '-le-ah) 



[vtto, under; p.e?~.ayxoAia, melancholia]. 
Moderate melancholia ; melancholia without 
delusions. 

Hypometropia [hi-po-me-tro' -pe-ah) [vrro, 
under ; fiiTpov, measure ; 6)tp, vision] . 
Myopia. 

Hypopepsia [hi-po-pep' -se-ah) [vrro, under ; 
rrerptg, digestion]. Subnormal digestive 
power. 

Hypophosphite [hi-po-fos' -fit) [vrro, under; 
phosphorus\ A salt of hypophosphorous 
acid. Those of calcium, iron, potassium, and 
sodium are official. Syrupus hypophos- 
phitum contains the hypophosphites of cal- 
cium, potassium, and sodium. Dose f^j-ij 
(4.0-8.0). Syr. hypophosphitum cum ferro 
contains syrupus hypophosphitum, ferrous lac- 
tate, and potassium citrate. Dose f^j-ij 
(4.0-8.0). Both are used in wasting diseases, 
in scrofula, rickets, etc. 

Hypophosphorous Acid [hi-po-fos-fo' -rus) 
H 3 P0 2 . A monobasic acid, used chiefly in 
the form of its salts. See Hypophosphite . 
Acidum hypophosphorosum dilutum (U.S. P.) 
is tonic. Dose rr^x-xxx (0.65-2.0). 

Hypophysis [hi-poff' ' -is-is) [vrro, under ; (pvecv, 
to grow]. An outgrowth. H. cerebri, the 
pituitary body. 

Hypoplasia [hi po-pla f -ze-ah) [vrro, under ; 
TTAaaceLv, to mold]. Defective development 
of any organ or tissue. 

Hypopselaphesia [hi -pop - sel- of- e f -ze-ah) 
[vrro, under; iL'T/Aadr/aig , touch]. Diminu- 
tion of sensitiveness to tactile impressions. 

Hypopyon [hi-po' -pe-on) [vrro, under ; rrvov, 
pus]. A collection of pus in the anterior 
chamber of the eye. 

Hyposmia [hi-poz' -me-ah) [vrro, under; ba/u^, 
smell]. Diminution of the sense of smell. 

Hypospadia, or Hypospadias [hi-po-spa' '- 
de-ah, hi-po-spa' -de-as) [vrro, under ; array, 
to draw]. A condition in which the urethra 
opens upon the under surface of the penis. 

Hypostasis [hi - pos' - tas- is) [vrro, under; 
stasis~\. I. A settling ; also, the sediment. 
2. The settling of blood in the dependent 
parts of the body. 

Hypostatic [hi-po - stat' - ik) [vrro, under; 
stasis]. Due to, or of the nature of, hypo- 
stasis. H. Congestion. See Hypostasis. 
H. Pneumonia. See Pneumonia. 

Hyposthenia [hi-po-sthe-ne'-ah) [vrro, under ; 
cdepoq, strength]. Weakness. 

Hypothenar [hi-poth' '-en-ar) [vrro, under ; 
devap, palm]. The fleshy eminence on the 
palm of the hand over the metacarpal bone 
of the little finger. Also, the prominences on 
the palm at the base of the fingers. 

Hypothermal [hi-po-ther'-mal) [vrro, under; 
Oeppr], heat]. Slightly hot ; tepid. 

Hypothermia [hi-po-ther' -me-ah) [vrro, un- 
der ; dep/iT], heat] . Subnormal temperature. 



HYPOTONIA 



323 



HYSTRICIASIS 



Hypotonia, or Hypotonus (hi-po-to f -ne-ah, 
or hi-pot' '-o-ntis) [i'~6, under; rovog, ten- 
sion]. Decrease of normal tonicity or ten- 
sion ; especially diminution of intraocular 
pressure. 

Hypoxanthin (hi-po-zan' '-thin) [vrro, under ; 
t-avftoq, yellow], C 5 H 4 N 4 0. A nonpoisonous 
leukomain, also known as sarcin or sarkin. It 
occurs, accompanying adenin and guanin, in 
nearly all the animal tissues and organs rich 
in nucleated cells. In minute quantities it 
is a normal constituent of urine. It has also 
been found in plants, seeds, ferments, and 
wines. It is a crystalline body, soluble in 
cold and boiling water, insoluble in cold 
alcohol or ether. Hypoxanthin appears to 
be one of the products formed by the decom- 
position and successive oxidation of proteid 
matter previous to the formation of uric acid 
and urea. It is produced from adenin by 
the action of nitrous acid. 

Hyssop (his' -op) [vocoTrog, an aromatic 
plant]. Hedge-hyssop. The leaves and 
tops of Hyssopus officinalis, an aromatic stim- 
ulant, carminative, and tonic, employed in 
chronic catarrh of the respiratory tract. 
Dose of the fid. ext. f ^j-ij (4.0-8.0). Unof. 

Hysteralgia ( his-ter-al' -je- ah) [ varepa, 
womb ; d/Lyoc, pain]. Neuralgic pain in 
the uterus. 

Hysterectomy (his-ter-ek' '-to-me) [varepa, 
womb; iktoiitj, a cutting out]. Excision of 
the uterus through the abdomen (abdominal 
H.), or the vagina (vaginal H). 

Hysteria (his-te f -re-ah) [yorepa, womb, from 
the ancient belief that the condition depen- 
ded upon uterine disease]. A diseased 
state of the mind manifesting itself in count- 
less disturbances of the psychic, sensory, 
motor, and vasomotor functions. The eti- 
ology is not definitely known ; heredity and 
mental shock play an important part. All 
ages and both sexes are subject to the dis- 
ease, but it is most common in young wo- 
men. The psychic disturbances consist in 
increased irritability, tendency to exagger- 
ation, a heightened imagination, hallucina- 
tions, and somnambulistic and hypnotic 
states. Among sensory symptoms are various 
neuralgias, as clavus, hemicrania, and coc- 
cygodynia ; anesthesias ; hyperesthesias ; di- 
minution of the visual field ; diplopia ; deaf- 
ness ; loss of the sense of taste, etc. The 
motor symptoms comprise paralyses and con- 
tractures of the limbs, tremor, convulsions, 
catalepsy, aphonia, etc. The chief vaso- 
motor phenomena are qyanosis, cutaneous 
hemorrhages, and edema. In addition to 



these symptoms many others are at times 
noted, as anorexia, vomiting, salivation, 
polyuria, anuria, etc. 

Hysteric (his-ter f -ik) [varepa, womb]. Per- 
taining to hysteria. 

Hysterics (his-ter f -iks) [varepa, womb]. A 
popular term for the hysteric attack. 

Hysteritis (his-ter-i' '-tis) . See Metritis. 

Hystero- (his ; -ter-o-) [yarepa, uterus]. A 
prefix signifying relation to the uterus or to 
hysteria. 

Hysterocleisis (his-ter - - kli f - sis) [yarepa, 
womb; KAelacg, closure]. The closure of the 
uterus by suturing the edges of the os. 

Hysteroepilepsy (his-ter-o-ep' '-e-lep-se) [vare- 
pa, womb; eTriTiqipic; , a laying hold of]. A 
form of hysteria accompanied by convulsions 
resembling those of epilepsy. 

Hysterogenic, Hysterogenous (his-ter-o- 
jen' '-ik,his-ter-oj> ' -en-ics)[yorepa, womb; yev- 
vav, to beget]. Causing or producing an 
hysteric attack, as H. zones, certain regions 
pressure upon which excites an hysteric 
paroxysm. 

Hysteroid (his f -ter-oid) [varepa, womb ; el- 
dog, form]. I. Resembling hysteria. 2. 
Pertaining to hysteroepilepsy. 

Hysterometry (his - ter - om f - et - re) [varepa. 
womb; p'erpov, measure]. The measurement 
of the size of the uterus. 

Hysteroneurosis (his-ter-o-nu-ro' '-sis) [vare- 
pa, womb; vevpov, nerve]. A reflex neurosis 
resulting from irritation of the uterus. 

Hysteropathy (his -ter-op'-ath-e) [varepa, 
womb; rrddog, disease]. Any disease or dis- 
order of the uterus. 

Hysteropexy (his / - ter - - peks - e) [varepa, 
womb; Tr^ig, a fastening]. Fixation of the 
uterus by a surgical operation to correct dis- 
placement. 

Hysteroptosis (his - ter - op-to f -sis) [varepa, 
womb; nrtioig, a falling]. Falling or in- 
version of the uterus. 

Hysterorrhaphy (his-ter-or 1 '-ra-fe) [varepa, 
womb ; pa<f>q, suture]. I. The closure of 
a uterine incision or rent by suture. 2. Hys- 
teropexy. 

Hysterotomy (his - ter - ot r - - me) [varepa, 
womb ; rofirj, a cutting]. Incision of the 
uterus. 

Hysterotrachelorrhaphy (his-ter-o-tra-kel- 
or' '-ra-fe) [varepa, womb ; rpdx^og, neck ; 
patyrj, suture]. A plastic operation for the 
restoration of a lacerated cervix uteri. 

Hystriciasis (his - tris - i f - as - is) [vorpit;, a 
hedgehog]. A disease of the hair in which 
it stands out stiffly like the hair of the 
hedgehog. 



324 



ICTERUS 



I 



I. The symbol of Iodin. 

Iatraliptic (i-at-ral-ip* '-(ik) [larpoc, physi- 
cian ; a?.d-T7]c, an anointer]. Curing by 
using ointments and frictions. 

Iatrochemic (i-at-ro-kem'-ik) [iarpog, physi- 
cian ; x T l U£ia -< chemistry]. Treating disease 
on the principles of chemistry. 

Iatrochemistry (i-at-ro-ke?n f -ist-re) [Iarpog, 
physician ; j^tte/a, chemistry]. I. The appli- 
cation of chemistry to therapeutics ; the treat- 
ment of disease by chemic means. 2. The 
theory that disease and its treatment are ex- 
plicable on a chemic basis. 

Iatrophysics [i-at-7-o-fiz' '-iks) [Iarpog, physi- 
cian ; pvoinog, pertaining to nature]. I. The 
treatment of disease by physical measures. 
2. The theory that disease and its treatment 
are explicable on a materialistic or physical 
basis. The materialistic explanation of dis- 
ease ; applied especially to an obsolete theory 
of the 17th century, that sought to explain 
physiologic and therapeutic facts by means 
of the principles of physics (dynamics and 
statics) . 

Iatrotechnics (i-at-ro-tek' '-niks) [Iarpog, phy- 
sician; rkxvrj, art]. The art of healing. 

Ice (Is) [AS., is, ice]. Water in its solid 
state, which it assumes at a temperature of 
o° Centigrade, or 3 2° Fahrenheit. It is used 
in medicine in the forms of Ice-bag, Ice- 
cap, Ice-compress, to reduce temperature, 
to lessen inflammatory action, to check hem- 
orrhage, and to relieve pain ; internally as a 
refrigerant and to combat nausea. 

Iceland its' -land) [AS., is, ice; land, 
land]. An island of the Arctic Ocean. I. 
Moss. See Cetraria. I. Spar, a crystalline 
form of calcium carbonate, having doubly 
refracting properties, and used in instruments 
for studying polarized light. 

Ichor (i'-kor) [ix&p, serum, or pus]. An 
acrid, thin, puriform discharge. 

Ichorous (i'-kor-us) [jx^p, serum, or pus ; 
Resembling or relating to ichor. 

Ichorrhemia (i-kor-e'-me-ak) [\x&p, ichor ; 
alfia, blood]. The presence of septic matter 
in the blood. 

Ichthyocolla (ik-the-o-koV -ah) [l%dvg, fish ; 
Ko/./.a, glue]. Isinglass. The air-bladder 
of the sturgeon, Acipenser huso, occurring in 
horny, translucent, white sheets, that form a 
jelly with hot water. It is a form of gelatin, 
and is used as a food, for clarifying liquids, 
and as a test for tannic acid. I., Emplas- 
trum, court-plaster. 

Ichthyoid (ik' -the-oid) [IxOvg, fish; e/<5oc, 
form]. Fish-like. 

Ichthyol (ik'-the-ol) [ixOvg, fish; oleum, oil]. 



The ammonium or sodium salt of a tarry sub- 
stance obtained in the distillation of a bitu- 
minous mineral containing fossil fish. The 
chemic formula is C 28 H 36 S 3 6 (XH 4 ) 2 , or C 28 - 
HgpSgOgNa^ It contains about 15 per cent, of 
sulphur, and is used as an alterative and anti- 
phlogistic, especially in eczema, acne, lupus, 
and other dermal diseases. Internally it has 
been employed in rheumatism, syphilis, 
leprosy, tuberculosis, etc. Dose gr. x-xxx 
(0.65-2.0) in 24 hours. 

Ichthyophagous (ik-the-off' -ag-us) [t^i'C, 
fish; oayeiv, to eat]. Fish-eating. 

Ichthyosis (ik-the-o' '-sis) [ix^vg, fish]. A 
chronic skin-disease characterized by the de- 
velopment of epidermal plates somewhat re- 
sembling the scales of a fish. I. hystrix, a 
form characterized by warty growths, consist- 
ing of elongated and hypertrophied papillae, 
covered by greatly thickened epidermis. I. 
simplex, the common form of ichthyosis, in 
which the surface has a tesselated appear- 
ance, from being covered with large, finely- 
corrugated, papery scales. 

Ichthyotoxicon (ik-the-o-toks' '-ik-on) [J;t#rc, 
fish; ro^LKov, poison]. A poisonous prin- 
ciple obtained from the flesh of certain 
fishes. 

Icteric (ik-ter' '-ik) [inrepog, jaundice]. Per- 
taining to or characterized by jaundice. 

Icteritious (ik-ter-ish'-tis) [inrepog, jaundice]. 
Affected with or resembling icterus. 

Icteroid (ik f -ter-oid) [inrepog, jaundice ; eldog, 
form]. Resembling the color of, or having 
the nature of, jaundice. 

Icterus (ik f -ter-us) [inrepog, jaundice]. Jaun- 
dice. I. gravis, acute yellow atrophy of 
the liver, an acute disease characterized by 
jaundice, marked nervous symptoms, diminu- 
tion in size of the liver, and a rapidly fatal 
termination. The urine contains bile and 
crystals of leucin and tyrosin. Microscopic- 
ally, the liver shows intense fatty degenera- 
tion of the cells, together with areas of con- 
gestion. The disease is most common in 
women, is in many cases associated with 
pregnancy, and is probably infectious in ori- 
gin. A similar condition of the liver may 
occur in phosphorus-poisoning. I. neona- 
torum, that which is sometimes observed in 
infants during the first few days after birth. 
The causes are obscure, particularly in the 
mild form ; it may be due to the absorption of 
biliary pigment from the meconium and its 
entrance into the circulation through an open 
ductus venosus ; a severe form is due to ab- 
sence of the large bile-ducts, or to septic 
infection. 



ICTUS 



325 



ILIAC 



Ictus (ik'-tits) [L., a stroke]. A sudden at- 
tack. I. epilepticus, an epileptic fit. I. 
paralyticus, a paralytic stroke. I. solis, 
sunstroke. 

-id (id). A suffix used in chemistry to de- 
note a combination of two elementary sub- 
stances. 

Ideation {i-de-a f -shuti) [Idea, form or sem- 
blance]. The formation of a mental con- 
ception ; the cerebral action by which, or in 
accord with which, an idea is formed. 

Identical [i-den f -tik-al) \_ide??i, the same]. 
Being the same, corresponding exactly. I. 
Points, corresponding points of the two 
retince, upon which the rays from an object 
must be focused in order that it may be seen 
as one. 

Ideomotor (i-de-o-mo'-tor) [idsiv, to see ; 
movere, to move]. Pertaining conjointly 
to ideation and movement. I. Center, 
that part of the cortex which, influenced 
by ideation, excites muscular movement. I. 
Movements, unconscious movements, due 
to impulses of the mind when the attention 
is otherwise absorbed. 

Ideophrenia {i-de-o-fre'-ne-aJi) [ISelv, to see; 
typfjv, mind]. Insanity with marked perver- 
sion of ideas. 

Idio- {id'-e-o-} [idiog, one's own]. A prefix 
signifying pertaining to one's self ; peculiar 
to the individual. 

Idiocy {id'-e-o-se) [idiurrjg, a private person]. 
A congenital condition of mental deficiency, 
usually accompanied by physical defects, and 
characterized by an almost total absence of 
intelligence. 

Idiomuscular (id-e - o -mus'-ku-lar) \ioioq, 
one's own; mus cuius, muscle]. Peculiar to 
muscular tissue ; not involving any nerve-stim- 
ulus or any function of the organism, except 
those of the muscle itself. I. Contraction, 
the contraction of a fatigued or weakened 
muscle under certain conditions of extraneous 
stimulus. 

Idioneurosis {id-e-o-nu-ro'-sis) [ifiioc, one's 
own ; vEvpov, a nerve] . An affection due 
to some disturbed or abnormal condition 
of the nerves supplying the affected part ; a 
simple and uncomplicated neurosis. 

Idiopathic {id-e-o-path'-ik) \l6ioq, one's own ; 
Tratiog, disease]. Not dependent upon an- 
other disease, or upon a known or recognized 
cause . 

Idioplasm [id'-e-o-plazni) [ifiiog, one's own ; 
TtTiaafia, a thing formed]. A reproductive 
substance not contained in the body of the 
cell, but in the chromosomes of the nucleus, 
controlling and determining the actual char- 
acters of the particular cell, and also those of 
all of its descendants. 

Idiosyncrasy {id-e-o-sin' '-kra-se) [locos, one's 
own; avv, together; upaoiQ, a mingling]. 



I. Any special or peculiar characteristic or 
temperament by which a person differs 
from other persons. 2. A peculiarity of 
constitution that makes an individual re- 
act differently to drugs or other influences 
from most persons. 

Idiot {id f -e-oi) [idiur/ft, a private person]. A 
person congenitally almost destitute of intel- 
ligence. 

Idrosis (id-ro'-sis). See Hidrosis. 

Ignatia (ig-na / ' -she-ak)\ixova. Ignatius Loyola, 
the founder of the Jesuits]. St. Ignatius' 
bean. The seed of Strychnos ignatii, con- 
taining the alkaloids strychnin and brucin. 
Its therapeutic effects are similar to those of 
nux vomica. I., Abstractum. Dose gr. 
ss-j (0.032-0.065). Unof. I., Tinct. Dose 
TTLij-x (0.13-0.65). Unof. 

Ignipuncture {ig-ne-punk' '-tur) [ignis, fire ; 
punctura, puncture]. Puncture with plati- 
num needles heated to whiteness by the elec- 
tric current. 

Ignis {ig f -nis) [L.]. Fire. I. sacer, ery- 
sipelas. I. sancti Antonii, Saint Anthony's 
fire, an old name for erysipelas ; also for an- 
thrax. 

Ignition (ig-nis/i' un) \ ignis, fire]. The act 
of setting on fire 

Ileo- (il'-e-o-) [elXeiv, to roll]. A prefix sig- 
nifying relation to the ileum. 

Ileocecal (il-e-o-se'-kal) [el/ieiv, to roll ; cce- 
cus, blind]. Pertaining to both ileum and 
cecum. I. Fossa, a depression in the lower 
part of the small intestine at the base of 
the vermiform process. I. Valve, a valve 
consisting of two folds of mucosa that guards 
the passage between the ileum and cecum. 

Ileocolic {il-e-o-kol f -ik)\zikuv , to roll ; koXov, 
colon]. Pertaining conjointly to the ileum 
and the colon. 

Ileocolitis {il-e-o-ko-li f -tis) \_tikztv, to roll ; 
koIov, colon ; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the ileum and the colon. 

Ileocolostomy {il-e-o-ko-los' -to-me) \_zl\zw, 
to roll ; koKov, colon ; GTotxa, mouth]. The 
establishment of an artificial communication 
between the ileum and the colon. 

Ileoileostomy {il-e-o-il-e-os' -to-me) \_d\ztv, 
to roll; GTOfia, mouth]. The operation of 
establishing an artificial communication be- 
tween two different parts of the ileum. 

Ileum (il'-e-uni) [eiXeiv, to roll]. The lower 
portion of the small intestine, terminating in 
the cecum. 

Ileus (il'-e-us) [eVX eiv, to roll] . Volvulus. 

Iliac {il'-e-ak) [ilium, the flank]. Pertaining 
to the ilium or to the flanks. I. Artery. 
See Arteries, Table of. I. Crest, the upper 
free margin of the ilium to which the abdom- 
inal muscles are attached. I. Fascia, the 
fascia lining the posterior part of the abdom- 
inal cavity and covering the psoas andiliacus 



ILIADELPHUS 



326 



IMMUNITY 



muscles. I. Fossa. See Fossa. I. Muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of. I. Region, one of 
the regions into which the abdomen is divi- 
ded. See Abdomen. 

Iliadelphus {il-e-ad-el'-fus) [ ih 'a, flanks ; 
ade/.pog, brother]. A monstrosity double 
from the pelvis upward. 

Ilio- [il'-e-o-) [ilium, the flank]. A prefix 
denoting relation to the ilium. 

Iliofemoral (il-e-o-fem / -or-al) [ilium, the 
flank ; femur\. Pertaining conjointly to the 
ilium and the femur. I. Ligament. See 
Ligament . 

Iliohypogastric (il-e - o - hi-po -gas' - trik) 
[ilium, the flank; v~6, beneath; yaoTrjp, 
stomach]. Pertaining conjointly to the ilium 
and the hypogastrium. 

Ilioinguinal (il-e-o-in' -gue-nal)[iliu?n, flank ; 
inguen, groin]. Pertaining to the ilium and 
the groin. 

Iliopectineal {il-e-o-pek-tin' -e-al) [ilium, 
flank; pecten, comb]. Pertaining conjointly 
to the ilium and the pubes. I. Line. See 
Line. 

Iliopsoas (il-e-o-so / -as) [ilium, flank ; ipoa, 
loin] . Pertaining conjointly to the ilium and 
the loins. I. Muscle, the psoas and iliacus 
muscles considered as a single muscle. 

Iliotibial {il-e-o-tib' '-e-al) [ilium, flank; 
tibia, tibia] . Pertaining to or connecting the 
ilium and the tibia. I. Band, a thickened 
portion of the fascia lata extending from the 
outer tuberosity of the tibia to the iliac crest. 

Ilium iU'-e-um) [L.]. I. The flank. 2. 
The superior broad portion of the os inno- 
minatum, properly the os ilii. 

Illaqueation {il-ak-ive-a* '-shun) [illaqueare, 
to ensnare]. A method of changing the di- 
rection of misplaced cilia, by withdrawing 
them by means of a loop through an opening 
in the tissue of the lid. 

Illicium (il-is' f -e-um) [illicere, to entice]. 
Star-anise. The fruit of Illicium verum 
(U. S P.), or Illicium anisatum (B. P.), of 
the natural order Magnoliaceae. It is the 
source of star-anise. I. religiosum and I. 
parviflorum are poisonous. 

Illumination (il-u-min-a' '-shun) [illuminare, 
to make light]. I. The act of illuminating or 
lighting up. 2. The quantity of light thrown 
on an object. I., critical, in microscopy, an 
illumination in which the lamp-flame is fo- 
cused on the object. I., Direct, illumination 
of an object by light thrown upon it from in 
front. I., Oblique, illumination of an object 
by throwing light upon it obliquely, usually by 
means of a lens. 

Illuminator, Abbe's. A system of lenses 
placed beneath the stage of the microscope 
for the purpose of condensing the light 
thrown upon the object ; it is also known as 
Abbe's condenser. 



Illusion {il-lu' -zhun) [illusio, a mocking]. 
A false interpretation by the mind of a real 
sensation. 

Illusional {il-lu' ' -zhun-al) [illusio, a mock- 
ing]. Of the nature of an illusion. 

Image [im'-aj) [imago, a likeness]. I. A 
more or less accurate representation of an 
object. 2. The picture of an object formed 
by rays of light reflected, refracted, or 
passed through a small aperture. I., After-. 
See After-image. 1., Direct, or I., Erect, 
a picture obtained from rays that have not 
yet come to a focus. I., Inverted, one 
turned upside down. Nearly all real images 
are inverted. I., Real, that formed at the 
place where the rays meet. I., Virtual, an 
apparent image formed in the direction in 
which the rays enter the eye, the rays not 
actually converging at the point where the 
image is seen. The images formed by plane 
or convex mirrors and by concave lenses, 
when the object is placed within the principal 
focus, are virtual. 

Imbecility {im-bes-il / -it-e)[imbecillitas, imbe- 
cility]. Mental weakness, similar to but less 
great than that of idiocy. 

Imbed {im-bed'). In histology, to treat a 
tissue with some substance, as paraffin or cel- 
loidin, which shall give it support during the 
process of section-cutting. 

Imbibition {itn-be-bish'-tm) [in, in ; bibere, 
to drink]. The act of sucking up moisture. 

Imbricated {im'-brik-a-ted) [imbrex, a roof- 
tile] . Overlapping, like shingles on a roof. 

Immature( bn-at-ur') [in, not ; maturus,ripe] . 
Unripe ; not yet of an adult age or growth. 

Immediate (im-e ; -de-dt) [in, not; medius, 
middle]. Direct; without the intervention 
of anything. I. Contagion, that from a 
direct source. I. Union, union by first in- 
tention. 

Immersion {im-er> '-shun) [in, in ; mergere, 
to dip]. The plunging of a body into a liquid. 
I. -bath, a plunge-bath. I. -lens, a lens, usu- 
ally of high power, the lower end of which is 
immersed in a drop of some liquid, such as 
water or oil, that has nearly the same refrac- 
tive index as glass, and is placed on the cover- 
glass of the object under examination. 

Immobilization {im-ob-il-iz-a'-shun) [in, 
not ; movere, to move]. The act of making 
firm, or of rendering motionless, as I. of a 
joint. 

Immune (im-zln') [in, not ; munis, serv- 
ing] . Safe from attack ; protected against a 
disease by a natural or an acquired peculi- 
arity. 

Immunity (im-u'-nit-e) [in, not ; munis, 
serving]. Exemption from disease ; the 
condition of the body, wherein it resists the 
development of morbid processes. I., Ac- 
tive, that possessed by an individual after 



IMMUNIZATION 



327 



INADEQUACY 



recovering from certain infectious diseases. 
I., Congenital, or Natural, that with which 
the individual is born. I., Passive, that 
conferred by the introduction of antitoxins or 
vaccines. 

Immunization (im - u - niz - a f -shun) [in, 
not ; munis, serving]. The act of rendering 
immune. 

Immunize (im'-u-nlz) [in, not ; munis, 
serving]. To give immunity. 

Immunizing Unit. See Unit. 

Impact (im'-pakt) [impingere, to drive into 
or against] . A forcible striking against. 

Impacted {im - pak'-ted) [impingere, to 
drive into or against]. Driven against and 
retained, as a wedge. I. Fracture. See 
Fracture. 

Impaction (im-pak' -shim) [impingere , to 
drive into]. The state of being impacted 
or fixed in a part, as I. of the feces, or I. of 
a fragment of bone into another fragment. 

Impalpable (im-paV -pa-bl) [in, not; pal- 
pare, to feel]. Not capable of being felt ; 
unappreciable by touch. I. Powder, a pow- 
der so fine that its separate particles cannot 
be felt. 

Impaludism (im-paV '-u-.dizm) [in, in ; palus, 
a marsh]. Chronic malarial poisoning. 

Impar (im'-par) [in, not ; par, equal]. Odd 
or unequal, or without a fellow. I., Gang- 
lion, a small ganglion on the coccyx. 

Imperative (im -per' - at- w) [i??iperare, to 
command]. Peremptory, absolute, compul- 
sory, binding. I. Conception, a concep- 
tion or thought that dominates the actions of 
an individual, although the falsity of the con- 
ception may be recognized. 

Imperforate (im-per'-for-dfy [in, not ; per- 

forare, to pierce]. Without opening; not 
open or pervious, as I. anus. 

Impermeable (im-per' '-me-a-bt) [in, not ; p>er, 
through; meare, to go]. Not permitting 
passage ; not capable of being traversed. 

Impervious i^im-per' ' -ve-us) [in, not ; per- 
vius, capable of passage]. Not permitting 
passage, especially passage of fluids. 

Impetiginous (im-pel-ij' -in-us) [impetigo ; 
impetere, to attack]. Affected with or re- 
sembling impetigo. 

Impetigo (im-pe-ti > ' -go) [impetigo ; impetere, 
to attack]. An acute inflammatory disease 
of the skin characterized by discrete, rounded 
pustules, unattended, as a rule, by itching or 
other subjective symptoms. I. contagiosa, 
an acute inflammatory contagious disease, 
characterized by the appearance of vesicles or 
blebs, that dry into flat, straw colored crusts. 
I. herpetiformis, a rare disease of the skin, 
characterized by the formation of superficial 
miliary pustules, that may be discrete, but 
tend to form circular groups. It is most 
common in pregnant women. I., Syphilitic, 



a syphilitic eruption having the characters of 
small flat pustules. 

Implantation (im-plan~ta f -shun) [in, in ; 
plantare, to set]. The act of setting in, as 
the transplantation of a tooth from the jaw of 
one person to that of another ; the engrafting 
of epidermis from the skin of one person upon 
the body of another ; the repair of a wounded 
intestine by uniting the divided ends. I., 
Hypodermic, the introduction of a medi- 
cine under the skin. I., Teratologic, a 
monstrosity consisting of an imperfect, joined 
to a perfect fetus. 

Imponderable (im-pon f -der-a-bl) [in, not; 
pondus, weight]. Incapable of being 
weighed; without weight. I. Fluids, an 
obsolete term, formerly applied to light, heat, 
and electricity. 

Impotence (im f -po-tens) [in, not; posse, to 
be able]. Lackof power, especially lack of 
sexual power in the man. 

Impregnate (im-preg' -nat) [impregnare~\. I. 
To render pregnant. 2. To saturate or 
charge with. 

Impregnation (im-pre < g-na / -shun) [impreg- 
nare, to impregnate]. I. The act of ren- 
dering pregnant ; fecundation. 2. The pro- 
cess of saturating with or charging with. 

Impressio (i?n-presh f -e-o) [L.]. An impres- 
sion. I. colica, an impression on the un- 
der surface of the right lobe of the liver for 
the hepatic flexure of the colon. I. renalis, 
an impression on the under surface of the 
liver for the right kidney and suprarenal cap- 
sule. 

Impression (im-presh f -tin) [imprimere, to 
press upon]. I. A hollow or depression. 
2. The effect produced upon the mind, the 
body, or a disease, by external influence. 
I., Maternal, the effects produced upon 
the fetus in utero by mental impressions 
received by the mother during pregnancy. 
I. -preparation, Klatschpraparat. A cover- 
glass upon which an entire bacterial colony 
has been fixed by pressing the glass lightly 
upon the colony. 

Impulse (im f -puls) [impellere, to drive 
against]. I. A push or communicated 
force. 2. A sudden mental feeling that 
urges onward to an action. I., Cardiac, 
the beat of the heart felt in the fifth inter- 
costal space to the left of the sternum. I., 
Morbid, a sudden, almost uncontrollable 
desire to do some unlawful or improper act. 

In- [L.]. I. A prefix signifying in or with- 
in. 2. A prefix signifying negation. 

Inadequacy (in-ad' -e-qiva-se) [in, not ; adce- 
quare, to make equal]. Insufficiency. I., 
Renal, that state of the kidney in which it 
is unable to remove from the blood a suffi- 
cient proportion of the effete matters that are 
normally excreted by it. 



INANIMATE 



328 



INCUBATION 



Inanimate (in-an f '-im-dt) [in, not; animits, 
life]. Not animate; dead; without life. 

Inanition (in-an-ish' '-un) [inanire, to make 
empty] . Emptiness ; want of food ; wasting 
of the body from starvation. 

Inappetence (in-ap' -et-ens) [in, not ; appe- 
tere, to desire]. Loss of appetite. 

Inarticulate (in-ar-tik' '-u-ldt) [in, not ; ar- 
ticulus, a joint]. Not jointed or articulated ; 
especially applied to vocal sounds not ar- 
ranged into syllables. 

In articulo mortis (in ar-tik'-u-lo mor'-tis) 
[L.]. In the agony of death; at the point 
of dying. 

Inassimilable {in-as~i?n'-il-a-bl) [in, not; 
ad, to; similare, to make like]. Incapable 
of assimilation. 

Incandescent (in-kan-des f -ent) [incandes- 
cere, to become white-hot]. Glowing; emit- 
ting luminous heat-rays ; heated to the degree 
of emitting light. I. Light, one in which 
light is produced by the passage of an elec- 
tric current through a strip of carbon or 
platinum suspended in a vacuum. 

Incarcerated (in-kar' 'ser-a-ted) [incarce- 
rare, to imprison]. Imprisoned; held fast, 
as I. hernia. 

Incidence (in'-sid-ens) [incidere, to fall 
upon]. . A falling upon. I., Angle of, in 
optics, the angle at which a ray of light 
strikes a reflecting or refracting surface. I., 
Point of, the point upon which a ray or pro- 
jectile strikes a reflecting or refracting sur- 
face. 

Incident (in' -sid-ent) [incidere, to fall upon]. 
Falling upon. 

Incineration (in-sin-er-a' '-shun) [in, in ; cin- 
eres, ashes]. The process of heating organic 
substances until all organic matter is driven 
off, and only the ash remains. 

Incipient (in-sip'-e-ent) [incipiens, begin- 
ning]. Beginning to exist. 

Incised (in-slzd / ) [in, into; ccedere, to cut]. 
Cut or notched. I. Wound, one made by 
a sharp-edged instrument. 

Incision (in-sizh' -un) [in, into; cczdere, 
to cut]. I. The act of cutting into any 
thing. 2. A wound made with a cutting in- 
strument. 

Incisive (in-si f -siv) [in, into ; ccedere, to 
cut]. I. Cutting. 2. Pertaining to the in- 
cisor teeth. I. Bone, that part of the 
superior maxilla between the two clefts in 
double hare-lip ; called also the intermaxil- 
lary bone. 

Incisor (in-si' -zor) [in, into ; ccedere, to cut]. 
I. Anything that cuts, especially an I. tooth. 
See Tooth. 2. That which supplies the in- 
cisor teeth, as the I. nerve. 

Incisura (in-si - zu f -rah) [in, into; ccedere, 
to cut]. A notch; an incision. I. cerebelli 
anterior, I. cerebelli posterior, the notches 



separating the hemispheres of the cerebellum, 
in front and behind. 

Incisure (in-si' '-zhur) [in, into; ccedere, to 
cut into]. A slit or notch. I.'s of Schmidt 
and Lantermann, oblique lines running 
across the white substance of the internodal 
segments of medullated nerve-fibers. 

Inclusio fcetalis (in-klu f -ze-o fe-ta' -lis) [L.]. 
A form of fetal parasitism in which the para- 
site is more or less included and overgrown 
by the developed fetus. 

Inclusion (in-klu'-zhun) [in, in ; claudere, 
to shut]. I. The state of being shut in. 
2. The act of shutting in. 3. That which 
is shut in. I., Fetal, a monstrosity in which 
one fetus is included in and overgrown by 
the tissues of the other fetus. 

Incoherent (in-ko-he' -rent) [in, not ; cohce- 
rere, to stick together]. Not connected; 
without proper sequence. 

Incompatibility (in-ko??i-pat-ib-il f -it-e) [in, 
not ; cum, together ; pati, to suffer] . The 
state of being incompatible. It may be 
chemic or physiologic. 

Incompatible (in-kom-patf -ib-l) [in, not ; 
cum, together; pati, to suffer]. Of two sub- 
stances, not miscible without chemic change 
that destroys the usefulness of either or both ; 
nor capable of being administered together on 
account of antagonistic properties. 

Incompetence, Incompetency (in-kom* '-pe- 
tens, in-tiom'-pe-ten-se) [in, not ; cum, to- 
gether; petere, to seek]. Incapacity; inade- 
quacy ; inability to perform the natural func- 
tions. I. of the Cardiac Valves, an imper- 
fect state of the valves of the heart in which 
they permit the return of blood into the cavity 
from which it came. 

Incontinence (in-kon' '-tin-ens) [in, not ; con- 
tinere, to contain]. I. Inability to control 
the escape of anything, as of the feces or the 
urine; involuntary evacuation. 2. Venereal 
indulgence ; lewdness. 

Incoordination (in-ko-or-dm-a' '-shun) [in, 
not; cum, together; ordinare, to order]. In- 
ability to produce voluntary muscular move- 
ments in proper order or sequence. 

Incorporation (in-kor-por-a' -shun) [in, in ; 
corpus, a body]. The process of intimately 
mixing the particles of different bodies into a 
practically homogeneous mass. 

Increment (in'-kre-ment) [in, in ; crescere, 
to grow]. Increase or growth. 

Incrustation (in-krus ta' -shun) [in, upon; 
crusta, crust]. The formation of a crust, 
especially a crust-like deposit of mineral 
salts. 

Incubation (in-ku-ba' '-shun) [in, on ; cum- 
bere, to lie]. I. The process of sitting upon 
eggs to favor hatching. 2. The period of a 
disease between the implanting of the conta- 
gium and the development of the symptoms. 



INCUBATOR 



329 



INDUCED 



Incubator {in f -ku-ba-tor) [in, on ; cumbere, 
to lie]. A device for the artificial hatching 
of eggs, or for the cultivation of bacteria ; 
a contrivance for rearing prematurely-born 
children. 

Incubus (in'-ku-bus) [in, upon ; cumbere, to 
lie]. I. Nightmare. 2. Anciently, a male 
demon supposed to have sexual connection 
with women in their sleep. 

Incudal (ing'-ku-dal) [incus, anvil, incus]. 
Relating to the incus. 

Incudomalleal (ing-ku-do-mal' '-e-al) [incus, 
incus; malleus, hammer]. Relating to the 
incus and the malleus. 

Incudostapedial (ing-ku-do-sta - pe f -de- al) 
[incus, incus; slaves, stapes]. Relating to 
the incus and the stapes. 

Incurable (in-ku f -ra-bl) [in, not; curare, 
to care for]. Not curable. 

Incurvation (in-kur-va' '-shun) [incurvare , 
to bend]. The state of being bent or curved 
in. 

Incus (in% f -kus) [L. , an anvil]. The middle 
one of the chain of bones in the middle ear, 
so termed from its resemblance to an anvil. 

Indentation (in-den-ta' '-shun) [in, in ; dens, 
a tooth]. A condition of being notched or 
serrated. I. of Tongue, the notching of 
the borders of the tongue made by the 
teeth. 

Index (in'-deks) [L.]. I. The first finger. 
2. The relation or ratio of one part to 
another taken as a standard. I., Alveolar, 
the degree of prominence of the jaws, 
measured by the basialveolar length multiplied 
by 100 and divided by the basinasal length. 
When the alveolar index is less than 98, the 
skull is orthognathic, when more than 103, 
prognathic, when intermediate, meso- 
gnathic. I., Cephalic, the breadth of a 
skull multiplied by 100 and divided by its 
length. When this is below 75, the skull is 
called dolichocephalic, when above 80, it is 
called brachycephalic, between these limits, 
mesaticephalic. I., Cerebral, the ratio of 
the greatest transverse to the greatest antero- 
posterior diameter of the cranial cavity, mul- 
tiplied by 100. I., Refractive, the coeffi- 
cient of refraction. I., Thoracic, the ratio 
of the anteroposterior diameter to the trans- 
verse, expressed in percentage. I., Vertical, 
the ratio of the vertical diameter of the skull 
to the maximum anteroposterior diameter, 
multiplied by 100. 

Indian {in' '-de-an) [India"]. I. Pertaining 
to India. 2. Pertaining to the, aboriginal 
Americans. I. Hemp. See Cannabis. I. 
Tobacco. See Lobelia. 

India Rubber. See Caoutchouc. 

Indican (in f -dik-an) [ivdinov, indigo], C 26 - 
H 31 N0 17 . I. A glucosid occurring in indigo- 
plants, and by the decomposition of which 



indigo is produced. 2. Potassium indoxyl- 
sulphate, C 8 H 6 NS0 4 K, a substance occurring 
in the urine and sweat, and formed from 
indol. 

Indication {in - dik - a f - shun) [indicare, to 
point out]. That which points out ; a guide, 
especially that which points out the course 
of treatment. 

Indicator {in' ' -dik-a-tor) [indicare, to point 
out]. I. The index-finger. 2. The exten- 
sor indicis muscle. 3. In chemistry, a sub- 
stance used to show by a color-change when 
a change of reaction has taken place or a 
chemic affinity has been satisfied. 

Indifferent (in-dif f ' -er-ent)[in, not ; differens, 
different]. I. Not differentiated; not tend- 
ing to build up tissue, as I. cells. 2. Not 
readily acted upon by agents. 

Indigenous (in-dij' ' -en-us) [indu, within ; 
gignere, to beget] . Native ; originating or 
belonging to a certain locality or country. 

Indigestion (in-di-jes' '-chun) [in, not ; dig- 
erere, to digest] . Imperfect digestion. 

Indigitation (in - dij '- it - a' '-shun) [in, in; 
digitus, a finger]. Intussusception. 

Indigo (in' ' -dig-6) [ivdinov, indigo], C 16 H 10 - 
N 2 2 . A blue pigment formed by the de- 
composition of the indican contained in vari- 
ous species of Indigofera (I. tinctoria, I. 
anil, I. argentea), or in the urine and sweat. 

Indigocarmin (in-dig-o-car f -min) [ivdinov, 
indigo ; carmin\ Potassium sulphindigo- 
tate, used as a stain in microscopy and as a 
test for sugar. 

Indirect (in f -di -rekt) [in, not; directus, 
straight]. Not direct; not in a direct line ; 
acting through an intervening medium. I. 
Cell-division. See Karyokinesis. I. Vis- 
ion, vision by some other part of the retina 
than the macula. 

Indisposition (in-dis-po-zish f -un) [in, not; 
dis, apart; ponere, to place]. A slight ill- 
ness not confining the patient to bed. 

Indol (in f -dol) [ivdinov, indigo], C 8 H 7 N. 
A substance produced in pancreatic diges- 
tion, in intestinal putrefaction, and in certain 
bacterial cultures. It occurs in the feces, giv- 
ing to them in part their odor, and is elimin- 
ated in the urine in the form of indican, 
being especially increased in intestinal ob- 
struction. 

Indolent (in' '-do-lent) [in, not ; dolere, to 
feel pain]. Sluggish. 

Indoxylsulphuric Acid (in-doks-il-sul-fu' '- 
rik as / - id) [ivdinov, indigo; bgvg, sharp], 
C 8 H 7 NS0 4 . A combination of indoxyl 
(C 8 H 6 (OH)N) with the radicle of sulphuric 
acid (HS0 3 ), the potassium salt of which oc- 
curs in the urine. See Indican. 

Induced (in-dusd / ) [inducere, to lead into]. 
I. Produced by induction, as I. electricity. 2. 
Produced artificially, as I. labor. 



INDUCTION 



330 



INFLAMMATION 



Induction (in-duk' ' -shun) [inducere , to lead 
in]. I. The act of bringing on. 2. The 
process of drawing general conclusions from 
special facts. 3. The production of elec- 
tricity or magnetism in a body by proximity 
to another body, which is electrified or mag- 
netized, but not in direct contact with it. I.- 
balance, an instrument used for detecting 
the presence of metallic bodies by the electric 
disturbance which they cause. I. -coil, a 
wire wound around a bobbin, used for con- 
ducting a galvanic current, by means of 
which electricity is induced in a second coil. 

Indurated (in' '-du-ra-ted) [in, into; durus, 
hard]. Hardened, as I. chancre. 

Induration (in-du-ra' 'shun) [in, into; durus, 
hard]. Hardening; the state of being or 
becoming hard ; a hardened mass or lump. 
I., Brown, a form of interstitial pneumonia in 
which there is, in addition to the new growth 
of fibrous tissue, a deposit of altered blood- 
pigment. I., Gray, a similar condition 
without the deposit of pigment. I., Red, 
an interstitial pneumonia in which the lung 
is red from congestion. 

Inebriant (in-e'-bre-ant) [inebriare, to make 
drunk]. I. Intoxicant ; causing inebriation. 
2. An agent that causes inebriation. 

Inebriation (in-e-bre-a' '-shun) [inebriare, to 
make drunk]. The condition of drunken- 
ness. 

Inebriety (in-e-bri' '-et-e) [inebriare, to make 
drunk]. Habitual drunkenness. 

Inertia (in - er / - she - ah) [iners, inactive]. 
Sluggishness ; inability to move except by 
means of an external force. In physics, 
that property of matter by virtue of which 
it is incapable of changing its condition of 
rest or motion. I., Uterine, sluggishness of 
uterine contractions during labor. 

In extremis (in eks-tre' '-mis) [in, in ; ex- 
tremus, last]. At the end; at the last; at 
the point of death. 

Infant (in'-fant) [infans, a little child]. I. 
A babe. 2. According to English law, one 
not having attained the age of twenty-one. 

Infanticide (in-fanf '-is-ld) [infans, a little 
child ; ccedere, to kill]. The murder of an 
infant. 

Infantile (in' '-fan-til) [infans, a little child]. 
Pertaining to infancy. I. Paralysis. See 
Paralysis. 

Infarct (in ; -farkt) [infarcire, to stuff in]. A 
wedge-shaped area, either of hemorrhage into 
an organ (hemorrhagic I.), or of necrosis in 
an organ (anemic I.), produced by the ob- 
struction of a terminal vessel. I., Uric- 
acid, the deposition of crystals of uric acid 
in the renal tubules of the newborn. 

Infarction (in-fark' '-shun) [infarcire, to stuff 
in]. The production of an infarct ; also the 
infarct itself. 



Infecting (in-fek' '-ting) [in, into; facere, to 
make]. Causing infection, as an I. embolus. 

Infection (in-fek' -shun) [infectio, from in, in- 
to ; facere, to make] . I . The communication 
of disease from one body to another, or from 
one part to another part of the same individual 
(autoinfection). 2. The material conveying 
the disease; the disease-producing agent. I.- 
atrium, the point of entrance of an infection. 
I., Consecutive, septic infection implanted 
upon an already established morbid process. 

Infectious (in-fek'-shus) [in, into; faceir, 
to make]. 1. Communicating disease. 2. 
Caused by an infection. 

Infecundity (in-fe-kun' '-dit-e) [in, not; fe- 
cundus, fruitful]. Sterility, barrenness. 

Inferior (in-fe' -re-or) [comp. oiinferus, low]. 
Lower. 

Infiltrate (in' '-fil-trdt) [in, in ; filtrare, to 
strain]. I. To ooze into the spaces of a 
tissue. 2. The substance that has oozed out. 

Infiltration (in-fil-tra' '-shun) [in, into ; fil- 
trare, to strain]. 1. The entrance into the 
tissue-spaces or into the tissue-elements of 
some abnormal substance or of a normal sub- 
stance in excess. 2. The material thus de- 
posited. I., Calcareous, the deposit of lime 
and magnesium salts in the tissues. I., Cel- 
lular, an infiltration of the tissues with round 
cells. I., Fatty, the deposit of fat in the 
tissues ; the presence of oil or fat-globules in 
the interior of a cell. I., Glycogenic, the 
deposit of glycogen -granules in the cells. I., 
Pigmentary, the deposit of pigment in the 
tissues, derived either from without or from 
within. I., Serous, an infiltration of the 
tissues with diluted lymph. I., Tubercu- 
lous, a confluence of tuberculous nodules. 

Infinite (in' ' -fin-it)[in, not ; fnis, boundary]. 
Immeasurable or innumerable ; unlimited, 
when compared with any known or conceiv- 
able quantity. I. Distance, a term in optics 
indicating a distance of 20 feet (6 meters) or 
more. Rays from an object at that distance 
and entering the eye are practically parallel, 
as they would be completely if coming from 
a point at a really infinite distance. 

Infirm (in-ferm') [in, not; firmus, firm]. 
Weak or feeble. 

Infirmary (infer' -ma-re) [inf?'marium, an 
infirmary] . A hospital ; an institution where 
ill and infirm persons are maintained during 
the period of treatment. 

Infirmity (in-fer' -mit-e) [infirmitas, weak- 
ness]. I. Weakness, feebleness. 2. A disease 
producing feebleness. 

Inflammation (inflam-a'-shun) [infamare, 
to set on fire, to inflame]. A term applied 
to those tissue-changes by which irritants are 
eliminated, and which include overfilling of 
the blood-vessels, alteration in the blood- 
vessel walls, outwandering of leukocytes, 



INFLATION 



331 



INGLUVIN 



exudation of plasma, and multiplication of 
the cells of the surrounding connective-tissue. 
I., Acute, that in which the processes are 
active ; usually this form is characterized by 
the cardinal symptoms of inflammation — heat, 
redness, swelling, and pain. I., Catarrhal, 
one occurring on a mucous surface and causing 
the shedding of its epithelium. I., Chronic, 
that in which there is a building-up of new 
connective tissue. I., Interstitial, one affect- 
ing chiefly the connective tissue of an organ. 
I., Parenchymatous, one affecting chiefly 
the parenchyma of an organ. I., Reactive, 
an inflammation set up around a focus of de- 
generation to limit the spread of the degener- 
ative process ; also the inflammation around 
a foreign body. I., Specific, one due to a 
special microorganism, and characterized by 
the formation of a tumor-like nodule that 
tends to degenerate. I., Suppurative, that 
attended by the formation of pus. 

Inflation {in-fla f -shiai) [inflare, to puff up]. 
The act of distending with air. 

Influenza [in -flu- en' '- zah) [Ital., an in- 
fluence]. An epidemic affection charac- 
terized by catarrhal inflammation of the 
mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, 
accompanied by a mucopurulent discharge, 
fever, pain in the muscles, and prostration. 
At times symptoms referable to the gastro- 
intestinal system predominate ; at others the 
symptoms are mainly referred to the nervous 
system. The cause of the disease is the 
bacillus of influenza, discovered by Pfeiffer 
and Canon. Complications are common, 
pneumonia being the most frequent ; pleurisy, 
otitis media, and neuritis also occur. An 
occasional sequel is insanity. Synonyms : 
la grippe, grip. 

Infra- (in' -frah-) [infra, below]. A prefix 
meaning below or beneath. 

Infraaxillary (in - frah - aks> '-il-a-re) [infra, 
below; axilla, the arm-pit]. Below the 
arm-pit. 

Infraclavicular (in-frah-klav-ik'-u-lar) [in- 
fra, below; clavicula, the collar-bone]. Be- 
low the collar-bone. 

Infracortical (in-frah-kor' -tik-al) [infra, be- 
low ; cortex, a bark]. Lying beneath the 
cortical substance of the brain. 

Infracostal (in-frak-kos' -tal) [infra, below ; 
costa, a rib]. Below the ribs. 

Inframammary (in-frah-mam f -ar-e) [infra, 
below; mamma, the breast]. Situated be- 
neath the mamma. 

Inframaxillary (in-frak-maks' -il-a-re) [in- 
fra, below; maxilla, the jaw]. Below or 
under the jaw. 

Infraorbital (in-frah-or' -bit-taT) [infra, be- 
low ; orbita, orbit]. Beneath or below the 
floor of the orbit. I. Canal, the canal in 
the superior maxillary bone that transmits 



the infraorbital vessels and nerve. I. Fora- 
men. See Foramina, Table of. 

Infrascapular (in-frah-skap' -u-lar) [infra, 
below ; scapula, shoulder-blade]. Below 
the shoulder-blade. 

Infraspinous (in-fra/i-spi'-mts) [infra, be- 
low ; spina, a spine]. Beneath a spine, as 
of the scapula or a vertebra. I. Fascia, 
the dense membranous fascia covering the 
infraspinous muscle. I. Fossa, the shallow 
depression on the dorsal surface of the scapula, 
below the spine, and lodging the infraspina- 
tus muscles. I. Muscle. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Infrasternal (in-frah-ster' '-nal) [infra, be- 
low; sternum, breast-bone]. Below the 
sternum. 

Infundibuliform (in-fun-dib-u' '-le-form) [in- 
fundibulum, a funnel ; forma, a form]. 
Funnel-shaped. I. Fascia, the funnel- 
shaped membranous layer that invests the 
spermatic cord. 

Infundibulum (in-fun-dib' '-u-lum) [infun- 
dere, to pour into]. A funnel-shaped passage 
or part I. of Brain, a tubular mass of gray 
matter attached to the pituitary body. I. of 
the Ethmoid Bone, a canal connecting 
the anterior ethmoidal cells with the middle 
meatus of the nose. I. of Heart, the 
arterial cone from which the pulmonary artery 
arises. I. of the Kidney, one of the 
primary divisions of the pelvis of the kidney. 
I. of the Lung, one of the air-spaces into 
which a terminal bronchiole divides, and 
which is composed of an aggregation of air- 
vesicles. 

Infusion (in-fu' '-zkun) [in, into ; fundere, to 
pour]. I. The process of extracting the 
active principles of a substance by means of 
water, but without boiling. 2. The product 
of such a process, known in pharmacy as 
infusum. 

Infusum (in-fu f -suni) [in, into ; fundere, 
to pour]. An infusion. The following are 
official in U. S. P.: I. cinchonae. Dose 
fjij (64.0). I. digitalis. Dose f % ss 
(16.0). I. pruni virginianae. Dosef^ij- 
iij (64.0-96.0). I. sennae compositum, 
black draught. Dose f % iv (128.0). 

Ingesta (in-jes* '-tah) [in, into ; gerere, to 
carry]. Substances introduced into the body, 
especially foods. 

Ingestion (in-jes f -chun) [in, into ; gerere, to 
carry]. The act of taking substances, espe- 
cially food, into the body. 

Ingluvies (in-glu* -ve-ez) [L.]. 1. The crop 
or craw of birds. 2. The paunch or rumen 
of ruminating mammals. 

Ingluvin (in' -glu-vvi) [ingluvies, crop or 
craw of a bird]. A preparation obtained 
from the gizzard of the fowl, Pullus gallina- 
ceus, used as a substitute for pepsin and pan- 



INGRASSIAS 



332 



INQUISITION 



creatin, and also in the vomiting of preg- 
nancy. Dose gr. x— xx (0.65-1.3). 

Ingrassias, Processes, or Wings of [hi- 
grassias, an Italian physician of the sixteenth 
century]. The lesser wings of the sphenoid 
bone. 

Ingravescent {in-grav-es' ' -ent) [ingravescere, 
to become heavy]. Increasing in severity, 
as I. apoplexy. 

Ingrowing Nail. See Nail. 

Inguen {in f -given) [L.]. The groin. 

Inguinal {in> ' -gwin-al) [inguen, the groin]. 
Pertaining to the groin. I. Canal, the canal 
transmitting the spermatic cord in the male, 
and the round ligament in the female. It is 
situated parallel to and just above Poupart's 
ligament. I. Glands, the superficial and 
the deep glands of the groin. I. Hernia. 
See Hernia. 

Inhalation {in -ha -la' -shun) [inhalare, to 
draw in]. The breathing in of air or other 
vapor. I. -diseases, those due to the in- 
spiration of air containing dust or any finely 
divided matter. 

Inhaler {in-ha f -ler) [inhalare, to breathe in]. 
An instrument for inhaling a gas or vapor. 

Inherent (in-he' -rent) [in, to; hcerere, to 
cleave]. Innate; natural to the organism. 

Inhibition {in - hib - ish f - tin) [inhibere, to 
check]. The act of checking or restraining ; 
a restraint. 

Inhibitory {in - hib'- it - - re) [inhibere, to 
check] . Checking ; restraining. 

Iniac, or Inial {in'-e-ac, in'-e-al) [Iviov, occi- 
put]. Pertaining to the inion. 

Iniencephalus {in - e- en- sef- at- us) [iviov, 
occiput; eyKE(f>a?ioc, brain]. A fetal mon- 
strosity in which there is a posterior fissure 
of the skull, with protrusion of the brain- 
substance, combined with spinal fissure. 

Inion {in'-e-on) [Iviov, occiput]. The ex- 
ternal protuberance of the occipital bone. 
See Craniometric Points. 

Initial {in-ish' '-at) [in, into ; ire, to go]. Be- 
ginning ; early ; primary, as the I. lesion of 
syphilis, — the chancre. I. Cells, germ- 
cells. I. Sclerosis, the hard chancre. 

Inject {in-jekt f ) [in, into; jacere, to throw]. 
To throw or force in, as to inject fluids into 
the tissues ; also, to fill the vessels of an organ. 

Injection {in-jek'-shun) [in, into; jacere, to 
throw]. I. The act of injecting or throw- 
ing in. 2. The substance injected. Accord- 
ing to the organ into which the injection is 
made, different terms are employed, as e. g., 
urethral I., intramuscular I., uterine I., 
vaginal I., etc. In the B. P. Injec- 
tiones are solutions of active substances 
used for hypodermic injection. I., Hypo- 
dermic, an injection made under the skin. 

Injector (in-jek'-tor) [injicere, to throw in]. 
An apparatus used in injecting. 



Injury {hi-ju'-re) [in, not ; jus, a right]. A 
harm or hurt to the body. 

Innervation {in-ner-va' '-shun) [in, in ; ner- 
vus, nerve]. Nerve-supply. 

Innominate {in-nom' ' -in-at) [in, without ; 
nomen, a name]. Unnamed ; unnamable. I. 
Artery. See Arteries, Table of. I. Bone, 
the irregular bone forming the sides and 
anterior wall of the pelvic cavity, and com- 
posed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. 

Innominatum {in-nom-in-a' '-tum)[\^. , name- 
less (os, bone, understood)]. The innomi- 
nate bone. 

Innutrition {in-nu-trish' ' -un) [in, not ; nu- 
trire, to nourish]. Want of nutrition or 
nourishment. 

Inoblast {in' '-o-blast) [tc, fiber ; /S/laoroc, 
germ]. Any one of the cells from which 
connective tissue is derived. 

Inoculability (in-ok-u-la-bil' -it-e) [in, into; 
oculus, a bud]. The quality of being inocu- 
lable. 

Inoculable {in-ok f -u-la-bl) [in ; into ; oculus, 
a bud]. Capable of being inoculated ; com- 
municable by inoculation. 

Inoculation {in-ok-zi-la' -shun) [in, into ; 
oculus, a bud]. I. The act of introducing 
the virus of a disease into the body. 2. Spe- 
cifically, the intentional introduction of a virus 
for the purpose of producing a mild form of 
a disease which is severe when spontaneously 
introduced, as the I. of small-pox virus. This 
is known as preventive I. 

Inogen (in ; -o-jen) [Iq, fiber ; yevvav, to, pro- 
duce]. A hypothetic substance believed to 
occur in muscular tissue, and to be decom- 
posed, during contraction, into carbon dioxid, 
sarcolactic acid, and myosin. 

Inorganic {in-or-gan' -ik) [in, not; bpyavov, 
an implement]. Not organic ; not produced 
by animal or vegetal organisms, as an I. 
compound. I. Chemistry, chemistry deal- 
ing with inorganic compounds. 

Inosculate {in-os f -cu-lat) [in, in, on ; oscu- 
lutn, dim. of os, mouth]. To unite by small 
openings. 

Inosculation {in-os-ku-la' '-tion) [in, in ; os- 
culum, a small mouth]. The joining of 
blood-vessels by direct communication. 

\T\os\X.z{in' -o-sit)\lq, fiber], C 6 H 12 6 + 2H, 2 0. 
Muscle-sugar ; a saccharine substance occur- 
ring in muscles, rarely in urine. 

Inosituria {in-o-slt-u' -re-ah)\jc, fiber; tirina, 
urine]. The presence of inosite in the urine. 

Inquest {in' -kwesf) [in, into; qu&rere, to ask]. 
A judicial inquiry, especially one for the pur- 
pose of determining the cause of death of one 
who has died by violence or in some unknown 
way. 

Inquisition {in-kwiz-ish f -un) [in, into ; quce- 
rere, to ask]. An inquiry, especially one 
into the sanity or lunacy of a person. 



INSALIVATION 



333 



INSOLATION 



Insalivation (in-sal-iv-a'-sJutn) [in, in ; sal- 
iva, the spittle]. The mixture of the food 
with saliva during mastication. 

Insane (in-san') [in, not; sanns, sound]. 
Deranged or diseased in mind. I. Ear. 
See Hematoma auris. 

Insanitary (in-san' '-it-are) [in, not ; sanitas, 
health]. Not sanitary ; not in a proper con- 
dition as respects the preservation of health. 

Insanity (in-san' -it-e) [in, not ; sanus, 
sound]. A derangement of the mental fac- 
ulties, with or without loss of volition and 
of consciousness. Insanity may be due to 
defective development, to acquired disease, 
or to natural decay. It is characterized, 
according to its form, by a variety of symp- 
toms, the most common of which are change 
of character and habits, moroseness, confu- 
sion, elation, melancholy, mania, delusions, 
and hallucinations. Melancholia, mania, 
delusional insanity, and dementia are the 
four principal types of the affection. I., 
Acquired, that arising after a long period of 
life of mental integrity. I., Alcoholic, that 
induced by alcoholic excess, usually a result 
of hereditary tendencies. I., Alternating. 
See /., Circular. I., Circular, cyclothy- 
mia ; alternating insanity ; a form of insanity 
recurring in cycles varying in length from a 
few days to many months. The arrange- 
ment of the cycle varies in different individ- 
uals, but is constant in a given case. Thus 
melancholia may be followed by mania, and 
this by a lucid interval, the passage from 
one mental condition to the other being 
abrupt or gradual. I., Climacteric, insan- 
ity occurring at or near the menopause. I., 
Communicated, that transmitted by asso- 
ciation with an insane person. I., Confu- 
sional, an acute insanity produced by 
nervous shock or exhausting disease, without 
distinct constant emotional depression or 
exaltation, with marked failure of mental 
power or complete imbecility, often accom- 
panied by hallucinations and loss of phys- 
ical power. Recovery is usually complete. 
I., Cyclic. Same as /., Circular. I., 
Doubting, a form closely allied to delu- 
sional insanity, consisting in an uncontrolla- 
ble doubt and indecision regarding the occu- 
pations, duties, or events of the day, of 
religion, etc. I., Emotional, insanity 
characterized by derangement of the emo- 
tions, either depressing or exalting in char- 
acter. I., Epidemic, a form occasionally 
manifested among a number of persons in 
common association, as in convents or 
schools. I., Hereditary, that transmitted 
from parent to child, and not induced by 
other apparent cause. I., Impulsive, a 
form in which the patient possesses an un- 
controllable desire to commit acts of vio- 



lence. I., Menstrual. See /, Periodic. 
I., Moral, a form marked by perversion and 
depravity of the moral sense, apparently 
without impairment of the reasoning and in- 
tellectual faculties. I., Periodic, a condi- 
tion dependent upon original or acquired 
psychopathy, in which attacks of insanity 
occur at regular or irregular intervals. If 
occurring in women at the menstrual epoch, 
it is called menstrual insanity. I. of 
Pregnancy, a form occurring during preg- 
nancy, characterized by melancholia, suicidal 
intent, and abhorrence of friends and rela- 
tives. I., Primary, a form, often congenital, 
that arises with the development of the 
body. It may also proceed from injury or 
disease of the brain in early life. I. of Pu- 
berty. See Hebephrenia. I., Puerperal, a 
term sometimes applied to the delirium of 
childbirth, but more properly to the insanity 
occurring after delivery. I., Recurrent, 
that marked by recurrent attacks of mental 
aberration with intervening lucid intervals. 
I., Religious, that associated with religious 
subjects. I., Stuporous, a primary acute 
form of dementia, characterized by a ten- 
dency to stupor ; a disease chiefly met with 
in youth and early maturity. I., Surgical, 
that coming on after surgical operations. 
I., Toxic, an acute form due to systemic 
poisoning by certain drugs. 

Inscriptiones tendineae (in- skrip-te-o' '-nez 
ten-din f -e-e). The lineae transversa of the 
rectus abdominis muscle. 

Insect (in'-seki) [in, into; secare, to cut]. 
Any member of the class of animals called 
Insecta. I. Powder, a powder employed to 
destroy or ward off insects, and consisting 
usually of the powdered flowers of species 
of Pyrethrum. 

Insecticide (in-sek'-lis-ld) [ins ectum, insect', 
cadere, to kill]. A substance that is destruc- 
tive to insects. 

Insemination (in-sem-in-a' -shun) [insemin- 
are, to plant seed]. I. The planting of seed. 
2. The introduction of semen. 

Insensible iin-sen' '-sib-l) [in, not ; sentire, 
to feel]. I . Incapable of being perceived or 
recognized by the senses. 2. Unconscious. 

Insertion (in-ser'-shun) [inserere, to set in]. 
I. The act of setting or placing in. 2. That 
which is set in. 3. The point at which any- 
thing, as a muscle, is attached ; the place or 
the mode of attachment of an organ to its 
support. 

Insidious (in-sid' -e-us) [insidice, ambush]. 
Coming on stealthily or imperceptibly. I. 
Disease, one, the onset of which is gradual 
or inappreciable. 

In situ (in si'-tii) [in, in; situs, position]. 
In a given or natural position. 

Insolation (in-so-la' '-shun) [in, in ; sol, sun]. 



INSOLUBLE 



334 



INTERCADENCE 



I . Exposure to the rays of the sun. 2. Sun- 
stroke or heatstroke. 

Insoluble (in-sol f -u-bl) [in, not; soluere, 
to solve]. Incapable of dissolving. 

Insomnia (in-som'-ne-ah) [in, not; somnus, 
sleep]. Want of sleep ; inability to sleep. 

Inspection (in - spek' '- shun) [inspicere, to 
look]. In medicine, the examination of the 
body or any part of it by the eye. 

Inspiration (in-spir-a' -shun) [in, in ; spirare, 
to breathe]. The drawing in of the breath. 

Inspiratory (in-spi' ' -ra-to-re) [in, in ; spirare, 
to breathe]. Pertaining to the act of inspir- 
ation. 

Inspissate (in' - spis - at) [inspissare, to 
thicken]. To make thick by evaporation or 
by absorption of fluid. 

Instep (in'-step) [instop, the bend of the foot]. 
The arch on the upper surface of the foot. 

Instillation (in-stil-a' '-shun) [instillare, to 
put in little by little]. The pouring of a 
liquid into a cavity drop by drop. 

Instinct (in f -stingkt) [instinguere , to impel]. 
A natural impulse, which, though unassoci- 
ated with reason, prompts a useful act. 

Instinctive (in-stingk' -tiv) [instinguere, to 
impel]. Prompted or determined by instinct ; 
of the nature of instinct. 

Institutes of Medicine. The philosophy of 
the science of medicine, of physiology, pathol- 
ogy, therapeutics, and hygiene, or the gen- 
eral and elementary principles of the same. 
The term is used sometimes as a synonym 
of physiology. 

Instrument (in' ' -stru-ment) [in, in ; struere, 
to build]. Any mechanical tool or device 
used to assist in the performance of a certain 
act. 

Instrumental (in - stru - men' '- tal) [in, in; 
struere, to build]. Pertaining to or per- 
formed with instruments, as I. labor. 

Instrumentation (in-stru-men-ta f -shun) [in, 
in; struere, to build]. The care or employ- 
ment of instruments. 

Insufficiency (in - suf-fish'- en - se) [insuffi- 
cientia ; in, not; sub, under; facere, to 
make]. The state of being inadequate ; in- 
capacity to perform a normal function. I. of 
the Cardiac Valves, imperfect closure of 
the valves, permitting regurgitation. De- 
pending upon the valve affected, the I. may be 
aortic, mitral, tricuspid, or pulmonary. I. 
of a Muscle, inability on a part of a muscle 
to contract sufficiently to produce the normal 
effect. The term is applied especially to the 
eye-muscles. I. of the Externi, a condi- 
tion in which the contraction of the externi 
muscles of the eye is weak and is overbal- 
anced by that of the interni, producing 
esophoria. I. of the Interni, defective 
power on the part of the interni muscles, pro- 
ducing exophoria, 



Insufflation (in-suf-fia' '-shun) [in, in ; suf- 
Jlare, to puff]. The act of blowing into, as 
the I. of a powder into a cavity ; also, the 
blowing of air into a cavity, as I. of the 
middle ear. I., Mouth-to-mouth, the 
blowing of air into the mouth of a person, 
usually a new-born infant, to distend the 
lungs and counteract asphyxia. 

Insufflator (in' -suf- la-tor) [in, in; sufflare, 
to blow]. An instrument for blowing air or 
powders into a cavity. 

Insula (in'-su-lah) [L.]. The island of Reil. 

Insular (in'-su-lar) [insula, an island]. I. 
Pertaining to the island of Reil. 2. Isolated ; 
occurring in patches. I. Sclerosis. See 
Sclerosis. 

Insulate (in' ' su-ldt) [insula, an island]. To 
isolate or separate from surroundings. In 
electricity, to surround a conductor with a 
nonconducting substance. 

Integument (in-teg'-u-ment) [in, upon; 
tegere, to cover]. A covering, especially the 
skin. I., Fetal, the fetal membranes. 

Intellect (in'-tel-ekt) [intellectus ; inter, be- 
tween ; legere, to choose]. The mind or the 
reasoning power. 

Intemperance (in - tern' '- per - ans) [in, not; 
temperare, to moderate]. Want of modera- 
tion ; immoderate indulgence, especially in 
alcoholic beverages. 

Intensification (in-ten-sif-ik-a f -shun) [in, 
upon ; tendere, to stretch]. The act of mak- 
ing intense, or of increasing the strength of 
anything. 

Intensity (in-ten' '-sit-e) [in, upon ; tendere, 
to stretch]. I. The state of being intense or 
high-strung. 2. The degree to which a force 
is capable of rising. 3. A high degree of 
energy or power. 

Intensive (in-ten' '-siv) [in, upon ; tendere, to 
stretch]. Gradually increased in force or in- 
tensity, as the I. method of inoculation. 

Intention (in-ten' -shun) [in, upon ; tendere, 
to stretch]. The end or purpose. See Heal- 
ing. I. -tremor, a tremor coming on when 
attempts at voluntary motion are made. 

Inter- (in r -ter-) [inter, between]. A prefix 
signifying between. 

Interarticular (in-ter-ar-tik' '-u-lar) [inter, 
between; articulus, a joint]. Situated be- 
tween joints. I. Fibrocartilage, the flat- 
tened cartilaginous plates between the articu- 
lar cartilages of certain joints. 

Interauricular (in-ter-aw-rik' '-u-lar) [inter, 
between; auricula, auricle]. Situated be- 
tween the auricles. 

Interbrain (in f - ter - bran). See Thalamen- 
cephalon. 

Intercadence (in - ter - ha' '- dens) [inter, be- 
tween; cadere, to fall]. An irregular beat- 
ing of the pulse, in which an additional beat 
is interposed between two pulsations. 



INTERCALARY 



335 



INTERNAL 



Intercalary, Intercalated (in-ter' '-kal-a-re ', 
in-ter' '-kal-a-ted) [inter, between; calare, to 
insert]. Placed or inserted between. 

Intercarotid (in-ter-kar-of '-id) [inter, be- 
tween; xapoeiv, to produce sleep]. Situated 
between the external and internal carotid 
arteries, as the I. ganglion. 

Intercellular (in-ter-seF-u-lar) [inter, be- 
tween; cellula, a small cell]. Between cells, 
as I. substance of tissue. 

Intercentral (in -ter -sen'- tral) [inter, be- 
tween ; centrum, a center] . Between cen- 
ters. 

Interchondral (in-ter-kon' '-dral) [inter, be- 
tween ; %6vdpog, cartilage]. Between carti- 
lages. 

Interclavicular (in-ter-klav-ik' ' -u-lar) [inter, 
between; clavicula, the collar-bone]. Be- 
tween the clavicles. 

Intercolumnar (in-ter- kol-um f -nar) [inter, 
between; columna, column]. Between pil- 
lars, as the I. fascia, between the pillars of 
the external abdominal ring. 

Intercondyloid (in-ter-kon f -dil-oid) [inter, 
between ; novdvAog, a knob ; eldog, likeness]. 
Between condyles. I. Fossa, the notch 
between the condyles of the femur. 

Intercostal (in-ter- kos' '-tal) [inter, between; 
costa, a rib]. Between the ribs. I. Arteries, 
the arteries of the intercostal spaces. See 
Arteries, Table of. I. Muscles. See Mus- 
cles, Table of . I. Nerves, the anterior divis- 
ions of the dorsospinal nerves. 

Intercostohumeral (in - ter- kos-to-hu' '-mer- 
al) [inter, between; costa, rib; humerus, 
the bone of the upper arm]. Pertaining to 
the arm and the space between the ribs, as 
the I. nerve. 

Intercurrent (in-t&r-kur' -enf) [inter, between ; 
currere, to run]. Occurring or taking place 
between. I. Disease, a disease arising or 
progressing during the existence of another 
disease in the same person. 

Interdigital (in - ter - dij'- it - al) [inter, be- 
tween; digitus, a finger]. Between the fin- 
gers. 

Interdigitation (in-ter-dij-it-a f -shun) [inter, 
between ; digitus, a finger]. The locking or 
dovetailing of similar parts, as the fingers of 
one hand with those of the other; or of the 
ends of the obliquus externus muscle with 
those of the serratus magnus. 

Interfascicular (in-ter-fas-ik' '-u-lar) [inter, 
between ; fasciculus, a bundle]. Situated 
between fasciculi. 

Interference (in- ter-fe f -rens)[inter, between ; 

ferire, to strike]. The act of interfering or 
preventing. I. of Light, the mutual neutral- 
ization of waves of light, when the crest of 
one wave falls upon the trough of another. 
I. of Sound, the neutralization of two sound- 
waves, one by the other. 



Interfibrillar (in-ter -fi f -bril-ar) [inter, be- 
tween \Jibra, a fiber]. Situated between the 
fibrillae of tissues. 

Interganglionic (in-ter-gang-le-on f -ik) [in- 
ter, between ; ydyyAiov, a ganglion]. Con- 
necting one ganglion with another ; lying 
between ganglia. 

Interlamellar (in-ter- lam- eV-ar) [inter, be- 
tween; lamella, a layer]. Between the lam- 
ellae. 

Interlobar (in-ter-lo' '-bar) [inter, between ; 
lobus, a lobe]. Situated between lobes, as 
I. pleurisy. 

Interlobular (in - ter - lob f - u - lar) [inter, be- 
tween ; lobulus, a lobule] . Between lobules. 

Intermarriage (in-ter-mar' -aj) [inter, be- 
tween ; maritare, to marry ]. Marriage be- 
tween persons related by consanguinity, or 
between persons of different races. 

Intermaxillary (in-ter-maks' -il-a-re) [inter, 
between ; maxilla, jaw-bone]. Between the 
maxillary bones. I. Bone, the small bone 
that receives the incisors, situated between 
the superior maxillary bones of the fetus. 

Intermediate (in-ter-me'-de-al) [inter, be- 
tween; medius, middle]. Situated between. 

Intermediolateral (in-ter-me-de-o-latf -er-al) 
[inter, between ; medius, middle ; latus, 
side]. Both lateral and intermediate, as the 
I. tract of the spinal cord. 

Intermeningeal (in-ter-men-in' '-je-at) [inter, 
between ; /u^viy^, membrane] . Between the 
dura and the arachnoid, or between the lat- 
ter and the pia. I. Hemorrhage, a hemor- 
rhage between the meninges of the brain or 
spinal cord. 

Intermenstrual (in-ter-men' -stru-al) [inter, 
between; mensis, month]. Between the men- 
strual periods. 

Intermetacarpal (in-ter-met-a-kar' -pal) [in 
ter, between; /uerd, beyond; tcapirog, the 
wrist]. Between the metacarpal bones. 

Intermetatarsal [in-ter-met-a-tar' '-sal) [in- 
ter, between ; uerd, beyond ; rapaog, tarsus] . 
Between the metatarsal bones. 

Intermission (in - ter - mish' '- uti) [inter, be- 
tween; mittere, to send]. An interval, as 
between the paroxysms of a fever, or between 
the beats of the pulse. 

Intermittent (in - ter - mit' '- ent) [inter, be- 
tween; mittere, to send or occur] . Occurring 
at intervals ; characterized by intermissions 
or intervals, as I. fever, I. insanity, I. pulse, 
I. sterilization. 

Intermuscular (in-ter-mus' '-ku-lar) [inter, 
between ; musculus, a muscle]. Situated be- 
tween muscles. 

Intern (in f -tem) [Fr. , interne"]. An in-door 
or resident physician in a hospital. 

Internal (in-ter'-nal) [intemus, inward]. 
Situated within or on the inside. I. Capsule, 
the band of white nerve-matter between the 



INTERNODAL 



336 



INTESTINAL 



optic thalamus and caudate nucleus on the 
inner, and the lenticular nucleus on the outer 
side. It is the continuation of the crus cere- 
bri, and consists of an anterior and a pos- 
terior limb joined at an angle, termed the 
knee. It is composed of fibers coming from 
and going to the cortex cerebri. I. Medi- 
cine, that branch of medicine which treats 
of disease affecting the internal organs. I. 
Rectus. See Muscles, Table of. I. Resist- 
ance. See Resistance . 

Internodal {in-ter-no' -dal). See Intemode. 

Internode {in' -ter -nod) [inter, between; 
nodus, a knot]. The space between two 
nodes of a nerve-fiber, as the I. between the 
nodes of Ranvie'r, also termed internodal 
segment. 

Internuncial {in-ter-nun' '-she-al) [inter, be- 
tween ; nuncius, a. messenger]. Serving as 
a connecting or announcing medium, as I. 
fibers, nerve-fibers connecting nerve-cells. 

Internus {in-ter' -nus) . I. See Internal. 2. 
The internal rectus muscle of the eye. 

Interorbital {in - ter- or'- bit- al) [inter, be- 
tween ; orbita, the orbit]. Situated between 
the orbits. 

Interosseous {in - ter - os' '- e - us) [inter, be- 
tween; os, a bone]. Between bones, as I. 
arteries, membrane, muscles, or nerves. 

Interparietal {in - ter -par - i / - e - tal) [inter, 
between ; paries, walls] . Between walls ; 
between the parietal bones, as I. suture ; 
between parts of the parietal lobe, as I. fis- 
sure. 

Interpeduncular {in - ter- pe - dung f - ku- lar) 
[inter, between; pedunculus, a little foot]. 
Situated between the cerebral or cerebellar 
peduncles. I. Space, the pons Tarini, or 
posterior perforated space that forms the 
posterior portion of the floor of the third ven- 
tricle. 

Interphalangeal {in-ter-fa-lan' '-je-al) [inter, 
between; <pd'Aay^, a finger]. Between the 
fingers or the toes. 

Interpubic {in-ter-pu f -bik) [inter, between ; 
pubis, pubis]. Situated between the pubic 
bones. 

Interradial {in - ter - ra' '- de - al) [inter, be- 
tween; radius, a ray]. Situated between 
two rays. 

Interrupted {in-ter-up' -ted) [interrumpere, 
to break apart]. Discontinuous; broken; 
irregular. 

Interrupter {in-ter-up' '-ter) [interrumpere , to 
break apart]. That which interrupts; spe- 
cifically, a device for breaking an electric 
current. 

Interscapular {in - ter - skap f - u - lar) [inter, 
between; scapula, the shoulder-blade]. Be- 
tween the shoulder-blades. 

Interstitial {in-ter-stish' ' -al) [inter, between ; 
sistere, to place]. I. Situated between im- 



portant parts ; occupying the interspaces or 
interstices of a part. 2. Pertaining to the 
interstitial or connective tissue. I. Inflam- 
mation, inflammation of the interstitial or 
connective tissue. I. Keratitis. See Kera- 
titis. 

Intertransversales {in-ter -trans -vers a' -les) 
[intertransverse^. Short bundles of muscular 
fibers extending between the transverse pro- 
cesses of contiguous vertebrae. 

Intertransverse {in-ter-trans-vers f ) [inter, 
between; transversus, turned across]. Con- 
necting the transverse processes of contiguous 
vertebrae. 

Intertrigo {in-ter-tri 1 -go) [inter, between ; 
ter ere, to rub]. An erythematous eruption 
of the skin produced by friction of adjacent 
parts. 

Intertrochanteric {in-ter-tro-kan-ter' '-ik) [in- 
ter, between ; rpoxavTrjp, trochanter]. Be- 
tween the trochanters. I. Line, See Lines, 
Table of. 

Intertubular {in-ter-tu' '-bu-lar) [inter, be- 
tween; tubulus, a tube]. Between tubes. 
I. Substance, the translucent, granular sub- 
stance of the dentine of the tooth. 

Interureteric {in-ter-u-re-ter' '-ik) [inter, be- 
tween ; ovpijTrjp, ureter]. Situated between 
the ureters. 

Interval {in' -ter-val) [inter, between ; val- 
lum, a rampart]. A space or lapse either of 
time or distance, as the interval between the 
paroxysms of a fever, or between two organs 
or parts of the body. L, Focal, the distance 
between the anterior and posterior focal points. 

Interventricular {in-ter-ven-trik' '-u-lar) [in- 
ter, between; ventriculum , a ventricle']. 
Situated between ventricles. I. Septum, 
the partition between the ventricles of the 
heart. 

Intervertebral {in - ter - ver f - te - bral) [inter, 
between; vertebra, a bone of the spine]. 
Between the vertebrae. I. Discs, the discs 
of fibrocartilage between the adjacent sur- 
faces of the bodies of the vertebrae. I. Fo- 
ramen. Set Foramen. I. Notch, the notch 
at the base of the pedicle on the sides of 
the body of each vertebra. 

Intervillous {in-ter-viV -us) [inter, between ; 
villus, a tuft of hair]. Situated between villi. 

Intestinal {in - tes' '- tin - al) [intestinum, the 
intestine]. Pertaining to the intestine. I. 
Absorption, the absorption of the products 
of digestion by the capillaries, veins, and 
lacteals of the mucous membrane of the in- 
testines. I. Anastomosis. See Anastomosis. 
I. Canal, the entire intestinal passage from 
the beginning of the duodenum to the anus. 
I. Concretion. See Enterolith. I. Juice, . 
succus entericus, the secretion of the intestinal 
glands, a pale-yellow fluid, alkaline in re- 
action, having a specific gravity of ion, 



INTESTINE 



337 



INTRAVASCULAR 



and possessing diastatic and proteolytic prop- 
erties. It also, to a certain extent, emulsifies 
and decomposes fats. 

Intestine {in-tes*-tin\ [intestinics, intestine, 
from intics, within]. The part of the diges- 
tive tube extending from the beginning of the 
pylorus to the anus. It consists of the small 
and large intestine. The former is about 63^ 
meters (20 feet) in length, and extends from 
the pylorus to its junction with the large intes- 
tine at the cecum. Three divisions are de- 
scribed, — the duodenum, 22 cm. long, is the 
most important ; the jejunum, 2. 2 meters long, 
and the ileum, 4 meters long. The large in- 
testine is about 1.6 meters (5 feet) long, and 
consists of the cecum (with the appendix ver- 
miformis), the colon, and the rectum. The 
wall of the intestine is made up of four coats, 
— a serous, muscular, submucous, and mu- 
cous. Embedded in the wall are minute 
glands, and projecting from the surface, in 
the small intestine, are the villi. The func- 
tion of the intestine is to continue and com- 
plete the changes begun in the mouth and 
stomach, and to remove the waste-matter or 
feces. 

Intima {in' -tim-ah) [tunica, membrane, un- 
derstood]. The innermost of the three coats 
of an artery. 

Intolerance (in-tol f -er-ans) [in, not ; tolerare, 
to bear]. The inability to endure the effect 
of anything, as e.g., a drug. 

Intoxication (in-toks-ik-a' 'shun) [in, in ; 
to^lkov, poison]. I. Poisoning. 2. The 
acute state produced by overindulgence in 
alcohol. 

Intra- (in' -trah-) [intra, within]. A prefix 
signifying within. 

Intraabdominal (in-trah-ab-dom' '-in-al) [in- 
tra, within; abdomen\ Within the cavity 
of the abdomen. 

Intraarticular (in-trah-ar-tik' '-u-lar) [intra, 
within ; articulus, joint]. Within a joint. 

Intracapsular (in-trah-kap' '-su-lar) [intra, 
within; capsula, capsule]. Within the cap- 
sular ligament of a joint, as I. fracture. 

I ntracartilaginous (in-trah-kar-til-af -in-tis) 
[intra, within ; cartilago, cartilage]. With- 
in a cartilage, as I. ossification. 

Intracellular (in-trah-sel' -u-lar) [intra, with- 
in ; cellula, a little cell] . Within the cell. 

Intracerebral (in-trah-ser'-e-bral) [intra, 
within; cerebrum, cerebrum]. Within the 
cerebrum. 

Intracervical (in-trah-ser'-vik-al) [intra, 
within ; cervix, cervix]. Within the cervical 
canal of the uterus. 

Intracranial (in -trah- kra f -ne - al) [intra, 
within ; upaviov, the skull] . Within the 
skull. 

Intradermic (in-trah-der' -mik) [intra, with- 
in ; depiia, skin]. Within the skin. 
22 



Intradural {iu-trah-du' '-ral) [intra, within; 
durus, hard]. Situated or occurring within 
the dura. 

I ntraligamentous [in - trah - lig-am - en'-tus) 
[intra, within; ligamentum, a ligament]. 
Within or between the folds of a ligament, 
as an I. cyst. 

Intralobular (in-trah- lob' -u-lar) [intra, with- 
in ; lobulus, a little lobe]. Within a lobule, 
as I. vein of the liver. 

Intramembranous (in - trah - mem f - bran - us ) 
[intra, within; membrana, a membrane]. 
Developed or taking place within a mem- 
brane, as I. ossification. 

Intrameningeal (in-trah-men-in' -je-al) [in- 
tra, within; pJrjviy^, membrane]. Situated 
within the substance of the membranes of the 
brain or spinal cord. 

Intramural (in-trah-mu'-ral) [intra, with- 
in ; mura, a wall]. Within the substance of 
the walls of an organ, as I. fibroid of the 
uterus. 

Intramuscular (in-trah-mus'-hu-lar) [intra, 
within ; musculus, a muscle] . Within the 
substance of a muscle. 

Intranasal (in-trah-na' -sal) [intra, within ; 
nasus, nose]. Within the cavity of the 
nose. 

Intraocular (in-trah-ok' '-u-lar) [intra, with- 
in ; oculus, eye] . Within the globe of the 
eye, as I. hemorrhage. 

Intraorbital (in-trah-or 1 '-bit-al) [intra, with- 
in ; orbita, orbit]. Within the orbit. 

Intraparietal (in-trah-par-i* '-e-tal) [intra, 
within; paries, a wall]. 1. Within the wall 
of an organ. 2. Within the parietal region 
of the cerebrum, as the I. fissure. 

Intrapelvic (in-trah-pel' ' -vik) [intra, within ; 
pelvis, basin]. Within the pelvic cavity. 

Intraperitoneal (in-tra-per-it-on-e' -al) [in- 
tra, within ; Treptrovacov, the peritoneum] . 
Within the peritoneum. 

Intrapleural (in-trah-plu'-ral) [intra, with- 
in ; TtXevpd, a rib]. Within the pleural cav- 
ity. 

Intrapolar (in-trah-po' '-lar) [intra, within; 
polus, pole]. Between two poles. 

Intrapulmonary (in-trah-pul' -mon-a-re) [in- 
tra, within; pulmo, the lung]. Within the 
substance of the lung. 

Intraspinal (in-trah-spi'-nal) [intra, within ; 
spina, spine]. Within the spinal canal. 

Intratubal (in-trah-tu' -bal~) [intra, within ; 
tuba, a trumpet]. Within a Fallopian tube. 

Intratympanic (in-trah-tim-pan' -ik) [intra, 
within; tympanum, the ear-drum]. Within 
the tympanic cavity. 

Intrauterine ( in-trah-ti' -ter-ln ) [ intra, 
within; uterus, womb]. Within the uterus. 

Intravascular (in-trah-vas' -ku-lar) [intra, 
within; vasculum, a small vessel]. Within 
the blood-vessels. 



INTRAVENOUS 



338 



IODIN 



Intravenous (in-trah-ve' '-nus) [intra, with- 
in ; vena, a vein]. Within, or into the veins. 
I. Injection, the introduction of a solution 
directly into a vein. 

Intravesical [in-trah-ves' '-ik-al) [intra, with- 
in; vesica, bladder]. Within the bladder. 

Intrinsic (in-trin f -sik) [intrinsecus , on the 
inside]. Inherent; situated within; pecu- 
liar to a part, as the I. muscles of the larynx. 

Intro- (in'-tro-) [intro, within]. A prefix 
signifying within. 

Introitus (in-tro' '-it-us) [intro, within ; ire, 
to go]. An aperture or entrance. I. pel- 
vis, the inlet of the pelvis. I. vaginae, the 
entrance to the vagina. 

Intromission (in-tro-mishf -un) [intro, with- 
in ; mittere, to send]. The introduction of 
one body into another. 

Introsusception (in-tro-sus-sep' 'shun) [in- 
tro, within; suscipere, to receive]. Intus- 
susception. 

Introversion [in-tro-ver' '-shun) [intro, with- 
in ; vertere, to turn]. A turning within, as 
a sinking within itself of the uterus. 

Intubation {in-tti-ba' -shiut) [in, in ; tubus, a 
pipe]. The introduction of a tube into a 
part, particularly of a tube into the larynx, 
to allow the entrance of air into the lungs, 
as in diphtheria. 

Intumescence (in-tu-mes / -ens) [intumescere, 
to swell]. A swelling. 

Intumescentia {in-tu-mes-en'-she-ah) [L.]. 
A swelling. I. gangliformis, the reddish 
gangliform swelling of the facial nerve in 
the aquaeductus Fallopii. 

Intussusception (in-tus-sus-ep' '-shun) [intus, 
within ; suscipere, to receive]. Invagina- 
tion or slipping of one part of the intestine 
into the part beyond. It is most frequent in 
the young, occurring as a rule on the right 
side, the ileum slipping into the ascending 
colon, carrying the ileocecal valve in front of 
it. The condition is characterized by pain, 
tenesmus, frequent small bloody stools, the 
presence of a sausage -shaped tumor in the 
flank, and often, on rectal examination, of a 
mass in the rectum. 

Inula \in f -u-lah) [L.]. Elecampane. The 
root of I. helenium, a plant of the natural 
order Composite, containing a principle re- 
sembling starch and termed inulin (3C 12 H 20 - 
O 10 -\- H 2 0), a crystalline body, alantic acid 
(C 15 H 20 O 2 ), alantol (C 10 H 16 O), and helenin 
(C 6 H 8 0). Elecampane is tonic, stimulant, dia- 
phoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, and ex- 
pectorant, and has been used in amenorrhea, 
dropsy? and in scaly skin-diseases. Dose gr. 

Inunction (in-unk' '-shun) [inunguere, to 
anoint] . The act of rubbing an oily or fatty 
substance into the skin. Also, the substance 
used. 



Invagination (in-vaj-in-a' '-shun) [in, in ; 
vagina, a sheath] . The act of ensheathing or 
becoming ensheathed. 

Invalid {in r -val-id) [in, not ; valere, to be 
well]. I. Not well. 2. One who is not 
well, especially one who is chronically ill or 
whose convalescence is slow. 3. Suitable for 
an invalid person, as I. diet, I. chair. 

Invasion (in-va / -zhun) [in, upon ; vadere, to 
go]. The onset, especially that of a disease. 
Also, the manner in which the disease begins 
its attack. 

Inversion (in-ver f -shun) [in, not ; vertere, 
to turn]. I. The act of turning inward. 2. 
A turning upside down. 3. In chemistry, 
the conversion of a dextrorotatory compound 
into one that is levorotatory. 

Invert Sugar. A sugar that turns rays of 
polarized light to the left. The term is usually 
applied to levulose or to a mixture of dextrose 
and levulose. 

Invertebrata {in-ver-te-bra' '-tah) [in, not; 
vertebra, vertebra]. Animals that have no 
spinal column. 

Invertin {in-ver' '-tin) [in, not ; vertere, to 
turn]. A ferment found in the intestinal 
juice, and produced by several species of 
yeast plant ; it converts cane-sugar in solu- 
tion into invert-sugar. 

Investing (in-ves / -ting) [investire, to invest]. 
Ensheathing, surrounding. 

Inveterate {in-vef-er-at) [in, with an inten- 
sive force; vetus, old]. Long established; 
obstinate, as an I. skin-disease. 

In vitro (in vit'-ro) [L.]. Within glass, 
especially within test-tubes. 

Involucrum (in-vol-u'-krum) [involvere, to 
enwrap]. The covering of a part. The 
sheath of bone enveloping a sequestrum. 

Involuntary (in-vol f -un-ta-re)[in, not ; velle, 
to will]. Performed or acting independently 
of the will. I. Muscles, those that are not 
governed by the will. 

Involution (in-vo-lu' '-shun) [involvere, to 
roll upon]. I. A turning or rolling inward. 
2. The retrogressive change to their normal 
condition that certain organs undergo after 
fulfilling their functional purposes. I. of the 
Uterus, the return of the uterus after gesta- 
tion to its normal weight and condition. I.- 
forms, a term applied to microorganisms that 
have undergone degenerative changes as a 
result of unfavorable environment. 

Iodic Acid (i-od / -ih). See Acid. 

Iodid [i'-o-did) [\iddrjg, violet-colored, from 
lov, 2l violet; eidog, appearance]. A com- 
pound of iodin with a base. 

Iodin, Iodum (i f -o-din, i-o f -dum) [\li6rjq, 
violet-colored, from lov, a violet ; eidog, 
appearance]. Symbol I; atomic weight 
126.53; quantivalence I; specific gravity 
4.948 at 17 C. (62. 6° F.). A nonmetallic 



IODISM 



339 



IRIDOCHOROIDITIS 



element with metallic luster, volatilizing at a 
low temperature, and giving off an irritating 
crimson - purple vapor. It occurs in most 
marine plants, in shell-fish, and in cod-liver 
oil. It is soluble in alcohol, in solutions of 
potassium iodid and of sodium chlorid. It is 
a powerful irritant, and is used chiefly as an 
alterative in scrofula and rickets ; as an ab- 
sorbent in goiter and lymphatic enlargements ; 
as a counterirritant, and to produce inflam- 
matory reaction in hydrocele and other cysts. 
The long-continued use of iodin and its pre- 
paration produces a form of poisoning termed 
iodism. See Iodism. I. -green, a green 
pigment derived from coal-tar, used in histo- 
logic work. ' Linimentum iodi (B. P.), 
used locally. Liquor iodi compositus, 
Lugol's solution. Dose Tt\J-x (0.065-0.65). 
Tinct. iodi. Dose n\v-xv (0.32-1.0). It 
is chiefly used locally. Unguentum iodi, 
is used locally as an absorbent. Vapor iodi 
(B\ P.), used for inhalation. 

Iodism {i' '- - dizm) [iud/ig, violet- colored, 
from lov, a violet; elSog, appearance]. A 
condition arising from the prolonged use of 
iodin or iodin-compounds, marked by frontal 
headache, coryza, ptyalism, and various 
skin-eruptions, especially acne ; rarely by a 
cachexia with atrophy of the sexual organs 
and marked nervous symptoms. 

Iodized (i'-o-dlzd) [iwJ^c, violet -colored, 
from lov, a violet ; eldog, appearance]. Im- 
pregnated with iodin. 

Iodoform (2 - o / - do -form) \iodin ; forma, 
form], CHI 3 . Triiodomethane. Formyl 
tri iodid, a yellow, finely crystalline sub- 
stance having a peculiar penetrating odor, 
and containing about 96. 7 per cent, iodin by 
weight. It is readily soluble in chloroform 
and ether, less readily in alcohol, and but 
slightly in water. Iodoform is antiseptic and 
anesthetic, and is used as a dressing to wounds 
and syphilitic and chancroidal ulcers, either 
in powder or in the form of iodoform-gauze. 
In tuberculous affections, when it can be di- 
rectly introduced, it has yielded good results, 
being in such cases usually employed in the 
form of an emulsion in olive oil or as an 
ethereal solution. Internally it has been 
used as an alterative in goiter, rickets, pul- 
monary tuberculosis, and syphilis. Dose gr. 
j-iij (0.065-0.20). The use of large quanti- 
ties locally has led to the production of toxic 
symptoms, which resemble those of meningi- 
tis, and to fatty degeneration of the internal 
organs. I. -gauze, gauze impregnated with 
iodoform. I., Suppositoria (B.P.), are used 
after rectal operations and in fissure of the 
anus. I., Unguentum (U.S. P.), is used 
as a local antiseptic and stimulant. 

Iodol (i'-o-dol) \jud17g, violet-colored, from 
tov, a violet; eidog, appearance], C 4 I 4 NH. 



Tetraiodopyrrol, an odorless, grayish-brown 
powder, soluble in alcohol and in ether, and 
used as a substitute for iodoform, and also in 
the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Dose 
gr. ss-v (0.032-0.32). Unof. 

Iodum (i-o'-dum). Iodin. 

Ioduret {i-od'-u-ret) \_iodin\. An iodid. 

Ion {i' '-on) [Icjv, lov, going]. An element 
set free by electrolysis, and classified as an 
anion or kation, according as it is set free at 
the positive or negative pole. 

Iotacism {i-o f -tas-izm) [lura, the letter I]. 
Inability to pronounce distinctly the proper 
sound of the letter i. 

Ipecac, Ipecacuanha {ip'-e-kak, ip-e-kak- 
u-an f -ah) [Braz. , ipecaaguen\. Ipecac. 
The root of Cephselis ipecacuanha, a plant 
of the order Rubiaceae, containing an alka- 
loid, emetin, C 28 H 40 N 2 O 5 , and ipecacuanhic 
acid. Ipecac in large doses is emetic, in 
small doses diaphoretic, expectorant, and in 
minute doses, a gastric stimulant. It is 
used as an emetic, especially in narcotic 
poisoning, and, in children, to dislodge 
membranes and secretions in croup and cap- 
illary bronchitis ; as a diaphoretic in acute 
colds, as an expectorant in bronchitis, as a 
sedative in vomiting (in minute doses), and 
in dyspepsia as a stimulant. It is said to be 
a specific in tropical dysentery. Emetin is 
emetic, but irritant in large doses. Eme- 
tin. Dose as an emetic, gr. yi—}£ (0.008- 
0.016). I., Extractum, Fid. Dose TT\v- 
xxx (0.32-2.0). I. et morphinse, Tro- 
chisci. Dose j-yj. I. et opii, Pulvis 
(Pulvis ipecacuanhas comp. B. P.). Dover's 
powder. Dose gr. ij-xv (o. 13-1.0). I. 
et opii, Tinct. Dose TT^v-x (0.32-0.65). 
I. cum scilla, Pilula (B. P.). Dose gr. v- 
x (0.32-0.65). I., Syrupus. Dose as an 
emetic, rr^xxx-f^j (2.0—4.0) for a child ; 
f^ss-f^j (16.0—32.0), for an adult; as an 
expectorant, TT^v-fgj (0.32-4.0). I., Tro- 
chisci, each contains about ]/$ grain (0.021) 
of ipecac. I., Vinum. Dose Tr^j-f^j 
(0.065-4.0). 

Iridal (i' '-rid-al) [Ipcg, iris]. Relating to the 
iris. 

Iridectomy (ir-id-ek' '-to-me) [Ipig, iris ; ekto- 
firjy excision]. The cutting out of a part of 
the iris. 

Iridencleisis, or Iridenkleisis {ir-id-en-kli' '- 
sis) [ipig, iris ; eynXelv, to lock in] . See 
Iridodesis. 

Irideremia {ir-id-er-e* -me-ah) [Iptg, iris ; 
kp7]jj.ia, lack]. Absence of one or both irides. 

Iridescence (ir-id-es'-ens) \iridescere, to 
shine with rainbow-colors]. The property 
of breaking up light into the spectral colors. 

Iridesis (ir-id-e / -sis) . See Iridodesis. 

Iridochoroiditis [ir-id-o-ko-roid-i' '-tis) [Ipig, 
iris ; x°P i0V chorion ; eldog, likeness ; trig, 



IRIDOCYCLITIS 



340 



ISCHIOANAL 



inflammation]. Inflammation of both the 
iris and the choroid of the eye. 

Iridocyclitis {ir-id-o-sik-W -tis) [Ipig, iris; 
/ct'/c/loc, a circle ; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the iris and the ciliary body. 

Iridodesis {ir-id-od / -es-is) [I/kc, iris ; deaig, 
a binding together]. An operation for the 
purpose of altering the position of the pupil, 
by drawing the iris into one or two small 
openings in the cornea and preventing its 
return by a loop of silk placed around it. 

Iridodialysis (ir-id-o-di-al' -is-is). See Core- 
dialysis. 

Iridodonesis (ir-id-o-do-ne' '-sis) \lptg, iris ; 
Aovqaig, a trembling]. Tremulousness of 
the iris ; hippus. 

Iridoplegia {ir-id-o-ple' '-je-ah) [Jptg, iris ; 
■KTirjyrj, stroke]. Paralysis of the sphincter 
of the iris. 

Iridotomy {ir-id-ot* '-o-me) [Iptg, iris ; rofxi], 
section]. An incision into the iris. 

Iris {i f - ris) [ipig, a halo or rainbow]. I. 
A colored circular membrane, placed be- 
tween the cornea and the lens, and having 
a central perforation, the pupil. It is 
about half an inch in breadth, and consists 
principally of two sets of unstriped mus- 
cular fibers, the sphincter of the iris, or 
sphincter pupillce, a narrow zone of cir- 
cular fibers surrounding the pupil, and the 
dilator of the iris, or dilator piipillce, a radiate 
band of fibers extending from the pupil to 
the border of the iris. I. -contraction. 
See Reflexes, Table of. 2. Iris, or Blue flag, 
a plant of the natural order Irideae. The 
rhizome of Iris versicolor (Iris, U. S. P.) is 
cathartic, emetic, and diuretic. Dose gr. 
x-xx (0.65-1.3). Extractum iridis. Dose 
gr. i-ij (0.065-0.13). Extractum iridis 
fiuidum. Dose rr^v-x (0.32-0.65). I., Flor- 
entine, Orris root, the root of Iris florentina, 
emetocathartic and diuretic. At present it is 
used chiefly as an ingredient of tooth powders. 

Irish Moss. See Ckondrus. 

Iritic {i-rit'-ik) [Iptg, iris; irig, inflammation]. 
Of the nature of, pertaining to, or affected 
with, iritis. 

Iritis (i-ri f -tis) [Iptg, iris ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the iris. 

Iritomy {i-rit f -o-me). See Iridotomy. 

Iron (i f -ern) [AS., iren, iron]. See Ferrum. 

Irradiation {ir - ra-de-a' '-shun) [in, into ; 
radiare, to radiate]. A phenomenon in which, 
owing to the difference in the illumination of 
the field of vision, or its background, objects 
appear much larger than they really are. 

Irreducible {ir-re-du' -se-bl) [in, not ; re- 
ducere,to lead back]. Not reducible; not 
capable of being replaced in a normal posi- 
tion, as an I. hernia. 

Irregular {ir-reg' '-u-lar) [in, not; regula, 
rule]. Not regular ; not normal or accord- 



ing to rule ; not rhythmic ; not recurring at 
proper intervals, as an I. pulse. 

Irrespirable {ir-res' -pir-a-bl) [m, not; res- 
pirare, to breathe]. Not capable of being 
breathed. 

Irrigation [ir-ig-a' '-shun) [irrigare, to lead 
water to]. The act of washing out by a 
stream of water, as I. of the bladder. I., 
Continuous, the continuous passage of a 
stream of water over a surface, in order to 
reduce or limit inflammation. 

Irrigator {ir' '-ig-a-tor) [irrigare, to lead water 
to]. An apparatus for performing irrigation. 

Irritability {ir-it-ab-iV-it-e) [irritare, to irri- 
tate, to tease]. I. The state of being irri- 
table, or of responding to stimuli. 2. A 
functional disturbance of a part on account of 
which it reacts excessively to slight stimula- 
tion, as I. of the bladder, a condition in 
which the urine is voided in small quantities 
at short intervals. I., Faradic, the state in 
which the faradic current will cause muscular 
contraction. I., Galvanic, the state in which 
the galvanic current will cause muscular con- 
traction. I., Muscular, the inherent con- 
tractile quality of a muscle. I., Nervous, 
the property of a nerve to transmit impulses 
upon stimulation. 

Irritable (ir'-it-a-bl) [irritare, to irritate, to 
tease]. I. Reacting to stimuli. 2. Easily 
excited. I. Bladder, a condition of the 
bladder marked by constant desire to void 
urine. I. Heart, a peculiar condition of the 
heart characterized by precordial pain, dysp- 
nea on exertion, palpitation, and irregularity 
of the heart's action. 

Irritant {ir' '-it-ant) [irritare, to excite]. I. 
Causing or giving rise to irritation. 2. An 
agent that induces irritation. 

Irritation (ir-it-a'-shun) [irritare, to excite]. 
I. A condition of undue excitement. 2. The 
act of irritating or stimulating. 3. The stimu- 
lus necessary to the performance of a function. 

Irritative {ir' -it-a-tiv) [irritare, to excite]. 
Characterized by or dependent on irritation. 
I. Fever, a febrile condition dependent 
upon the presence in the body of irritating 
substances. 

Ischemia (is-ke'-me-ah) [lax^i-v, to check ; 
atua, blood]. Local anemia. 

Ischemic [is-kem' '-ik)[lox tiv , to check ; at/w, 
blood] . Affected with or relating to ischemia. 

Ischialgia (is- ke-al f -je-ah) [lax'tov, hip ; ak- 
yoc, pain]. Sciatica; neuralgia of the hip. 

Ischiatic {is-ke-af '-ik) [lax'iov, hip]. Per- 
taining to the ischium. 

Ischidrosis {is-kid-ro' '-sis) [ioxuv, to sup- 
press; ISpug, sweat]. Suppression of sweat. 

Ischio- {is'-ke-o-) [laxiov, hip]. A prefix in- 
dicating relationship to the ischium, or the hip. 

Ischioanal {is-ke-o-a' -nal) [ischium ; anus, 
anus]. Pertaining to the ischium and anus. 



ISCHIOBULBAR 



341 



ISOPEPSIN 



Ischiobulbar [is ■ ke - o - bul f - bar) [ischium ; 
j36hj3oc, a bulb]. Pertaining to the ischium 
and the bulb of the urethra. 

Ischiocapsular [is-ke-o-cap' '-su-lar) [ischium; 
capsula, a capsule]. Pertaining to the isch- 
ium and the capsular ligament of the hip. 

Ischiocavernosus (is - ke- o kav-er-no'- sus) 
[ischium; caver na, cavern]. The erector 
penis (or erector clitoridis). The word Mus- 
culus is understood. 

Ischiocele (is f -ke-o-sel) [lax'iov, hip ; arfki], 
tumor]. Hernia through the sciatic notch. 

Ischiofemoral (is-ke-o-fem' '-o-rat ') [ischium ; 
femur, femur]. Pertaining to the ischium 
and the femur. 

Ischioneuralgia (is-ke-o-nu-ral' '-je-ah) [isch- 
ium ; vEvpov, nerve ; alyoc, pain]. Sciatica. 

Ischioperineal^is-he-o-per-in-e'-al) [ischium ; 
irepivaLov, perineum]. Pertaining to both 
ischium and perineum ; pertaining to the 
space between the anus and the scrotum. 

Ischiorectal {is-ke-o-rek' '-tal) [\gx'lov, isch- 
ium; rectus, straight]. Pertaining to both 
ischium and rectum. I. Abscess, an inflam- 
mation of the areolar tissue of the ischiorectal 
fossa. I. Fossa, a deep fossa filled with 
loose areolar tissue situated between the 
rectum and the ischium. 

Ischium {is f -ke-uni) [lax'iov, hip]. The in- 
ferior part of the os innominatum ; the bone 
upon which the body rests in sitting. 

Ischomenia (is-ho-me'-ne-ah) [laxeiv, to sup- 
press; [xr]v, month, menses]. Suppression 
of the menstrual flow. 

Ischuretic [is-ku-ref -ik) [iax £lv > to suppress ; 
urina, urine]. I. Relating to or relieving 
ischuria. 2. A remedy or agent that relieves 
retention or suppression of urine. 

Ischuria {is-ku r -re-ah) [iox £LV t to suppress ; 
urina, urine]. Retention or suppression of 
urine. 

Isinglass (z v '-zing-glas) . See Ichthyocolla. 
I., Vegetable. See Agar-agar. 

Island of Reil (i'-land; rll) [ J. C. Reil, a 
German anatomist]. A group of five or six 
small convolutions (gyri operti) situated at 
the bottom of the fissure of Sylvius. 

Iso- (i'-so-) [iooQ, equal]. A prefix signify- 
ing equal, or, in chemic nomenclature, isom- 
eric. 

Isoamylamin ( *- so - am -il f - am - in ) [ laog, 
equal; amy him, starch; amiri\. A pto- 
main obtained in the distillation of born with 
potassic hydrate ; it also occurs in the putre- 
faction of yeast. 

Isochromatic (i-so-kro-mat' -ik) [Zcroc, equal ; 
Xpti/ua, color]. Having the same color 
throughout. 

Isochronous [i - sok f - ro - nus) [icog, equal ; 
Xp6voq, time]. Occurring at or occupying 
equal intervals of time. 

Isocoria (i- so- ko' -re-ah) [looq, equal ; ndpi], 



pupil]. Equality in diameter of the two 
pupils. 

Isodiametric (i-so di-am-et' '-rik) [)<xoc, equal ; 
did, through ; fierpov, measure]. Having 
equal diameters. 

Isodynamic (i-so-di-nam'-ik) [looq, equal ; 
dvva/uiq, force]. Having or generating equal 
amounts of force. I. Foods, those that pro- 
duce an equal amount of heat in undergoing 
the chemic changes of digestion. 

Isoelectric [i-so-e-lek f -trik) [looq, equal; tjTim- 
rpov, amber]. Having the same electric 
properties throughout. 

Isolate {is f -o-lat or i'-so-lai) [isola, from insula, 
an island]. To separate ; to place apart. 

Isomer [i/-som-er) [laog , equal ; fiepog, apart]. 
An isomeric body. See Isomeric. 

Isomeric [i-so-mer' '-ik) [loog, equal ; [iepoq, a 
part]. Of a chemic substance, composed of 
the same elements united in the same propor- 
tions by weight ; in a restricted sense, com- 
posed of the same elements and having the 
same molecular weight as another substance. 

Isomerism (i-som'-er-izm) [iaoc, equal ; fie- 
poc, apart]. The quality of being isomeric. I. 
is of two kinds — (a) substances may have the 
same percentage-composition and the same 
molecular weights ; these are termed meta- 
meric ; (b) they may have the same percent- 
age-composition, but different molecular 
weights; these are termed polymeric. Ammo- 
nium cyanate, CON. NH 4 , and urea, CON 2 H 4 , 
are metameric; acetylene, C 2 H 2 , benzene, 
C 6 Hg, and styrene, C 8 H 8 , are polymeric. I., 
Physical, the form in which bodies that 
are isomeric and not differing chemically 
present different physical properties, such as 
their action toward polarized light. 

Isometric {i-so-mef '-rik) [taoc, equal ; juet- 
pov, measure]. Of the same dimensions. I. 
Muscular Act, the preservation of the length 
of a muscle when stimulated, the muscle only 
undergoing a change in tension. 

Isometropia [i-so-met-ro' -pe-ah) [Igoq, equal ; 
/uerpov, measure ; on/;, eye]. Equality of kind 
and degree in the refraction of the two eyes. 

Isomorphic [i-so-mor 1 '-fik) \}ooq, equal ; /nop- 
<j)i/, form]. Having the same form; of crys- 
tals, crystallizing in the same form. 

Isomorphism {i-so-mor' '-fizm) [icoq, equal ; 
fj-opcbi], form]. Similarity in crystalline form. 

\soxnox^ho\xs (i-so-mor f -f us) . See Isomorphic. 

Isopathy [i-sop' -ath-e) [looq, equal; Trddog, 
suffering]. The treatment of disease by the 
administration of the causative agent or of 
its products, as the treatment of smallpox by 
the administration of variolous matter. 

Isopelletierin(z'-^-^/-^ / -<?-^r-m) [iaoq, equal ; 
pelletierin\. See Pelletierin. 

Isopepsin {i-so-pep'-sin) [looq, equal ; tteijjis, 
digestion] . I . A body formed by heating pep- 
sin to a point between 104 and 140 F. 



ISOPHORIA 



342 JADELOT'S LINES OR FURROWS 



(4O°-6o C.) . It changes albumin into para- 
peptone. 2. Same as Parapeptone . 

Isophoria [i-so-fo' ' -re-ah) [icog, equal ; (popog, 
a tending]. A condition in which the eyes 
lie in the same horizontal plane, the tension 
of the vertical muscles of each eye being 
equal, and the visual lines lying in the same 
plane. 

Isothermal (i - so-ther'-mal) [io~og, equal; 
depurj, heat]. Of equal or uniform tempera- 
ture. I. Lines, lines drawn through places 
having the same average temperature for a 
given period of time. 

Isotropic, Isotropous (i-so-trop'-ik, i-sot'- 
ro-pus) [long, equal; rpoTT/, turning]. I. 
Having the same shape and appearance, from 
whatever point observed. 2. Being singly- 
refractive. 

Issue (is/i'-u) [Ft. , issue, horn, exire, to go 
out]. I. An ulcer or fistulous passage made 
and kept up artificially for purposes of 
counterirritation. I. -pea, a pea-shaped 
foreign body (as of ivy- wood or orris-root), 
inserted into an issue to keep up suppuration. 
2. Offspring. 

Isthmus (is'-mus) [laduog, isthmus]. A nar- 
row, contracted part uniting two larger parts 
of an organ. I. of the Fauces, the space 
between the arches of the palate. I. of the 
Thyroid Gland, the narrow part connecting 
the lobes of the thyroid body. 

Italian (il-aV -yan) [Italics, an Italian]. Of 
or pertaining to Italy. I. Leprosy. See 



Pellagra. I. Rhinoplasty. See Opera- 
tion, Tagliacotian. 

Itch (ich) [AS. , giccan, to itch]. I. An irri- 
tating sensation in the skin. 2. A name for 
various skin-diseases accompanied by itching, 
particularly scabies. I., Barbers'. See 
Tinea sycosis. L-mite. See Acarus scabiei. 

-ite (it). I. A suffix employed in mineralogy' 
to denote a mineral, or of mineral origin. 2. 
A suffix employed in chemistry for the salt of 
an acid that has the suffix -ous. 

Iter {i'-ter) [iter, a journey]. A passage- 
way. I. ad infundibulum, the passage 
between the third ventricle of the brain 
and the infundibulum. I. a tertio ad 
quartum ventriculum, the aqueduct of 
Sylvius, extending from the third ventricle 
to the fourth. I. chordae anterius, the 
aperture through which the chorda tympani 
nerve leaves the tympanum. I. chordae 
posterius, the aperture through which the 
chorda tympani nerve enters the tympanum. 

-itis {i f -tis) [iric, inflammation]. A suffix 
used to denote inflammation. 

Ivory [i'-vor-e) [eboreus, made of ivory, from 
ebur, ivory]. The hard bone-like substance 
chiefly obtained from the tusks of elephants. 
I. -black, animal charcoal. I., Dental, den- 
tine. 

Ixodes (iks-o f -dez) [l^og, bird-lime; elfiog, 
form]. A genus of the order Acaridea, in- 
cluding most of the parasitic ticks. 



J. Symbol for Joule's equivalent. 

Jaborandi (jab-or-an' '-de) [Braz.]. See Pilo- 
carpus. 

Jacaranda (jak-ar-an'-dak). A genus of 
bignoniaceous plants of tropical America, 
several species of which are employed in 
syphilis in Brazil. J. caroba, is antisyphil- 
itic, and is of service in the treatment of 
urethritis, rheumatism, and skin-diseases. 
Dose of the fl. ext. , gtt. xyj-f^j (1.0-4.0). 
J. lancifoliata, is used by the natives of 
Brazil in urethritis. Dose of a 1-8 tincture 
TT\xv (i.o); of the fl. ext., gtt. xvj-xxx 
(1.0-2.0). Unof. 

Jacksonian Epilepsy. See Epilepsy. 

Jacob's Membrane [Jacob, an Irish physi- 
cian]. The layer of rods and cones of the 
retina. J.'s Ulcer. See Rodent Ulcer, and 
Diseases, Table of. 



Jacobson's Nerve [L. L. Jacobson, a Dan- 
ish anatomist]. The tympanic branch of 
the glossopharyngeal nerve. J.'s Organ, a 
short, rudimentary canal, extending along the 
septum of Stensen's duct, and ending in a 
culdesac. 

Jactitation (jak-tit-a'-shun) [jactitare, to 
pour forth]. A tossing about, a condition at 
times present in grave diseases. 

Jadelot's Lines or Furrows [Jadelot, a 
French physician]. Certain furrows of the 
face observed in conditions of disease. Three 
sets are distinguished : The genal and na- 
sal furrows are said to indicate disease of the 
gastrointestinal tract or abdominal viscera; 
the former runs from the mouth toward the 
malar bone, the latter from the nasal alae in 
a semicircle about the mouth ; the labial 
furrow, from the angle of the mouth out- 



JAIL-FEVER 



343 



JUGLANS 



ward to the lower part of the face, indicates 
disease of the lungs ; the oculozygoma- 
tic furrow, beginning at the inner canthus 
of the eye, and passing outward below the 
lower lid, to be lost on the cheek ; it is said 
to point to disorders of the nervous system. 

Jail-fever. Typhus fever. 

v. Jaksch's Disease. Pseudoleukocythe- 
mia of infants. 

Jalap (jal'-ap) [from Jalapa, a city of 
Mexico]. The tuberous root of Ipomcea jal- 
apa (U. S. P.), of Ipomoea purga (Exogonium 
purga) (B. P.), a plant of the natural order 
Convolvulaceae. Its active principle is a 
resin (Resina jalapae, U. S. P.), which con- 
tains a glucosid, convolvulin, C 31 H 50 O 16 . Ja- 
lap is an active hydragogue cathartic, and is 
used to remove dropsical effusions by the 
bowel. Combined with calomel it is a fa- 
vorite remedy in bilious fever. Dose of pow- 
dered jalap gr. xv-xxx (i. 0-2.0). J., Ex- 
tractum. Dose gr. iv-viij (0.26-0.52). J., 
Pulvis, Comp. Dose gr. x-^j (0.65-4.0). 
J., Resina. Dose gr. iv-viij (0.26-0.52). 

Jalapin {jaV-ap-hi) [from Jalapa, a city of 
Mexico]. A purgative glucosid from Ipo- 
mcea or Convolvulus orizabensis. 

Jamaica Dogwood. See Piscidia. 

Janiceps (jan'-is-eps) [Janus, a two-faced 
divinity ; caput, head] . A syncephalic mon- 
strosity with two faces. 

Jarjavay's Muscle. The depressor urethrse. 

Jasmine (jas'-min) \¥&rs., yas?nin, jasmine]. 
See Gelsemium. 

Jatropha {jat'-ro-fah) [iarpog, a physician ; 
rpofyr], nourishment]. A genus of euphorbia- 
ceous plants. J. curcas, is the source of 
purging nuts. J. manihot, yields tapioca. 

Jaundice (jawn'-dis) [Fr., jaunisse, from 
jaune, yellow]. A yellow discoloration of 
the skin, mucous membranes, and secretions, 
due to the presence of bile-pigments in the 
blood. See Icterus. J., Catarrhal, that 
due to swelling of the bile-ducts from catarrh. 
J., Hematogenous, that form due to ex- 
cessive destruction of blood-corpuscles. J., 
Hepatogenous, that due to obstruction to 
the flow of bile from the liver. By some 
all forms of jaundice are considered hepato- 
genous, since bile is made only in the liver. 
J., Malignant, acute yellow atrophy of the 
liver. See Icterus gravis. J. of the New- 
born. See Icterus neonatorum. 

Jaw [AS., crowan, to chew]. I. Either of 
the two parts of the face (upper or lower jaw) 
serving the purpose of seizing or masticating 
the food. 2. Also the bone (jaw-bone or 
jaw) that forms the framework of the jaw. 
J. -jerk, J. -clonus, a reflex contraction of 
the muscles of mastication produced by sud- 
denly depressing the lower jaw. See Re/lexes, 
Table of. J., Lock, or Locked. See 



Trismus. J., Lumpy, actinomycosis of 
cattle. 

Jecur (je'-kei-) [L.]. The liver. 

Jejunal (jef-ti-nal) [jejunus, empty] . Per- 
taining to the jejunum. 

Jejunocolostomy (jej-u-no-ko-los' -to-me) [ je- 
junus, empty; k6Xov, colon; arojia, mouth]. 
The formation of an artificial passage be- 
tween the jejunum and the colon. 

Jejunoileostomy (j'e-j'u-no-il-e-os / -to-me) \_je- 
junus, empty ; ileum; arojia, mouth]. The 
formation of an artificial communication 
between the jejunum and the ileum. 

Jejunostomy (jej-u-nos'-to-me) \_jejunus, 
empty; cro/ua, mouth]. The making of an 
artificial opening through the abdominal wall 
into the jejunum. 

Jejunum (JeJ-u'-num) \_jejtmus, empty, be- 
cause usually found empty after death]. The 
second division of the small intestine extend- 
ing between the duodenum and the ileum, 
and measuring about eight feet (2.2 meters) 
in length. 

Jelly (jel'-e) \_gelare, to freeze]. A soft, 
gelatinous, tremulous substance. J., Whar- 
ton's, the gelatinous mucoid connective tis- 
sue investing the umbilical cord. 

Jennerian (jen-e f -re-an) [after Edward Jen- 
ner, an English physician]. Pertaining to 
Edward Jenner, the discoverer of vaccination 
against smallpox. 

Jequirity (je-kwir'-it-e). See Abrus. 

Jervin (jer'-vin). See Veratrum. 

Jesuits' Bark. Cinchona. 

Jigger Flea. See Pulex. 

Jimson-weed [jim / -sun-wed). See Stramo- 
nium. 

Joint \iungere, to join]. See Articulation. 
J., Charcot's. See Diseases, Table of. 

Joule {jowl) [after J. P. Joule, an English 
physicist]. I. A unit of electric energy, 
equivalent to the work expended when a 
current of one ampere flows for one second 
against a resistance of one ohm. 2. A small 
calorie — the amount of heat required to raise 
the gram of water 1° C. 

Joule's Equivalent (abbreviated J.) (jowlz) 
[after J. P. Joule, an English physicist]. 
The mechanic equivalent of heat or the 
amount of work that converted into heat 
will raise the temperature of I fb. of water 
1° F. It is equivalent to 772 foot-pounds. 

Jugal (ju'-gal) \_jugum, a yoke]. Connect- 
ing or uniting, as by a yoke. J. Bone, the 
malar bone. J. Process, the zygomatic pro- 
cess. 

Juglans {ju'-glanz) [L., walnut]. Butternut. 
The bark of the root of J. cinerea, of the 
natural order Juglandaceae. It is a mild 
cathartic, and has also been used in intermit- 
tent and remittent fever. Dose of the extract, 
gr. xx— xxx (1.3—2.0). 



JUGULAR 



344 



KAMALA 



Jugular (ju' ' -gu-lar)\_jugulum, throat]. Per- 
taining to the throat. J. Foramen. See 
Foramina, Table of. J. Fossa, a notch in 
the posterior border of the petrous portion of 
the temporal bone, which, with a similar 
notch in the occipital bone, forms the foramen 
lacerum posterius. J. Ganglion, the superior 
ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve. J. 
Process, a rough process external to the con- 
dyle of the occipital bone. J. Veins, the 
internal J. vein collects the blood from the 
brain, part of the face and neck, and unites 
with the subclavian vein to form the vena 
innominata ; the external J. vein carries 
the blood from the exterior of the cranium 
and parts of the face and empties into the 
subclavian vein. 

Juice (Jus) [jus, broth]. I. The liquid con- 
tained in vegetal or animal tissues. 2. Any 
of the secretions of the body, as the intes- 
tinal or pancreatic juice. 

Jujube (ju'-jiib) \_jujuba, fruit]. The fruit 
of the jujube tree, Zizyphus jujuba. J.- 
paste, a paste containing the pulp of ju- 
jubes, and used in pulmonary disorders. It 
is now made of gum-arabic, or of gelatin, 
variously flavored. 

Julep (ju'-lep) [Pers.,juldb, a sweet drink]. 
A sweetened drink containing aromatic or 
medicinal substances. 

Jumpers (jum'-perz) [Scand. , gumpa, to 
jump]. Persons afflicted with a peculiar neuro- 
sis by reason of which they do whatever they 
are told, and perform sudden leaping or jump- 
ing movements. 

Juniperus (ju-nip'-er-us). I. A genus of 
coniferous trees. 2. Juniperus, the fruit or 
berry of J. communis, containing a volatile 
oil, oleum juniperi, and an amorphous sub- 
stance, juniperin. J. is a stimulant to the 
genitourinary mucous membrane, and is used 



in nephritis, pyelitis, and cystitis. Dose of 
the oil, TT\J-iv (0.065-0.26). Spiritus juni- 
peri, dose TT\,xxx-f 3J (2.0-4.0). Spiritus 
juniperi compositus, is the pharmacopeal 
representative of the beverage gin ; dose 
f^j-iv (4.0-16.0). J. sabina, yields savine 
(Sabina, U. S. P.). J. virginiana, red 
cedar, the tops of which are used as a sub- 
stitute for savine. 

Junket (junk f -ef) \iuncus, a rush]. " Curds 
and whey," prepared by coagulating milk 
with rennet. 

Junod's Boot (ju'-nds). A boot-shaped case, 
usually of stiff leather, made to enclose the 
leg so that, the air being exhausted, the 
blood rushes to the enclosed part. It has 
been employed to relieve inflammation and 
congestion of the viscera. 

Jurisprudence (ju-ris-pru f -dens) [jus, law ; 
prudentia, skill]. The science of the inter- 
pretation and application of the law. J., 
Medical, the application of medical knowl- 
edge to the principles of common law. 

Jury-mast (ju' -re-mast) \_jury, from Dan. 
ki'ore, a driving; AS., mcest, mast]. A steel 
shaft with curved iron rods attached, em- 
ployed to support the head in disease of the 
upper vertebrae. 

Justomajor Pelvis (jus' -to-ma' jor). See 
Pelvis. 

Justominor Pelvis (jus' '-to-mi' '-nor) . See 
Pelvis. 

Jute (jut) [Beng. , jut, matted hair]. The 
bast fiber of several species of the genus 
Corchorus, grown chiefly in India and Cey- 
lon. Jute is used as an absorbent dressing. 

Juxtaposition (juks-ta-po-zish f -un) [juxta, 
near; positio, position]. Situation adjacent 
to another; the act of placing near; appo- 
sition. 



K 



K. The symbol of Potassium (kalium). 

K., or Ka. The abbreviation of Kathode, or 
of Kathodic. 

Kairin (ki f -rin) \jiaip6q, the right time], C 10 - 
H 13 N0.HC1.H 2 0. The hydrochlorate of 
oxychinolin- ethyl, is antipyretic, diaphoretic, 
and emetic, and has been used as a substi- 
tute for quinin. Dose gr. v-xv (0.32-I.0). 

Kairolin (ki f -ro-lin) \_naip6g, the right time], 
C 10 H ]5 N. Methylquinolin hydrid. An an- 
tipyretic resembling kairin, but less efficient. 



Kakke (kak'-ka) [Chinese for " leg-disease"]. 
Epidemic and endemic multiple neuritis, or 
beriberi. 

Kakosmia (kak-oz' '-me-ah) . See Cacosmia. 

Kali (ka'-li) [Ar. , qali, potash]. Potash. 

Kalimeter (ka-lim'-et-er). See Alkalimeter. 

Kalium (ka f -le-um). Potassium. 

Kamala (kam-a f -lah) [Hind., kamlla\ 
Rottlera. The glands and hairs from the 
capsules of Mallotus philippinensis (Rottlera 
tinctoria), native to Southern Asia and Abys- 



KANGAROO 



345 



KERATITIS 



sinia. It is purgative and anthelmintic, and 
is used for the expulsion of lumbricoid worms 
and tapeworms. Dose gj-iij (4.0-12.0). 

Kangaroo. A marsupial mammal of Aus- 
tralia and the neighboring islands. K. Ten- 
don, a tendon derived from the tail of the 
K. and used for surgical ligatures. 

Kaolin [ka'-o-lin) [Chin. , kaoling, " high 
ridge'']. White clay, China-clay. The sili- 
cate of aluminum, obtained from the decom- 
position of felspar. It is sometimes used as 
a protective application in eczema and as a 
coating for pills. 

Kaposi's Disease. See Atrophoderma pig- 
mentosum, and Xeroderma pigmentosum. 

Karyokinesis {kar-e-o-kin-e' '-sis) [napvov, a 
nut (nucleus) ; KivrjciLg, movement, change]. 
Indirect cell-division, the common mode of 
reproduction of cells. It depends upon 
complicated changes in the mitome of the 
cell-nucleus that may be divided into the 
following steps: I. The nucleus becomes 
larger ; the mitome-filaments thicken and 
form a close skein, or spirem. 2. The fibrils 
become less convoluted and more widely 
separated, forming the loose skein ; at the 
same time the nuclear spindles, two cone- 
shaped striated bodies, appear in the achro- 
matin. 3. The mitome-fibrils split longitud- 
inally. 4. The segments migrate toward the 
poles of the new nuclei, constituting daugh- 
ter-wreaths, or asters. 5. Transformation of 
asters into fully-developed nuclei. 6. Divis- 
ion of the cell-protoplasm. 

Karyokinetic [kar-e-o-kin-e^ -ik) [napvov, nu- 
cleus; nivrjOLQ, motion] . Pertaining to karyo- 
kinesis, as K. figures, the forms assumed by 
the mitome in karyokinesis. 

Karyolysis {kar-e-oV ' -is-is) [napvov, nucleus ; 
\veiv, to loose]. The segmentation of the 
nucleus of the cell. 

Karyomitome {kar-e-om' '-it-oni) [napvov, nu- 
cleus ; ///roc, thread]. The mitome-threads 
of the nucleus. 

Karyomitosis (kar-e-o-mit-o'-sis) [napvov, nu- 
cleus ; fiirog, a thread]. Karyokinesis. 

Karyomitotic {kar-e- o-mit-ot' ' -ik)\_Kapvov ', nu- 
cleus ; fiirog, a thread]. Relating to karyo- 
mitosis. 

Karyoplasm {kar' ' -e-o-plazni) [mpvov, a nut, 
kernel; ttMggpiv, to form]. The nuclear 
substance of a cell. 

Kata- {kat / -ah-'). For words thus beginning, 
and not found under K, see Cata-. 

Katabolic [kat-ab-oV-ik). See Catabolic. 

Kath-. For words thus beginning see Cath-. 

Kation {kat'-e-ori). See Cation. 

Kava, orKava-kava [kah'-vaJi] [Hawaiian]. 
I. An intoxicating beverage prepared in the 
Sandwich Islands from the root of Piper me- 
thysticum. 2. The root of Piper methysti- 
cum, containing a resin, kawin, and an 



alkaloid, kavain. The resin is a motor de- 
pressant, locally at first an irritant, later an 
anesthetic ; it is also a cardiac stimulant. 
Kava-root has been used in gonorrhea, leu- 
korrhea, and incontinence of urine. Dose 
of fluid extract TTLxv-f^j ( 1. 0-4.0). 

Kefyr (ke/'-ir) [Caucasian]. A nutritious 
substance obtained by a peculiar fermenta- 
tion of cow's milk produced by certain fungi. 
K.-seed, a substance containing the ferment 
[Bacillus caucasiczes) of kefyr. It is used 
in preparing the genuine kefyr. 

Kelectome [ke f -lek-toni) \_ktjAt], a tumor; £/c, 
out ; tejave.lv, to cut]. A cutting instrument 
introduced into a tumor, by means of a can- 
nula, in order to obtain a part of the sub- 
stance for examination. 

Kelis [ke'-lis) \_Krjlig, scar]. Keloid. 

Keloid (ke'-loid) [from ktjAlq, a scar, or XV^-V* 
a claw; eldoc, likeness]. Cheloid; Alibert's 
keloid ; kelis. A tumor-like fibrous out- 
growth, usually occurring at the site of a 
scar. It is elevated, whitish or pink in color, 
and sends prolongations into the surrounding 
tissues resembling the claws of a crab. By 
many it is not considered a true tumor, but 
merely a hyperplastic scar. It affects the 
colored race more frequently than the white. 
K. of Addison, morphea. 

Kelotomy (ke-lot'-o-me). Herniotomy. 

Keratectasia (ker-at-ek-ta'-se-au) [ncpag, 
horn, cornea ; EKraacg, extension]. A bulg- 
ing forward of the cornea. 

Keratin (ker'-at-in) \_ke pac, horn]. The basis 
of horny epithelium, hair, nails, feathers, etc. 
It contains sulphur, and on decomposition 
yields leucin and tyrosin. 

Keratitis (ker-at-i' '-tis) [nEpag, cornea ; itic, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the cornea. 
K. bullosa, the formation of large or small 
blebs upon the cornea of an eye, the seat of 
iridocyclitis, interstitial keratitis, or glaucoma. 
K., Interstitial, a form of keratitis in which 
the entire cornea is invested with a diffuse 
haziness, almost completely hiding the iris. 
The surface of the cornea presents a ground- 
glass appearance. Later, from ciliary injec- 
tion, blood-vessels form in the superficial lay- 
ers of the cornea, and produce a dull-red 
color, the " salmon patch" of Hutchinson. 
The entire cornea may become cherry-red. 
The disease is most frequent between the ages 
of five and fifteen, and occurs in syphilitic in- 
dividuals. K. neuroparalytica, keratitis 
following lesion of the trifacial nerve. Its 
cause is loss of trophic influence, aided by 
mechanic irritation and drying of the cornea. 
K., Phlyctenular, a variety characterized by 
the formation of small papules or pustules, often 
associated with similar lesions upon the con- 
junctiva. It is marked by much local conges- 
tion, lacrimation, and intense photophobia. 



KERATOCELE 



346 



KIDNEY 



K. punctata, a secondary affection of the 
cornea in association with affections of the iris, 
choroid, and vitreous. It is characterized by 
the formation of opaque dots, generally ar- 
ranged in a triangular manner upon the pos- 
terior elastic lamina of the cornea. It is some- 
times designated as descemetitis. K. puru- 
lenta, that accompanied by the formation of 
pus. K., Trachomatous. See Pannus. 
K., Traumatic, that consequent upon 
wounds or other injury of the cornea. 

Keratocele [ker f -at-o-sel) [nepag, cornea ; 
kijat], tumor]. A hernia of Descemet's mem- 
brane through the cornea. 

Keratoconus [ker- at - o ■ ko' - nus) [nepag, 
cornea; nuvog, cone]. A conical protrusion 
of the cornea. 

Keratogenous ( ker- at- of -en -tts) [ nepag, 
horn; yevvav, to beget]. Producing a horny 
or horn-like substance. 

Keratoglobus [ker-at-o-glo' '-bus) [nepag, cor- 
nea ; globus, a ball] . A globular protrusion 
of the cornea. 

Keratoglossus [ker - at - o -glos' ' - us) [nepag, 
horn; yliooca, tongue]. See Muscles Table. 

Keratohyalin {ker - at- o- hi f - al - in) [nepag, 
horn ; va?iog, glass] . A peculiar substance 
occurring in granules in the deeper layers of 
the skin. 

Keratoid [ker f -at-oid) [nepag, horn; e\6og, 
like]. Hornlike. 

Keratoiritis [ker-at-o-i-ri' ' -tis) [nepag, cor- 
nea ; Ipig, iris ; ntg, inflammation] Com- 
bined inflammation of the cornea and the 
iris. 

Keratoma [ker-at-o' ' -mah) [nepag, horn ; baa, 
tumor]. I. See Callositas. 2. Congenital 
ichthyosis ; the presence of horny plates 
upon the integument. 

Keratomalacia (ker-at-o-mal-a' '-se-ak) [ne- 
pag, cornea; pa'kania, softness]. A soften- 
ing of the cornea. 

Keratome [ker' '-at-om) [nepag, cornea; to/ut/, 
a cutting]. A knife with a peculiar trowel - 
like blade, used for making the incision into 
the cornea in the operation of iridectomy. 

Keratometer {ker-at-om' -et-er) [nepag, cor- 
nea ; perpov, measure]. An instrument for 
measuring the curves of the cornea. 

Keratomycosis [ker-at-o-mi-ko f -sis) [nepag, 
cornea ; p'vnrjg, fungus] . A fungoid growth 
of the cornea. 

Keratonyxis [ker-at-o-niks' -is) [nepag, cor- 
nea ; vv^tg, a pricking]. The needling of a 
soft cataract by puncture through the cornea ; 
also, the old operation of couching a cataract 
with the needle. 

Keratoplasty {ker' ' -at-o-plas-te) [nepag, cor- 
nea ; irXaoaetv, to form] . Plastic operation 
upon the cornea, especially the transplanta- 
tion of a portion of cornea from the eye of a 
lower animal to that of man. 



Keratoscope [ker ; -at-o-skop) [nepag, cornea; 
anonelv, to observe]. An instrument for ex- 
amining the cornea, and testing the symmetry 
of its meridians of curvature. 

Keratoscopy [ker-at-os / -ko-pe) [nepag, cor- 
nea; cnoireiv, to observe]. I. Examination 
of the cornea with the keratoscope. 2. Re- 
tinoscopy, or skiascopy. 

Keratosis [ker-at-o' '-sis) [nepag, horn]. Any 
disease of the skin characterized by an over- 
growth of the horny epithelium. K. follicu- 
laris. See Darier^s Disease. K. pilaris, a 
chronic affection of the skin marked by hard , 
conical elevations investing the hair-follicles, 
and somewhat resembling gooseflesh. K. 
senilis, a cornification of the skin of old 
people, often limited to certain definite regions, 
as the face and dorsal surfaces of the hands 
and feet. 

Keratotome [ker'-at-o-toni). See Keratome. 

Keratotomy [ker-at-ot' -o-me) [nepag, cornea ; 
re.pt.vzuv, to cut]. Incision of the cornea. 

Keraunoneurosis [ker-aw-no-nu-ro* -sis) [ne- 
pavvog, lightning ; vevpov, nerve; voaog, dis- 
ease]. Nervous disease due to lightning- 
stroke. 

Kerion [ke f -re-on) [nrjpiov, honey-comb]. See 
Tinea kerion. 

Kerkring, Valves of. The valvulae conni- 
ventes of the small intestine. 

Kermes [ker'-mez) [Pers., qirmiz, crimson]. 
A red dye-stuff resembling cochineal, made 
from the bodies of the dried insects, Coccus 
ilicis, found on the Kermes oak. K. Min- 
eral, a mixture of the teroxid and tersulphid 
of antimony. 

Ketone [ke / -ton) [an arbitrary variation of 
acetone\ An organic compound consisting 
of the unsaturated radicle =C=0 united to 
two alcohol-radicles. 

Kidney [kid'-ne) [ME., kidnere, from Icel. , 
kvitir, the womb; nyra, kidney]. One of 
the two large glandular organs situated in the 
upper and posterior portion of the abdominal 
cavity, and concerned in the excretion of the 
urine. It consists of an outer cortical sub- 
stance, and an inner medullary substance. 
The medulla consists of from 8 to 1 8 pyra- 
mids (pyramids of Malpighi), the apices of 
which, the papillae, project into the calicesof 
the ureter. The pyramids are striated, and 
in places send narrow projections into the cor- 
tex, the medullary rays, or pyramids of Fer- 
rein. Between the pyramids are extensions 
from the cortex, the columns of Bertini. The 
cortex, by the penetration into it of the med- 
ullary rays, is divided into medullary rays and 
the labyrinth. The secreting structure of 
the kidney consists of long tubes,beginning in 
an expanded extremity, the capsule of Bow- 
man, which invests a tuft of blood-vessels, the 
glomerulus, and constitutes, together with this, 



KILOGRAM 



347 



KNIFE 



a Malpighian body; extending from this 
is the proximal convoluted tubule ; then 
comes the spiral tubule, then the loop of 
Henle, consisting of a descending and an 
ascending limb ; then the distal convoluted 
tubule, which terminates in the collecting 
tubule. The blood-vessels of the kidney 
divide into two sets of branches, one sup- 
plying the cortex, the other the medulla. 
The kidney weighs about 150 grams. K., 
Amyloid, a kidney the seat of amyloid 
degeneration. K., Fatty, one the seat of 
extensive fatty degeneration. K., Float- 
ing, one susceptible of displacement over a 
considerable extent of the abdomen, a con- 
dition most frequent in women, and as a rule 
affecting the right side. K., Gouty, or K., 
Granular, the small kidney resulting from 
chronic interstitial nephritis. K., Horse- 
shoe. See Horseshoe-kidney. K. , Large 
White, that of the advanced stage of chronic 
parenchymatous nephritis. K. of Preg- 
nancy, an anemic kidney with fatty infiltra- 
tion of the epithelial cells, but without any 
acute or chronic inflammation, occurring in 
pregnant women. K., Pigback, the large 
congested kidney found in alcoholic subjects. 
K., Red Contracted. See K, Granular. 
K., Small White, the final stage of the 
large white kidney after loss of its substance 
from atrophy or degeneration. K., Surgical, 
pyelonephritis. K., Waxy. Same as Z[, 
Amyloid. 

Kilogram {kil* '-o-gram) [%i?uot, one thousand ; 
ypdixjia , an inscription] . One thousand grams, 
or 2.2 pounds avoirdupois. 

Kiloliter {kil f - 0- le- ter) \_x'ikioi, thousand ; 
Tiirpa, a pound]. One thousand liters, or 
35.31 cubic feet. 

Kilometer [kil f -o-me-ter) \_x'i^toi, thousand ; 
fierpov, measure] . One thousand meters, or 
1093.6 yards. 

Kilostere {kil f -o-ster) [x'tkioi, thousand ; 
cre'ppoc, solid]. One thousand cubic meters. 

Kinaesthesia (kin-es-the / -ze-ah). See Kin- 
esthesia. 

Kinematics [kin - em - at f - iks) [niveetv, to 
move]. The science of motion.. 

Kinesiology {kin-es-e-ol' -o-je) \Ktvr)Gig, mo- 
tion ; Myog, discourse]. The science of move- 
ments, considered especially as therapeutic or 
hygienic agencies. 

Kinesiometer [kin-es-e-om' '-et-er) \KLvrjatg, 
motion; fierpov, measure]. An instrument 
for determining quantitatively the motion of 
a part. 

Kinesioneurosis [kin-es-e-o-nu-ro' ' -sis) \_nivr]- 
aiq, movement ; vevpov, a nerve ; vooog , dis- 
ease]. A functional nervous disease asso- 
ciated with disorders of motion. 

Kinesiotherapy (kin-es-e-o-ther' '-ap-e) \_klvtj- 
aig, movement ; depa-rreia, treatment] . The 



treatment of disease by systematic active or 
passive movements. 

Kinesipathy {kin-es-ip* -ath-e) \_nivrjoig, mo- 
tion ; nadog, disease]. Kinesiotherapy. 

Kinesodic {kin-es-od f -ik) [itivr/aig, motion ; 
666g, way]. Pertaining to the motor path- 
ways. 

Kinesthesia {kin-es-the' '-ze-ah), Kinesthesis 
[kin-es-the f -sis) [idvyaig, motion ; aioOj/oig, 
sensation]. That quality of sensations where- 
by we become aware of our position in space, 
our movements, and that gives us our im- 
pression of weight and resistance. 

Kinetic {kin-et r -ik) \_iaveetv, to move]. Per- 
taining to motion ; producing motion, as K. 
energy. 

King's Evil. Scrofula, on account of a be- 
lief that it could be cured by the touch of the 
king. King's Yellow. See Orpiment. 

Kino {ki f -nd) [E. Ind.]. The inspissated juice 
of Pterocarpus marsupium, found in India, 
and similar in action to tannic acid ; it is 
used mainly as a constituent of gargles and 
diarrhea-mixtures. K., Tinct. Dose TT^x- 
f^ij (0.65-8.0). K., Pulv., Comp. (B.P.). 
Dose gr. v-xx (0.32-1.3). K. -tannic 
Acid, a variety of tannic acid found in kino. 

Kinone {kin f -dn). See Quinone. 

Kissingen Salts {kis' -ing-en) [Ger.]. Effer- 
vescing salts from the mineral springs of 
Kissingen. K. Water, a laxative tonic min- 
eral-water of Kissingen, in Bavaria. 

Klatsch-preparation {klatch -prep - ar - a' - 
shun) [Ger., Klatschpraparaf\. A cover- 
glass preparation made by pressing the cover- 
glass lightly on a bacterial colony in plate - 
culture. 

Kleptomania [klep-to-ma' '-ne-ah) [kMkteiv, 
to steal ; juavla, madness]. A form of emo- 
tional insanity manifested by a morbid desire 
to commit theft. 

Knee {ite) [AS., cneo, knee]. The articula- 
tion between the femur and the tibia. K.- 
cap, the patella. K., Housemaid's. See 
Housemaid'' ' s Knee. K., In.- See Genu 
valgum. K. of Internal Capsule, the angle 
of junction of the anterior and posterior 
limbs of the internal capsule. K.-jerk, 
Patellar Tendon-reflex, K. -reflex, or K.- 
phenomenon, a contraction of the quadri- 
ceps extensor femoris muscle as a result of a 
light blow on the patellar tendon. See also 
Reflexes, Table of. K. -joint, a hinge-joint 
consisting of the articulation of the condyles 
of the femur with the upper extremity of the 
tibia and the posterior surface of the patella. 
K., Knock-. See Genu valgum. K., Out-. 
See Genu varum. K.-pan, the patella. 

Knife (nlf) [AS., enif knife]. An instru- 
ment for cutting. In surgery, knives are of 
various shapes and sizes, according to their 
use. 



KNOCK-KNEE 



348 



KYPHOTIC 



Knock-knee (nok'-ne). See Genu valgum. 

Knuckle [nuk f -l) [ME., knokil, a knuckle or 
joint]. Any one of the articulations of the 
phalanges with the metacarpal bones or with 
each other. 

Koch's Lymph [after Robert Koch, a Ger- 
man bacteriologist]. See Tuberculin. K.'s 
Method of Sterilization, a method of inter- 
rupted heating. The culture-media are heated 
for a short time daily for from three to five 
successive days, usually in the steam-sterilizer. 
K.'s Rules, rules formulated by Koch that 
must be complied with before a given 
microorganism can be accepted as the cause 
of an infectious disease: I. The micro- 
organism must be present in every case of the 
disease, and not in cases of other diseases. 2. 
It must be isolated and grown on artificial 
media. 3. Its cultures when injected into an 
animal-body must produce the disease in 
question. 4. The microorganism must again 
be found in the body in which the disease 
was thus produced. 

Kolpo- (kol'-po-). See Colpo-. 

Kombe (kom'-ba) [African], An African 
arrow-poison (kombe inee) extracted from 
Strophanthus kombe. 

Kopftetanus [kopf '-tet-an-us) [Ger.]. Ceph- 
alic tetanus. See Tetanus. 

Kopiopia [kop-e-o'-pe-ah). See Copiopia. 

Koroscopy (kor-os'-ko-pe). See Retinoscopy. 

Kosin [ko'-sin) [Abyssinian, cusso~\,C 3l H. Z8 O 10 . 
Same as Koussin. See Brayera. 

Koumiss [koo'-mis) [Tartar, kuviiz, fermented 
mare's milk]. An alcoholic drink originally 
made by the fermentation of mare's milk. 
At present cow's milk is used in making it. 

Koussin (koos f -in). See Brayera. 

Kousso [koos f -o). See Brayera. 

Krameria {kra-me' '-re-ah) [after J. G. H. 
Kramer, an Austrian physician]. A genus 
of polypelatous herbs. Rhatany, the root of 
K. triandra and K. tomentosa, shrubs native 
to South America, possessing the same astrin- 
gent qualities as tannic acid. It is used in 
serous diarrheas. K., Ext. Dose gr. v-x 
(0.32-0.65). K., Ext., Fid. Dose n\v- 
f-ss (0.32-2.0). K., Infus. (B. P.) 



Dosef^j-ij (32.0-64.0). K., Syr., contains 
of the fluid extract 35, syrup 65. Dose f 3 ss- 
!§ss (2.0-16.0). K., Trochisci, contain 
each gr. j (0.065) °f tne extract. K., Tinct. 
Doserr^y-^j (0.32-4.0). 

Kraurosis (ki-ow - ro' - sis) [upavpog, dry]. 
Shriveling and dryness of a part, especially 
of the vulva. 

Krause's Corpuscles (krow'-zes) . Terminal 
nerve-corpuscles described by W. Krause 
(i860) as existing in the conjunctiva, the 
genitals, and other parts of the human body, 
and differing from the Pacinian corpuscles 
only in the absence of a thick laminated in- 
vestment. 

Kreatin {kre'-at-in). See Creatin. 

Kreatinin {kre-af '-in-in). See Creatinin. 

Kreolin (kre'-o-lin). See Creolin. 

Kresol (kre'-sol). See Cresol. 

Kumiss [koo'-mis) or Kumyss [koo'-mis). 
See Koumiss. 

Kyestein [ki-es f -te-in) [kvtjolq, conception]. 
A filmy deposit upon decomposing urine, at 
one time thought to be diagnostic of preg- 
nancy. 

Kymograph {ki f -mo-graf), Kymographion 
[ki-mo-graf / -e-on) \_K.vfia y wave; ypdtyeiv, to 
write]. An instrument for reproducing 
graphically the variations in the pressure of 
the blood. 

Kymoscope [ki f -mo-skop) \_nvfia, wave ; ono- 
tteIv, to inspect]. A device used in the ob- 
servation and study of the blood- current. 

Kynurin {ki-nu f -rin) [niiuv, a dog; urina, 
urine], C 18 H u N 2 2 . A crystalline sub- 
stance obtained from cynurenic acid. It 
may also be made by oxidizing cinchonic 
acid and cinchoninic acid with chromic acid. 

Kyphoscoliosis (ki-fo-sko-le-o' -sis) [nvQucig, 
hump-backed; otco/Uwo^c. a bending]. Kypho- 
sis combined with scoliosis. 

Kyphosis {ki-fo f -sis) [kv^cdcls, hump-back]. 
Hump-back. Angular curvature of the spine, 
with the prominence or convexity turned 
dorsad. 

Kyphotic {ki-fot > -ik) \_Kv<puciq, hump-back]. 
Relating to, of the nature of, or affected 
with, kyphosis. 



349 



LACRIMAL 



L. The abbreviation of Left, of Lithium, 
and of Libra, a pound. 

Labarraque's Solution. See Chlorin. 

Labial {la'-be-al) [labium, a lip]. Pertain- 
ing to the lips. 

Labile {lab'-il) [labi, to glide]. Gliding to 
and fro ; applied to an electric current when 
the electrode is moved from place to place 
over the skin. 

Labio- {la'-be-o-) [labium, lip]. A prefix 
meaning pertaining to the lip. 

Labiochorea {la-be-o-ko-re' '-ah ) [labium, 
lip ; x°P eia > dancing] . A choreic affection 
of the lips, and the stammering that results 
from it. 

Labioglossolaryngeal [la -be - o - glos-o-lar- 
in'-je-al) [labium, lip ; yXuaca, tongue ; 
XapvyZ, larynx]. Pertaining conjointly to 
lips, tongue, and larynx. L. Paralysis. 
See Paralysis, Bulbar. 

Labioglossopharyngeal {la -be- o-glos-o- 

far-in' '-j'e-al) [labium, lip ; y'kibaaa, tongue; 
<pdpvy^, pharynx]. Pertaining conjointly to 
lips, tongue, and pharynx. 

Labioplasty {la' ' -be-o-plas-ty) [labium, lip ; 
Tr/Aoaetv, to form]. An operation for re- 
pairing an injured or diseased lip ; chilo- 
plasty. 

Labium {la'-be-um) [L.]. A lip. L. majus, 
or L. pudendi majus, one of two folds of 
skin of the female external genital organs, 
arising just below the mons Veneris, sur- 
rounding the vulval entrance, and meeting at 
the anterior part of the perineum. L. minus, 
L. pudendi minus, or nympha, one of two 
folds of mucous membrane at the inner sur- 
faces of the labia majora. L. tympanicum, 
the portion of the lamina spiralis forming the 
lower border of the sulcus spiralis. L. ure- 
thrae, the lateral margins of the external 
urinary meatus. L. vestibulare, the over- 
hanging extremity of the lamina spiralis that 
forms the upper part of the sulcus spiralis. 

Labor {la'-bor) [L. , work]. Parturition ; the 
bringing forth of young. L., Artificial, that 
effected or aided by other means than the 
forces of the maternal organism. L., Dry, 
that in which there is a deficiency of the liquor 
amnii, or in which there has been a premature 
rupture of the bag of waters. L., Induced, 
labor brought on by artificial means. L., 
Instrumental, one requiring instrumental 
means to extract the child. L., Missed, 
retention of the dead fetus in utero beyond 
the period of normal gestation. L., Prema- 
ture, labor taking place before the normal 
period of gestation, but when the fetus is 
viable. L., Stages of, arbitrary divisions 



of the period of labor, — the first begins with 
dilatation of the os, and ends with complete 
dilatation ; the second ends with the expul- 
sion of the child; the third {placental} con- 
sists in the expulsion of the placenta. L., 
Mechanism of, the mechanism by which a 
fetus and its appendages traverse the birth- 
canal and are expelled. L. -pains, the pains 
consequent upon the contractions of the uterus 
during labor. L., Precipitate, labor in which 
the expulsion of the fetus and its appendages 
takes place with undue celerity. L., Pro- 
tracted, labor prolonged beyond the usual 
limit (io— 20 hours in primiparse, 2-6 hours 
in multiparas). 

Laboratory {lab f - or - a - to - re) [laborare, to 
work]. A room or place designed for experi- 
mental scientific work. 

Labyrinth {lab' -ir-inth)[\afi'vpivQoq , amaze]. 
I. A name given to the series of cavities of 
the internal ear comprising the vestibule, 
cochlea, and the semicircular canals. 2. The 
parts of the cortex of the kidney between the 
medullary rays. See Kidney. L., Bony. 
See L., Osseous. L., Membranous, the 
membranous cavity within the osseous laby- 
rinth, from which it is partly separated by the 
perilymph. L., Osseous, the bony portion 
of the internal ear. 

Labyrinthal {lab-ir-in'-thal), Labyrinthic 
{lab-ir-in'-thik), Labyrinthine {lab-ir-in' '- 
thin) [Tiafivpivdoq, a maze] . Pertaining to a 
labyrinth. L., Vertigo. See Meniere's Dis- 
ease. 

Lac {lak) [L.]. Milk. L. sulphuris, milk 
of sulphur; sulphur praecipitatum (U.S. P.). 

Laceration {las - er - a'- shun) [lacerare, to 
tear]. A tear. L. of Perineum, a tearing 
through the wall separating the lower ex- 
tremity of the vagina and rectum, occurring- 
occasionally during childbirth. 

Lachrymal {lak' -rim-al) . See Lacrimal. 

Lacmus {lak'-mus). See Litmus. 

Lacrimal {lak' -rim-al) [lacrima, a tear]. 
Pertaining to the tears or to the organs secret- 
ing and conveying the tears. L. Apparatus, 
the lacrimal gland, ducts, canal, sac, and 
nasal duct. L. Artery, the first branch of the 
ophthalmic artery, supplying the gland. L. 
Bone, a bone upon the nasal side of the orbit, 
articulating with the frontal, the ethmoid, and 
superior maxillary bones, in which begin the 
lacrimal groove and nasal duct. L. Canals, 
or Canaliculi, superior and inferior, extend 
from the lacrimal puncta to the sac, and 
serve to convey the excess of tears from the 
eye to the nose. L. Caruncle. See Car- 
uncle. L. Ducts, seven to fourteen ducts, 



LACRIMATION 



350" 



LAFAYETTE MIXTURE 



extending obliquely from the gland to the for- 
nix conjunctivae, carrying the tears to the con- 
junctival surface of the eye-ball. L. Fistula, 
a fistula communicating with a lacrimal duct. 
L. Gland, the gland secreting the tears, situ- 
ated in a depression of the frontal bone, the 
L. fossa, at the upper and outer angle of the 
orbit. L. ftake, the inward prolongation of 
the palpebral fissure of the eyelids. L. Pa- 
pilla. See Papilla. L. Probe, a probe for 
exploring or dilating the canaliculi and nasal 
duct. L. Puncta, the minute orifices of the 
canaliculi, upon the eyelids near the inner 
canthus. L. Sac, a saccular enlargement 
of the upper part of the nasal duct, into 
which the canaliculi empty. L. Style, a probe 
used in stricture of the nasal duct. 

Lacrimation [lak-rim-a' -shun) [lacrima, a 
tear]. An excessive secretion of tears. 

Lactalbumin {lakt-al' '-bu-min) [lac, milk ; 
albumi7i\. A proteid contained in milk; it 
resembles serum -albumin, and coagulates at a 
temperature of from 70 to 8o° C. 

Lactate {lak' -tat) [lac, milk]. A salt of lactic 
acid. 

Lactation [lak-ta' 'shun) [lactare, to suckle]. 
Suckling ; the period during which the child 
is nourished from the breast. 

Lacteal {lak f -te-al) \_lac, milk]. 1. Per- 
taining to milk. 2. Any one of the lymph- 
atics of the small intestine that take up the 
chyle. 

Lactic (lak'-tik) [lac, milk]. Pertaining to 
milk or its derivatives. L. Acid, See Acid, 
Lactic. 

Lactiferous {lak-tif -er-tis) [lac, milk; ferre, 
to carry]. Conveying or secreting milk. L. 
Ducts, the ducts of the mammary gland. L. 
Glands, the mammary glands. 

Lactifuge {lak' -tif-uj ') [lac, milk ; fugare, to 
drive away]. I. Lessening the secretion of 
milk. 2. A drug or agent that causes a les- 
sening in the secretion of milk. 

Lactigenous (lak-tij'-en-us) [lac, milk ; yev- 
vav, to produce]. Milk-producing. 

Lactin (lak' ' -tin) [lac, milk] . Sugar of milk ; 
lactose. 

Lactinated (Jak f -tin-a-ted) [lac, milk]. Con- 
taining sugar of milk. 

Lactivorous (lak-tiv' ' -or-us) [lac, milk ; vo- 
rare, to devour]. Subsisting on milk. 

Lacto- (lak f -to-) [lac, milk]. A prefix de- 
noting relation to milk. 

Lactocele (lak'-to-sel) [lac, milk; ktj}.t], tu- 
mor] . See Galactocele. 

Lactoglobulin (lak-to-glob' '-u-lin)[lac, milk ; 
globtclin]. One of the proteids of col- 
ostrum. 

Lactometer [lak - torn'- et-er) [lac, milk ; ue- 
rpov, a measure]. An instrument for deter- 
mining the specific gravity of milk. 

Lactone [la h'- ton) [lac, milk], C 10 H 8 O 4 . An 



aromatic, colorless, inflammable fluid, ob- 
tained in the dry distillation of lactic acid. 

Lactophosphate [lak-to-fos' -fat) [lac, milk ; 
phosphate - ]. A salt composed of a base 
united to lactic and phosphoric acid. 

Lactoprotein (lak-topro' -te-in) [lac, milk ; 
protein]. A proteid said to exist in milk. 

Lactose {lak'-tos) [lac, milk], C ]2 H 22 O n -f 
H 2 0. Milk-sugar ; a sugar found in the milk 
of mammals, and at times in the urine of 
nursing women. It forms white, hard, rhom- 
bic crystals, soluble in water, and has a 
sweetish taste. Under the name of saccharum 
laCtis it is official in U. S. P. Its chief use 
is as a vehicle. 

Lactuca {lak-tu r -kah) [from lac, milk, on ac- 
count of the milky juice]. A genus of com- 
posite-flowered herbs ; the lettuces. L. 
sativa, the common garden lettuce. L. 
virosa, is the source of lactucarium. 

Lactucarium {lak-tu-ka' '-re-uvi). Lettuce. 
The concrete milky juice of Lactuca virosa, a 
plant of the order Compositse. It contains a 
substance, lactucin, to which its properties 
are thought to be due, is sedative and ano- 
dyne, and has been used in cough and ner- 
vous irritability. L., Syrupus. Dosef^ij-iij 
(8.0-12.0). L., Tinct. Dose f:$j (4.0). 

Lacuna (la-ku f -nah) [lacus, a lake].. A 
hcllow space. L. of Bone. See Bone. 
L., Howship's. I. Depressions on the 
surface of bone beneath the periosteum. 2. 
Carious excavations in bone filled with gran- 
ulation-tissue. L. magna, the largest of 
the orifices of the glands of Littre, situated 
on the upper surface of the fossa navicularis. 
L. of Urethra, follicular depressions in the 
mucous membrane of the urethra, most 
abundant along the floor, especially in the 
region of the bulb. Their mouths are di- 
rected forward. 

Lacunar (la-ku f -nar) [lacns, lake]. Per- 
taining to the lacunae. L. Tonsillitis. See 
Tonsillitis. 

Lacunula (lak-u' '-nu-lah) [dim. of lacuna, a 
lake]. A small lacuna. 

Lacus {la'-kus) [L. , lake].- A small cavity. 
L. lacrimalis, the space at the inner can- 
thus of the eye, near the punctum, in which 
the tears collect. 

Lacustrine {la-kus f -trin) [lacus, a lake]. 
Inhabiting lakes or ponds. 

Lady Webster Pill. See Aloe. 

Lady's Slipper. See Cypripediu?n. 

Laennec's Cirrhosis {len-eks') [R. T. H. 
Laennec, a French physician, 1781-1826]. 
Atrophic cirrhosis of the liver. 

Laevo- (le'-vo-). For words so commencing 
see Levo-. 

Lsevulose (lev / -u-los). See Levulose. 

Lafayette Mixture. A mixture employed 
in gonorrhea. It contains copaiba, cubebs, 



LAGOPHTHALMOS 



351 



LANDRY'S DISEASE 



liquor potassse, sweet spirit of niter, and is 
known also as the compound copaiba mix- 
ture. 
Lagophthalmos (lag- off -thai' -mos) [Tiayuc, 
hare ; b(j)6a/\,/u.6g , eye ; from the popular no- 
tion that a hare sleeps with open eyes]. A 
condition in which the eyes cannot be closed. 
La Grippe (lah grip) [Fr.]. Influenza. 
Lake-colored (ldk> '-cul-erd), or Laky (la' -he) 
[Fr., laque, rose-colored, from Pers. lak\ 
Applied to blood that is dark-red and 
transparent from a solution of the hemoglo- 
bin in the serum. 
Lallation (lal-a/ -shun) [lallare, to babble]. 
Any unintelligible stammering of speech, such 
as the prattling of a babe. 
Laloneurosis (lal-o-nu-ro' -sis) \%d\oq, prat- 
tle ; vevpov, nerve]. An impairment of 
speech arising from spasmodic action of the 
muscles. It includes stammering and aph- 
thongia. 
Lalopathy (lal-op'-ath-e) \\akoq, speech ; 
izadoQ, disease]. Any disorder of speech. 
Lambda (lam'-dah) [l&nfida, the Greek let- 
ter A or A]. The angle of junction of the 
sagittal and. lambdoid sutures. 
Lambdacism (lam' -das-izm) [Aa[x6aKLGjx6c, 
lambdacism]. I. Difficulty in uttering the 
sound of the letter /. 2. Too frequent use 
of the / sound, or its substitution for the r 
sound. 
Lambdoid, or Lambdoidal (lam'-doid, or 
lam-doi'-dal) [?idfij3da, the letter A; eldog, 
resemblance]. Resembling the Greek let- 
ter A. L. Suture, the suture between the 
occipital and the two parietal bones. 
Lamella (lam-el'-ah) [dim. of lamina, a 
plate]. A thin scale or plate. L. of Bone, 
the concentric rings surrounding the Haver- 
sian canals. L., Concentric, one of the 
plates of bone surrounding the Haversian 
canal. L., Intermediate, one of the plates 
filling the spaces between the concentric lay- 
ers of bone. L., Periosteal, or Peripheral, 
a superficial lamella of bone lying under the 
periosteum. 
Lamellar (lam-el' -ar) [lamella, a thin plate]. 
Having the nature of or resembling a thin 
plate ; composed of lamellae or thin plates. 
L. Cataract. See Cataract. 
Lamina (lam'-in-ah) [L., a plate or scale]. 
A thin plate or layer. L. cinerea, the con- 
necting layer of gray matter between the cor- 
pus callosum and the optic chiasma. L., 
Cribriform, the cribriform plate of the eth- 
moid. L. cribrosa (of the choroid) , that por- 
tion of the choroid which is perforated for the 
passage of the optic nerve. L. cribrosa. I. 
The cribriform fascia covering the saphenous 
opening. 2. The anterior or posterior per- 
forated space of the brain. 3. The perforated 
plates of bone through which branches of the 



cochlear or auditory nerve pass. L. fusca, 
the pigmentary tissue of the inner layer of the 
sclera forming the outer layer of the pericho- 
roidal sinus. L. propria (of the tympanic 
membrane), the middle or fibrous layer of the 
tympanic membrane. L., Reticular, the 
hyaline membrane of the inner ear, extending 
between the conjoined head of Corti's rods 
and the supporting cells. L. spiralis, a thin 
plate in the ear, osseous in the inner part and 
membranous in the outer, which divides the 
spiral tube of the cochlea into the scala tym- 
pani and the scala vestibuli. L. supracho- 
roidea, the delicate connective-tissue mem- 
brane uniting the choroid and sclerotic coats 
of the eye. L., Vitreous, a homogeneous 
membrane covering the inner surface of the 
choroid ; it is also called the membrane of 
Bruch. 

Laminar (lam' '-in-ar) [lamina, a layer]. 
Composed of laminae ; having the form of a 
lamina. 

Laminaria (lam-in ■ a' -re-ah) [lamina, a thin 
plate]. I. A genus of algae, or seaweeds. 
2. The stems of L. cloustoni, or L. digitata. 
L. Tent, a tent made of the stem of the 
laminaria plant, for dilatatipn of the cervix 
uteri and other canals. 

Laminated (lam'-in-a-ted). See Laminar. 

Lamination (lain - in - a' '- shun) [lamina, a 
layer]. I. Arrangement in plates or layers. 
2. An operation in embryotomy, consisting 
in cutting the skull in slices. 

Laminectomy (lam-in-ek' -to-me) [lamina, a 
layer ; iK-oixrj, excision]. The operation of 
removing the posterior vertebral arches. 

Lamp-black [?,aix~dq, a lamp]. A fine black 
substance, almost pure carbon, made by burn- 
ing coal-oils in an atmosphere deficient in 
oxygen, or by allowing a gas-flame to impinge 
on a cold surface. 

Lancet (Ian' -set) [dim. of lancea, a lance]. 
A knife having a double-edged, lance-shaped 
blade for incising tumors, abscesses, etc. L., 
Gum, a small lancet in which the cutting 
portion has a convex edge and is at right- 
angles to the shaft ; it is used for cutting the 
gums. L., Spring, one in which the blade 
is thrust out by means of a spring, controlled 
by a trigger. L., Thumb, one with a double- 
edged, broad blade. 

Lancinating (Ian' -sin- a-ting) [lancinare, to 
tear]. Tearing; shooting. L. Pains, rend- 
ing, tearing, or sharply-cutting pains, com- 
mon in posterior spinal sclerosis. 

Lancisi, Nerves of. Striae longitudinales. 
The slight ridges of the corpus collosum on 
either side of the raphe. 

Landry's Disease or Paralysis. [J. B 
O. Landry, a French physician]. Acute 
ascending paralysis ; a form of paralysis 
characterized by loss of motor power in 



LAND-SCURVY 



352 



LARDACEIN 



the lower extremities, gradually extending to 
the upper extremities, and to the centers of 
circulation and respiration, without sensory- 
manifestations, trophic changes, or variations 
in electric reaction. 

Land-scurvy. Purpura hemorrhagica. 

Lanolin {Ian' -o-lin) \lana, wool ; oleum, oil]. 
The Adeps lanae hydrosus (U. S. P., B. P.). 
A cholesterin-fat obtained from sheeps' wool, 
and used as a basis for ointments. 

Lantermann's Notches or Segments. Cyl- 
indric segments in the medullary sheath of a 
nerve-hber, marked off from one another by 
the incisures of Schmidt. 

Lanugo {lan-u f -go) \lana, wool]. The down- 
like hair that appears upon the fetus at about 
the fifth month of gestation ; also the downy 
growth often seen upon the face of women 
and girls. 

Laparo- {lap' -ar-o-) [?~a~ dpa, loin]. A prefix 
denoting pertaining to the abdomen, properly, 
referring to the loin or flank. See Celiotomy . 

Laparocolotomy {lap - ar - o - ko - lot'- o - me) 
\_Aa~dpa, loin ; aoAov, colon ; to/lit], a cut- 
ting]. Inguinal or abdominal colotomy. 

Laparocystectomy [lap - ar-o-sis-tek' '-to-me) 
[/arrapa, loin ; Kiang, cyst, bladder ; zktout), 
excision]. An operation performed in ad- 
vanced extrauterine pregnancy for removal 
of the fetus and the entire gestation-sac. 

Laparocystotomy {lap - ar - o -sis - tot' ' -o-me) 
[Xairapa, loin ; niong, cyst, bladder ; tout], a 
cutting]. I. Suprapubic cystotomy. 2. An 
operation in advanced extrauterine preg- 
nancy for the removal of the fetus, the sac 
being allowed to remain. 

Laparoelytrotomy {lap ar-o-el-it-roP '-o-me) 
[/XLTrdpa, loin ; D.vrpov, sheath ; tout), a cut- 
ting]. An operation consisting in an incision 
over Poupart's ligament, dissecting up the 
peritoneum until the vagina is reached, in- 
cising the latter transversely, dilating the 
cervix, and extracting the child through the 
os uteri. 

Laparoenterotomy {lap-ar-o-en-ter-ot' -o-me) 
\_'/.a-dpa, loin ; evrspov, intestine ; rofif), a 
cutting] . An opening of the intestine through 
an abdominal incision. 

Laparogastrotomy {lap-ar-o-gas-trof '-o-me) 
\_Aa~dpa, loin ; ya<JTt)p, stomach ; tout), a 
cutting]. The opening of the stomach 
through an abdominal incision. 

Laparohysterectomy {lap-ar-o-his-ter-ek f -to- 
me) [/XLTrdpa, loin ; vers pa, womb ; ro/ufj, a 
cutting]. The removal of the uterus through 
an incision in the abdominal walls. 

Laparohysterooophorectomy (lap / - ar-o- 
his' -ter-o-o-off-or-ek' '-to-me) \7.a~dpa, loin ; 
varkpa, womb ; (lov, egg ; oepecv, to bear ; 
iK-ofif), a cutting out]. Removal of the uterus 
and ovaries through an incision in the ab- 
dominal wall. 



Laparohysterotomy {lap - ar - o-his-ter-ot' -o- 
me) \7.a-dpa, loin ; vcrkpa, uterus ; rop.f), a 
cutting]. The operation of cutting into the 
uterus through an abdominal incision, as for 
the purpose of removing a fetus. 

Laparoileotomy {lap - ar - o-il- e- of- o-me) 
\}.a~dpa, loin ; ileum; ropr), a cutting]. The 
operation of cutting into the ileum through 
an abdominal incision. 

Laparonephrectomy {lap - ar- o-nef-rek f - to- 
me) [/.arvapa, loin ; ve<ppo<;, kidney ; Enrou?), 
a cutting out]. Nephrectomy by an abdom- 
inal incision. 

Laparosalpingectomy {lap - ar- o-sal-pin- 
gek' -to-me) \_/.a-dpa, loin ; cd/.-tyi-, tube ; 
knTop.7], a cutting out]. Removal of a Fal- 
lopian tube through an abdominal incision. 

Laparosplenectomy {lap - ar - o-splen-ek' '-to- 
me) [/.arrdpa, loin ; a~lf)v, spleen ; ektojut), 
a cutting out]. Removal of the spleen 
through an abdominal incision. 

Laparotomist {lap - ar - of - o-mist) \7.a~dpa, 
loin; ~op.f), a cutting]. A surgeon who per- 
forms laparotomies. 

Laparotomy {lap-ar-ot' -o-me) \7.a-Kdpa, loin ; 
Top.?), a cutting]. I. An incision through 
the abdominal wall ; celiotomy is the prefer- 
able term. 2. The operation of cutting into 
the abdominal cavity through the loin or 
flank. 

Lapis {la'-pis) [L.]. A stone ; an alchemic 
term applied to any nonvolatile substance. 
L. divinus, aluminated copper. L. impe- 
rialis, silver nitrate. L. lazuli, a beautiful 
blue stone of complex composition, formerly 
employed as a purgative and emetic, and in 
epilepsy. L. lunaris, silver nitrate. L. 
mitigatus. diluted silver nitrate. 

Lappa {lap' -ah) [L.]. Burdock. The root 
of the common burdock, Arctium lappa, con- 
taining a bitter principle, a resin, and tannin. 
It is aperient, diuretic, and alterative, and has 
been employed in gout, scorbutus, syphilis, 
and in various skin-diseases. The dose of 
the root is £J-ij (4.0-8.0) ; in infusion or 
tincture TTLx-fgj (0.65-4.0). L., Ext., Fid. 
Dose mjexx-f 3J (2.0-4.0). 

Larch. See Larix. 

Lard \larda, lard]. The fat of the interior 
of the abdominal cavity of the hog, consti- 
tuting Adeps, of U. S. P. Lard is much used 
in pharmacy as a basis for ointments. See 
Adeps. 

Lardacein {lar-da' -se-in) \larda, lard] . Amy- 
loid substance, formed in amyloid degener- 
ation of various organs, particularly the liver, 
kidney, and spleen. It is a proteid, but in- 
soluble in the ordinary solvents, is not acted 
upon by the gastric juice, does not readily 
undergo putrefaction, and gives a mahogany- 
brown color with iodin, and a blue color with 
iodin and sulphuric acid. 



LARDACEOUS 



353 



LARYNGOTYPHOID 



Lardaceous (lar - da'- se - us) [tarda, lard]. 
Amyloid. L. Kidney. See Bright' s Disease. 

Larix (la'-riks) [L.]. Larch. A genus of 
coniferous, deciduous trees. Laricis Cortex 
(B. P.), is astringent and stimulant, and has 
been used in purpura, hemoptysis, bronchitis, 
and, locally, in skin-diseases. L., Tinct., 
(B. P.). Dose rr^xx-xxx (1.3-2.0). 

Larkspur {lark' -spur). The seed of Del- 
phinium consolida, a diuretic and emmena- 
gogue. Dose of the fid. ext., TT\J-x (0.065- 
0.65). Unof. 

Laryngeal (lar-in' -je-al) \ldpvy!;, larynx]. 
Pertaining to the larynx. L. Crisis, an acute 
laryngeal spasm, occurring in the course of 
tabes dorsalis. L. Mirror, a small circular 
mirror affixed to a long handle, used in 
laryngoscopy. 

Laryngectomy (lar-in-jek' '-to-me) [Xdpvyl;, 
larynx; enTo/uq, a cutting out]. Extirpation 
of the larynx. 

Laryngismus (lar-in-jiz' -mus) \_Xdpvy^, the 
larynx]. A spasm of the larynx. L. stridulus, 
a spasmodic affection of the larynx, charac- 
terized by sudden arrest of respiration, with 
increasing cyanosis, followed by long, loud, 
crowing inspirations. It is most common in 
rachitic children, but may also occur as a 
symptom of laryngeal catarrh. 

Laryngitis (lar-in-ji' '-lis) [hdpvyi;, larynx; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
larynx. It may be acute or chronic, catar- 
rhal, suppurative, croupous (diphtheric), tu- 
berculous, or syphilitic. Chronic catarrhal L. 
is divided into a hypertrophic and an atro- 
phic stage. The symptoms of acute catarrhal 
laryngitis, the most common form, are hoarse- 
ness, pain, dryness of the throat, dysphagia, 
and cough. 

Laryngocentesis (lar-in-go-sen-te' '-sis) \7idp- 
vy%, larynx ; newr/aig, puncture]. Puncture 
of the larynx. 

Laryngofissure (lar-in-go-fish' '-ur) [Idpvy^, 
larynx ; findere, to cleave] . Division of the 
larynx for the removal of tumors or foreign 
bodies. 

Laryngology (lar-in-gol'-o-je) \_^dpvy^ la- 
rynx; Myoq, science]. The science of the 
anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the 
larynx. 

Laryngoparalysis [Jar- in -go -par- al f - is - is) 
[Adpvyf, larynx ; rrapd^vaig, palsy]. Paraly- 
sis of the laryngeal muscles. 

Laryngopathy (lar-in-gop' -aih-e) \7idpvyt-, 
larynx; irddog, a suffering]. Any disease of 
the larynx. 

Laryngophantom (lar-in-go-fan' -turn) \\d- 
pvy!-, larynx; (pdvraofia, an apparition]. An 
artificial larynx designed for illustrative pur- 
poses. 

Laryngopharyngeal (lar- in -go -far-in'-je- 
al) [Mpvytj, larynx; <j)dpvyt;, pharynx]. 

2 3 



Pertaining conjointly to the larynx and 
pharynx. 

Laryngopharynx (lar-in- go-far' '-inks) \_Aap- 
vy%, larynx; (pdpvyfj, pharynx]. The infe- 
rior portion of the pharynx. It extends from 
the greater cornua of the hyoid bone to the 
inferior border of the cricoid cartilage. 

Laryngophony (lar-in-goff'-o-ne) [^dpvyt;, 
larynx; (puvrj, voice]. The sound of the 
voice observed in auscultation of the larynx. 

Laryngophthisis (lar-in-go-ti'-zis, lar -in - 
goff' '-this-is) [_Adpvy!-« larynx ; (pdlaig, wast- 
ing]. Laryngeal tuberculosis. 

Laryngoplasty (lar-in' -go-plas-te) [Tidpvyt;, 
larynx; TzTidaoeiv, to shape]. Plastic opera- 
tion upon the larynx. 

Laryngoplegia (lar-in-go-ple' -je-ah) [Idpvyl- , 
larynx; Tr?ir/yq, stroke]. Paralysis of one 
or more muscles of the larynx. 

Laryngoscope (lar - in' - go - skop) [Tidpvy!-, 
larynx; OKonelv, to examine]. A mirror at- 
tached to a long handle for examining the 
interior of the larynx. 

Laryngoscopist (lar-in-gos' -ko-pist) [_Mpvy^, 
larynx ; gkottsIv, to examine] . An expert in 
laryngoscopy. 

Laryngoscopy (lar-in-gos' -ko-pe) [Tidpvy^, 
larynx; cuoirelv, to examine]. Examination 
of the interior of the larynx by means of the 
laryngoscope. 

Laryngospasm (lar-in' ' -go-spazm) [Xapvyg, 
larynx; oiraofiog, spasm]. Spasmodic clos- 
ure of the glottis. 

Laryngostenosis ( lar-in-go-slen-o' ' -sis ) 
[Tidpvy^, larynx; arevaxyig, contraction]. Con- 
traction or stricture of the larynx. 

Laryngotomy (lar - in -got'- o - me) \Xdpvy^ , 
larynx; riuvetv, to cut]. The operation of 
incising the larynx. L., Complete, incision 
of the larynx through its whole length. L., 
Median, incision of the larynx through the 
thyroid cartilage. L., Subhyoid, incision 
of the larynx through the thyrohyoid mem- 
brane. L., Superior, and L., Thyrohyoid, 
incision of the larynx through the thyrohyoid 
membrane. 

Laryngotracheal (lar - in- go - tra'- ke - al) 
\}Apvy%* larynx; rpaxela, the windpipe]. 
Pertaining conjointly to the larynx and the 
trachea. 

Laryngotracheitis (lar-in -go-tra- ke-i'-tis) 
[Jidpvy^, larynx ; rpaxeia, windwipe ; ltlq, 
inflammation] . Inflammation of the larynx 
and the trachea. 

Laryngotracheotomy (lar-in-go-tra-ke-of - 
o-me) [Xdpvyt; , larynx ; rpax^o-, windpipe ; 
rojii], cutting]. That form of tracheotomy 
in which the cricoid cartilage and one or 
more of the upper rings of the trachea are 
divided. 

Laryngotyphoid (lar-in-go-ti' -foid) , Lar- 
yngotyphus (lar - in -go - ti'-fus) [Xdpvyi;, 



LARYNX 



354 



LAVENDER 



larynx ; rixpog, stupor]. Typhoid fever as- 
sociated with marked laryngeal complications. 

Larynx (lar ; -inks) [?i&pvyt;, larynx]. The 
organ of the voice situated between the 
trachea and the base of the tongue. It con- 
sists of a series of cartilages, the thyroid, the 
cricoid, and the epiglottis, and three pairs of 
cartilages, the arytenoids, and those of San- 
torini and Wrisberg, which are lined by mu- 
cous membrane, and are moved by the mus- 
cles of the larynx. The mucous membrane 
is, on each side, thrown into two transverse 
folds that constitute the vocal bands, the upper 
being the false, the lower the true vocal band. 
By the approximation or separation of the 
vocal bands the changes in the pitch of the 
voice are produced. The space between the 
vocal bands is termed the glottis. 

Lash [O. L. G. , laske,a flap]. An eye-lash. 

Lata, or Latah (la'-tah) [Jav.]. An hysteric 
neurosis prevalent in Java, and nearly identical 
with the disorder of the jumpers in Maine and 
Canada, and with the myriachit of Siberia. 

Latent (la' -tent) [latere, to be hid]. Con- 
cealed ; not manifest; potential. L. Heat, 
that which apparently disappears when a 
liquid is vaporized or a solid melted. L. 
Period. I. The time required for the incu- 
bation of a disease. 2. In physiology, the 
time intervening between the application of 
a stimulus and the appearance of the result- 
ing phenomenon. 

Laterad (lat'-er-ad) \latus, the side; ad, 
toward]. Toward the lateral aspect. 

Lateral (lat'-er-al) \latus, the side]. At, 
belonging to, or pertaining to the side ; situ- 
ated on either side of the median vertical 
plane. L. Column, that column of the 
spinal cord between the anterior and poste- 
rior horns. L. Operation, that form of 
lithotomy in which the opening is made on 
the right or left side of the perineum. L. 
Sclerosis, Amyotrophic, a disease of the 
lateral columns and anterior gray matter of 
the cord. It is characterized by motor weak- 
ness and a spastic condition of the limbs, as- 
sociated with atrophy of the muscles and 
final involvement of the nuclei in the medulla 
oblongata. L. Sclerosis, Primary, a 
sclerotic disease of the crossed pyramidal 
tracts of the cord characterized by paralysis 
of the limbs, with rigidity, increased tendon- 
reflexes, and absence of sensory and nutritive 
disorders. A peculiar characteristic jerking 
gait is produced, and clonus of the lower limbs 
may be readily excited. L. Sinuses, the 
two veins of the dura mater situated in the 
attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli. 
L. Ventricles. See Ventricle. 

Latericious, Lateritious (lat-er-ish' '-us) 
[later, brick]. Resembling brick-dust, as the 
L. sediment of the urine. 



Lateroabdominal (lat-er- o - ab-dom' -in-al) 
\latus, side ; abdominalis, pertaining to the 
abdomen]. Pertaining both to the side and 
the abdomen. L. Posture, Sims' posture. 

Lateroflexion (lat - er - o - flek> '- shun) \latus, 
side ; Jlectere, to bend]. Flexion or bending 

to one side. 

Lateropulsion (lat- er-o-ptiV -shun) \Jatus, 
side ; pellere, to drive] . An involuntary mo- 
tion to one side. 

Lateroversion {lat -er-o- ver f - shun) \_latus, 
side; vertere, to turn]. A turning to one 
side, as L. of the uterus. 

Lathyrism (lath f - ir - izni) [TiadvpLQ, pulse] . 
Lupinosis ; an affection produced by the use 
of meal from varieties of vetches, chiefly the 
Lathyrus sativus and L. cicera. It is a form 
of spastic paraplegia with tremor, involving 
chiefly the legs. 

Latissimus (lat-is f -im-tis) [superl. of latus, 
wide]. An adjective signifying widest. L. 
colli. See Muscles {Platysma myoides), 
Table of. L. dorsi. See Muscles, Table of. 

Laudable (law f -da-bl) \_laus, praise]. Praise- 
worthy. L. Pus. See Pus. 

Laudanin (lod' ' -an-in)\laudanum~\. C 20 H 25 - 
N0 4 . One of the alkaloids of opium. 

Laudanum (lod' '-an-um) [Pers. , ladan, the 
gum-herb lada]. Tinctura opii. See Opium. 
L., Sydenham's, Vinum opii. See Opium. 

Laughing, or Laughter (lahf- ing, lahf f - 
ter) [AS., hlehhan, to laugh]. A succession 
of rhythmic, spasmodic expirations with open 
glottis and vibration of the vocal bands, and 
indicating mirth. L.-gas, nitrous oxid, or 
protoxid of nitrogen. See Nitrous Oxid 
and Anesthetics. 

Laurel (lor f '- el) \laurus\ See Cherry- 
laurel, Laurus. L. -water, aqua laurocerasi. 
See Cherry -laurel. 

Laurocerasus (lor - o - ser f - as-us) \latirus, 
laurel; cerasus, cherry-tree]. See Cherry - 
laurel. 

Laurus (lor' -us) [L.]. A tree of the Lau^ 
racese. L. nobilis, the noble laurel, is in- 
digenous in the south of Europe. Its fra- 
grant oils (one essential, from the leaves, and 
the other fixed, from the berries) are chiefly 
used in liniments. Unof. 

Lavage (lav-ahzh f ) [Fr.]. The irrigation or 
washing out of an organ, such as the stomach, 
the bowel, etc. 

Lavation (lav-a' '-shun) \lavare, to wash]. 
Lavage. 

Lavender (lav f -en-der) \lavare, to wash]. 
The flowers of Lavandula vera, a plant of 
the order Labiatse. The active principle 
is a volatile oil (Oleum lavandulae rior- 
um), which is used in the preparation of 
Spiritus lavandulae. Dose rr^xxx-f^j 
(2.0-4.0). Tinct. lavandulae comp., for- 
merly termed compound spirit of lavender. 



I.AVERAN'S CORPUSCLES 



355 



LEAD 



Dose tr^xxx-f^j (2.0-4.0). Both are stim- 
ulant and carminative, and are used as ve- 
hicles. 

Laveran's Corpuscles, or Plasmodia. See 
Plasmodium. 

Law (Ja7v) [AS., lagu, a law]. A general 
rule ; a constant mode of action of forces, or 
phenomena. A rule of action prescribed by 
authority. L. of Avogadro, equal volumes 
of all gases and vapors, at like temperature 
and like pressure, contain an equal number 
of molecules. L., Behring's, the blood and 
blood-serum of an individual which has been 
artificially rendered immune against a certain 
infectious disease, may be transferred into 
another individual with the effect of rendering 
the latter also immune. L., Berthollet's, 
when two salts in solution can by double de- 
composition produce a salt less soluble than 
either,this salt will be produced. L., Boyle's, 
at any given temperature the volume of a given 
mass of gas varies inversely as the pressure 
that it bears. This is also called Mariotte's 
Law. L., Charles's, equal increments of 
temperature add equal amounts to the pro- 
duct of the volume and pressure of a given 
mass of gas. The increase is 27^ of its vol- 
ume measured at — 273 C, which is the 
zero of absolute temperature. L., Colles', a 
child born of a mother who is without ob- 

- vious venereal symptoms, and which, with- 
out being exposed to any infection subse- 
quent to its birth, presents symptoms of 
syphilis when a few weeks old, will not infect 
its mother. L., Dalton's, or L., Dalton- 
Henry's, although the volume of a gas ab- 
sorbed by a liquid remains constant, the 
weight (volume multiplied by the density) of 
the absorbed gas rises and falls in proportion 
to its pressure. L. of Definite Proportions, 
when two or more chemic substances unite 
to form a compound, they do so in a fixed 
and constant proportion. L., Fechner's, 
with increase of the stimulus the sensation 
increases only as the logarithm of the stimu- 
lus. L., Gay-Lussac's. See L., Charles's. 
L., Graham's, the rate of diffusion of gases 
through porous membranes is in inverse ratio 
to the square-root of their density. L., 
Henry's. See Z., Dalton's. L., Hilton's, 
a nerve-trunk supplying a given joint also 
supplies the muscles moving that joint and 
the skin over the insertion of those mus- 
cles. L., Listing's, pertains to the move- 
ments of the eye-ball ; when moved from the 
position of rest, the angle of rotation in the 
second position is the same as if the eye were 
turned about a fixed axis perpendicular to the 
first and second positions of the visual line. 
L., Mariotte's. See Z., Boyle's. L. of 
Multiple Proportions, two substances unit- 
ing to form a series of chemic compounds 



do so in proportions that are simple mul- 
tiples of one another or of one common pro- 
portion. L., Ohm's, the current-strength 
varies directly as the electromotive force, and 
inversely as the resistance. L., Profeta's, 
a child born of syphilitic parents, though 
apparently free from syphilis, cannot be 
infected. L. of Reciprocal Proportions, 
two elements combining with a third do so 
in proportions that are simple multiples or 
simple fractions of those in which they com- 
bine with each other. L. of Refraction, 
rays of light entering a denser medium are de- 
flected toward a perpendicular drawn through 
the point of incidence, and those entering 
a rarer medium are deflected away from 
the same perpendicular. L., Weber's, the 
variation of stimulus that causes the smallest 
appreciable variation in sensation maintains, 
approximately, a fixed ratio to the total stim- 
ulus. 

Laxative (laks' -a-tiv) \_laxare, to loosen]. I. 
Aperient ; mildly cathartic. 2. An agent 
that loosens the bowels ; a mild purgative. 

Laxator (laks-a f -tor)\laxare , to loosen]. That 
which loosens or relaxes. A name applied 
to various muscles. L. tympani. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Layer (la'-er) \lecgan, to cause to lie down]. 
A mass of uniform, or nearly uniform, 
thickness, spread over a considerable area. 
L., Bacillar [of the retina), the layer of 
rods and cones of the retina. L., Gangli- 
onic, a layer of angular cells of the cerebral 
cortex, best developed in the motor area. 
L., Horny [of the epidermis), the superficial 
layer of the skin. L., Osteogenetic, the 
lower layer of periosteum, connected with 
the formation of bone. L. of Rods and 
Cones. See Z., Bacillar. 

Layman {la f -man) \\aoq, the people]. A 
member of the laity ; a person not a physician, 
or not professionally educated. 

Lazaretto (laz-ar-et'-d) [Ital., a pest-house, 
from lazar, a leper]. A quarantine estab- 
lishment ; a pest-house. Also, a place for 
fumigation and disinfection. 

Lead (led) [AS., lead, lead]. See Plumbum. 
L., Black, graphite. L. -colic. See Colic. 
L. -encephalopathy, the cerebral manifesta- 
tions of chronic lead-poisoning. They con- 
sist of epilepsy, acute delirium, and halluci- 
nations, and may terminate in insanity. L.- 
line, blue line ; the line of discoloration on 
the gums in cases of chronic lead-poisoning. 
L.-pipe Contraction, the condition of the 
limbs in the cataleptic state, in which they 
maintain any position that is given them. 
L. -poisoning, plumbism; saturnism, — a 
form of poisoning due to the introduction of 
lead into the system. The symptoms are dis- 
turbed nutrition, anemia, a blue line on the 



LEADER 



356 



LEONTODIN 



gums, lead-colic, constipation, pains in the 
limbs, local muscular paralysis (wrist-drop) 
and wasting, saturnine encephalopathy, etc. 

Leader [le f -der) [AS., lad, a way or path]. 
A sinew or tendon. 

Leathery (leth'-er-e) [AS., lefier, leather]. 
Resembling leather, as L. arteries, arteries 
thickened and feeling like cords of leather. 

Lecithin (les / -ith-in) \yIni6oq, yolk of egg~\, 
C 44 H 90 NPO 9 . A complex nitrogenous fatty 
substance occurring widely spread throughout 
the animal body. It is found in the blood, 
bile, serous fluids, brain, nerves, yolk of egg, 
semen, pus, and white blood-corpuscles. It 
is a colorless, slightly crystalline substance, 
soluble in alcohol, and chemically is looked 
upon as the glycerophosphate of neurin in 
which two atoms of hydrogen are replaced by 
two atoms of stearic, palmitic, or oleic acid. 

Leech [lech) [AS., Icece, physician]. A blood- 
sucking worm, the Sanguisuga, or Hirudo 
medicinalis, found in Europe ; Hirudo de- 
cora, the American leech. Leeches are used 
for the local abstraction of blood. A Euro- 
pean leech draws from f^ss-j (16.0-32.0) of 
blood. L., Artificial, an apparatus for cup- 
ping. 

Lees (lez) [Fr., he, dregs]. The dregs of 
vinous liquors. 

Leg [Icel. , leggr, leg]. The lower extremity, 
especially that part from the knee to the 
ankle. L., Barbadoes, elephantiasis of the 
leg. L., Black. See Anthrax, Symptomatic, 
and Black-leg. L., Bow-, a curving out- 
ward of the legs. L., Milk-, phlegmasia 
alba dolens. 

Legitimacy [le-jif '-im-as-e) \legitimns, law- 
ful]. I. The condition of being within the 
bounds of the law. 2. The state of a child 
born within wedlock, or within a period of 
time necessary to gestation, which may elapse 
after the death of the father. 

Legumin [leg-u' '-mm) \_legumen, pulse]. A 
proteid found in the seeds of many plants be- 
longing to the natural order of Leguminos?e. 

Leiodermia [li - - der f - me - ah) . See Lio- 
dermia. 

Leiomyoma {li-o-mi-o* -mah). See leio- 
myoma. 

Leiter's Coil, or Tubes. Tubes of soft, 
flexible metal designed for application about 
any part of the body. Cold water is passed 
through the tubes, thereby reducing the tem- 
perature of the parts encased. 

Lembert's Suture. See Suture. 

Lemniscus (lem-mV-hus) [aehviokoq, fillet]. 
See Fillet. 

Lemon {lem f -on). See Limo. 

Lemonade (lem-on-dd / ) \limon, lemon]. An 
acidulous, refrigerant drink made from the 
juice of lemon. L., Sulphuric Acid, a 
solution of sugar in water containing sul- 



phuric acid. It is used in lead manufactories 
to prevent lead-poisoning. 
Lens (lenz) [L. , a lentil]. I. A piece of glass 
or crystal for the refraction of rays of light. 

2. The crystalline lens of the eye. L., 
Achromatic. See Achromatic. L., Apo- 
chromatic. See Apochromatic. L., Bicon- 
cave (negative or minus ( — ) lens) , a thick- 
edged lens having concave spheric surfaces 
upon its opposite sides ; it is used in spectacles 
to correct myopia. L., Biconvex (positive 
or plus (-|-) lens), a thin-edged lens ; it has 
two convex surfaces, and is used to correct 
hyperopia. L., Bifocal. See Bifocal. L., 
Convergent or Converging, a double con- 
vex or planoconvex lens that focuses rays of 
light. L., Convexoconcave, a lens having 
a convex and a concave surface, which would 
not meet if continued. Its properties are 
those of a convex lens of the same focal dis- 
tance. L., Crystalline, the lens of the eye, 
situated immediately behind the iris. L., 
Cylindric (either minus or plus), one with a 
plane surface in one axis and a concave or 
convex surface in the axis at right angles to 
the first. L., Dispersing, a concave lens. 
L., Periscopic, one with concavoconvex or 
convexoconcave surfaces, the opposite sides 
being of different curvatures ; such lenses 
are called meniscus lenses. L., Spheric, one 
the curved surface of which, either concave 
or convex, is a segment of a sphere. 

Lenticonus [len-tik-o f -mis) [lens, a lens ; 
conus, a cone]. A rare, usually congenital, 
anomaly of the lens in which there is a coni- 
cal prominence upon its anterior or, more 
rarely, upon its posterior, surface. 

Lenticular {len-tik' -u-lar) \lenticula, a 
lentil]. I. Pertaining to, or resembling, a 
lens. 2. Pertaining to the crystalline lens. 

3. Pertaining to the lenticular nucleus of the 
brain. L. Nucleus, a mass of gray matter, 
the extraventricular portion of the corpus 
striatum, situated to the outer side of the 
internal capsule of the brain. 

Lenticulostriate (len-tik-u-lo-stri' '-at) \len- 
ticula, a lentil; striatus, striated]. Pertain- 
ing to the lenticular nucleus of the corpus 
striatum, as L. artery. 

Lentigo (len-ti'-go) [L. ,a lentil-shaped spot: 
pi. , Lentigines\ . A freckle ; a circumscribed 
patch of pigment, small in size, occurring 
mainly on face and hands, and due to expo- 
sure to the sun. L. a^stiva, summer-freckles. 

Leontiasis (le-on-ti'-as-is) [Mow, a lion]. A 
lion-like appearance of the face seen in lep- 
rosy, elephantiasis, and L. ossea. L. 
ossea, L. ossium, an overgrowth of the 
bones of the face through which the features 
acquire a lion-like appearance. 

Leontodin (le-on'-to-din) [Xeuv, a lion ; 
b6ovq,a. tooth]. The precipitate from a tine- 



LEONTODON 



357 



LEUKOCYTIC 



ture of the root of dandelion, Leontodon 
taraxacum ; it is a tonic, diuretic, and aperient, 
and an hepatic stimulant. Dose 2-4 grains 
(0.13-0.26). Unof. 

Leontodon (le-on* -to-don). See Taraxacum. 

Leper (lep'-er) [Xeirpog, scaly]. One affected 
with leprosy. 

Lepra (lep' -rah ) \\k-Kpa, leprosy]. I. Lep- 
rosy. 2. A form of psoriasis. L. anaes- 
thetica. See Leprosy. L. maculosa, the 
stage of true leprosy characterized by the 
presence of pigment-spots. L. mutilans, 
the final stage of true leprosy, in which there 
is a marked loss of tissue. 

Leprosy (lep'-ro-se) [heir pa, leprosy]. An 
endemic, chronic, infectious disease, due to 
the bacillus leprae. Two forms of leprosy are 
described — a tubercular and an anesthetic 
form. The first begins with a well-defined 
erythema (Macular L.), which is succeeded 
by the formation of papules, and later of 
nodules, although in some cases the erythe- 
matous stage is followed by a disappearance 
of the pigment without nodulation (Lepra 
alba). The nodules eventually break down 
and ulcerate. The anesthetic form begins 
with pains and hyperesthesia; a macular erup- 
tion appears, but again subsides, leaving 
spots of anesthesia ; trophic lesions develop 
and lead to the loss of the fingers or toes, 
with the production of marked deformity. 

Leptandra (lep - tan f -drah) [A£7rroc, thin; 
avrjp, male]. Culver's Root. The rhizome 
and rootlets of L. virginica, now called Ver- 
onica virginica. Its properties are thought 
to be due to a glucosid, leptandrin. It is 
tonic, laxative, and cholagogue, and is used 
in indigestion and chronic constipation. Dose 
of the extract, gr. j-iij (0.065-0.2) ; of the 
fld. ext., TT\xx-f 3J (1.3-4.0). 

Leptomeningitis (lep-to-men-in-ji' '-tis) \\tv:- 
toq, slight ; fifiviy^, membrane ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the pia and 
arachnoid of the brain or the spinal cord. 

Leptorhine (lep' '-tor-in) [Aetttoc, thin ; pig, 
nose]. Having a slender nose or proboscis. 

Leptothrix (lep / -to-thriks) [Aenrdc, thin ; 
dpig, hair]. A genus of bacteria, the ele- 
ments of which form straight filaments, often 
of great length. See Bacteria, Table of. 

Leptus (lep'-tus) {lenrdg, thin]. A genus 
of beetles. L. autumnalis, harvest-bug; 
mower's mite. A parasite that burrows 
under the skin, causing lesions similar to 
those of itch. 

Lesion (le'-zhwt) \_lcesio ; Icedere, to hurt]. 
An injury, wound, or morbid structural 
change. L., Focal, in the nervous system, 
a circumscribed lesion giving rise to distinc- 
tive and localizing symptoms. L., Initial, 
of Syphilis, the chancre. L., Irritative, 
in the nervous system, a lesion exciting the 



functions of the part wherein it is situated. 
L., Peripheral, a lesion of the nerve-trunks 
or of their terminations. L., Primary, of 
the Skin, the change in the skin occurring 
in the developing stage of a skin-disease. 
L., Secondary. I. In the skin, the change 
occurring in the primary lesion, due to irri- 
tation or other causes. It comprises erosions, 
ulcers, rhagades, squamae, cicatrices or scars, 
crusts, and pigmentation. 2. One of the 
secondary manifestations of syphilis. 

Lethal (le f - thai) \\rjdrj, forgetfulness]. 
Deadly ; pertaining to or producing death. 

Lethargy (leth f -ar-je) \_2.y0rj, forgetfulness]. 
A condition of drowsiness or stupor that can- 
not be overcome by the will ; also, a stage 
of hypnotism. 

Lettuce (let f -us). See Lactucarium. 

Leucemia (lu-se f -me-ah). See Leukemia. 

Leucin (lu f -sin) \XtvKog, white], C 6 H 13 N0 2 . 
A substance formed during pancreatic diges- 
tion, and also found in the urine, together 
with tyrosin, in acute yellow atrophy of the 
liver. L. crystallizes from the urine in the 
form of yellowish-brown balls. 

Leuco- (lu f -ko-). For words not found under 
this form see Leuko-. 

Leukemia (lu - ke / - me - ah) [Xevkoq, white ; 
al/j,a, blood]. A disease of the blood and 
the blood-making organs, characterized by 
a permanent increase in the number of white 
blood-corpuscles and by enlargement of the 
spleen, the lymphatic glands, and the marrow 
of bone, together or separately. The etiology 
is obscure ; by some the disease is considered 
infectious. L., Lymphatic, that form asso- 
ciated with enlargement of the lymphatic 
glands. L., Myelogenic, that in which the 
bone-marrow is involved. L., Splenic, that 
associated with enlargement of the spleen. 

Leukemic (lu-kem J '-ik, lu-ke'-mik) \\zvkoc, 
white; al/ua, blood]. Pertaining to leukemia. 

Leukocyte (lu f -ko-slt) [Tievkoq, white ; kvtoq, 
cell]. The colorless or white corpuscle of 
the blood. Leukocytes have ameboid move- 
ment and are formed in the lymphadenoid 
tissue of the spleen, lymphatic glands, intes- 
tinal tract, bone-marrow, etc., and probably 
also in the lymph and blood. Their average 
diameter is .01 mm. (2--5V0 inch). In normal 
blood several forms are distinguished : lym- 
phocytes, large uninuclear leukocytes, transi- 
tional forms, and multinuclear cells; according 
to the granules contained in their protoplasm, 
three varieties are described — the neutrophile, 
the eosinophile, and the basophile. 

Leukocythemia (lu-ko-si-the' -me-ah) \7i£vk6q, 
white ; kvtoq, cell; alfta, blood]. See Leu- 
kemia. 

Leukocytic (lu-ko-sif -ik) [Aei»/c<5c, white ; 
kvtoq, cell]. Relating to or characterized 
by leukocytes. 



LEUKOCYTOGENESIS 



358 



LEUKOMAIN 



Leukocytogenesis (lu - ko - si-to -jen'- es-is) 
[XevKog, white ; nvrog, cell ; yevvav, to beget]. 
The formation of leukocytes. 

Leukocytolysis {lu-ko-si-tol' -is-is) \levn6g, 
white; nvrog, cell; Ivcug, solution]. The 
destruction of leukocytes. 

Leukocytoma (lu - ko - si - to' - mah) [Tievaog, 
white ; nvrog, cell ; dfza, tumor]. A tumor- 
like mass composed of leukocytes, as the 
tubercle, the gumma. 

Leukocytopenia [lu-ko-si-to-pe' '-ne-ah) \\ev- 
Kog, white ; nvrog, cell ; wevla, poverty]. Dim- 
inution of the number of leukocytes in the 
blood. 

Leukocytosis {lu-ko-si-to' -sis) [levnog, white ; 
nvrog, cell]. An increase in the number of 
colorless blood-corpuscles in the blood. It is 
physiologic during digestion and pregnancy ; 
pathologic in certain anemias, especially leu- 
kemia, in some of the infectious fevers, in 
cachexias, and after hemorrhage. L., Pure, 
a leukocytosis in which the increase of white 
cells affects the multinuclear form. 

Leukoderma (lu-ko-der f -?7iaJi)\\evKog, white ; 
6ep/ua, skin]. A condition of defective pig- 
mentation of the skin, especially a congenital 
absence of pigment in patches or bands. 



Leukolin (lu-ko f -liti). See Quinolin. 

Leukolysis [lu-koV -is-is) [/lewdc, white ; 
Ivctg, solution]. The destruction of the col- 
orless corpuscles of the blood. 

Leukoma (lu - ko'- mah) [levKo/za, white- 
ness, from /Xevnog, white]. I. An opacity 
of the cornea the result of an ulcer, wound, 
or inflammation, and presenting an appear- 
ance of ground glass. 2. The term has 
been used also for albumin. See Leuko- 
plakia. 

Leukomain (lu-ko f -mah-in) [Aewcw/za, white- 
ness , from levKog, white] . The name applied to 
any one of the nitrogenous bases or alkaloids 
normally developed by the metabolic activity 
of living organisms, as distinguished from the 
alkaloidal bodies developed in dead bodies, 
and called ptomains. From their chemic 
affinities leukomains may be divided into two 
groups : the uric-acid group, comprising ade- 
nin, carnin, guanin, heteroxanthin,hypoxan- 
thin, paraxanthin, pseudoxanthin, spermin, 
xanthin; and the kreatinin-group, in which 
are classed amphikreatinin, crusokreatinin, 
xanthokreatinin, and others. The appended 
table is modified from the work of Vaughan 
and Novy. 





TABLE 


OF LEUKOMAINS. 




Name. 


Formula. 


Discoverer. 


Source. 


Physiologic 

Action. 


Amphicreatin. 


C 9 H 19 N 7 4 . 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 




Carnin. 


C 7 H 8 N 4 3 . 


Weidel. 


Meat-extract. 


Nonpoisonous. 


Crusocreatin. 


C 5 H 8 N 4 0. 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 




Gerontin. 


C5H14N2. 


Grandis. 


Liver of dog. 


Poisonous ; para- 
lyzes nerve-cen- 
ters. 


Guanin. 


C 6 H 5 N 5 0. 


Unger. 


Animal and vegetal 
tissues; guano. 


Nonpoisonous. 


Heteroxanthin. 


C 6 H 6 N 4 2 . 


Salomon. 


Urine. 




Hypoxanthin. 


C 5 H 4 N 4 0. 


Scherer. 


Brain, muscle, kidney, 
liver, spleen, certain 
plants, etc. 


Nonpoisonous; ex- 
citomotor. 


Methyl-hydan - 
toin. 


C 4 H 6 N 2 2 . 


Guaretchi 
and Mosso. 


Fresh meat. 




Parareducin. 


C 6 H 9 N 3 0. 


Thudichum. 


Urine. 




Paraxanthin. 


C 7 H 8 N 4 2 . 


Thudichum, 
Salomon. 


Urine. 


Poisonous. 


Protarnin. 




Miescher. 


Spawn of salmon. 




Pseudoxanthin 
(?) 


C 4 H 5 N 5 0. 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 




Reducin (?) 


Ci2H 24 N609- 


Thudichum. 


Urine. 




Salamandarin. 


C34H60N2O5. 


Zalesky. 


Salamander. 


Poisonous. 


Sarcin or Sar- 
kin. 


See Hypoxanthin. 









LEUKOMATOUS 359 LICHEN 

TABLE OF LEUKOMAINS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Formula. 


Discoverer. 


Source. 


Physiologic 
Action. 


Spermin. 


C 2 H 5 N (?) 


Schreiner. 


Semen, testicles ; Char- 
cot-Leyden crystals ; 
tissues in leukemia. 


Nonpoisonous. 


Unnamed. 


C 3 H 5 N0 2 . 


Pouchet. 


Urine. 




Unnamed. 


C 7 H 12 N 4 Oo. 


Pouchet. 


Urine. 




Unnamed. 


C11H24N10O5. 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 




Unnamed. 


CioHosNnOs. 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 




Unnamed. 


C 18 H M N 2 02(C52H96N80 8 PS). 


Eliacheff. 


Normal urine. 


Slightly poisonous. 


Unnamed. 


C14H05N303- 


Eliacheff. 


Urine in tuberculosis. 


Poisonous. 


Urethrobro- 
min. 


See Paraxanthin. 








Xanthin. 


QH4N4O2. 


Marcet. 


Most animal tissues ; 
certain plants ; cer- 
tain calculi. 


Slightly poisonous ; 
muscle stimulant. 


Xanthocreatin. 


C 5 H 10 N 4 O. 


Gautier. 


Muscle. 


Poisonous. 



Leukomatous (lu - ko r - mat - us) [levnutia, 
whiteness]. Having the nature of or affected 
with leukoma. 

Leukomyelitis {lu-ko-mi-el-i' '-tis) [Aewcdc, 
white; /u.ve?i6g, marrow]. Inflammation of 
the white substance of the spinal cord. 

Leukonecrosis (lu-ko-ne-kro' -sis) [Xsvkoq, 
white ; venpoGig, death] . A form of dry 
gangrene, the slough having a light color. 

Leukonostoc {lu-ko-nos' '-tok) [levnog, white, 
and nostoc\. A genus of schizomycetes, 
having its elements disposed in chains and 
enveloped in a sheath of tough jelly. 

Leukopathy (lu-kop f - ath-e) Leukopathia 
{lu-ko-path'-e-ah^KzvKoq, white; rrddog, suf- 
fering]. Any deficiency of coloring-matter ; 
albinism. See Leukoderma. 

Leukophlegmasia {lu - ko -fleg - ma / - ze - ah) 
[acvkoc, white ; (p/iey/ua, phlegm]. I. A con- 
dition marked by a tendency to dropsy, ac- 
companied by a pale, flabby skin, and general 
edema of the whole body ; solid edema. 2. 
Phlegmasia alba dolens. L. dolens puer- 
perarum. Phlegmasia alba dolens. 

Leukoplakia (lu - ko ~pla'- ke-ah) [AevKog, 
white ; nXat;, surface]. Whitening of a 
surface. L. buccalis, L. lingualis, a 
disease characterized by the presence of 
pearly-white or bluish-white patches on the 
surface of the tongue, or the mucous mem- 
brane of the cheeks, due to a hyperplasia of 
the epithelium. 

Leukorrhea {Iti-kor-e'-ah) [Aftvcdc, white ; 

poia, a flow]. A whitish, mucopurulent dis- 
charge from the female genital canal, popu- 
larly called " the whites." 



Leukorrheal {lu-kor-e'-al) [Xevudg, white; 

poia, flow]. Of the nature of or pertaining 

to leukorrhea. 

Levant Wormseed. See Santo?iica. 
Levator {le-va f -tor) [L., a lifter]. I. That 

which raises or elevates, as certain muscles 

having such a function. See Muscles, Table 

of- 

Levorotatory {le-vo-ro' -tat-o-re) \lcevus, left ; 
rotare, to turn]. Causing to turn toward 
the left hand ; applied to substances that turn 
the rays of polarized light to the left. 

Levulinic Acid (lev-u-lin'-ik). See Acid. 

Levulosan (lev-u-lo'-san) \_Icevus, left], 
C 6 H 10 O 5 . A carbohydrate prepared by heat- 
ing levulose. 

Levulose {lev' '-u-los) \_lcevus, left], C 6 H 12 O fi . 
Fruit-sugar, the natural sugar of fruits. It is 
a colorless, syrupy liquid, and rotates the 
plane of polarized light to the left. It occurs 
normally in the intestine, and rarely in the 
urine in disease. 

Leyden Jar {li'-den) \_Leyden, a town in 
Holland]. A glass jar coated within and 
without with tinfoil, reaching nearly to the 
neck, and surmounted by a knobbed conduc- 
tor in connection with the inner coating. It 
is designed for the temporary accumulation 
of electricity, with which the inner foil may 
be charged. 

Leyden's Crystals. See Charcot- Leyden 
Crystals. 

Lichen (li'-ken) \\eixyv, a lichen]. A gen- 
eric term for a group of inflammatory affec- 
tions of the skin, in which the lesions consist 
of solid papules. L. acuminatus, a variety 



LICORICE 



360 



LIGAMENT 



of L. ruber in which the papules are acumin- 
ate. It is usually very acute and is accom- 
panied by grave constitutional symptoms 
(rigors, pyrexia, sweats, prostration), and by 
itching. L. pilaris, an inflammatory disease 
of the hair-follicles, in which a spinous epi- 
dermic peg occupies the center of the papule. 
L. planus, an inflammatory skin-disease, 
with an eruption made up of papules that are 
broad and angular at the base, flat and ap- 
parently glazed on the summit, slightly urn- 
bilicated, and of a dull purplish-red color. 
The papules may be discrete or may coalesce, 
and itching may be slight or severe. L. 
ruber, a rare skin-disease, with lesions con- 
sisting, in the beginning, of discrete, miliary, 
conical papules, but, as the disease advances, 
becoming aggregated and forming continu- 
ous red, infiltrated, and scaly patches. 
The whole surface may eventually become 
involved. The nails of the fingers and toes 
become affected, being of a dirty-brown color, 
rough, flaky, and breaking off short. The 
etiology and pathology are obscure. L. 
scrofulosus, a form occurring in strumous 
children. The eruption is situated on the 
trunk, especially upon the back, either 
diffusely or in patches. The papules are 
very small, pale, conical, and surmounted 
by fine scales ; they cause no itching, and 
on fading leave a rather persistent yellowish 
pigmentation. L. tropicus. Prickly heat. 

Licorice (lik f -or-is) [ylvuvppL^a, licorice]. 
See Glycyrrhiza. 

Lid [AS., hlid, lid]. See Eyelid. 

Lieberkuhn, Crypts of. See Crypt. 

Lien (li f -en) [L. ]. The spleen. 

Lienal (li ; -en-al) [lien, the spleen]. Relat- 
ing to the spleen. 

Lienitis (li-en-i' -tis) [lien, spleen ; trig, in- 
flammation]. Splenitis. 

Lientery (W -en-ter-e) [AeZoc, smooth ; evrepov, 
intestine]. A form of diarrhea in which the 
food passes rapidly through the bowels with- 
out undergoing digestion. 

Life (/if) [AS., lif, life]. I. The sum of 
properties that enables an organism to adapt 
itself to surrounding conditions. 2. The 
characteristic phenomena manifested by liv- 
ing beings. 3. The force or principle under- 
lying or causing the phenomena presented 
by organized beings. L., Animal, the mani- 
festations depending directly on the cerebro- 
spinal nervous system and the voluntary mus- 
cles, as distinguished from L., Vegetative, 
that is, the functions of digestion, respiration, 
reproduction, etc. L., Change of, that period 
in the life of a woman at which menstruation 
ceases ; the climacteric period. L., Expec- 
tation of, the average number of years a 
person has to live, as calculated from life- 
tables. 



Ligament (lig'-am-ent), Ligamentum (lig- 
am-en' -turn) \_ligare, to bind]. A band of 
flexible, compact connective tissue connecting 
the articular ends of the bones, and some- 
times enveloping them in a capsule. L., 
Acromioclavicular, a ligament covering the 
acromioclavicular articulation and extending 
from the clavicle to the acromial process of 
the scapula. L., Alar. I. One of the two 
folds of synovial membrane on either side of 
the mucous ligament of the knee-joint. 2. 
See Z., Odontoid. L., Annular (of ankle), 
the broad ligament covering the anterior sur- 
face of the ankle-joint. L., Annular (of 
wrist), a strong ligament extending from the 
trapezium to the unciform bone, confining 
the flexor tendons. L., Arcuate, one of the 
arched ligaments extending from the body of 
the diaphragm to the last rib, and to the 
transverse process of the first lumbar vertebra. 
L., Atloaxoid, that joining the atlas and the 
axis. L., Atlooccipital, that joining the 
atlas and the occiput. L. of Bigelow. See 
Z., Iliofemoral. L., Broad (of uterus), a 
fold of peritoneum extending laterally from 
the uterus to the pelvic wall. L., Capsular, 
a heavy fibrous structure surrounding an ar- 
ticulation, and lined by synovial membrane. 
L., Check. See Z., Odontoid. L., Conoid, 
the inner portion of the coracoclavicular 
ligament. It is attached to the coracoid pro- 
cess of the scapula and the conoid tubercle 
of the clavicle. L., Coracoclavicular, one 
extending from the coracoid process of the 
scapula to the clavicle. L., Coronary (of 
liver), a peritoneal fold extending from the 
posterior edge of the liver to the diaphragm. 
L., Costocoracoid, that joining the first rib 
and the coracoid process of the scapula. L., 
Cotyloid, a ring of fibrocartilaginous tissue 
at the margin of the acetabulum. L., 
Crucial, Anterior, the smaller crucial liga- 
ment of the knee, extending from the upper 
surface of the tibia to the inner surface of the 
external condyle of the femur. L., Crucial, 
Posterior, one attached below to the back 
part of the depression behind the spine of the 
tibia, to the popliteal notch, and to the ex- 
ternal semilunar fibrocartilage, and above to 
the inner condyle of the femur. L., Crural. 
See Z., Poupart^s. L., Flood's, the gleno- 
humeral ligament. L., Gimbernat's, a tri- 
angular expansion of the aponeurosis of the ex- 
ternal oblique muscle, connected anteriorly to 
Poupart'sligament and attached to the iliopec- 
tineal line. L., Glenohumeral, a portion of 
the coracohumeral ligament, attached to the 
inner and upper portion of the bicipital groove. 
L., Glenoid (of scapula) , a ring of fibrocartila- 
ginous tissue attached to the rim of the glen- 
oid fossa. L., Hey's, also called the 
femoral ligament ; a sickle-shaped expansion 



LIGAMENT 



361 



LIGHT 



of the fascia lata. L., Iliofemoral, a strong 
ligament extending from the anterior inferior 
iliac spine to the lesser trochanter and the in- 
tertrochanteric line. L., Interclavicular, 
one joining the sternal extremities of the 
clavicles and the sternum. L., Lateral, 
(of liver), one of the peritoneal folds between 
the sides of the liver and the inferior surface 
of the diaphragm. L., Odontoid, any one 
of the broad, strong ligaments arising on 
either side of the apex of the odontoid pro- 
cess and connecting the atlas with the skull. 
L. patellae, a strong fibrous structure, ex- 
tending from the tubercle of the tibia upward 
to become the tendon of the quadriceps ex- 
tensor muscle ; it embraces the patella. L. 
pectinatum, the spongy tissue at the junc- 
tion of the cornea and sclera in the sinus 
of the anterior chamber of the eye. It forms 
the root of the iris. L., Poupart's, the 
ligament extending from the anterior superior 
spine of the ilium to the spine of the pubis 
and the pectineal line. It is the lower por- 
tion of the aponeurosis of the external oblique 
muscle. L., Pterygomaxillary, one joining 
the apex of the internal pterygoid plate of the 
sphenoid bone and the posterior extremity of 
the internal oblique line of the lower jaw. 
L., Pubic, Inferior, a triangular ligament, 
extending from the symphysis pubis to 
the rami of the pubic bones. L., Rhom- 
boid, one joining the cartilage of the first rib 
and the tuberosity of the clavicle. It is a 
part of the costoclavicular ligament. L., 
Round (of hip). See L. teres. L., Round 
(of liver), a fibrous cord running from the 
umbilicus to the notch in the anterior border 
of the liver. It represents the remains of the 
obliterated umbilical vein. L., Round (of 
uterus), a ligament running from the anterior 
surface of the cornu of the uterus through 
the inguinal canal to the mons veneris. L., 
Sacrosciatic, Great, a ligament extending 
from the sacrum, coccyx, and inferior iliac 
spine to the tuberosity of the ischium. L\, 
Stylohyoid, a fibrous cord extending from 
the apex of the styloid process of the tem- 
poral bone to the lesser cornu of the hyoid 
bone. L., Stylomaxillary, a ligament 
joining the styloid process of the temporal 
bone and the inferior surface of the posterior 
margin of the ramus of the inferior maxilla. 
L., Subpubic. See L., Pubic, Inferior. 
L., Suspensory (of crystalline lens), the 
zonule of Zinn. L. teres, a rounded fibrous 
cord attached to the center of the articular 
surface of the head of the femur, and extend- 
ing to the margin of the cotyloid notch of the 
acetabulum. L., Transverse (of atlas), 
one attached to two small tubercles on the 
inner surface of the atlas, and surrounding 
the odontoid process of the axis. L., Trans- 



verse (of hip-joint), one extending across 
the cotyloid notch of the acetabulum. L., 
Transverse (of knee-joint), one extending 
from the anterior margin of the external semi- 
lunar fibrocartilage to the anterior extremity 
of the internal fibrocartilage. L.. Trapezoid, 
the anterior or external portion of the coraco- 
clavicular ligament, extending from the upper 
surface of the coracoid process of the scapula, 
to the under surface of the clavicle. L., 
Triangular (of the urethra), a tendinous 
band of triangular shape, attached by its apex 
to the reflected portion of Poupart's ligament, 
and passing inward beneath the spermatic 
cord and behind the inner pillar of the exter- 
nal abdominal ring, to join the tendon of the 
opposite side. L., Winslow's, the posterior 
ligament of the knee-joint. L., Y-shaped 
(of Bigelow), the iliofemoral ligament. 

Ligamentous (lig - am - en' - tus) \ligare, to 
bind]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, a 
ligament. 

Ligation (li-ga'-shun) \ligare, to tie]. The 
operation of tying, especially of tying arteries. 

Ligature (lig'-at-ur) \ligare, to tie] . I. A cord 
or thread used for tying about arteries or other 
parts. 2. Ligation. L., Double, the appli- 
cation of two ligatures to a vessel, between 
which it is divided. L., Elastic, a narrow 
band or thread of india-rubber applied tightly 
to a part so as to destroy the tissues and 
by compression to lead to separation. It 
is used in the treatment of hemorrhoids, anal 
fistula, and in the removal of pedunculated 
growths. L., Erichsen's, one consisting of 
a double thread, one-half of which is white, 
the other half black ; it is used in the liga- 
tion of nsevi. L., Intermittent, a tourniquet 
applied above a poisoned wound to interrupt 
the blood-current ; it is occasionally relaxed 
to allow of renewal of the circulation. L., 
Lateral, partial occlusion of the lumen of a 
vessel by a loose ligature. L., Provisional, 
a ligature applied during an operation, with 
the intention of removing it before the com- 
pletion of the operation. 

Light (lit) [AS., leoht, light]. Ethereal 
waves of the vibrational frequency that gives 
rise to the sensation of vision when the rays 
impinge upon the retina. L., Axial, light- 
rays that are parallel to each other and 
to the optic axis. L., Central. See L., 
Axial. L., Diffused, that reflected sim- 
ultaneously from an infinite number of 
surfaces, or that which has been scattered by 
means of a concave mirror or lens. L., Ob- 
lique, light falling obliquely on a surface. 
L., Reflected, light thrown back from an 
illuminated object. L., Refracted, light- 
rays that have passed through an object and 
have been bent from their original course. 
L. -sense, the faculty by which different 



LIGHTERMAN'S BOTTOM 

degrees of light or brightness may be distin- 
guished. L., Transmitted, the light passing 
through an object. 

Lighterman's Bottom. Inflammation of the 
bursa over the tuberosity of the ischium, from 
much sitting. 

Lightning {lit'-ning) [AS., leoht, light]. A 
luminous atmospheric discharge of electricity. 
L. Pains, the lancinating pains of loco- 
motor ataxia, coming on and disappearing 
with lightning-like rapidity. 

Lignum (lig'-num) [L.]. Wood. L. bene- 
dictum, guaiac-wood. L. cedrium, cedar- 
wood. L. vitae. See Guaiacum. 

Ligusticum {li-gus' -tik-u/n) [Aiyvcrinog, Ligu- 
rian]. See Lovage. 

Lily of the Valley. See Convalla?-ia ma- 

jalis. 

Limb {lint) [AS., lim, a limb]. I. One of 
the extremities attached to the sides of the 
trunk and used for prehension or locomotion. 
2. An elongated structure resembling a limb, 
as the limbs of the internal capsule. 

Limbus [lim? 'bus) [L.]. A border; the 
circumferential edge of any flat organ or 
part. L. corneae, the edge of the cornea 
at its junction with the sclerotic coat. L. 
laminae spiralis, the spiral membranous 
cushion, at the border of the osseous spiral 
lamina of the cochlea. L. luteus. See 
Macula lutea. 

Lime {lint) [Pers., limit, a lemon]. The 
fruit of several species of Citrus, as C. li- 
metta. L. -juice, the juice of the lime. 

Lime (lim) [AS. ,lim, cement]. Calcium 
oxid, CaO (quicklime), calcium hydrate, 
Ca(HO). Calcium oxid (quicklime) has a 
great affinity for water and for C0 2 . On 
contact with the former, slaked lime is 
formed, with the evolution of heat. On liv- 
ing tissues it acts as a caustic. L., Chlorin- 
ated, calx chlorata (U. S. P., B. P.), the 
chlorid of lime of commerce. It is not a 
distinct chemic compound ; its chief constitu- 
ent, and the one on which its disinfectant 
properties depend, is calcium hypochlorite, 



362 LINE 

which liberates chlorin. L., Milk of, a milky 
fluid consisting of calcium hydrate suspended 
in water. L., Quick, L., Slaked, common 
terms for lime. L. -water, a solution of cal- 
cium hydrate in water. It is used as" an 
antacid. 

Liminal (lim'-in-al) \7.iutjv, threshold]. Per- 
taining to the threshold, especially pertaining 
to the lowest limit of perception. 

Limitans, Limiting [lim'-it-anz, li?)i f -it-ing) 
[_?autjv, threshold]. Bounding. L. Mem- 
brane, External, the thin layer between 
the outer nuclear layer of the retina and that 
of the rods and cones. L. Membrane, In- 
ternal, in the eye, the inner layer of the 
retina. 

Limo {li'-md) [L.]. Lemon. The fruit of 
Citrus limonum, a tree of the order Ruta- 
cese. The rind (Limonis cortex) yields an 
essential oil (Oleum limonis, C ]0 H 16 ), and 
a glucosid, hesperidin (G> 2 H, 6 12 ). The 
pulp contains a large amount of citric acid. 
The juice (Limonis succus) is refrigerant 
and antiscorbutic. Locally it has been used 
in pruritus, sunburn, and as a gargle, in diph- 
theria. L., Oleum. Dose Tr\J-v (0.065- 
0.32). L., Syrupus (B. P.) is used as a 
refrigerant and vehicle. 

Limosis (lim-o / 'sis) [/.tuoq, hunger]. I. Un- 
natural appetite. 2. A disease distinguished 
by depraved appetite. 

Limotherapy {Jirn-o-ther* -ap-e) \j.iuoq, hun- 
ger; Oepa~sia, treatment]. The treatment 
of disease by partial or total deprivation of 
food. It has been used in the treatment of 
aneurysm. 

Lincture [Knkf-tur) \lingere, to lick]. A 
medicine to be taken by licking ; an elec- 
tuary. 

Line {tin) \_linea, a line]. I. Extension of 
dimension having length, but neither breadth 
nor thickness. 2. The T V part of an inch. 
3. In anatomy, anything resembling a mathe- 
matic line in having length without breadth 

*or thickness; a boundary or guide- mark. A 
table of lines is appended. 



TABLE OF LINES OR LINEyE. 



Name. 


Description. 


Alba. 


1. A tendinous raphe extending in the median line of the abdomen from 
the pubes to the ensiform cartilage. It is formed by the blending of the 
aponeuroses of the oblique and transversalis muscles. 

2. Hunter's line, the anterior peduncles of the pineal gland. 


Albicantes. 


Glistening white lines in either iliac region of the abdomen seen in dis- 
tention of the abdomen from pregnancy, ascites, or tumors. 


Alveolobasilar. 


A line joining the basion and the alveolar point. 


Alveolonasal. 


A line joining the nasal and alveolar points. 



LINES 363 LINES 

TABLE OF LINES OR LINE^E.— Continued. 



Name. 


Description. 


Aspera. 


A rough longitudinal ridge on the posterior surface of the middle third of 
the femur, dividing below into two and above into three ridges. 


Auriculobregmatic. 


A line passing from the auricular point to the bregma, and dividing the 
preauricular from the postauricular part of the cranium. 


Axillary, anterior and poste- 
rior. 


Vertical lines extending downward from the axilla on the side of the 
trunk. 


Base-line. 


A line running backward from the infraorbital ridge through the middle 
of the external auditory meatus, and prolonged to the middle line of the 
head posteriorly. 


Basiobregmatic. 


The line joining the basion and the bregma. 


Baudelocque's. 


The external conjugate diameter of the pelvis. 


Biauricular. 


The line separating the anterior from the posterior portion of the skull. 
It extends from one auditory foramen over the vertex to the other. 


Blue. 


The blue line at the dental margin of the gums in chronic lead-poisoning. 


Bryant's. 


See L., Test. 


Camper's. 


A line running from the external auditory meatus to a point just below 
the nasal spine. 


Clapton's. 


A green line at the margin of the gums, with a similar green stain ex- 
tending for some distance on the teeth, in chronic copper-poisoning. 


Corrigan's. 


A purple line at the junction of the teeth and gums in chronic copper- 
poisoning. 


Costoarticular. 


A line drawn between the sternoclavicular articulation and the point of 
the eleventh rib. 


Costoclavicular. 


See L., Parasternal. 


Curved, inferior (of the 
ilium). 


A line extending from the upper part of the anterior inferior spinous pro- 
cess of the ilium, and terminating at the middle of the great sciatic 
notch. 


Curved, inferior (of the oc- 
cipital bone). 


A ridge extending transversely across the outer surface of the occipital 
bone a short distance below the superior curved line. 


Curved, middle (of the ilium). 


A line commencing about an inch or an inch and a half behind the ante- 
rior superior spine of the ilium and arching backward and downward 
to the upper margin of the great sciatic notch. 


Curved, superior (of the 
ilium). 


A line commencing about two inches in front of tbe posterior extremity of 
the crest of the ilium and curving downward and forward toward the 
posterior part of the great sciatic notch. 


Curved, superior (of the 
occipital bone). 


A semicircular line, passing outward and forward from the external occi- 
pital protuberance. • 


Of demarcation. 


A line of division between healthy and gangrenous tissues. 


Ellis's curved line. 


The curved line followed by the upper border of a pleuritic effusion or 
a hydrothorax. 


Embryonic. 


The primitive trace in the center of the germinal area of the ovum. 


Eminens (of the cricoid 
cartilage). 


A mesal ridge on the dorsal half of the cricoid cartilage. 


Eminens (of the patella). 


A ridge on the posterior surface of the patella, dividing that surface into 
two unequal parts, the outer of which is the larger. 


Facial. 


I. A straight line tangential to the glabella and some point at the lower 
portion of the face. 2. See L., Camper's. 


Of fixation. 


An imaginary line drawn from the object viewed through the center of 
rotation of the eye. 



LINES 364 LINES 

TABLE OF LINES OR LINE^E.— Continued. 



Name. 


Description. 


Fraunhofer's. 


The black lines that cross the solar spectrum. They are produced by the 
light from the lower portions of the solar surface passing through certain 
incandescent metallic vapors in the luminiferous envelop of the sun, and 
through the aqueous vapor and gases of the earth's atmosphere. 


Frohmann's. 


Transverse lines or striae appearing on the axis-cylinder of medullated 
nerve-fibers, near the nodes of Ranvier, after the fibers have been stained 
with silver nitrate. 


Genal {Jadelot's). 


A line seen in the faces of children, in certain diseases, running downward 
from the region of the malar bone to join the nasal line. See Jadelot's 
Lines. 



Gingival {Burton's). 



A reddish streak or margin at the reflected edge of the gums. 



Of Haller. 



See L. splendens. 



Hilton's. 


A white line marking the point of junction of the skin of the perineum 
with the mucosa of the anus, and also the point of separation of the 
external from the internal sphincter. 


Holden's. 


A sulcus below the fold of the groin, starting from the femoroscrotal 
furrow, and fading away between the great trochanter and the anterior 
superior iliac spine. It crosses the middle of the capsule of the hip. 


Iliopectineal. 


The bony ridge marking the brim of the true pelvis, situated partly on 
the ilium and partly on the pubis. 


Incremental {Salter's). 


Curved line in dentine, supposed to indicate the laminar structure, and to 
correspond to the successive laminae or strata of dentine. 


Intertrochanteric, anterior. 


A line upon the anterior surface of the femur, separating the neck and 
shaft, extending between the tubercle and a point close to and in front of 
the lesser trochanter. 


Intertrochanteric, posterior. 


A ridge on the posterior surface of the femur, extending between the 
greater and lesser trochanters. 





Jadelot's. 



See Jadelot's Lines. 



Kirchoff 's. 



Ligar's. 



Mammillary. 



Mylohyoidean. 



Nasobasilar. 



Nelaton's. 



See L., Fraunhofer's. 



Two lines, one joining the posterior iliac spine at a point midway between 
the tuber ischii and the great trochanter ; the other from the posterior 
iliac spine to the inner point of trisection of a line between the tuber 
ischii and the trochanter; the upper point of trisection of the first indi- 
cates the emergence of the gluteal artery ; the middle of the second, the 
spot where the sciatic artery leaves the pelvis. 



A vertical line passing through the center of the nipple. 



See L., Oblique, Internal {of the inferior maxilla). 



The line drawn through the basion and the nasal point. 



A line drawn from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the most 
prominent part of the tuberosity of the ischium. In dislocation of the 
femur backward the trochanter is always found above this line. 



Nuchal, inferior. 



The inferior curved line of the occiput. 



Nuchal, median. 



The external occipital protuberance. 



Nuchal, superior. 



The superior curved line of the occiput. 



Oblique {of the fibula). 



Oblique {of the radius). 



Oblique {of the thyroid carti- 
lage). 



A prominent ridge on the internal surface of the shaft of the fibula, com- 
mencing above at the inner side of the head, and terminating in the 
interosseous ridge at the lower fourth of the bone. 

A prominent ridge running from the lower part of the bicipital tuberosity, 
downward and outward, to form the anterior border of the bone. 

A line extending downward and outward from the tubercle of the thyroid 
cartilage. 



LINES 365 LINES 

TABLE OF LINES OR LINE.E.— Continued. 



Name. 


Description. 


Oblique (of the tibia). 


A rough ridge that crosses the posterior surface of the tibia obliquely 
downward from the back part of the articular facet for the fibula to the 
internal border. 


Oblique, external (of the in- 
ferior maxilla). 


A prominent ridge on the external surface of the inferior maxilla just 
below the mental foramen, from which it runs outward, upward, and 
backward to the anterior margin of the ramus. 


Oblique, internal (of the in- 
ferior maxilla) . 


A ridge on the internal surface of the lower jaw, commencing at the 
posterior portion of the sublingual fossa, continuing upward and out- 
ward so as to pass just below the last two molar teeth. 


Ogston's. 


The line for the tendon of the adductor magnus, running from the tubercle 
of the femur to the intercondyloid notch. 


Parasternal. 


A line midway between the nipple-line and the border of the sternum. 


Pectineal. 


The portion of the iliopectineal line that is formed by the pubic bone. 


3 rimitive. 


The primitive streak of the embryo. 


3 rofile (of Camper). 


See L., Camper's. 


Quadrate. 


An eminence on the femur commencing about the middle of the posterior 
intertrochanteric line, and descending vertically for about two inches 
along the posterior surface of the shaft. 


Respiratory. 


The line connecting the bases of the upward strokes in a tracing of the pulse. 


■loser's. 


Same as L., Nelaton's. 


Salter's. 


See L., Incremental. 


Scapular. 


A vertical line downward from the lower angle of the scapula. 


Semicircular (Douglas's). 


The curved lower edge of the internal layer of the aponeurosis of the 
internal oblique muscle of the abdomen, where it ceases to cover the 
posterior surface of the rectus muscle. 


Semilunar (of Spigelius). 


A curved tendinous condensation of the aponeurosis of the external ob- 
lique muscle of the abdomen, running along the outer border of the 
rectus abdominis. 


Of sight. 


An imaginary line drawn from the object viewed to the center of the pupil. 


Splendens (of Haller). 


A longitudinal fibrous band extending along the middle line of the ante- 
rior surface of the spinal pia mater. 


Sternal. 


The median line of the sternum. 


Sternomastoid. 


A line drawn from a point between the two heads of the sternomastoid 
muscle to the mastoid process. 


Supraorbital. 


A line extending horizontally across the forehead immediately above the 
root of the external angular process of the frontal bone. 


Test (Bryant's line). 


A line for detecting shortening of the neck of the femur. If two lines are 
drawn to meet at right angles, one of them backward from the anterior 
superior spinous process of the ilium, and the other upward from the 
top of the trochanter major, the latter is the test-line. Its length is to 
be compared with the same line on the uninjured side. 


Thompson's. 


A red line of vascular tissue along the margin of the gums frequently 
noticeable in pulmonary tuberculosis. 


Transverse (of the abdomen). 


The tendinous intersections in the course of the rectus abdominis muscle. 


Trapezoid. 


The line of attachment of the trapezoid ligament on the inferior surface 
of the outer portion of the clavicle. 



Virchow's. 



The line extending from the root of the nose to the lambda. 



Visual. 



An imaginary line, drawn from a point looked at, through the nodal point 
of the eye, to the macula lutea. 



LINEA 



366 



LIQUEUR 



Linea [lin' -e-ah) [L.]. A line. See Line. 

Linear [&nf-e-ar) [linea, a line]. Resem- 
bling or pertaining to a line. 

Ling's System. A method of treatment of 
disease by gymnastic and other rhythmic 
movements of the body, employed by Ling, 
a Swedish physician ; kinesitherapy. 

Lingua ling' --wall) [L.]. The tongue. L. 
frsenata, tongue-tie. L. geographica. the 
geographic tongue. See Tongue. 

Lingual /.;-:." ~':-:~:<j, tongue]. Per- 
taining to or shaped like the tongue. L. Ar- 
tery. See A Table of. L. Lobule. 
See Subcalcarine Convolution. L. Nerve. 
See Ni ■—■::. Table of. 

Lingula [iiti'-gu-lah) [dim. of .'..-. i 
tongue]. A small lobule between the valve 
of Vieussens and the central lobule of the 
cerebellum. It is also called the linguetta 
laminosa. L. mandibularis, the prominent, 
thin scale of bone partly surrounding the 
inferior dental foramen of the lower jaw. 
L. of Wrisberg, the connecting fibers of the 
motor and sensory roots of the trifacial nerve. 

Lingalale luig , -gu-la\ [i tgi ~j, dim. of //«- 
gua, tongue]. Tongue-shaped. 

Linirnentum "<") [fine re, to 

smear]. A liquid intended for application to 
the skin by gentle friction. The following 
are official in the U. S. P. : L. ammoniae, or 
volatile liniment, L. belladonnas, L. calcis, or 
carron-oil, L. camphone, or camphorated 
oil, L. chloroformi, L. saponis, L. saponis 
mollis, or tinctura saponis viridis, L. sinapis 
compositum, L. terebinthinae. L., St. 
John Long's, linirnentum terebinthinae 
ace ti cum (B. J 

Linolein [linum, flax; oleum, 

oil]. The neutral fat contained in linseed 
oil, and to which its drying property is due. 

Lir.seei. rree Li?iu7Ji. 

Lint \linum, flax]. A loosely woven or 
partly felted mass of broken linen-fibers, 
made by scraping and picking linen cloth. 
It is used as a dressing for wounds. L.. 
Common, lint that is twilled on one side 
and woolly on the other. In the spreading 
of an ointment the twilled side is used. L.. 
Patent. English charpie ; lint that is scraped 
on both sides, a soft finish being thus given 
to the two surface ; 

Linum [L-]. Flaxseed; linseed. 

The seed of L. usitatissimum, a plant of the 
order Lineae, containing a fatty substance, 
linolein, which is the glycerid of linoleic 
acid. Flaxseed is a demulcent, emollient, 
and expectorant, useful in inflammations of 
mucous membranes. L.. Cataplasma I 
P. . a poultice made from linseed meal. L. 
catharticum, is an active purgative and ver- 
mifuge. L., Farina fB. 7 r :?eed-meal, 
iasa poultice. L.. Infusum. fiaxseed- 



tea, unof. Dose indefinite. L., Oleum, 
the fixed oil of flaxseed, a glycerid of lino- 
leic acid. Dose f^ss— ij (16.0—64.0). L., 
Semen, linseed or flaxseed. 

Liodermia (li-o-der'-me-aa) [/^loc, smooth; 
depua, skin]. A condition of abnormal 
smoothness and glossiness of the skin. 

Liomyoma (li-o-mi-o' '-mali) [/.e~ioc, smooth ; 
five, muscle; baa, tumor]. A tumor com- 
posed of unstriped muscular tissue. 

Lip [AS., lippa, lip]. I. One of the two 
fleshy folds surrounding the orifice of the 
mouth. 2. One of the labia majora. See 
Labium. 

Lipacidemia {lip-as-id-e' '-me-ak) \7A-og, fat ; 
acidus, sour; alua, blood]. The presence 
of fatty acids in the blood. 

Lipaciduria (lip- as-id-u'-r e-ah) \7A~og, fat; 
acidus, acid ; urina, urine]. The presence 
of fatty acids in the urine. 

Lipaemia (Up-e'-?ne-aK). See Lipemia. 

Lipanin (lip r -an-iri) [/.i-oc, fat]. A substi- 
tute for cod-liver oil, consisting of pure olive- 
oil and six per cent, of oleic acid. The dose 
is from 2 to 6 tablespoonfuls daily 

Liparocele (lip'-ar-o-sel) \_'/.i-apoc, fat; 
idf/.r/, a tumor] . A fatty tumor or cyst ; a 
hernia containing fatty tissue. 

Lipemia (lip-e'-me-a/i) \_'/.i~oc, fat; aiua, 
blood]. The presence of an emulsion of 
fine oil-globules in the blood, a condition 
sometimes noted in diabetes. 

Lipoma (lip-o'-mah) [/../too, fat; ofia, a 
tumor]. A fatty tumor. 

Lipomatosis (lip-o-77iat-o f -sis) \_/u~oc, fat; 
bua, tumor]. A general deposition of fat ; 
obe ; 

Lipomatous {lip-o f -mat-us) [/.'lttoq, fat ; bua, 
tumor]. Of the nature of a lipoma. 

Lipomyxoma {lip-o-miks-o' -mah) [/.roc, fat ; 
,-~. mucus; bua, tumor]. A myxoma 
combined with fatty tissue. 

Lipothymia (lip-o-thi'-me-ah) [/.ei-eir. to 
leave; dvuoc, mind]. Faintness. 

Lippitude (lip f -e-tud), Lippitudo (lip-e- 
tu'-dd) [lippus, blear-eyed]. The state of 
being blear-eyed, a condition marked by 
ulcerative marginal blepharitis. 

Lipuria (lip-u'-re-ah) [/J-oc, fat ; urina, 
urine]. The presence of fat in the urine. 

Liquefaction (lik-we-fak' 'shun) [liquidus, 
liquid ; facere, to make] . The process of 
changing or being changed into a liquid. L.- 
necrosis. See Necrosis. 

Liquefactive (lik-we-fak'-tii') \liquefacere, 
to render liquid]. Pertaining to, causing, or 
characterized by liquefaction. 

Liquescent (lik-wes' ' -ent ) \liquescere, to be- 
come liquid]. Becoming, or tending to be- 
come, liquid. 

Liqueur {lik-ur') [Fr.]. An aromatic alco- 
holic drink. 



LIQUID 



367 



LITHOPEDION 



Liquid (lik' -ivid) \liquere, to melt]. I. 
Fluid ; flowing. 2. A substance that flows 
readily and takes the shape of the containing 
vessel. 

^iquidambar (lik - ivid '- am' '-bar) [liquidus, 
liquid ; ambar, from Ar. , anbar, ambergris] . 
A genus of trees of the Hamamelacere. L. 
altingia and L. orientalis, afford a portion 
of commercial styrax. L. styracifiua, of 
North America (sweet-gum, bilsted, co- 
palm) contains a stimulant gum, and is useful 
in diarrheas, coughs, and colds, 
liquor (li'-kwor or lik' -or) [L.]. I. Any 
liquid. 2. An aqueous solution of a non- 
volatile substance. L. amni^ the liquid 
contained in the amniotic sac. L. cotunnii, 
the perilymph of the internal ear. L. folli- 
culi, the fluid filling the follicle or space 
about the developing ovum in the ovary. L. 
sanguinis, the blood-plasma, 
liquorice (lik' '-or-is) . See Glycyrrhiza. 
-asfranc's Amputation [Lisfranc, a French 
surgeon]. A disarticulation of the metatarsal 
bones from the tarsus. L.'s Tubercle, a 
rough spot on the anterior surface of the first 
rib near the superior border. It serves for the 
attachment of the scalenus anticus muscle, 
lisping (lisp'-ing) [AS., wlispian, to lisp]. 
A defect of speech, in which sibilant letters 
are sounded like Unguals, especially s as th. 
^issauer's Tract [Lissauer, a German sci- 
entist]. A group of fine nerve-fibers in the 
spinal cord lying ventrad and dorsad of the 
entrance of the dorsal roots. 
-,isterine (lis' '-ter-in) [Lister, an English 
physician] . A proprietary antiseptic prepa- 
ration said to contain thymol, eucalyptus, 
baptisia, gaultheria, mentha arvensis, benzoic 
and boric acids. 

..isterism (lis'-ter-izm). A general name for 
the antiseptic and aseptic treatment of wounds 
according to the principles first enunciated by 
Lister, an English physician, 
listing's Law [Listing, a German scientist]. 
See Law. L.'s Reduced Eye. See Eye. 
.iter (le'-ter) \litra, a pound]. The unit of 
capacity in the metric system, equal to 
0.88036 of an imperial quart, or 1. 056 U. S. 
quarts ; it is the volume of one kilogram 
of water at its maximum density, 
-dthagogue (lith' '- ag - og) [X'tdog, stone; 
ayuyog, leading]. I. Expelling calculi. 2. 
Any agent tending to expel calculi from 
the bladder. 

..itharge (lith'-arj). See Plumbum. 
^ithate (lith' -at) [Mdog, stone]. A salt of 
lithic (uric) acid ; a urate, 
.athectasy (lith - ek'- tas - e) [/U'floc, stone ; 
eKTaaig, a stretching out]. Dilatation of the 
urethra and neck of the bladder for the re- 
moval of calculi, 
^ithemia (lith-e' '-me-ah) [Tildog, stone ; ai/ia, 



blood]. A condition in which, owing to de- 
fective metabolism of the nitrogenous ele- 
ments, the blood becomes charged with dele- 
terious substances, principally, perhaps, of 
the uric-acid group, although their exact 
chemic nature is not determined. 

Lithemic (lith-em'-ik, lit/i-e / -mik) [A/floc, 
stone ; aifin, blood]. Pertaining to or suffer- 
ing from lithemia. 

Lithia (lith'-e-ah) [XlOoq, a stone], Li 2 0. 
Lithium oxid. L. Water, mineral water 
containing lithium salts in solution. 

Lithiasis (lith-i' -as-is) \7Jdoq, stone]. The 
formation of calculi in the body. 

Lithic (lith'-ik) [XiOoq, stone]. I. Pertain- 
ing to calculi. 2. Pertaining to lithium. L. 
Acid. See Acid, Uric. 

Lithium (lith'-e-um) [Aidog, stone]. Symbol 
Li ; atomic weight 7 ; quantivalence I. A 
soft, silver- white metal belonging to the 
group of alkalies. It is the lightest solid 
element, having a specific gravity of 0.585. 
The salts of L. are used in medicine for their 
solvent power of uric acid, with which they 
form easily soluble salts. They are, there- 
fore, employed in rheumatic and gouty affec- 
tions. L. benzoas. Dose gr. v-xxx 
(0.32-2.0). L. bromidum has the action 
of the bromids. Dose gr. xv— xxx (1.0-2.0). 
L. carbonas. Dose gr. v-xv (0.32-1.0). 
L.-carmin, a solution of carmin in lith- 
ium carbonate, used as a stain for tissue. 
L. citras. Dose gr. x-xxx (0.65-2.0). 
L. citras effervescens. Dose 3) (4.0). 
L. salicylas. Dose gr. xx-xl (1.3-2.6). 

Lithocenosis (lith-o-sen-o' '-sis) [Tiidog, stone ; 
kevuglq, evacuation]. The extraction of the 
fragments of calculi that have been crushed. 

Lithoclast (lith'-o-klast). See Lithotrite. 

Lithoclysmia (lith- - kHz'- me - ah) [Tiidog, 
stone ; xXvoiia, clyster]. An injection of 
solvent liquids into the bladder for the re- 
moval of calculi. 

Lithodialysis (lith-o- di- al'-is - is) \XlQoq, 
stone ; dtakvzLv, to dissolve]. I. The solu- 
tion of calculi in the bladder. 2. The opera- 
tion of breaking a vesical calculus, previous 
to its removal. 

Litholapaxy (lith-ol' '-ap-ak-se) [Tiidog, stone ; 
Ad7raf(c, removal] . An operation for crush- 
ing a stone in the bladder and removing the 
fragments at the same sitting. 

Lithology (lith-ol'-o-je) [XiOog, stone ; Adyog, 
treatise]. The science of the nature and 
treatment of calculi. 

Litholysis (lith-ol' -is -is) \_7iWog, stone ; \vaiq, 
solution]. See Lithodialysis. 

Lithonephrotomy (lith - - nef- rot' - 0- me) 
\\ldoq, stone ; v'ecppoq, kidney ; rofirj, a cut- 
ting]. Incision of the kidney for the re- 
moval of a renal calculus. 

Lithopedion (lith-o-pe' '-de-on) [TiiOog, stone ; 



LITHOPHOXE 



368 



LIVER 



iraidiov, child]. A retained fetus that has 
undergone calcareous infiltration. 

Lithophone {lith'-o-fon) [Xidog, stone ; <po/i~r}, 
sound]. An instrument for detecting by 
sound the presence of calculi in the bladder. 

Lithoscope {lith'-o-skop) [?udog, stone ; gko- 
rzelv, to examine]. An instrument for the 
detection and examination of calculi in the 
bladder. 

L-ithosis {lith-& 'sis) [lidoc, stone]. Grinder's 
lung, a diseased condition of the lung caused 
by the inhalation and deposition in the lung-tis- 
sue of particles of silica or aluminium silicate. 

Lithotome {lith' -o-tom) [Xidog, stone ; tout], 
a cutting]. A cutting-instrument for use in 
lithotomy. 

Lithotomist {lith-ot'-o-mist) \7A6oq, stone ; 
-out], a cutting]. A surgeon who performs 
lithotomy. 

Lithotomy {lith-ot* ' -o-me) \\lBoq , stone ; tout), 
a cutting]. Incision into the bladder to 
remove a calculus. L., Bilateral, a lithotomy 
performed by a curved transverse incision just 
in front of the rectum. L., Lateral, one in 
which the incision is made in front of the 
rectum and to the left of the raphe. L., 
Median or Marian, one in which the in- 
cision is made in the median line in front of 
the anus. L., Mediolateral, the perineal 
incision is made in the median line, and the 
prostatic incision laterally. L. Position, 
a position in which the patient rests on his 
back with the thighs flexed on the abdomen 
and the legs flexed on the thighs, the knees 
being widely abducted. L., Suprapubic, 
lithotomy in which the incision is made above 
the pubis, at a point where the bladder is not 
covered by peritoneum. L., Vaginal, one in 
which the incision is through the vaginal 
wall. 

Lithotripsy (lith'-o-trip-se) \7u6oc, stone ; 
rpc3stv, to rub]. The operation of crushing 
calculi in the bladder. 

Lithotriptor {lith-o-trip' -tor) [7/i6og, stone ; 
rpi^eiv, to rub]. An instrument for crushing 
calculi in the bladder. 

Lithotrite {lith'-o-tnt) \/u6oc, stone ; terere, 
to rub]. An instrument for crushing a vesi- 
cal calculus. 

Lithotrity {lith-ot' -rit-e) \7.idog, stone ; terere, 
to rub]. The process of crushing a stone in 
the bladder, with the lithotrite, into fragments 
small enough to pass through the urethral 
canal. 

Lithous {lith' -us) \7.i6og, stone]. Having 
the nature of a stone. 

Lithuresis {lith - ti - re'- sis) \lldog, stone ; 
ovprjGiQ, urination]. The voiding of small 
calculi with the urine. 

Lithuria {lith-u'-re-ah) \716oc, stone ; urina, 
urine]. A condition marked by excess of 
lithic acid, or its salts, in the urine. 



Litmus {lit'-mus) [Dutch, lak, lac; moes, 
pulp. A blue pigment obtained from Roccella 
tinctoria, a lichen. It is employed for deter- 
mining the presence of acids and alkalies. L. 
Paper, Blue, unsized paper steeped in a solu- 
tion of litmus ; it turns red on contact with 
acid solutions. L. Paper, Red, unsized paper 
steeped in a solution of litmus colored red with 
acid ; it turns blue on contact with alkaline 
solutions. 

Litter (lit'-er) \_lectus, a couch]. A stretcher 
or couch with handles for carrying the sick 
or wounded. 

Litten's Sign. See Diaphragmatic Phe- 
nomenon. 

Littre's Colotomy, the making of an open- 
ing into the colon through the left iliac 
region. L.'s Glands. See Gland. L.'s 
Hernia. See Hernia. 

Livedo {liv-e'-do) \livere, to grow black]. 
Same as Lividity. 

Liver [liv'-er) [AS. , lifer, liver] . The largest 
gland in the body, situated on the right side 
of the abdominal cavity, just below the dia- 
phragm, and forming an appendage of the 
digestive tract. Its functions are : the 
secretion of bile ; the formation and stor- 
age of glycogen ; the production, at least 
at a certain period of development, of blood- 
corpuscles ; the destruction of blood- corpus- 
cles ; the formation of a large quantity of urea ; 
the retention and destruction of certain poison- 
ous substances absorbed from the intestinal 
tract. Anatomically, it consists of five lobes 
— the right, the left, the lobus Spigelii, the 
lobus quadratus, and the lobus caudatus. 
These lobes are made up of lobules or acini, 
and these again of hepatic cells, capillaries, 
arteries, veins, lymphatics, and biliary chan- 
nels, each lobule being surrounded by con- 
nective tissue. The weight of the liver is be- 
tween 50 and 60 ounces. L., Albuminoid or 
Amyloid, one the seat of amyloid degener- 
ation. L., Beavertail, one the left lobe of 
which in form resembles a beaver's tail. L., 
Biliary Cirrhotic, one the seat of chronic 
inflammation, the result of obstruction and dis- 
tention of the bile-ducts. L., Cirrhotic, one 
the seat of chronic inflammation, with over- 
growth of the connective tissue and atrophy of 
the parenchyma. L., Fatty, one with marked 
fatty infiltration and degeneration. L., Hob- 
nail. See Hobnail Liver. L., Gin-drink- 
ers', the liver of atrophic cirrhosis. L., Nut- 
meg, a condition of the liver occurring in 
heart-disease, fatty infiltration, and amyloid 
disease. The surface of a section has a 
peculiar mottled appearance, the center of 
the lobules being dark, the periphery light in 
color. L.-spot, chloasma. L., Syphilitic, 
one the seat of gummata, which on healing, 
leave scars, or of a diffuse inflammation that 



LIVID 



369 



LOCK-SPASM 



may lead to cirrhosis, with atrophy or, espe- 
cially in hereditary syphilis, enlargement. 
L., Tightlace, one in which the right lobe 
is thickened vertically from compression, 
marked by the ribs, and atrophic from con- 
stant pressure by tight stays. L., Waxy. See 
L., Amyloid. L.-wort. See Hepatica. 
Livid (liv'-id) [livere, to be dark]. Discol- 
ored from the effects of congestion or contu- 
sion ; black and blue ; pale lead-color. 
Lividity (liv-id' '-it-e) [livere, to be dark] . The 
state of being livid. L., Cadaveric, or Post- 
mortem, the reddish or bluish discoloration 
in the dependent parts of a corpse, due to 
the gravitation of the blood. 
Livor {Hf-vor) [livere, to be dark], Lividity. 
Lixiviation (liks-iv-e-a' '-shun) [lixivia, lye]. 
The process of leaching ashes. Also, the 
process of separating by solution any alkaline 
salt from the insoluble impurities with which 
it is mixed. 
Lixivium (lihs-iv'-e-um) [lixivia, lye] . The 
filtrate obtained by leaching ashes ; practi- 
cally a solution of an impure potassium 
hydrate. 
Lobar (lo'-bar) [lobus, a lobe]. Pertaining to 
a lobe. L. Pneumonia. See Pneumonia. 
Lobe [lob) \_lobus, a lobe] . A more or less 
rounded part or projection of an organ, sep- 
arated from neighboring parts by fissures 
and constrictions, as the lobes of the liver, 
of the brain, etc. L. of the Cerebellum, 
each cerebellar hemisphere is divided into 
the following lobes : — On the upper surface, 
the anterior or square lobe, and the pos- 
terior or semilunar lobe ; on the under sur- 
face, the flocculus or subpeduncular lobe, 
the amygdala or tonsil, the digastric lobe, 
the slender lobe, and the inferior posterior 
lobe. L. of the Cerebrum, the primary 
lobes into which each cerebral hemisphere is 
divided ; they are, the frontal, parietal, oc- 
cipital, temporosphenoidal, and central, or 
island of Reil. See Brain and Convolution. 
L. of the Liver. See Liver. L., Marginal, 
the first frontal convolution running along the 
margin of the longitudinal fissure. Lobes, 
Optic, the corpora quadrigemina. 
Lobelia (lo - be' - le - ah) [from de Lobel, a 
French botanist]. The leaves and tops of 
L. inflata, of the order Lobeliacese. It con- 
tains a liquid alkaloid, lobelin ; an acid, 
lobelic acid ; an acrid body, lobelacrin ; and a 
crystalline substance, inflatin. Lobelia is ex- 
pectorant, antispasmodic, and emetic, and 
has been used in asthma, whooping-cough, 
and other bronchial affections. L., Ext., 
Fl. Dose TT\j-v (0.065-0.32). L., Tinct. 
Dose rr^x-xxx (0.65-2.0). L., Tinct., 
/Etherea (B. P.). Dose n^x-xxx (0.65- 
2.0). L. syphilitica, a North American spe- 
cies that has been used as an antisyphilitic. 
24 



Lobular (lob'-u-lar) globulus, a little lobe]. 
Pertaining to, resembling, or composed of, 
lobules. L. Pneumonia. See Pneumonia. 

Lobulated (lob'-u-la-ted) [lobulatus, from 
lobulus, a little lobe]. Consisting of lobes or 
lobules. 

Lobule (lob' -ill) [lobus, a lobe]. See Lobu- 
lus. L., Paracentral, the superior connect- 
ing convolution of the ascending frontal and 
ascending parietal gyri. 

Lobulus (lob'-u-lus) [dim. of lobus, a lobe]. 
A small lobe. L. caudatus, the tailed 
lobe of the liver that separates the right ex- 
tremity of the transverse fissure from the 
commencement of the fissure for the inferior 
vena cava. L. quadratus, the square lobe 
upon the inferior surface of the right lobe of 
the liver. L. spigelii, the lobule projecting 
from the posterior portion of the inferior sur- 
face of the liver. 

Lobus (lo'-bus) [L.]. A lobe. 

Local (lo'-kl) [locus, place]. Limited to a 
part or place ; not general. 

Localization [lo -kal-iz - a' - shun) [locus, a 
place]. I. The determination of the seat of 
a lesion. 2. The limitation of a process to a 
particular place ; the opposite of generaliz- 
ation. 3. The faculty of locating sensory 
impressions. L., Cerebral, the determina- 
tion of the position of the centers in the 
brain that preside over certain physiologic 
acts, or of the seat of pathologic conditions 
interfering with the proper function of these 
centers. 

Localized (lo'-hal-lzd) [locus, a place] . Con- 
fined to a particular place. 

Lochia (lo' - he - ah) [Ao^oc, pertaining to 
childbirth]. The discharge from the genital 
organs during the first few weeks (from 2 to 
4) after labor. L. alba, the whitish flow that 
takes place from about the seventh day. L. 
cruenta, L. rubra, the sanguineous flow of 
the first few days. L. serosa, the serous dis- 
charge taking place about the fifth day. 

Lochial (lo' - he - al) [loxiog, pertaining to 
childbirth]. Pertaining to the lochia. 

Lochiometra (lo-ke-o-me' -trah) [Mxloq, per- 
taining to childbirth ; fJ-vrpa, uterus]. A 
collection of lochia in the uterus. 

Lochiorrhea (lo-he-or-e'-ah) [loxtoq, pertain- 
ing to childbirth ; pola, a flow] . An abnor- 
mal flow of the lochia. 

Lock-finger. A peculiar affection of the fin- 
gers in which they suddenly become fixed in 
a flexed position, due to the presence of a 
small fibrous growth in the sheath of the ex- 
tensor tendon. 

Lock-jaw. Tetanus; trismus. 

Lock-spasm. A spasm of the fingers in which 
they become firmly flexed upon the object in 
their grasp, as upon the pen in writing. It 
is sometimes seen in writers' cramp. 



LOCOMOTIVE 



370 



LUETIC 



Locomotive (lo-ko-mo r -tvv) \hcus, a place; 
mover e, to move]. Moving from place to 
place ; able to change its place ; pertaining 
to locomotion. L. Pulse. See Pulse. 

Locomotor (lo-ko-mo' '-tor) [locus, a place ; 
motor, a mover]. Pertaining to locomotion. 
L. Ataxia, or L. Ataxy. See Ataxy and 
Tabes. 

Locular, Loculated {lok'-u-lar, lok f -u-la- 
ted) \loculus, a cell]. Divided into loculi. 

Loculus (lok'-u-lus) [dim. of locus, a place]. 
A small space or compartment. . 

Locus {lo f -kus)\\^.\ A place. L.cinereus,L. 
cceruleus, L. ferrugineus, a bluish-tinted 
eminence on the fasciculi teretes of the fourth 
ventricle of the brain. L. minoris resis- 
tentias, a spot of diminished resistance. L. 
niger, a dark area in the center of a section 
of the cms cerebri. L. perforatus, a name 
given to the anterior and the posterior per- 
forated space at the base of the brain through 
•which blood-vessels pass. L. ruber, the red 
nucleus of the tegmentum. 

Lofner's Alkaline Solution. A mixture 
of 30 parts of a concentrated alcoholic solu- 
tion of rnethylene-blue and 100 parts of a 
I : 10,000 aqueous solution of potassium hy- 
droxid. L.'s Bacillus, the bacillus of diph- 
theria. See Bacteria, Table of. L.'s Blood- 
serum Mixture, a mixture consisting of one 
part of neutral meat-infusion bouillon contain- 
ing I per cent, of glucose, and 3 parts of blood- 
serum ; it is used as a culture-medium. L.'s 
Toluol- solution, a solution recommended 
by Loftier for the local treatment of diphthe- 
ria. It consists of menthol 10 grams, toluol, 
sufficient to make 36 c.c, absolute alcohol 60 
c.c, liquor ferri chloridi 4 c.c. Another 
formula is : menthol 10 grams, toluol, suffi- 
cient to make 36 c.c, creolin 2 c.c, absolute 
alcohol 65 c.c. 

Lcemology (lem-ol r -o-je). See Loimology. 

Logoneurosis {log- - nu - ro'-sis) [/.o; or. 
word; rri'pov, nerve]. I. A neurosis marked 
by a speech-defect. 2. A neurosis attended 
with impairment of the mental powers. 

Logopathy (log- op r - ath - e) [/..en oc, word ; 
rraBoc, disease]. A disease affecting the 
speech. 

Logoplegia (log-o-ple f -je-ah) [Zdjoc, word ; 
- . stroke]. Loss of the power of utter- 
ing articulate speech. 

Logorrhea {log- or- e f -ah) [Aoyoc,, word; poia, 
a flow]. Excessive loquacity. 

Logwood (/pg f -7vood). See Hematoxyloit. 

Loimology \loi-mol f -o-ie) [aoiuoc, plague ; 
/.orog, a treatise]. The science of contagious 
epidemic diseases. 

Loin (loin) \lumbus, loin]. The lateral 
and posterior region of the body between the 
false ribs and the top of the pelvis. 

Lombardy Leprosy. Pellagra. 



London Paste. A caustic paste containing 
equal parts of sodium hydroxid and unslaked 
lime. 

Longevity (.' -») \longa, long ; : 

life]. Long life. 

Longissimus {lon-jis'-im-vs) [super, of 
longus, long]. Longest. L. capitis. L. 
cervicis. L. dorsi. See Muscles, Table of. 

Longitudinal {lon-je-tu f -din-al) \hmgilttdo, 
length] . Lengthwise ; in the direction of the 
long axis of a body. L. Fissure, the fissure 
dividing the cerebrum. 

Longus {Iccwng* '-gus) [L-3- Long- L. capi- 
tis, the rectus capitis anticus major muscle. 
L. colli. See Muscles, Table of. 

Loop [Irish and Gael. , lub, a loop] . A bend 
in a cord or cord-iike structure. L. of 
Henle. See A'. 

Lordoma, Lordosis {lor-do* -mah, lordo- 
sis) ['/.opdovv, to bend inward]. A curvature 
of the spine with a forward convexity. 

Loreta's Operation. 1. The forcible dila- 
tation of the pylorus for the relief of stricture. 
2. The treatment of aneurysm by the intro- 
duction of metal wire into the sac, through 
which an electric current is then passed. 

Lotio {lo f -she-o) [L.]. SeeZ&iwn. L. hy- 
drargyri fiava (B. P.), yellow mercurial 
lotion ; yellow wash. L. hydrargyri nigra 
(B. P.), black mercurial lotion ; black w 

Lotion (lo'-shun) \lotio, a wash]. A medi- 
cinal solution for bathing a part ; a wash. 

Louse. See Pedicul: 

Lovage [OF. , levesche, from ligus- 

.jvage]. The root of Ligusticum 
levisticum and Levisticum officinale, plants 
of the order Umbelliferae. L. is stimulant, 
aromatic, carminative, and emmenagogue. 
Dose of a fid. ext. f^j-ij (4.0-8.0). Unof. 

Lower, Tubercle of. See Tubercle. 

Loxa Bark (loks f -aJi). Pale cinchona; the 
bark of Cinchona officinalis. 

Loxopterygium (loks-o-ter-ij'-e-um) ploftff, 
oblique ; -repvz, wing]. A genus of ana- 
cardiaceous trees. L. lorentzii, L. sagotii, 
red quebracho, the bark of which is used as 
a substitute for cinchona. 

Lozenge (loz f -enj) [OF., losenge, lozenge]. 
A medicated tablet with sugar as a basis. 

Lucid (lu'-sid) \lucidus, clear]. Clear, sn n- 
ing, not obscure. L. Interval, the transitory 
return of the normal mental faculties in insane 
or delirious conditions. 

Lucidification (lu-sid ■;_-'■: 1 :hun)\huidus, 
clear; fa cere, to make]. A clearing-up, espe- 
cially a clearing-up of the protoplasm of cells. 

Ludwig's Angina. See Diseases, Tab':-: f. 

Lues {lu'-es) [L.] Formerly a pestilential 
disease ; at present used as a euphemism for 
syphilis. 

Luetic (lu-et'-ik) [lues, a. plague]. Affected 
with or relating to lues ; syphilitic. 



LUGOL'S CAUSTIC 



371 



LUPUS 



Lugol's Caustic. A solution of iodin and 
potassium iodid, of each one part, in water 
two parts. L.'s Solution. See Iodin. 

Lumbago (lum-ba'-go) [lumbus, the loin]. 
Pain in the loins. 

Lumbar {htmf-bar) [lumbus, the loin]. Per- 
taining to the loins. L. Colotomy, colot- 
omy performed in the lumbar region. L, 
Puncture. See Puncture. L. Region. See 
Abdomen. L. Vertebra. See Vertebra. 

Lumbricales (lum-brik-a'-lez). See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Lumbricoid (I urn' - brik - old) [lumbricus, 
earth-worm ; eldoc, likeness]. Pertaining to, 
or resembling, a lumbricus. 

Lumbricus (lum' -brik-us) [L.]. A genus 
of worms, including the common earth-worm 
and certain intestinal worms. The latter are 
now termed Ascarides. 

Lumbus [L.]. The loin. 

Lumen (lu'-men) [lumen, light]. The cav- 
ity surrounded by the walls of a tubular 
vessel. 

Luminiferous (lu - min - if- er - tcs) [lumen, 
light ; ferre, to bear]. Conveying or bearing 
light. 

Lumpy Jaw. See Actinomycosis. 

Lunacy (lu f -nas-e) \_luna, the moon]. In- 
sanity, from the superstitious belief that it 
was influenced by the moon. 

Lunar (lu'-nar) [/una, moon]. Pertaining 
to the moon or to silver (/una of the alchem- 
ists). L. Caustic, silver nitrate. 

Lunatic (lu f -nat-ik) [See Lttnacy~\. I. Per- 
taining to or affected with insanity. 2. An 
insane person. 

Lung [AS., lunge, lung]. The organ of res- 
piration, in which the impure venous blood is 
oxidized by the air drawn through the trachea 
and bronchi into the air-vesicles. There are 
two lungs, a right and a left, the former 
usually consisting of three, the latter of two 
lobes. The lungs are situated in the thoracic 
cavity, and are enveloped by the pleurae. At 
the root or hilum the bronchus and its arteries , 
and the pulmonary artery and nerves enter, 
and the pulmonary and bronchial veins and 
lymphatics leave. The lung proper consists 
of minute air-vesicles held in place by con- 
nective-tissue trabecule. Capillaries traverse 
the walls of the air-vesicles and bring the cir- 
culating blood in close proximity to the air. 
The average weight of the adult right lung is 
22 ounces ; that of the left 20 ounces. L.- 
fever, croupous pneumonia. 

Lunula (liV -nu-laJi) [dim. of luna, moon]. 
I . The white semilunar area of a nail near 
the root. 2. A structure resembling the 
lunula of a nail. 

Lupiform (lu' '-pif-orni) [lupus, a wolf ; forma, 
form] . Resembling lupus. 

Lupine (lu'-pin) [lupus, a wolf]. Lupinus, 



a genus of leguminous plants. Lupinus albus 
and others contain a bitter glucosid, lupinin 
(C 2y H 3 . 2 1(J ) ; while from L. luteus an alka- 
loid, arginin (C 6 H u N 4 2 ), is obtained. The 
bruised seeds of L. albus have been used as 
an external application to ulcers. 

Lupinidin (lu-pinf -id-in) [lupus, a wolf], 
C 8 H 15 N. A liquid alkaloid obtained from 
Lupinus luteus. 

Lupoid (lu f -poid). See Lupiform. 

Lupulin (lu' -pu-liti) [lupulus, hop]. The 
glandular powder obtained from the strobiles 
of Humulus lupulus. See Humu/us. It is 
antispasmodic and sedative, and is used in 
sexual excitement, delirium tremens, renal 
and vesical irritation, and spermatorrhea. 
Dose gr. ij-v (0.13-0.32). Oleoresina lu- 
pulini. Dose tt\, x-xl (0.65-2.6). Ext. 
lupulini fluidum. Dose f 3 ss— ij (2.0- 
8.0). 

Lupulus (/u'-pu-Zus). See Humu/us. 

Lupus (lit' -pus) [L. , a wolf]. Lupus vul- 
garis ; a chronic disease of the skin and mu- 
cous membranes, characterized by the forma- 
tion of nodules of granulation -tissue. It 
passes through a number of phases, and ter- 
minates by ulceration or atrophy, with scar- 
formation. The cause of the disease is the 
tubercle-bacillus. L., Disseminated Fol- 
licular, a variety of lupus confined to the 
face, especially in the situations usually occu- 
pied by acne. The papules are from a large 
pin's head to a pea in size, conical and deep- 
red. L. erythematosus, L. erythematodes ; 
Cazenave's lupus ; a form not due to the 
tubercle-bacillus. It occurs, as a rule, in 
multiple patches, with a tendency to symmet- 
ric arrangement, chiefly about the face and 
head, occasionally on the extremities, and 
rarely on the trunk. The patches are sharply 
defined at the border, flat, very slightly 
raised, and with a tendency to the formation 
of crusts. The color is bright-red, and there 
are no nodules. It is most common in 
women of adult or middle age. L. erythe- 
matosus sebaceus, a form with special in- 
volvement of the sebaceous glands. L. exe- 
dens. Synonym of L. vulgaris. L. hyper- 
trophicus, that variety of L. vulgaris, in 
which new connective -tissue formation pre-' 
dominates over the destructive process, and 
markedly raised, thick patches result. L. 
maculosus, a variety of L. vulgaris, charac- 
terized by the eruption of very soft, smooth, 
brownish-red, semitranslucent miliary no- 
dules that develop in the connective tissue 
of- otherwise healthy skin without subjective 
sensations. L. non-exedens, lupus without 
ulceration. L. vegetans, L. verruco- 
sus, the formation in the lupus process of 
a warty-looking patch liable to become in- 
flamed. 



LUSCHKA'S GLAND 



372 



LYMPHATIC 



Luschka's Gland. See Gland. L.'s Ton- 
sil, the adenoid tissue normally existing 
between the orifices of the Eustachian tubes, 
analogous in structure to the lymphoid con- 
stituents of the tonsil. 

Lusus naturae [lu'-sw) \ludere, to play]. 
A freak of nature. 

Lutein {lu'-te-iti) \liiteus, yellow]. A yel- 
low pigment obtained from corpora lutea by 
extraction with chloroform. 

Luxation (luks-a'-shun). See Dislocation. 

Luxus {luks'-tis) [L.]. Excess. L.-con- 
sumption, a term applied to the meta- 
bolism of certain surplus proteid material, 
which, though inside the body, does not 
form a component part of any of its tissues, 
but constitutes a kind of reservoir of force 
upon which the organism may draw. 

Lycanthropy {li-kan r -thro-pi) [Ivkoq, a wolf; 
avdpoTrog, man]. A form of mania in which 
the patient imagines himself a wild beast. 

Lycoperdon {li-ko-per' '-don) [/twcoc, wolf; 
nepdeodat, to break wind]. A genus of 
fungi. L. bovista, fist-ball, puff-ball, devil's 
snuff-box. This has been used as a styptic, 
and is now to some extent employed in 
nervous diseases. 

Lycopodium [li-ko-po' '-de-tan) \7ivkoq, wolf; 
Ttovg, foot]. Club-moss, witch-meal, wolf's- 
claw. The sporules of L. clavatum and 
other varieties, occurring in the form of a 
light, fine, yellowish powder, are used as a 
desiccant and absorbent on moist and 
excoriated surfaces, and as an inert powder 
in which to imbed pills to prevent their ad- 
hering to each other. 

Lye (li) [AS., leak, lye]. I. The solution 
of alkaline hydrates obtained by leaching 
ashes. 2. Any alkaline solution. 

Lying-in. I. Being in confinement. 2. 
The puerperal state. 

Lymph [limf)\_lympha, water]. I. The fluid 
in the lymphatic vessels, the product of the 
filtration of the liquid portion of the blood 
through the walls of the capillaries. 2. The 
coagulable exudate on an inflamed surface. 
3. The liquid material used for vaccination ; 
vaccine-lymph. L., Animal, vaccine-lymph 
obtained from an animal. L.-cell, L.- 
corpuscle, a leukocyte occurring in the 
lymph. L. -follicles, small collections of 
lymphadenoid tissue occurring in mucous 
membranes. L. -hearts, certain organs 
found in the frog and in some fishes, which 
are to the lymph-stream what the blood-heart 
is to the blood-stream. L., Humanized, 
vaccine from a human being. L., Inflam- 
matory, that thrown out as a product of in- 
flammation in wounds, etc. L., Koch's, tub- 
erculin. L., Plastic, fibrinous lymph ; that 
forming embryonic tissue. L.-scrotum, an 
enlargement of the scrotum due to distention 



of the lymphatic vessels and hyperplasia of 
the tissues. L.-spaces, the lacunae occurring 
in connective tissue and containing lymph. 

Lymphadenectasis {limf- ad- en- ek' '-tas-is) 
\lympha, lymph; adrjv, gland; eKraaig, dis- 
tention]. Dilatation of the sinuses of a 
lymph-gland producing a tumor-like mass. 

Lymphadenitis {lvnf-ad-en-i' '-tis) [lympha, 
lymph ; adrjv, gland ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of a lymphatic gland. 

Lymphadenoid {li?nf-ad' -en-oia) \lympha, 
lymph; adr/v, gland; eldog, like]. Resem- 
bling, or of the nature of, a lymphatic gland, 
or of lymphatic tissue. 

Lymphadenoma {limf-ad-en-o* '-ma/i) \_lym- 
pha, lymph ; adrjv, gland ; 6/j.a, tumor]. Hy- 
perplasia of the lymphatic glands. See 
Hodgkiri 's Disease, in Diseases, Table of. 

Lymphaemia (limfe'-me-ah). See Lymphe- 
mia. 

Lymphagogue (limf'-ag-og) [lympha, lymph ; 
ayuyog, leading]. I. Stimulating the flow 
of lymph. 2. An agent that stimulates the 
flow of lymph. 

Lymphangiectasis (limf- an -je - ek f - tas-is) 
\_lympha, lymph ; ayyelov, vessel ; enTaaig, 
widening] . Dilatation of the lymphatic ves- 
sels. 

Lymphangiology (limf- an - je - ol f - o -je) 
\_lympha, lymph; ayyelov, vessel; Xoyog, 
treatise]. The anatomy, physiology, and 
pathology of the lymphatics. 

Lympha.ngioma.(livif-an-je-o / -ma/i)[lynipAa , 
lymph ; ayyelov, vessel ; 6fia, tumor]. A tumor 
made up of lymphatic vessels. L. tuber- 
osum multiplex, a very rare disease of the 
skin, probably congenital, characterized by 
the formation of large, brownish-red papules 
or tubercles, the size of lentils, scattered in- 
discriminately over the trunk. On section 
they prove to be made up of dilated lym- 
phatics. 

Lymphangitis (limf '- an- ji' '- tis) \_lympha, 
lymph; ayyelov, vessel ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of a lymphatic vessel. 

Lymphatic {limf-af -ik) \lympha, lymph]. 
Pertaining to lymph ; containing or charac- 
terized by lymph. L. System, a system of 
vessels and glands, accessory to the blood- 
vascular system, conveying lymph. It begins 
as innumerable capillaries in interspaces of 
tissues. These form plexuses studded with 
lymph-glands that act as filters and finally all 
those below the diaphragm unite in the recep- 
taculum chyli on the second lumbar vertebra. 
From this the thoracic duct leads upward 
to empty into the junction of the left sub- 
clavian and internal jugular veins. The 
lymph from the upper right half 'of the body 
and head enters the right lymphatic duct, 
which empties into the junction of the right 
internal jugular and subclavian veins. 



LYMPHEMIA 



373 



MACROPHAGE 



Lymphemia {limf-e* ' -tne-ah)[lympha, lymph; 
al/xa, blood]. Leukemia characterized by 
enlargement of the lymphatic glands. 

Lymphocyte (limf'-o-slt ) \Jympha, lymph ; 
Kvroq, a cell]. I. A lymph-cell. 2 One 
of Ehrlich's classes of leukocytes, comprising 
those small cells having large nuclei and a 
very small amount of protoplasm. See 
Leukocyte. 

Lymphodermia (limf-o-der' '-me-ah) \_/ym/>ha, 
lymph ; depjua, skin]. An affection of the 
lymphatics of the skin. L. perniciosa, leu- 
kemic enlargement of the glands. 

Lymphoid (limf -oid)\lyi?ipha, lymph; ddoQ, 
like]. Having the appearance or character 
of lymph. 

Lymphoma {Jimf-o'-mah) [/ympha, lymph ; 
biia, tumor]. A tumor composed of lymph- 
adenoid tissue. The term includes also 
formations not strictly tumors, as hyperplasias 
of the tissues proper to lymphatic glands. 
L., Malignant. Synonym of Hodgkin' 's 
Disease. 

Lymphomatous (limf -o'- mat- us) \_lympha, 
lymph; dfia, tumor]. Of the nature of, 
or affected with, lymphoma. 

Lymphorrhagia (limf-or-a' '-je-ah) \lympha y 



lymph ; priyv'vvai, to burst forth]. A flow of 
lymph from a ruptured lymphatic vessel. 

Lymphosarcoma (limf-o-sar- ho' - mah) 
\_iympha, lymph; adp^, flesh ; ofia, tumor]. A 
sarcoma having some of the structural ele- 
ments of a lymphatic gland. 

Lypemania (H-pe->?ia / -7ie-ah)[7iviTrj, sadness; 
jiavia, madness]. A form of dementia ac- 
companied by profound mental depression 
and refusal to take food. 

Lyra (li'-rah) [X'vpa, a lyre]. A lyre. L. of 
Fornix, certain longitudinal, transverse, and 
oblique lines on the inferior surface of the 
fornix, the arrangement of which bears a 
fanciful resemblance to a lyre. 

Lysis (li'-sis) [Xvetv, to loose]. The gradual 
decline of a disease, especially of a fever. 

Lysol (li'-sol) \_Xbeiv, to loose]. A brown 
liquid substance obtained by boiling tar-oils 
with alkalies and fats. It is used as an anti- 
septic in surgery ; in lupus, gonorrhea, or as 
a gargle in sore throat. 

Lyssa (lis f -ah) [Ivaaa, madness]. A syno- 
nym of Hydrophobia or Rabies. 

Lyssophobia (lis-o-fo' '-be-ak) [Xvaaa, mad- 
ness ; (f)6(3os, fear]. Morbid dread of rabies ; 
pseudohydrophobia. 



M 



M. The abbreviation of Musculus, Meter, My- 
opia, Mille, a thousand, Minim and Misce, 
mix ; it also represents the number iooo. 

Mace (mas). See Myristica. 

Maceration (mas-er-a' '-shun) \jnacerare, to 
make soft]. The process of softening a solid 
substance, or of converting into a soft mass 
by soaking in a liquid, as, e.g., M. of the fetus. 

Macies (ma / -se-ez) \jnacies, a wasting]. Atro- 
phy, leanness, wasting. 

Macrobiosis (mak-ro-bi-o f -sis)[p.anp6(;, long; 
/?f'oc, life]. Longevity. 

Macrocephalia (mak-ro-sef-a f -le-ah) \_p.aKpoQ, 
large ; necfHilrj, head]. Abnormal largeness 
of the head. 

Macrocephalous (mak-ro-sef '-al-us) [/ia/c/>dc, 
large; neyakr), head]. Characterized by an 
abnormally large head. 

Macrocheilia (mah - ro - hi' '- le - ah) \_p.a,Kp6q, 
large ; ^eZ/loc, lip]. Excessive development 
of the lips, a characteristic of certain negro 
tribes. It occurs also in cretinoid states, 
when the lips and cheeks are the seat of 
lymphangioma. 

Macrocheiria (mah - ro - M'- re - ah) [//a/cpdc, 



large; x e 'tp> hand]. Great enlargement of 
the hands. 

Macrocyte (mak r - ro - sit) \_panp6q, large ; 
kvtoc, cell]. A giant blood-corpuscle found 
in the blood in certain anemias, especially 
pernicious anemia. 

Macrodactyly (mak-ro-dak f -til-e) \jxaKpoq, 
large , danrvTioq, finger]. Abnormally large 
size of the fingers or toes. 

Macroglossia (mah-ro-gfos'-e-ah) [fianpoq, 
great ; yluoca, tongue]. Enlargement of 
the tongue, a condition seen in cretins, in 
whom it is probably due to lymphangioma. 

Macromania (mak-ro-ma'-ne-ah) [fianpoq, 
large; /uavia, madness]. A form of mania 
characterized by the delusion that objects are 
larger than they really are ; or the impres- 
sion that one's own body or members are 
much larger than they are. 

Macromelus (mak-rom'-el-us) [//a/cpdc, long ; 
/uelog, organ or member]. I. Having exces- 
sively large limbs. 2. One having exces- 
sively large limbs. 

Macrophage (mak ; -ro-faj) \jiaKpoc,, large; 
(t>ayelv, to devour]. A large phagocyte. 



MACROPODIA 



374 



MAGNETOELECTRICITY 



Macropodia mak- ro - po' - dt -.: . [ahuc/xjc, 

large; ~ovc, foot]. Excessive size of the 
feet. 
Macropsia {inak-rop* '-se-ah). See Megalop- 

Macroscopic {mak- ro - shop* -ik} [uanpoq, 

large: r arm ': . to see]. Large enough to 
be seen by the naked eye ; gross : not micro- 
scopic. 

Macrosomatia [mat- ro - so - maf -she- aa), 
Macrosomia mak-ro-so* '-tne-aJi) [/uoxpdc, 
large; cuua, body]. Excessive size of the 
body. 

M acrostoma {mak - ros ' - to-mali) [uanpoc, 
large; crona, mouth]. Congenital fissure 
of the angle of the mouth, producing a large 
opening. 

Macrotin {mak'-ro-tiii) [macrotys, a 
-..;--?]. A resin obtained by the precipitation 
of tincture of cimicifuga with water. 

Macula \mak t ' -u-lah | [L.]. A spot ; especi- 
ally one upon the skin , not elevated above the 
surrounding level. Maculae acusticae, the 
terminations of the auditory nerve in the 
saccule and utricle. M. lutea, the yellow 
spot of the retina. It is the point of clear est 
vision. M. Solaris, a freckle. 

Macular [ma&f-u-Iar} [macula, spot]. Char- 
acterized by or resembling maculae. 

Maculate mak ' - u -lat\ \_macula, a spot]. 
Spotted. 

Maculation (mak - u - la'- skun) [maim 
spot] . The state or quality of being spotted ; 
the formation of maculae. 

Macule [ icu/a, a spot]. Macula. 

Mad [AS : mad]. I. Insane. 2. Af- 

fected with rabies ; rabid. 

Madder {mad'-er [AS maderu, madder]. 
See Rubia. 

Madura Foot \ma- du'-rah). A d: ; 
occurring chiefly in India, and characterized 
by the formation on the foot (sometimes on 
the hand) of a tender purplish swelling, 
which in time suppurates, the pus being 
evacuated through one or more sinuses. 
These sinuses discharge a seropurulent liquid 
containing peculiar bodies resembling gun- 
powder-grains or fish-roe. The disease is 
chronic, but remains local, and is believed to 
be due to an organism allied to the acti- 
nomyces-fungus. It is also termed Myce- 
toma. 

Magendie's Solution. See Morphin. 

Magenta ma-jen'-tah') [from a town in 
Italy]. A coal-tar dye from which fuch- 
sin and a large number of other dyes are 
prepared. 

Magnesia {■■: ~ ;--■::'-:■-: : . [Mayvfiamc, be- 
longing to Magnesia, in Thessaly; 
Me- . - ;. Magnesian stone.]. Magnesium 
oxid, MgO. M. "White, magnesium car- 
bonate. See Magnesium. 






":■: 



Magnes!; -..-'-;.: .... ..-;". Per- 

taining to, or containinj 
Magnesium 

Mo] - . Vi—.esian stone]. Symbol Mg; 
atomic weight 24.3; quanti valence II, specific 
graviry I. "5. A bluish- white metal of the 
group to which calcium and barium belong. 
It is abundantly distributed throughout inor- 
ganic and organic nature ; its salts are used 
in the arts and in medicine. The source of 
magnesium and its salts is chiefly the minerals 
dolomite and kieserite. The following com- 
pounds are used in medicine. Magnesii car- 
::rus VgC . _Y.z '. H . - fl-lfl . exists in 
two forms, — as light (M. carbonas levis), and 
as heavy magnesium carbonate (M. carbonas 
ponderosa). It is antacid, laxative, and anti- 
lithic. Dose 5 ss— 5 ij (2.0-8.0). Liq. 
magnesii carbonatis B. P.). Dose f.^j-ij 
_ -64.0). M. citras effervescens, is 
cathartic. Dose ^j— iij (4.0-12.0). Liq. 
magnesii citratis. Dose fjsj W— viij (128.0- 
256.0 . M. oxid, MgO (Magnesia, U. S. 
P. .is obtained by calcining magnesium car- 
bonate, and exists in two forms, — as light 
magnesia, and as heavy magnesia (Magnesia 
ponderosa, U. S. P.). It is used as an 
antacid and laxative, as a dusting powder, 
and as an antidote to arsenic. Dose gr. 
x_ oJ (°^5 - 4-°)- M. sulphas, MgS0 4 -f- 
"HO, Epsom salt, is an active cathartic, 
especially useful in inflammatory affections. 
Dose 3J-^j (4.0—32.0.) An enema mag- 
nesii sulphatis is official in B. P. M. sul- 
phas effervescens B. P.). Dose 3 i;— 3 ; 
c .d-;2. : 

Magnet - ~~ ' - 1 

Magnesia, in Thessaly, where loadstone was 
first found]. I. Loadstone, a magnetic oxid 
of iron. 2. A body having the power to 
attract iron bodies. M., Electro-, a piece of 
iron rendered magnetic by a current of elec- 
tricity passing through a coil surrounding the 
magnet. M., Horse-shoe, an iron mag- 
net having the shape of a horse-shoe. 
M., Permanent, one the magnetic proper- 
ties of which are permanent, in contradistinc- 
tion to M.. Temporary, which derives its 
magnetism from another magnet or from a 
galvanic current. 

Magnetic {mag-tut* -ir [II ,<>ioc, pertain- 
ing to Magnesia, in Thessaly]. Pertaining or 
belonging to a magnet. Possessing the 
property of magnetism. 

Magnetism ' :agtut\. The 

power possessed by a magnet to attract or 
rr" el other masses. M., Animal, hypnotism. 

Magnetization {mag-rut-iz-a'-shvn) \tnag- 
?.:.]. The process of rendering a substance 
magnetic. 

Magnetoelectricity {tnag-mt-o-e-lek-tris f - 



MAGNETOINDUCTION 



375 



MALFORMATION 



it-e) [magnet; //Xenrpoi', amber]. Elec- 
tricity produced by means of a magnet. 
Magnetoinduction {mag - net'- o - in - duk r - 
skun) [magnet ; inductio, induction]. The 
production of an induced current by the inser- 
tion of a magnet within a coil of wire. 
Magnetotherapy {mag- net - o - ther'- ap - e) 
magnet; Bepa-eia, treatment]. The treat- 
ment of diseases by magnets. 
Magnification {mag-nif-ik-a' 'shun) \_mag- 
nus, large ; facere, to make]. Enlargement, 
especially the enlargement of the image of an 
object by means of lenses. 
Magnifying {mag' ' -nif-i-ing) [magnus, large ; 
fac ere, to make] . Enlarging; making greater. 
M. Power, the power of a lens to increase 
the diameters of the image of an object. 
Magnum, or Os magnum [L., great 
bone]. The largest bone in the distal row 
of the carpus situated between the unciform 
and the trapezoid bones. 
Maid, Maiden {mad, ma f -den) [AS., mag- 
den, a maiden]. A young unmarried woman ; 
a virgin. 
Maidenhead. I. Virginity. 2. The hymen. 
Maim {mam) [OF., mehaigner, to maim]. 

To cripple by injury or removal of a limb. 
Main-en-griffe {mang-on-grif) [Fr.]. See 

Claw-hand . 
Maize {mdz) [ W. Ind., mahiz, maize]. In- 
dian corn. See Zea mays. 
Make {mak) [AS., macian, to make]. In 
electricity, to establish the flow of an electric 
current. 
Mai [Fr., from malum, evil, disease]. Dis- 
ease. M. de mer, sea-sickness. M., 
Grand, epilepsy. M., Petit. See Petit Mai. 
Mala {ma f -lah) [L.]. The cheek-bone or 
the cheek. 
Malacia {mal-a'-se-ah) [fiaTiania, a soften- 
ing] . A morbid softening of tissue. 
Malacotomy {mal- ak - ot'- - me) [/xaXanog, 
soft ; rofirj, a cutting]. Incision of the abdo- 
men ; celiotomy. 

Malady {maV-ad-e) \jnalwn, evil]. Disease. 

Malaise {mal-az') [Fr. ]. A general feeling 

of illness, accompanied by restlessness and 

discomfort. 

Malar {ma'-lar) [mala, cheek~\. Pertaining 

to the cheek-bone. M. Bones, the two 

cheek-bones. 

Malaria {mal- a' -re- ah) [It., mala aria, bad 

air]. See Malarial Fever. 
Malarial {mal-a' -re-al) [It., mala aria, bad 
air]. Pertaining to malaria. M. Cachexia, 
a chronic form of malaria characterized by 
anemia, general failure of health, a sallow 
complexion, and enlargement of the spleen. 
M. Fever, a disease associated with the pres- 
ence in the blood of the Plasmodium malariae, 
and characterized by periodicity, enlarge- 
ment of the spleen, and the presence in the 



blood, free or within the red corpuscles, of 
parasites (plasmodia) that exert a deleterious 
influence upon the red cells. The paroxysms 
may be intermittent, remittent, or irregular. 
If repeated daily the fever is designated quo- 
tidian ; if on alternate days, tertian; if with 
an interval of two days, quartan. If two 
paroxysms occur daily the fever is designated 
a double quotidian. There may be a double 
tertian form, a paroxysm occurring daily, but 
only those of alternate days being alike ; a 
double quartan form, and others. A typical 
malarial paroxysm consists of a cold stage, a 
hot stage, and a sweating stage, occurring in 
the sequence given. Intermittent fever is 
characterized by the occurrence of a complete 
intermission of the symptoms in the interval 
between two paroxysms, the temperature be- 
coming normal or subnormal. In remittent 
fever there is only an amelioration of the 
symptoms in the intervals. In certain locali- 
ties in which the malarial organisms are ex- 
ceedingly numerous or intensely virulent, the 
attack displays a pernicious tendency. Of 
this type there may be a cerebral form, char- 
acterized either by delirium and excitement, 
or by coma and depression ; a thoracic form, 
in which the respiration is accelerated and 
there is an urgent sense of the need of air ; 
a gastrointestinal form, attended with nausea, 
vomiting, jaundice, and diarrhea ; or an 
asthenic or algid form, in which there is a 
condition of marked debility and a striking 
coldness of the surface and of the breath. 
To the irregular manifestations of malarial 
poisoning, which do not at any time present 
the classical association of chill, fever, and 
sweat, the designation of "dumb ague" is 
given. The enlargement of the spleen in 
chronic malaria is sometimes designated 
" ague cake. " M. Hematuria, the presence 
of blood in the urine as a result of malarial 
poisoning. M. Neuralgia, neuralgia due to 
malarial intoxication. 

Malassimilation {mal- as - im - il- a f - shun) 
\tnalus, bad; assimilatio, likeness]. De- 
fective assimilation. 

Malate {mal'-dt) [/uaTiov, an apple]. A salt 
of malic acid. 

Malaxation {mal-aks-a' '-shun) [/ualidacTeiv, to 
soften]. I. The act of kneading. 2. A 
form of massage. 

Male {mal) [tnasculus, a male]. I. Pertain- 
ing to the male sex, that which impregnates 
the female. 2. A member of the male sex. 
3. Of a double-bladed instrument, the blade 
which is received into a hollow of the other 
(female) blade. M. Fern, the Aspidium 
filix mas. M. Organ, the penis. 

Malformation {mal-for-ma' -shun) [malus, ill ; 
for?7iatio, a forming]. An abnormal develop- 
ment or formation of a part of the body. 



MALGAIGNE'S HOOKS 



376 



MAMMILLA 



Malgaigne's Hooks (mahlgane) [Malgaigne, 
a French surgeon]. An instrument for 
holding the parts of a fractured patella in ap- 
position. 

Malic Acid (ina'-lik). See Acid. 

Malignancy (?nal-ig / -nan-se) [malus, bad ; 
gignere, to produce]. The quality of being 
malignant. 

Malignant (mal-ig / -nant) [malus, bad; 
gigne?-e, to produce]. Bad; compromising 
or threatening life. M. Edema. See 
Edenia. M. Pustule, anthrax. M. Tumor, 
a tumor that destroys life. Malignant tumors 
recur and give rise to metastasis. 

Malingerer (inal-in f -jer-er) [Fr. malingre, 
sickly, from malus, bad ; <zger, ill, sick] . 
One who feigns illness or defect. 

Malingering, Malingery (mal-in* '-jer-ing, 
mal-in' -jer-e) [Fr. , malingre, from mains , 
bad; ceger, ill, sick]. The feigning of dis- 
ease. 

Malleable [inal f -e-a-bl) [malleus, hammer]. 
Capable of being beaten or rolled into thin 
sheets. 

Malleation (mal-e-a' '-shun) \jnallens, ham- 
mer]. A spasmodic action of the hands, 
consisting in continuously striking any near 
object. 

Mallein [rnaV-e-in) [malleus, farcy]. A fluid 
obtained from cultures of the Bacillus mallei, 
the microorganism of glanders. When in- 
jected into the circulation of a glandered ani- 
mal, it causes an elevation of temperature, 
a*nd has been recommended for use in the 
early diagnosis of farcy or glanders. 

Malleoincudal (mal-e-o~ing / -ku-dal) \tnal- 
leus, hammer ; incus, anvil]. Relating to the 
malleus and the incus. 

Malleolar (mal - e f - o - far) [malleolus, little 
hammer]. Relating to a malleolus. 

Malleolus (mal-e'-o-lus) [dim. of malleus, 
hammer]. A part or process of bone hav- 
ing a hammer-head shape. M., External, 
the lower extremity of the fibula. M., In- 
ternal, a process on the internal surface of 
the lower extremity of the tibia. 

Malleus (maF-e-us) [tnalleus, hammer]. I. 
One of the ossicles of the internal ear having 
the shape of a hammer. 2. Glanders. 

Mallow (mal'-o). See Malva. 

Malpighian Body (mal-pig' '-e-an) [from 
Malpighi, an Italian anatomist]. The com- 
mencement of a uriniferous tubule, consisting 
of the glomerulus of vessels (the Malpighian 
tuft) and the membranous envelop (Bow- 
man's capsule). M. Corpuscle, any one of 
the minute whitish nodules of lymphadenoid 
tissue in the red substance of the spleen along 
the course of the blood-vessels. 

Malposition {mal-po-zish f -un) \_m a lus, bad ; 

ponere, to place]. An abnormal position of 
any part or organ, especially of the fetus. 



Malpractice (mal-prak'-tis) [malus, bad ; 
TipaaazLV, to do]. Improper treatment ; treat- 
ment of a disease by a method contrary to that 
taught by experience ; also, the unlawful pro- 
duction of an abortion. 

Malpresentation [mal -pre - sen - ta f - shun) 
[malus, bad; p>'cesentare , to place before]. 
In obstetrics, such a position of the child at 
birth that deliver} 7 is difficult or impossible. 

Malt, Maltum (mawlt, mawl'-tian) [L.]. 
The seeds of common barley, Hordeum dis- 
tich um, made to germinate by warmth and 
moisture, and then baked so as to stop the 
germinating process. The germinated grains 
contain diastase, dextrin, and maltose, as well 
as proteids. Malt is used as a nutrient in 
wasting diseases. M., Ext. Dose 3J-iv 
(4.0-16.0). Unof. M., Ext., Fid. (N. F.) 
is a solution of the principles of malt in water 
and alcohol. M. -liquors, infusions of malt 
fermented so as to contain alcohol. Those 
in common use are beer, ale, and porter. 
Beer is made by a comparatively slow fer- 
mentation, and contains about 2.5 per cent, 
of alcohol. Ale and porter are fermented 
more rapidly, and contain about 4.7 per cent, 
of alcohol. The malt used in making porter 
is browned, giving the liquor a darker color. 

Malta Fever. A febrile disease prevalent on 
the coasts bordering on the Mediterranean. 
It is characterized by malaise, an irregular 
fever, rigors, headache, pains in the limbs, 
and diarrhea ; and frequent relapses. The 
etiology is not definitely known ; some of 
the cases are probably forms of typhoid 
fever. It is also termed Rock fever, Mediter- 
ranean fever and Neapolitan fever. 

Maltine [mawP-Hn) [maltum, malt]. A 
name given to various proprietary prepara- 
tions of malted wheat or barley, useful as 
food for invalids. 

Maltose (ma-ol' '-ids) [maltum, malt], C 12 - 
H 2 .,O n -J- H 2 0. A variety of sugar formed, 
together with dextrin, by the action of malt- 
diastase upon starch. 

Malva (mal'-vah) [L., mallow]. The mal- 
low ; a genus of malvaceous plants. The 
leaves of M. alcea, M. rotundifolia, and M. 
silvestris are used as demulcents. 

Mamma [mam' -ah) [L.]. The breast; the 
milk-secreting gland of the mother. 

Mammalgia (/nam - al> ' -je - ah ) [mamma, 
breast; a/.yoc, pain]. Pain in the mamma. 

Mammalia (/nam- a' -le- ah) [mamma, breast]. 
A division of the class of vertebrates includ- 
ing all animals that suckle their young. 

Mammary (mam' -a-re) [mamma, breast]. 
Pertaining to the mammae. M. Artery. See 
Arteries, Table of. M. Gland. See Gland. 
M. Line, the vertical line passing through 
the nipple. 

Mammilla (inam-iV -alt) [dim. of mamma, 



MAMMILLAPLASTY 



377 



MANOMETRIC 



breast]. A small prominence or papilla. 
M. of Breast, the nipple or teat. 

Mammillaplasty (mam-il-ap-las'-te) ^mam- 
milla, nipple; Tr?idaat;tv, to mold]. A plastic 
operation for the purpose of elevating a de- 
pressed nipple. 

Mammitis (mam-i' '-tis) . See Mastitis. 

Mammose (mam'-os) \_mamma, breast]. 
Having full or abnormally large breasts. 

Mandible, Mandibula (man'- dib - 1, man - 
dib'-u- lah) \_mandere, to chew] . The inferior 
maxillary bone. 

Mandibular (man-dib'-u-lar) \_mandere, to 
chew]. Pertaining to the mandible, or lower 
jaw. 

Mandragora [man-drag* '-o-rali) \jxav6payo- 
paq, mandrake]. A genus of solanaceous 
plants ; the mandrake. M. officinalis has 
been used as a narcotic and hypnotic. It 
and other species contain an alkaloid, man- 
dragorin, C 17 H 23 N0 3 , resembling atropin in 
action. 

Mandrake (man'-drdh). See Mandragora 
and Podophyllum. 

Mandrin [maw r -drin) [Ger.]. The firm 
guide or stylet (usually of metal) that gives 
rigidity to a flexible catheter whilst it is being 
inserted. 

Manducation (man-du-ka'-shun) \jnandu- 
catio, a chewing]. The chewing or mastica- 
tion of food. 

Manganese, Manganum (man'-gan- ez, 
man-gan' ' -uni) [an altered form of Magne- 
sium] . Symbol Mn ; atomic weight 54. 8 ; 
quantivalence II, IV, VI, VII. A brittle, 
hard, grayish- white metal, having a specific 
gravity of 7.2, and resembling iron in proper- 
ties. It forms several oxids, the highest of 
which, Mn 2 7 , forms an acid, HMn0 4 , from 
which salts, the permanganates, are pro- 
duced. Mangani dioxidum, Mn0 2 , black 
oxid of manganese, is tonic and alterative, 
and has been used in syphilis, chlorosis, in 
various skin-diseases, and in certain forms of 
dyspepsia. Dose gr. iij-xx (0.2-1.3). It is 
employed in the arts, and in laboratories for 
the purpose of obtaining chlorin and oxygen. 
Mangani sulphas, MnS0 4 + 4H 2 0,has been 
used as a substitute for iron in anemia, and 
as a cholagogue. Dose gr. v-xx (0.32-1.3). 
Potassium permanganate is a salt of perman- 
ganic acid, the latter being derived from 
manganese heptoxid, Mn 2 7 . See Potas- 
sium. 

Mange (man/) [Fr., manger, to eat]. A 
parasitic skin-disease of horses, cattle, and 
dogs, resembling scabies, and due to various 
species of Acarus. 

Mania (ma'-ne-ah) \jiavla, juaiveodai, to rage]. 
A form of insanity marked by great mental 
and emotional excitement, by hallucinations, 
delusions, physical excitement, and often a 



tendency to violence. M., Alcoholic, acute 
mania of alcoholic origin. It is to be dis- 
tinguished from delirium tremens, although 
sometimes used synonymously with it. M. 
a potu. See Delirium tremens. M., Bell's, 
an acute delirium running a rapidly fatal 
course, with slight fever, and in which post- 
mortem no lesions are found sufficient to ac- 
count for the symptoms. There are the wild- 
est hallucinations, insomnia, and intense ex- 
citement, followed by a condition called 
typhomania, with elevation of temperature, 
dry tongue, and rapid, feeble pulse. M., 
Epileptic, a maniacal outburst in an epi- 
leptic, often associated with a destructive ten- 
dency. M., Puerperal, a form of mania or 
abnormal mental action sometimes following 
childbirth. M., Religious, mania in which 
the central idea is religious in character, or 
in which a powerful religious emotion has 
been the exciting cause. 

Maniac (ma' -ne-ak) [/xavia, madness]. An 
insane person ; one affected with mania. 

Manicure (man* -ik-ur) \jnanus, the hand ; 
cura, care]. I. The processes employed in 
caring for and beautifying the hand. 2. One 
who professionally attends to the care of the 
hands and nails. 

Manihot (man'-e-hot) [L.]. A genus of 
euphorbiaceous plants, yielding cassava and 
tapioca. 

Manikin (man'-ik-in) [OF., manequin, a 
puppet]. A model of the body, made of 
plaster, papier mache, or other material, and 
showing by means of movable parts the re- 
lations of the organs. 

Manioc (man'-e-ok). See Manihot. 

Maniple (man' ' -ip-T)\_manipu!us , from manus, 
hand]. A handful. 

Manipulation (man-ip-u-la' -shun) \_manipu- 
lus, a handful]. A handling ; the use of the 
hands for the purpose of performing some 
work in a skillful manner, such as reducing a 
dislocation, returning a hernia into its cavity, 
or changing the position of a fetus. 

Manipulus (man-ip'-u-lus). See Maniple. 

Manna (man' -ah) [iiavva, manna]. The con- 
crete, saccharine exudation of the flowering 
ash, Fraxinus ornus, and other trees. Manna 
contains a sweet principle, mannite or raan- 
nitol, C 6 H u 6 , a sugar, a purgative princi- 
ple, and a mucilage. Some specimens con- 
tain also a glucosid, fraxin. Manna is a 
mild laxative. Dose ^j-ij (32.0-64.0). 

Manometer (man-om' -et-er) [//ovdc, rare ; 
juerpov, measure]. An instrument for meas- 
uring the tension of liquids and gases, 
consisting either of a bent tube filled with 
mercury (mercurial M.), or of a spring 
(spring M.), connected with a writing-style. 

Manometric (man-o-met'-rih) [_/uavdg, rare ; 
juerpov, measure]. Pertaining to a manom- 



MANUAL 



37S 



MASS 



eter ; pertaining to tracings obtained by means 
of a manometer. M. Flames, fames of 
different heights and characters seen in a 
rotating mirror and due to the reflection 
of a pulsating gas-flame when the supplying 
gas is set in motion by sound-waves. They 
are also known as Koenig"s flames. 

Manual (man'-u-al) [manus, hand]. Per- 
taining to the hands ; performed by the 
hands. 

Manubrium \man-u' -bre-uni) [L.]. A han- 
dle. M. of Malleus, the handle-shaped 
process of the malleus of the ear. M . manus, 
the radius. M . of Sternum, the upper piece 
of the sternum. 

Manus (ma'-nus) [L-]- The hand. 

Manustupration (man-u-stu-pra'-shun) [ma- 
nus, hand; stuprare, to ravish]. Masturba- 
tion. 

Manyplies (man'-ip-hz) [AS., manig, many; 
plicare, to fold]. The third compartment in 
the stomach of ruminants. It is also called 
the omasum or psalterium. 

Maranta (mar-an'-tah). See Arrowroot. 

Marantic (mar-an'-tik) [uapaivetv, to make 
lean]. Pertaining to marasmus. M. Clot. 
a blood-clot produced by slowing of the cir- 
culation in depressed states of the system. 
M. Thrombosis, thrombosis due to general 
malnutrition. 

Maraschino (mar-as- he* -no) [Sp.]. A liquor, 
made from morello cherries. 

Marasmatic \mar-az-matf-ik). Synonym of 
Marasmic. 

Marasmic {mar-az'-mik) [fiapaiveiv, to grow 
lean]. Affected with marasmus. 

Marasmus (mar-asf -mus) [jiapaiveii; to grow 
lean]. A gradual wasting of the tissues of 
the body from insufficient or imperfect food- 
supply. There is either no organic lesion, 
or gastrointestinal catarrh. 

Marc {mark) [Ft., dregs]. I. A by-product 
in the manufacture of wines, consisting of 
the stems, skins, and stones of the grapes. 
; The residue remaining after the expression 
of the oil from certain fruits. 

Margaric Acid (mar-gar* -ik). See Acid. 

Margaric Acid Crystals, needle-shaped 

. r.als consisting of compounds of the fatty 

acid, found in foci of fatty degeneration, in 

the urine, etc. 

M ar g arin (mar / -gar-in) [jtapyapoc, the pearl- 
:" "sterj. I. A margarate of glyceryl, espe- 
cially glyceryl trimargarate, CjH^Cj-H^- 
Q,) 3 . found in butter. 2. An artificial sub- 
stitute for butter. 

Marginal (mar'-jin-al) [margo, margin]. 
Pertaining to the margin or border. M. 
Convolution. See Convolutions, TabUof. 

Mariotte's Law. See Law. 

Marjoram (mar' -jo-rani). See Origanum. 

Marrow (mar'-o) [AS., mearh, marrow]. 



The fatty substance contained in the medullarv 
canal of long bones, and in the interstices 
of cancellous bone. In early life the mar- 
row of all bones is red (red marrow), but 
later that within the shafts of long bones as- 
sumes a tight color (yellow marrow). Red 
marrow is composed of a delicate reticulum 
of connective tissue, containing blood-vessels, 
large connective-tissue cells, some of which 
in growing bone become osteoblasts (marro w- 
cells), giant-cells (myeloplaxes) and red cor- 
puscles in various stages of formation. In 
yellow marrow most of the cells have been 
transformed into fat-cells. The function of 
bone-marrow is probably the formation of red 
corpuscles. In certain forms of anemia the 
marrow undergoes profound changes; that 
of the shafts of the long bones may return 
to its embryonical condition. Bone-marrow 
has been used in the treatment of pernicious 
ir.enna. 

Marrubium (mar-u'-be-um) [L.]. Hore- 
hound The leaves and tops of M. vulgare, 
of the order Labiatse. It contains a volatile 
oil, a bitter principle, marrubin, tannin, 
resin, and lignin. At present horehound is 
mainly employed in catarrhal affections of 
the respiratorv tract. Dose 55s— j (2.0-4.0). 
Unof. 

Marsh-fever. Malaria 

Marsh-gas. Methane. 

Marsh-mallow. See Aithaa. 

Marsh's Test. A test for arsenic. Hydrogen 
is generated by the action of an acid on 
zinc, the suspected liquid is added, and if 
arsenic is present, it combines with the hy- 
drogen to form arsine, AsH s , which may be 
ignited at the end of the delivery-tube and 
the flame allowed to impinge against cold 
porcelain. Metallic arsenic is deposited and 
is recognized by the character of the stain 
and chemic tests. 

Martin's Bandages. India-rubber bandages, 
from 5 to 21 feet in length, used for making 
compression of a limb for the cure of ulcers, 
varicose veins, etc. 

Maruta '. :-■<-:< '-tah) [L.]. A genus of 
herbs of the order Composite. M. cot- 
ula, may-weed, or dog-fennel, is used as a 
substitute for chamomile. 

Mask (mask) [Fr., masque, a mask]. I. A 
bandage applied to the face in case of erysi- 
pelas, burns or scalds, eczema, etc. 2. Syn- 
onym of Chloasma. 

Masked (maskf) [Fr., masque, a mask]. 
:~ered with a mask ; concealed. M. Dis- 
ease, one that is concealed by concomitant 
svmptoms. 

Mass, Massa (mas, mas'- ah) [massa, a 
mass]. I. An aggregation of particles of 
matter. 2. A cohesive substance that can be 
made into pills. M., Blue. See Mercury. 



MASSAGE 



379 



MAXILLARY 



M., Vallet's. Massa ferri carbonatis. See 
Per rum. 

Massage [tnas-ahzhf) [Fr. , from iiaaaetv, to 
knead]. A method of rubbing, kneading, or 
stroking of the superficial parts of the body 
by the hand or an instrument, for the purpose 
of modifying nutrition, restoring power of 
movement, breaking up adhesions, etc. A 
male person performing M. is termed a 
masseur ; a female person, a masseuse. 

Masseter [mas'-e-ter) \_jiaariTf]p, chevver]. 
One of the muscles of mastication. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Masseteric [jnas-et-er' '-ik) \_p.aa/]rrjp, chewer]. 
Pertaining to the masseter-muscle. 

Massicot {mas'-ik-ot) [Fr.]. PbO. Lead 
oxid ; litharge. 

Mast-cells [Ger., Mastzellen]. Cells filled 
with basophile granules, found in the con- 
nective tissue and in foci of chronic inflam- 
mation. 

Mastalgia {jnas-tal' '-je-ali) [juaarog, breast; 
a/,yog, pain]. Pain in the breast. 

Mastic, Mastiche [masf-lik, mas' -ti-ke) 
[uaarixr/, mastic]. The resin flowing from 
the incised bark of the Pistacia lentiscus, a 
tree of the Terebinthaceae. It is used as a 
styptic, as a filling for teeth, and as a micro- 
scopic varnish. 

Mastication {mas-tik-af -shuri) [masticare, to 
chew]. The act of chewing. 

Masticatory [mas' ' -tik-a-to-re) \_masticare, to 
chew]. I. Pertaining to mastication, or to 
the muscles of mastication. 2. A remedy to 
be chewed but not swallowed, used for its 
local action on the mouth. M. Spasm, 
spasm of the muscles of mastication ; tris- 
mus. 

Mastitis {mas-W '-lis) [{laorog, breast; irig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the breast. 
M., Interstitial, inflammation of the con- 
nective tissue of the breast. M., Paren- 
chymatous, inflammation of the proper 
glandular substance of the breast. 

Mastodynia [mas - to - din'- e - ah) [juaorog, 
breast ; bdvwj, pain]. Pain in the breast. 

Mastoid (mas'-toid) \_jiacroq, breast, nipple; 
eidog, like]. I. Nipple-shaped, as the M. 
process of the temporal bone. 2. The mas- 
toid process. 3. Pertaining to the mastoid 
process, as M. foramen, M. operation. M. 
Abscess, an abscess of the mastoid cells. 
M. Antrum, a cavity in the mastoid portion 
of the temporal bone. M. Cells, the hollow 
air-spaces in the mastoid process communi- 
cating with the middle ear. M. Disease, 
inflammation of the mastoid cells, mastoid- 
itis. M. Foramen. See Foramina, Table 

°f- . .. 
Mastoiditis [inas-toul-i'-tis) [fxao-oq, nipple ; 

e Idng, like ; ltlq, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the mastoid cells. 



Mastooccipital {mas-to-ok-sip' '-il-al) [uaa- 
t6q, nipple ; occiput, occiput] . Pertaining to 
the mastoid process and the occipital bone. 

Mastoparietal {inas-to-par-i' '-et-al) [fiaaToq, 
nipple ; paries, wall]. Pertaining to the 
mastoid process and the parietal bone. 

Masturbation [mas-tur-ba f -shun) \_mastur- 
bari, to pollute one's self] . Production of the 
venereal orgasm by friction of the genitals. 

Mate {tnah'-ta) \_Sp.,mate, a vessel]. Para- 
guay tea. The leaves of Ilex pavaguayensis, 
which are used in South America as a substi- 
tute for tea and coffee. Its properties are due 
to thein. 

Materia medica (inat-e' -re-ah vied' '-ik-ah) 
[L. , medical matter] . The science that treats 
of the sources and preparations of the drugs 
and agents used in medicine 

Materies morbi {jnat-e r -re-ez mor f -bi) [L. , 
matter of disease]. The material that is the 
cause of a disease. 

Maternal (mat-ur'-nal) \_mater, mother]. 
Pertaining to the mother. M. Impressions. 
See Impressions. 

Maternity (rnat-ur f -nit-e) \_mater, mother]. 
I. Motherhood. 2. A lying-in hospital. 

Matico {inat-e'-kd) [Sp.]. The leaves of 
Piper angustifolium, of the order Piperacese. 
It is aromatic and stimulant, and has been 
used as a local and general hemostatic, and as 
an alterative stimulant to mucous membranes. 
Dose of the powder gss-gj (2.0-4.0). 
Ext. matico fid. Dose f^ss-fgj (2.0- 
4.0). Tinctura matico. Dose f^j (4.0). 

Matricaria {inat-rik-a / -re-ali) [matrix, mold]. 
German chamomile ; the flower-tops of Mat- 
ricaria chamomilla, of the order Composite. 
Matricaria contains a volatile oil and a bitter 
extractive principle, and is a mild tonic, and 
in large doses emetic and antispasmodic. 

Matrix {ina f -triks) [L. , a mold in which any- 
thing is cast]. 1. A mold; the cavity in 
which anything is formed. 2. That part or 
tissue into which any organ or process is set, 
as the matrix of a tooth or of a nail. 3. The 
intercellular substance of a tissue, as of carti- 
lage. 4. The uterus. 

Maturation {mat-u-ra / -shun) \inaturare, to 
ripen]. Ripening, as the ripening of the ovum 
or of a cataract. 

Mature {nia-tur') [niaturare, to ripen]. I. To 
ripen. 2. Ripe. 

Matutinal [ma-tuf-tin-al) \_Matuta, goddess 
of the morning]. Occurring in the morning, 
as M. nausea. 

Matzoon (inat'-ziiri). Milk fermented with 
a peculiar ferment obtained from Asiatic 
Turkey. It is used like koumiss in irritated 
states of the gastrointestinal tract. 

Maxilla [inaks-iV -ah) [L.]. The bone of 
the upper or lower jaw. 

Maxillary {niaks'- il - a - re) \inaxilla, jaw- 



MAXIMAL 



380 



MEDIASTINUM 



bone]. Pertaining to the maxillae or jaws. 
M. Bones, the bones of the jaws, consisting 
of the lower and upper jaw. M. Nerve, 
Inferior. See Nerves, Table of. M. Nerve, 
Superior. See Nerves, Table of . M. Sinus, 
the antrum of Highmore in the superior 
maxilla. 

Maximal (i?iaks f -im-al) [maximus, the great- 
est]. Pertaining to the maximum; highest; 
largest. M. Thermometer, one registering 
the highest point reached by the temperature. 

Maximum (maks f -im-um) [L. , neuter of 
maximns, the greatest]. The greatest or 
highest degree or amount of anything ; the 
highest point attained or attainable \>y any- 
thing. M. Dose, the largest dose of a 
medicament that may be safely given. 

May-apple. See Podophyllum. 

Mayhem (jna'-hem) [OF., mehaigner, to 
hurt]. Maiming. 

McBurney's Point. A point two inches 
above the right anterior superior spine of the 
ilium on a line drawn from this spine to the 
umbilicus, at which there is tenderness to 
pressure in many cases of appendicitis. 

Meadow Saffron. See Colchicum. 

Measles (mez'-els) [Du. , maselen, measles]. 
I. An acute, infectious disease, characterized 
by a peculiar eruption and by catarrhal inflam- 
mation of the mucosae of the conjunctiva and 
the air-pasages. After a period of incubation 
of nearly two weeks the disease begins with a 
chill, fever, coryza, cough, and conjunctivitis; 
on the third or fourth day a dusky-red, papular 
eruption appears, arranged in the form of 
crescentic groups. After having reached its 
maximum, in three or four days, the eruption 
gradually fades, and is followed by a branny 
desquamation. The disease affects princi- 
pal^ the young, is exceedingly contagious, 
and one attack of it confers almost perpetual 
immunity. Its cause is thought to be a bacil- 
lus (Bacillus of Canon and Pielicke). 2. A 
disease of hogs, cattle, and sheep, due to the 
presence in the body of the Cysticercus cel- 
lulosae and larvae of other tapeworms. 3. The 
cysticerci themselves. M., Black., M., 
Hemorrhagic, a grave variety of measles 
(ist def.), in which the eruption is hemor- 
rhagic and the constitutional symptoms pro- 
found. M., German. See Rotheln. 

Measly (mez f -le) [Du. , maselen, measles]. 
Containing measles (cysticerci). 

Meat (met) [AS. , w*, meat]. The muscu- 
lar tissues of an animal, used as food. 

Meatus (me-a / -tus) [meare, to flow or pass]. 
An opening or passage. M. auditorius ex- 
ternus, the canal extending from the concha 
to the membrana tympani. M. auditorius 
internus, the internal auditory canal. M. 
urethrae, M. urinarius, the orifice of the 
urethra. M. of Nose, one of the three pass- 



ages into which the turbinal bones divide the 
nasal cavity. 

Mecca balsam. See Balm of Gilead. 

Mechanic, Mechanical (me - kan r - ik, ?ne- 
kan r -ik-al) [ur,xavi], a machine]. Pertaining 
to mechanics, or to physical forces, not to 
chemic or vital forces. M . Theory , Yirchow" s 
theory of tumor- formation, according to which 
tumors are due primarily to local irritation. 

Mechanics (me - kan' - iks) \juix av Vi a ma " 
chine]. The science that treats of the influ- 
ence and effects of force upon matter, and that 
may be divided into statics, the science treat- 
ing of matter at rest, and dynamics, that 
treating of matter in motion. 

Mechanism (niek f -an-izm) [fjajx av Vi a ma- 
chine]. I. An aggregation of parts arranged 
in a mechanic way to perform the functions 
of a machine. 2. The manner in which a 
mechanic act is performed, as theM. of labor. 

Meckel's Diverticulum [I. F. Meckel, a 
German anatomist]. See Diverticulum. 
M.'s Ganglion. See Ganglia. Table of. 

Meconarcein (mek - - nar'- se - in) [ui-tcuv, 
opium; vapnovr, to benumb]. A mixture of 
alkaloids of opium, free from morphin, hav- 
ing sedative properties. 

Meconate (mek'-on-dt) [/afaov, poppy]. A 
salt of meconic acid. 

Meconic (mek-oji'-ik) [jj.i)kliv, poppy]. Per- 
taining to opium. M. Acid. See Acid. 

Meconin (mek f - on - in) [/uj';kcjv, poppy], 
C 10 H 10 O^. A crystalline substance that is 
obtained on boiling narcotin with water. It 
is hypnotic. Dose I gr. (0.06). 

Meconium (mek-o f -ne- um) [/uijKuv, poppy]. 
The first fecal discharges of the newborn, 
a dark-green, viscid substance, composed of 
the secretion of the liver with exfoliated epi- 
thelium from the bowel. 

Mediad (me' '-de-ad) [ me diu s, middle]. To- 
ward the median plane or line. 

Medial (me f -de-al). See Median. 

Median (me / -de-an) [medius. the middle]. 
Situated or placed in the middle ; mesal, or 
mesial. M. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. 
M. Nerve. See Nerves, Table of. 

Mediastinal (me - de - as - ti' - nal ) [mediasti- 
num~\. Pertaining to the mediastinum. 

Mediastinitis (me de-as-tin-? v -tis) [mediasti- 
num; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the cellular tissue of the mediastinum. 

Mediastinopericarditis (me-de-as' -tin-o-per- 
ik-ar-di'-tis) [mediastinum ; ire pi, around; 
icapdia, heart; itlq, inflammation]. Com- 
bined inflammation of the mediastinum and 
the pericardium. 

Mediastinum (me-de-as-ti' '-num) [in medio 
stare, to stand in the middle]. I. A parti- 
tion separating adjacent parts. 2. The space 
left in the middle of the chest between the 
two pleurae, divided into the anterior, middle, 



MEDIATE 



381 



MEDULLITIS 



posterior, and superior mediastinum. The an- 
terior M. contains the origins of the triangularis 
sterni muscles, the internal mammary vessels 
of the left side, loose areolar tissue, lymphatic 
vessels, and a few lymphatic glands. The 
middle M. contains the heart and pericardi- 
um, the ascending aorta, the superior vena 
cava, the bifurcation of the trachea, the pul- 
monary arteries and veins, and the phrenic 
nerves. The posterior M. contains a part of 
the aorta, the greater and lesser azygos veins, 
the pneumogastric and splanchnic nerves, 
the esophagus, the thoracic duct, and some 
lymphatic glands. The superior mediastinum, 
that part lying above the pericardium, con- 
tains the origins of the sternohyoid and sterno- 
thyroid muscles, and part of the longus colli 
muscles, the transverse portion of the aortic 
arch, the innominate, left carotid, and sub- 
clavian arteries, the superior vena cava and 
the innominate veins, the left superior 
intercostal vein, the pneumogastric, car- 
diac, phrenic, and left recurrent laryngeal 
nerves, the trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, 
the remains of the thymus gland, and lym- 
phatics. M. testis, a septum in the posterior 
portion of the testicle formed by a projection 
inward of the tunica albuginea. 

Mediate [ine'-de-at) \inedius, the middle]. 
Indirect ; performed through something in- 
terposed, as M. percussion, percussion on a 
pleximeter. 

Medical (ined' '-ik-al) [mederi, to heal]. Per- 
taining to medicine. M. Diseases, diseases 
treated by the physician, as distinguished 
from surgical diseases. M. Ethics, those 
principles of justice, honor, and courtesy that 
regulate the intercourse and conduct of 
physicians. M. Jurisprudence. See Juris- 
prudence. 

Medicament {med-ik'-am-ent') \_mederi, to 
heal]. A medicinal substance. 

Medicated (med'-ik-a-led) [mederi, to heal]. 
Impregnated with a medicinal substance. 

Medication {ined '- ik - a' '- shwi) [mederi, to 
heal]. I. Impregnation with a medicine. 
2. Treatment by medicines ; the administra- 
tion of medicines. M., Hypodermic, treat- 
ment by the introduction of medicines be- 
neath the skin, usually by means of a hypo- 
dermic syringe. 

Medicinal (med-is'-in-al) [mederi, to heal]. 
Pertaining to, or having the nature of, a 
medicine. M. Rashes, eruptions on the 
skin following the internal administration of 
certain drugs. 

Medicine (med / -is-in) [medicina, medicine ; 
from mederi, to heal]. I. Any substance 
given for the cure of disease. 2. The science 
of the treatment of disease ; the healing art. 
In a restricted sense, that branch of the heal- 
ing art dealing with internal diseases. M., 



Clinic, the study of disease by the bedside of 
the patient. M., Forensic, or M., Legal, 
medical jurisprudence, or medicine in its rela- 
tion to questions of law. M ., Practice of, the 
practical application of the principles taught 
by the Theory of M. M., Preventive, that 
which aims at the prevention of disease. 

Medicochirurgical (med-ifc-o-ki-rur' -jik-al) 
[medicus, a physician; ja/wiyr/oc, a sur " 
geon]. Pertaining conjointly to medicine 
and surgery. 

Medicolegal (ined - ik - o - le f - gal) \niedicus, 
physician; lex, law]. Relating both to 
medicine and the law. 

Medicus (ined'-ik-us) [L.]. A physician. 

Medina Worm (w- t // / -;w//). The Fila- 
ria medinensis. 

Mediolateral (ine-de-o-lat'-er-al) [medius, 
middle ; latus, side]. Pertaining to the mid- 
dle and to a side. 

Mediopontine (me-de-o-pon'-tin) [medius, 
middle; pons, bridge.] Pertaining to the 
central portion of the pons. 

Mediterranean Fever (incd-it-er-a' -ne-aii). 
See Malta Fever. 

Medium (me'-de-um) \jnedius, middle.] I. 
That in which anything moves or through 
which it acts. 2. The soil upon which any- 
thing grows, especially a substance used for 
cultivating bacteria ; culture or nutrient me- 
dium. 

Medulla (me-dul'-ah) [L. , marrow]. I. The 
marrow. 2, The medulla oblongata. 3. 
Anything resembling marrow in structure or 
in its relations to other parts — as a fatty sub- 
stance or marrow occupying certain cavities. 
Also the central parts of certain organs, as 
distinguished from the cortex. M. of Nerve- 
fiber, the white substance of Schwann. 
See Nerve. M. oblongata, the upper en- 
larged part of the spinal cord, extending from 
the cord opposite the foramen magnum to the 
pons Varolii. M. spinalis, the spinal cord 
or marrow. M. of Kidney. See Kidney. 

Medullary (rned f -ul-a-re) [medulla, marrow]. 
I. Pertaining to the marrow; resembling 
marrow. 2. Pertaining to any medulla, as 
that of the brain. 3. Pertaining to the medulla 
oblongata. M. Canal, the hollow interior of 
long bones in which the marrow lies. M. 
Carcinoma, a soft carcinoma very rich in 
cells. M. Groove, a longitudinal groove at 
the anterior part of the embryonal shield of 
the blastoderm. M. Rays. See Kidney. 

Medullated {med / -tcl-a-ted) [medulla, mar- 
row]. Containing or covered by medulla or 
marrow. M. Nerve-fibers, nerve-fibers 
provided with a medullary sheath, the white 
substance of Schwann. 

Medullitis (med-ul-i'-tis) [medulla, marrow; 
ltlq, inflammation]. I. Inflammation of 
marrow. 2. Myelitis. 



MEDULLIZATION 



382 



MELANOCARCINOMA 



Medullization (med-td-iz-a' 'shun) [medulla, 
marrow]. Conversion into marrow, as the 
softening of bone-tissue in the course of os- 
teitis. 

Mega-, Megalo- {meg' '-ah- , meg / -al-o-) 
\_fieyaq, large]. A prefix signifying large; 
also, indicating a unit one million times as 
great as the unit to which it is prefixed. 

Megacephalic, Megacephalous (meg-ah- 
sef-aV-ik, meg-as-ef'-al-us) [/ueyag, large ; 
iiecpaArj, head]. Large-headed ; applied to a 
skull the capacity of which exceeds 1450 c.c. 

Megaloblast (meg f -al-o-blast) \_jj.eyaq, large ; 
ftXavTog, ' germ] . A giant-corpuscle of the 
blood. 

Megalocephalic (meg-al-o-sef-al' '-ik). Same 
as Megacephalic. 

Megalocephaly (meg-al-o-sef / -al-e) [/ueyag, 
large; ne(pa7J], head]. I. The condition of 
having a very large head. 2. A disease 
characterized by progressive enlargement of 
the head, face, and neck, involving both the 
bony and the soft tissues. It is also termed 
leontiasis ossea. 

Megalocornea (meg-al-o-kor' -ne-ah) [jieyaq, 
large ; cornea, cornea] . An enlarged con- 
dition of the cornea. 

Megalocyte (meg' -al-o-sli) \jieyaq, large ; 
kvtoq, cell]. An abnormally large red blood- 
corpuscle. 

Megalodactylous {meg - al - 0- dak' - til-us) 
\jxkyaq, great; (MrnAoc, digit]. Having 
abnormally large fingers and toes. 

Megaloglossia (meg-al-o-glos / -e-ah). See 
Macroglossia. 

Megalomania (meg-al-o-ma f -ne-ah) \jikyaq, 
great ; fxav'ia, madness]. I. Mania character- 
ized by delusions of grandeur. 2. The de- 
lirium of grandeur. 

Megalopsia {meg-al-op' '-se-ah) [fieyag, large; 
dipig, sight]. A disturbance of vision in 
which objects seem larger than they are. 

Mega volt (meg / -ah-volt)\_/ue:yag, large ; volt"]. 
A million volts. 

Megohm (meg' -dm) [fieyag, great ; ohm]. 
A million ohms. 

Megrim (me' -grim) [Fr., migraine]. See 
Migraine. 

Meibomian (mi-bo f -me-an). Described by 
Heinrich Meibom, or Meibomius, a Ger- 
man physician, 1 638-1700. M. Cyst, a 
cyst of the Meibomian gland. M. Glands, 
the sebaceous glands of the eyelids, each 
having an excretory duct opening at the free 
border. 

Meio- (mi'-o-). For words thus beginning 
see Mio-. 

Meissner {mis f -ner) [a German scientist]. 
M., Corpuscles of. Tactile corpuscles situ- 
ated at the apices of the papilla? of the corium. 
M., Plexus of, a plexus of nerves found in 
the submucous layer of the small intestine. 



Mel [L.]. Honey. The saccharine sub- 
stance deposited in the honeycomb by the 
common honey bee, Apis mellifica, and a 
few other hymenopterous insects. It contains 
a large amount of dextrose and levulose, and 
has the same properties as sugar. In medi- 
cine it is used as a vehicle, especially in gar- 
gles, and as an application to foul ulcers. M. 
boracis (B. P.), is used as a mouth- wash in 
thrush and aphthae. M. despumatum, 
clarified honey. M. rosae,is used as an ad- 
dition to gargles in ulcerated conditions of 
the mouth and throat. 

Melsena (mel-e'-nah). See Melena. 

Melansemia {mel-an-e' '-me-ah). See Afelane- 
mia. 

Melancholia, Melancholy (mel -an- ko f - 
le-ah, meV - an - kol - e) [fie'Aac, black ; x°'Ay, 
bile]. A disorder of the mind characterized 
by a profound emotional depression, and a ten- 
dency toward introspection, impairment of 
the mental and physical faculties, with or 
without delusions. M. agitata, a form 
associated with excessive motor excitement. 
The patient rushes about, wringing his hands 
and lamenting loudly. M. attonita, or M. 
with Stupor, or M., Stuporous ; a form in 
which the patient is perfectly motionless, lies 
in bed or sits up with his eyes open and fixed, 
and is absolutely indifferent to everything 
about him. M., Simple, M. without De- 
lirium, Hypomelancholia, a mild form 
without delusions. M., Stuporous. See 
M. attonita. 

Melancholiac (mel - an - ko f - le - ak) [fieAag, 
black; ^oA/7, bile]. I. Suffering from melan- 
cholia. 2. A person affected with melan- 
cholia. 

Melanemia (mel-an-e' '-me-ah) [/usAac, black ; 
al/ua, blood]. The presence in the blood- 
plasma or in the corpuscles, or in both, of 
dark pigment-granules due to the disintegra- 
tion of the hemoglobin. It is also termed 
hemachromatosis. Its most common cause is 
malaria. 

Melanephidrosis (mel- an - ef- id- ro' - sis) 
[fieAaq, black ; e^'idpuacg, excessive perspira- 
tion]. Black perspiration. 

Melanin (mel'- an -in) [jieAaq, black]. A 
black pigmentary matter occurring naturally 
in the choroid coat of the eye, the skin, the 
hair, the muscles, and, pathologically, in the 
skin in Addison's disease and in melanotic 
tumors. Melanin usually contains sulphur, 
rarely iron. It is a product of cell-activity and 
belongs to the so-called metabolic pigments. 

Melanism (mel f -an-izm) [/ue/iac;, black]. The 
abnormal deposition of dark pigment in an 
organ or organism. 

M&lanocavcmoma(mel-an-o-har-sin-o / -fnah) 
[/^e/iac, black; Kapnivot;, crab; 6/ua, tumor]. 
A carcinoma containing melanin. 



MELANODERMA 



383 



MEMBRANE 



Melanoderma, Melanodermia (mel-an-o- 
der'-mah, mel - an - o - der'-me - ah) [fie'kag, 
black ; Sepfia, skin]. Black pigmentation 
of the skin. M., Parasitic. See Vaga- 
bond's Disease. 

Melanoid {niil'-an-oid) \_ut\ag, black ; elfiog, 
like]. Dark-colored; resembling melanosis. 

Melanoma (mel-an-o' ' -mah) [ij.e'kag, black ; 
bua, tumor]. A tumor containing melanin. 

Melanopathy (mel - an - op' - ath-e) \_jxkXag, 
black; -adog, illness]. A disease attended 
with a deposit of dark pigment. 

Melanorrhagia (mel an-or-a' '-je-ah) [/ue2.ag, 
black; pqyvvvai, to burst forth]. The copi- 
ous discharge of blackened feces. 

Melanosarcoma {inel - an- o - sar - ko'- mah) 
\_fieXag, black; odp^, flesh; bjia, tumor]. 
A sarcoma containing melanin. 

Melanosis (mel -an -o'- sis) [jueXag, black; 
vocog, disease] . A general tendency to the 
formation in the blood, and the deposition in 
organs, of a dark granular pigment which is 
usually derived from the hemoglobin of the 
blood. M. lenticularis progressiva. See 
Xeroderma pigmentosum. 

Melanotic (mel - an - of - ik) \jik\ag, black; 
voaog, disease]. Pertaining to or character- 
ized by melanosis or by a deposit of melanin. 

Melanuria (mel-an-u' -re-ah) \jii7.ag, black ; 
urina, urine]. The presence of black pig- 
ment in the urine. 

Melasma (mel-az' '-mah) \_iielag, black]. A 
deposit of dark pigment in the skin. M. 
suprarenale, Addison's disease. 

Melena (mel-e' '-nah) \jitkag, black]. The 
discharge of stools colored black by altered 
blood. It is quite common in the new-born. 
M. neonatorum, an extravasation of blood 
into the stomach and intestines of the new- 
born infant, occurring most often in the first 
few hours of life. 

Melezitose (mel-ez'-it-os) [Fr., utilize, larch], 
C 18 H 32 ]6 -(- 2H 2 0. A sugar found in Eu- 
ropean false manna, or Briancon manna. 

Melicera, Meliceris (mel-is-e'-rah, mel-is-e'- 
ris) [fieli, honey; aqpog, wax]. A cyst 
containing a substance having a honey-like 
appearance. 

Melilotus (mel-il-o f -tus) \_fxe\i, honey ; Xiorog, 
lotus]. A genus of leguminous herbs. M. 
officinalis, the sweet clover, is official in the 
G. P. It contains coumarin, C 9 H 6 2 , and 
melilotic acid, C 9 H 10 O 3 , coumaric acid, C 9 - 
H 8 3 , of which coumarin is the anhydrid. 
Melilot is used but little at the present day. 

Melissa (mel-is'-ah) \_tj.i?uaaa, a bee]. A 
genus of labiate plants. The leaves and tops 
of M. officinalis, balm or lemon-balm, is the 
Melissa of the U. S. P., which contains tan- 
nin, a bitter extractive, and an essential oil. 
Balm is used as a drink in febrile affections, 
and as a flavoring agent. 



Melitagra (mel-it-a f -grah)[fj.e?ii, honey ; ay pa, 
seizure]. Eczema associated with the forma- 
tion of honey-like crusts. 

Melitemia (mel-it-e'-me-ah) [fieXi, honey ; 
a 7 ifia, blood]. The presence of an excess of 
sugar in the blood. 

Melitose (mel f -it-os) \_jieM, honey], C 18 H 32 - 
16 -\- 5H 2 0. A crystalline sugar occurring 
in Australian manna, flour of cotton-seeds, 
sugar-beets, and in the molasses obtained in 
the manufacture of sugar. 

Melituria (mel '- it-it' '- re - ah) [/j,ili, honey; 
urina, urine]. Diabetes mellitus. M. in- 
osita, the presence of inosite in the urine. 

Mellite (mel' -it). See Mellitum. 

Mellithemia (mel-ith-e f -me-ah). See Mel- 
itemia. 

Mellitum (mel -i f - turn) \_mel, honey]. In 
pharmacy, a honey, a preparation in which 
honey is the menstruum. M. rosae. See 
Mel roscz. 

Melon-seed Bodies. Fibrous bodies, resem- 
bling melon-seeds in size, sometimes found in 
joints and cysts of tendon-sheaths. 

Meloplasty (meV-o-plas-te) \_jj.fj7iov, cheek; 
irXdaaeiv, to form]. A plastic operation on 
the cheek. 

Melting Point. The degree of temperature 
at which solids pass into the liquid state. 

Member (mem f -ber) \_membrum, a limb]. A 
part of the body, especially a projecting part, 
as the leg, the arm. 

Membrana (mem- bra' -nah) [L. ]. A mem- 
brane. M. adventitia, the adventitia of 
blood-vessels; also, the decidua refiexa. M. 
agnina, the amnion. M. basilaris. See 
Lamina basilaris. M. caduca, the decidua. 
M. capsularis, a capsular ligament. M. 
decidua. See Decidua. M. flaccida. See 
Membrane, ShrapneW s . M. germinativa, 
the blastoderm. M. granulosa, the layer of 
small polyhedral cells within the theca folli- 
culi of the Graafian follicle. M. limitans, 
the limiting layer of the retina. There are 
two, the internal and external. M. propria, 
the delicate membrane upon which the epi- 
thelium of mucous membranes rests ; the 
basement-membrane. M. ruyschiana, the 
middle or capillary layer of the choroid. M. 
serotina. The part of the decidua enter- 
ing into the formation of the placenta. M. 
tectoria. A delicate membrane of the inter- 
nal ear, also known as Corti's membrane. 
See Ear. M. tensa, the tympanic mem- 
brane proper, exclusive of Shrapnell's mem- 
brane. M. tenuis, the arachnoid. M. 
tympani. See Membrane, Tympanic. 

Membranaceous (mem-bran-a' '-ce-us) [mem- 
brana, membrane]. Pertaining to, consisting 
of, or of the nature of, a membrane. 

Membrane (mem' -bran) \_membrana, from 
membrum, member]. A thin layer of tissue 



MEMBRANE 



384 



MENINGITIS 



surrounding a part or separating adjacent 
cavities. M., Animal, a membrane made 
from animal tissues, used in dialyzing. M., 
Basement-, a delicate membrane, made up 
of flattened cells, underlying the epithelium of 
mucous surfaces. M.-bone, any bone that 
originates, not in cartilage, but in membrane, 
as, e.g., some of the cranial bones. M. 
of Bruch, a thin transparent membrane, 
the external layer of the choroid of the 
eye. M. of Corti. See Membrana tectoria. 
M., Costocoracoid, a dense layer of fascia 
extending between the subclavius muscle and 
the pectoralis minor, and forming the anterior 
portion of the sheath of the axillary vessels. 
M., Cricothyroid, the membrane connecting 
the thyroid and cricoid cartilages of the 
larynx. M., Croupous. See M., Diph- 
theric. M., Debove's, a layer of flat- 
tened connective tissue cells beneath the 
epithelium of the bronchial, vesical, and 
intestinal mucous membranes. M. of Des- 
cemet. See Descemefs Membrane. M., 
Diphtheric, a fibrinous layer formed on a 
mucous membrane or cutaneous surface and 
extending downward for a variable depth. 
When not firmly adherent, as in the larynx, 
it is termed a croupous membrane. It is the 
result of coagulation-necrosis, generally, but 
not always, brought about by the bacillus of 
diphtheria. M., Drum, the tympanic mem- 
brane. M., False. See M., Diphtheric. 
M., Fenestrated, the elastic membrane of 
the intima of arteries, also known as the fe- 
nestrated membrane of Henle. M., Fetal, 
name given to the chorion, amnion, or 
allantois. M., Hyaloid, a delicate mem- 
brane investing the vitreous humor of the 
eye. M., Jacob's, the layer of rods and 
cones of the retina. M., Krause's, a thin, 
transverse, dark disc bisecting the light sub- 
stance of the striped muscle-fibers. M., Mu- 
cous, the membrane lining those cavities and 
canals communicating with the air. It is 
kept moist by the mucus secreted by the gob- 
let-cells and mucous glands. M. of Nas- 
myth, a delicate firm membrane covering 
the external surface of the enamel for a short 
time after birth. M., Nictitating, the wink- 
ing membrane of the lower animals, repre- 
sented in the human eye by the plica semi- 
lunaris. M., Obturator, the fibrous mem- 
brane closing the obturator foramen. M., 
Persistent Pupillary. See M., Pupillary. 
M., Pupillary, a delicate, transparent mem- 
brane closing the pupil in the fetus. It disap- 
pears between the seventh and eighth months; 
when it persists after birth it is termed per- 
sistent pupillary membrane. M., Pyogenic, 
the lining of an abscess- cavity or a fistulous 
tract. The term should be restricted to the 
lining of an abscess that is spreading and in 



which the membrane produces pus. M. of 
Reissner, a delicate membrane stretching 
across the outer wall of the cochlea. M.. 
Reticular, the membrane covering the space 
of the outer hair-cells of the cochlea. M. 
of Ruysch. See Afembrana ruyschiana. 
M., Schneiderian, the mucosa lining the 
nasal fossae. M., Secondary Tympanic, 
the membrane closing the fenestra rotunda. 
M., Serous, a delicate membrane covered 
with fiat endothelial cells lining closed 
cavities of the body, e.g., the peritoneum, 
the pleura. M., Shrapnell's, a small 
portion of the drum-membrane filling the 
notch of Rivini. M., Synovial, a mem- 
brane covering the articular extremities 
of bones and the inner surface of liga- 
ments entering into the formation of a joint. 
M., Tenon's. See Tenon's Capstile. M., 
Thyrohyoid, the membrane joining the thy- 
roid cartilage and hyoid bone. M., Tym- 
panic, the drum-membrane ; the membrane 
separating the external from the middle ear. 
It consists of three layers : an outer or skin- 
layer, a fibrous layer, and an inner mucous 
layer. 

Membranous (mem f -bran-us) \inembrana, 
membrane]. Pertaining to, having the na- 
ture of, or consisting of a membrane. M. 
Labyrinth. See Labyrinth. M. Urethra, 
the part of the urethra between the two layers 
of the triangular ligament. 

Memory (mem'-o-re) [ftiemor, mindful] . That 
faculty of the mind by which ideas and sen- 
sations are recalled. 

Menarche (men r -ar-ka) \jirjv, month; apxv, 
beginning]. The period at which menstru- 
ation is inaugurated. 

Menhidrosis, Menidrosis (men-hid-ro r -sis, 
men-id- ro f - sis) \_fj-vv, month; Idpuaiq, 
sweat]. The replacement of the menstrual 
flow by a bloody sweat. 

Meniere's Disease (men-e-dr'). See Dis- 
eases, Table of. 

Meningeal (men - in' -je - al) \_^V Vi 7^t mem- 

* brane]. Pertaining to the meninges. 

Meninges [men-in 1 jez) [pi. of fi^viy^, mem- 
brane]. The membranes covering the brain 
and spinal cord, and consisting of the dura, 
pia, and arachnoid. 

Meningitic (men in-Jit'-ih) [fjLTJvLy!;, mem- 
brane ; ltlq, inflammation]. Pertaining to, or 
affected with, meningitis. 

Meningitis (men-in-ji' '-tis) [juijviy!;, mem- 
brane; ltiq, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the membranes of the brain or cord ; that of 
the dura is termed pachymeningitis, that of 
the pia-arachnoid, leptomeningitis, or simply 
meningitis. Meningitis of the membranes 
of the brain is classified into acute and 
chronic, the former being subdivided into 
serous and purulent, the latter into fibrous, 



MENINGOCELE 



385 



MENSURATION 



ossifying, and deep, or encephalomening- 
itis. According to location, two varieties 
are spoken of — that of the vertex and that 
of the base. M., Acute Cerebral, is due 
to traumatism, to extension of inflam- 
mation from adjacent structures, especi- 
ally from the middle ear, the orbit, the 
nasal sinuses, or to tuberculosis (Tubercu- 
lous M.) ; it may be secondary to acute in- 
fectious processes elsewhere in the body, as 
pneumonia, erysipelas, typhoid fever, influ- 
enza, small-pox, or it may be a primary dis- 
ease, as in Cerebrospinal M. The symptoms 
are fever, slow pulse, later rapid pulse, head- 
ache, delirium, rigidity and retraction of the 
neck, convulsions, vomiting, a scaphoid ab- 
domen, constipation, optic neuritis; in ad- 
vanced stages various palsies, such as ptosis, 
squint, facial paralysis. In epidemic cerebro- 
spinal M. there is usually a characteristic erup- 
tion. See. Exanthemata, Table of. M., Acute 
Spinal, may occur in tuberculosis, as a sec- 
ondary process in acute infectious diseases, 
such as small-pox, scarlet-fever, pneumonia, 
as a part of epidemic cerebrospinal menin- 
gitis, as the result of extension of inflamma- 
tion from neighboring parts, and as the re- 
sult of exposure to cold and wet. The symp- 
toms are chill, fever, pain in the back and 
limbs, rigidity of the muscles, dyspnea, exag- 
gerated reflexes, later paralyses. M., Chronic 
Cerebral, is due to syphilis, tuberculosis, or 
may be associated with disease of the brain in 
encephalomeningitis (paretic dementia). The 
main symptoms are, in the first two, head- 
ache, convulsions, and rigidity of the muscles 
of the neck. M., Chronic Spinal, is due to 
syphilis, traumatism, and the excessive use 
of alcohol. It is also frequently an accompani- 
ment of the scleroses of the spinal cord. The 
symptoms are pain, hyperesthesia along the 
spinal nerves, increased reflexes, paralyses. 

Meningocele {men-in' '-go-set) \jifiviy%, mem- 
brane; kj'Atj, tumor]. A protrusion of the 
cerebral or spinal meninges through a defect 
in the skull or vertebral column. It forms a 
cyst filled with cerebrospinal fluid. 

Meningocerebritis {men-in-go-ser-e-bri' '-tis) . 
See Meningoencephalitis. 

Meningoencephalitis {men-in-go-en-sef-al- 
i f -tis) [/urjviyt;, membrane ; encephalitis]. In- 
flammation of the brain and its membranes. 

Meningomyelitis {men - in- go - mi-el- i'-tis) 
[ttTJviyt;. membrane ; myelins']. Inflammation 
of the spinal cord and its meninges. 

Meningomyelocele {men-in-go-mi f '-el-o-sel) 
\jir)viy!~, membrane ; juveAog, marrow ; afar/, 
tumor]. A protrusion from the spinal col- 
umn of a portion of the cord and membranes. 

Meningorrhachidian {men-in-go-rak-id f -e- 
an) [fiTjviyi;, membrane; paxtQ, spine]. Re- 
lating to the spinal meninges. 

25 



Meningosis {?nen-in-go / -sis) [ftrjviyt;, mem- 
brane]. The union of bones by a membran- 
ous attachment. 

Meninx {men' '-ingks) [frfviyg, membrane]. A 
membrane, especially one of the brain or 
spinal cord. 

Meniscus {men-is'-kus) [jj.rjvioK.oQ, a cres- 
cent]. A crescent or crescentic body, espe- 
cially an interarticular fibrocartilage. Also 
a concavoconvex (Positive M.) or convexo- 
concave lens (Negative M.). 

Menispermum {men - is -per' - muni) \_fir)vr), 
moon ; CTrep/ua, seed]. Yellow parilla ; 
Canadian moonseed. The rhizome and roots 
of M. canadense,of the order Menispermacese. 
It contains an alkaloid, menispin,andberberin. 
It is alterative and is used as a substitute for 
sarsaparilla. Ext. menispermi fid. Dose 
fgss-j (2.0-4.0). 

Menocelis {men-o-se / -lis) [fir/v, month; Krfkiq, 
spot]. Dark erythematous or hemorrhagic 
spots occurring upon the skin in failure of 
menstruation. 

Menopause {men'-o-pawz) [fir/v, month ; 
iravocg, cessation]. The physiologic cessa- 
tion of menstruation, usually occurring be- 
tween the 45 th and 50th year. 

Menoplania {men-o-pla f -ne-ah)\jir)v, month; 
Tr^avr/, deviation]. A discharge of blood 
occurring at the menstrual period, but derived 
from some other part of the body than the 
uterus. 

Menorrhagia {men-or-a^ -je-ah) [/urjv, month ; 
pr/yvvvac, to burst forth] . An excessive men- 
strual flow. 

Menorrhea {men-or-e / -ah) \_iirjv, month; 
poia, a flow]. The normal flow of the men- 
ses. Also, excessive menstruation. 

Menostasia, Menostasis {men-os-ta / -ze-ah, 
men-os' ' -tas-is) \jvrjv, month ; araatq, stand- 
ing] . A suppression of the menstrual flow. 

Menses {men f -sez) [mensis, a month]. The 
recurrent monthly discharge of blood from the 
genital canal of a woman during sexual life. 

Menstrual {men f - stru - al ) \_menstruus, 
monthly, from mensis, month]. Pertaining 
to menstruation. 

Menstruation {men - stru - a' - shun) \_men- 
struus, monthly, from mensis, month]. A 
periodic discharge of a sanguineous fluid from 
the uterus, occurring during the period of a 
woman's sexual activity, from puberty to the 
menopause. M., Vicarious, the discharge 
of blood at the time of menstruation from 
some other organ or part than the vagina. 

Menstruum {men ; -stru-um)\lxom menstruus, 
monthly, so called because its action was 
supposed to be assisted by a moderate fire 
during a month, or because chemic solvents 
were thought to be under the influence of the 
moon]. A solvent. 

Mensuration {men-su-ra' -shun) [mensurare. 



MENTAGRA 



386 



MERCURY 



to measure]. The act of measuring ; one of 

the methods of physical diagnosis. 

Mentagra {men-la' '-grah). See Sycosis. 

Mentagrophyton (men-tag-roff' '-it-on) [men- 
tagra, sycosis; (pvrov, plant]. A fungus, 
microsporon mentagrophytes, thought to be 
the cause of sycosis. 

Mental (jnen'-tal) [mens, the mind ; men- 
turn, the chin]. I. Pertaining to the mind. 
2. Pertaining to the chin. 

Mentha (men'-thah) [L.]. A genus of labi- 
ate plants, the mints. M. piperita, pepper- 
mint, the leaves and tops of M, piperita. 
It is an aromatic stimulant used to relieve 
nausea, flatulence, and spasmodic pains in 
the stomach and bowels. Aqua menthae 
piperitae. Dose indefinite. Oleum men- 
thae piperitae. Dose ir\j-v (0.065-0.32). 
Spiritus menthae piperitae. Dose rr^x-xxx 
(0.65-2.0). Trochisci menthae piperitae. 
Dose indefinite. Mentha viridis, spear- 
mint, the leaves and tops of M. viridis. 
It has properties and uses similar to those of 
peppermint. Aqua menthae viridis. Dose 
indefinite. Oleum menthae viridis. Dose 
rr^ij-v (o. 13-0.32). Spiritus menthae viri- 
dis. Dose rt^x-xl (0.65-2.3). 

Menthene (men' -then) [mentha, mint], 
C 10 H 18 . A liquid hydrocarbon produced 
when menthol is distilled with phosphorus 
pentoxid. 

Menthol {nien f -thel)[mentha, mint],C 10 H 20 O. 
Mint-camphor, a crystalline stearopten de- 
rived from oil of peppermint, and used as an 
anodyne and rubefacient in neuralgia, in skin- 
diseases associated with itching, and in rhinitis. 

Mentoanterior (men-to-an-te' '-re-or) [men- 
turn, chin; anterior, before]. Having the 
chin toward the front. 

Mentoposterior (t?ien-to-pos-te f -re-or) [men- 
turn, chin; posterior, after, behind]. Having 
the chin toward the back. 

Mentum (men'-tum) [L.]. The chin. 

Menyanthes (men-e-an'-thez) [fir/v, month ; 
avdog, flower, from its reputed emmenagogue 
properties]. A genus of plants of the Gen- 
tianacese. M. trifoliata, buckbean. It con- 
tains a bitter principle, menyanthin (C 33 H 50 - 
14 ), and has been used in malaria, scrofula, 
dropsy, jaundice, rheumatism, etc. Dose of 
the powdered leaves, gr. xx-xxx (1.3-2.0). 

Mephitic (mef-it'-ik) [mephitis, a pestilential 
exhalation]. Foul or noxious ; stifling; noi- 
some. M. Gangrene, necrosis of bone, as- 
sociated with the evolution of offensive odors. 

Meralgia [mer-al r -je-ah) [firjpoc, thigh; a/.yog, 
pain] . Neuralgic pain in the thigh. 

Mercaptan [iner-kap' '-tan) [mercurius, mer- 
cury; captans, seizing, on account of com- 
bining readily with mercury] . A derivative 
of an alcohol in which the oxygen of the lat- 
ter is replaced by sulphur. 



Mercurial (pier-ku f -re-al) [mercury"]. I. 

Pertaining to or caused by mercury. 2. Any 

preparation of mercury or its salts. 

Mercurialism {mer-ku'-re-al-izvi) [Mercu- 
rius, a Latin divinity, the god of traffic]. A 
state of poisoning due to the absorption of 
mercury. 

Mercurialization {iner-ku-re-al-iz-a? -shun) 
[Mercurius, a Latin divinity, the god of 
traffic] . The act of bringing under the in- 
fluence of mercury. 

Mercuric (iner-ku' '-rik) [Mercurius, a Latin 
divinity, the god of traffic]. Pertaining to 
mercury as a bivalent element. 

Mercuricum (nier-ku' '-rik-um) [i?iercu7y~\. 
Mercury when acting as a bivalent radicle. 

Mercurosum (?ner-ku-ro f -sum) [tnerctay~\. 
Mercury when acting as a univalent radicle. 

Mercury (?nur f -ku-re) [Mercurius, a Latin 
divinity, the god of traffic]. Symbol, Hg ; 
atomic weight, 199.8; quantivalence, II. A 
shining, silver- white, liquid, volatile metal, 
having a specific gravity of 13.55. It is in- 
soluble in the ordinary solvents, in hydrochlo- 
ric acid, and in sulphuric acid in the cold ; it 
dissolves in the last when boiled with it, and 
is readily soluble in nitric acid. It boils at 
357.25°C., and solidifies at — 39.40^. Mer- 
cury is found pure, but is chiefly obtained as 
the native sulphid, or cinnabar. It forms 
two classes of compounds — the Mercurous, 
those in which two atoms of the metal, and 
the Mercuric, those in which one atom, is 
combined with a bivalent radicle. The mer- 
curic salts are more soluble and more poison- 
ous than the mercurous. The uses of mercury 
and its salts are as follows : As a purgative 
and cholagogue (calomel, blue mass, mercury 
with chalk), as an alterative in chronic in- 
flammations, as an antisyphilitic, an antiphlo- 
gistic, an intestinal antiseptic, a disinfectant, 
a parasiticide, a caustic, and an astringent. 
The absorption of mercury in sufficient quan- 
tity causes poisoning, characterized by a cop- 
pery taste in the mouth, ptyalism, loosening 
of the teeth, sponginess of the gums ; in se- 
verer cases, ulceration of the cheeks, necrosis 
of the jaws, marked emaciation ; at times 
neuritis develops, and a peculiar tremor. The 
soluble salts when taken in excess act as in- 
tense gastrointestinal irritants. Metallic mer- 
cury is present in the following preparations : 
Emplastrum ammoniaci cum hydrar- 
gyro, is used to disperse indolent swellings, 
and is applied over the liver in chronic hepati- 
tis. Emplastrum hydrargyri, mercurial 
plaster, has the same uses as the preceding. 
Hydrargyrum cum creta, mercury with 
chalk. Dose gr. v-^ss (0.32-2.0). Massa 
hydrargyri, blue mass, blue pill. Dose gr. 
iij (0.20). Unguentum hydrargyri, mer- 
curial ointment, blue ointment. Supposi- 



MERCURY 



387 



MESENCHYMA 



toria hydrargyri (B. P.). Each contains 
5 grains of unguentum hydrargyri. Hydrar- 
gyri benzoas, Hg(C 6 H 5 COC)) 2 -f H 2 0, 
used in injection in gonorrhea. Hydrargyri 
bromidum, Hg.,Bi" 2 , niercurous bromid. 
Dose gr. j (0.065) daily. Hydrargyri car- 
bolas, Hg(C 6 H 5 0) 2 . Dose,gr. %-% (0.02- 
0.032). Hydrargyri chloridum corro- 
sivum, HgCl 2 , mercuric chlorid; corrosive 
sublimate. Dose, as a tonic, gr. T ^-$- ^ 
(0.0006-0.001 1) ; as an antisyphilitic, gr. 
A - A (o. 001 1-0.003). It i s a ^ so a valuable 
antiseptic. Hydrargyri chloridum mite, 
Hg 2 Cl 2 , mild mercurous chlorid; calomel. 
Dose, as an alterative, gr. j4~) (0.032- 
0.065) » as a sedative to the stomach and 
bowels, gr. ]/%-}( (0.008-0.016) ; as a pur- 
gative, gr. %-% (0.016-0.032) every hour; 
or gr. v-xv (0.32-1.0). Added to lime- 
water, 3 j to Oj, it forms lotio nigra, or black 
wash. Hydrargyri cyanidum, Hg(CN) 2 . 
Dose, gr. j 1 — >£ (0.004-0.008). Hydrargyri 
et zinci cyanidum, Zn 4 Hg(CN) 10 , is used 
locally as an antiseptic. Hydrargyri iodidum 
fiavum, Hg 2 I 2 , yellow mercurous iodid ; 
yellow (or green) iodid of mercury; pro- 
toiodid of mercury. Dose, gr. ss (0.033) 
daily. Hydrargyri iodidum rubrum, Hgl 2 , 
red mercuric iodid ; biniodid of mercury. 
Dose, gr. y 1 — X (0.004-0.016). It is used 
also in preparing Liquor arseni et hydrar- 
gyri iodidi (Donovan's solution). Dose 
TT\v (0.32). Hydrargyri iodotannas, is 
used hypodermically. Hydrargyri oxycy- 
anidum, Hg 2 0(CN) 2 , is a local anesthetic. 
Hydrargyri oxidum fiavum, HgO, yellow 
mercuric oxid, is used locally in eye-diseases. 
It enters into Unguentum hydrargyri 
oxidi flavi and Oleatum hydrargyri. Hy- 
drargyri oxidum rubrum, HgO, red mer- 
curic oxid, red precipitate, is used locally. 
It enters into Unguentum hydrargyri oxidi 
rubri, and is also used in preparing Liquor 
hydrargyri nitratis. Unguentum hy- 
drargyri nitratis, citrine ointment, is used in 
chronic skin-diseases. Unguentum hy- 
drargyri nitratis dilutum (B. P.), is less irri- 
tant. Hydrargyripeptonas, is used hypoder- 
mically. Hydrargyri persulphas (B. P.), 
HgS0 4 , has no medical uses. Hydrargyri 
salicylas. Dose,gr. ]/& (0.001). Hydrargyri 
sozojodolicum (C 6 H 2 I 2 (OH)S0 3 ) 2 Hg, is 
used locally as an alterative. Hydrargyri 
subsulphas fiavus, Hg(HgO) 2 S0 4 , yellow 
mercuric subsulphate ; basic mercuric sul- 
phate ; turpeth mineral. Dose, as an altera- 
tive, gr. }i~yz (0.016-0.032); as an emetic, 
gr. ij-v (0.13-0.32) ; as an errhine, gr. j 
(0.065). Hydrargyri succinimidum (C 4 H 4 - 
2 N) 2 Hg, is used hypodermically. Hy- 
drargyri tannas. Dose, gr. iij (0.20) daily. 
Hydrargyrum ammoniatum, NH 2 HgCl, 



ammoniated mercury ; white precipitate ; 
mercuric ammonium chlorid. It is used 
chiefly locally, in Unguentum hydrargyri 
ammoniati. 

Meridian (mer-id'-e-an) \jneridies, midday, 
from medins, middle ; dies, day] . A great 
circle surrounding a sphere and intersecting 
the poles. M. of the eye, a line drawn 
around the globe of the eye and passing 
through the poles of the vertical axis (Verti- 
cal M.), or through the poles of the trans- 
verse axis (Horizontal M.). 

Merismopedia {iner-is-vio-pe f -de-ah) \_fitpio- 
\i6g, division; Ttaig, child]. A bacterium 
multiplying by two rectangular divisions, 
thus forming a tablet-like group of four cells 
in one plane. 

Merispore {nier' '-is-por) [/uepog, part ; cttto- 
pog, seed]. A spore resulting from division 
of another spore. 

Meroblastic (mer-o-blas* '-tik) [/uipog, a part ; 
(i\aar6g, a germ]. Dividing only in part; 
as M. ova, those in which the process of seg- 
mentation is confined to one portion of the 
ovum. 

Merocele [mer'-o-sel) [/xr/pog, thigh; nrjfoj, 
hernia]. Femoral hernia. 

Merycism {iner' '-is-izni) [iirjpvK.LOjj.6c;, rumi- 
nation] . Rumination ; chewing the cud, — a 
normal process in the ruminating animals, 
and sometimes occurring in man. 

Mesad {rues' '-ad) \_fxeaog, middle; ad, to]. 
Toward the median line or plane. 

Mesal (ines'-al) \_jaeaog, the middle]. Per- 
taining to or situated in the middle line or 
plane. 

Mesameboids (mes-am-e'-doids) [jieaog, mid- 
dle; hjioL^r), a change; eldog, shape]. 1. 
Nonepithelial ameboid cells derived from the 
mesoderm. 2. The leukocytes. 

Mesaraic (mes - ar - a f - ik) \_/ieaog, middle ; 
dpatd, belly]. Mesenteric. 

Mesarteritis {ines-ar-ter-i f -tis) [fiecog, mid- 
dle ; aprepia, artery ; trig, inflammation] . 
Inflammation of the middle coat of an artery. 

Mesaticephalic {ines-at-e-sef-al> '-ik). See 
Index. 

Mesaticephalus {ines-at-e-sef '-al-us) [//£<t6- 
rrjg, median; KE(pa}\r}, head]. In craniome- 
try, a term applied to a skull having a ce- 
phalic index of between 75 and 79. 

Mesencephalon [rnes-en-sef '-al-on) \jikoog, 
middle; eynetyaAov, the brain]. The mid- 
brain ; that part of the brain developed from 
the middle cerebral vesicle ; the corpora 
quadrigemina, the crura cerebri, and the 
aqueduct of Sylvius. 

Mesenchyma {nies - eng> ' - kim - ah) [/uecroc, 
middle; ey^tyza, an infusion]. The portion 
of the mesoderm that produces all the con- 
nective tissues of the body, the bloodvessels, 
and the blood, the entire lymphatic system 



MESENTERIC 



388 



METABASIS 



proper, and the heart ; the nonepithelial 
portions of the mesoderm. 

Mesenteric [tries - en - ter'- ik) [ueGevTepmoc;, 
from jueaoc, middle; ivrepov, intestine]. Per- 
taining to the mesentery. 

Mesenteritis {ines-en-ter-i f -tis) [uecoc, mid- 
dle ; ivrepov, an intestine ; trie, inflamma- 
tion] . Inflammation of the mesentery. 

Mesenteron \mes-en'-ter-on) [uegoq, middle ; 
evrepov, intestine]. The middle portion of 
the primitive digestive tube, lined by ento- 
derm, and giving rise to the part of the ali- 
mentary tract between the pharynx and the 
lower third of the rectum. 

Mesentery [mesf- en - ter - e) [uegoc, middle ; 
evrepov, bowel]. A fold of the peritoneum 
that connects the intestine with the posterior 
abdominal wall ; that of the small intestine is 
termed mesentery proper; that of the colon, 
cecum, and rectum, mesocolon, mesocecum, 
mesorectum, respectively. 

Mesiad {mes' -e-ad) \uegoc, middle]. Same 
as Me sad. 

Mesial (mes'-e-al) [ueGoc, middle]. Same 
as Median. 

Mesmeric (mes-mer'-ik) [from Mesmer, a 
German physician]. Pertaining to or induced 
by mesmerism, as mesmeric sleep. 

Mesmerism (mes / -mer-ism) [Mesmer, a Ger- 
man physician]. Hypnotism. 

Meso- \mes / -o-) [ueGoc, middle]. A prefix 
signifying middle. 

Mesoblast (mes / - o - blasf) [ueGoc, middle ; 
37.acroc, a germ]. The middle layer of the 
blastoderm, probably derived from both the 
ectoderm and entoderm, and giving rise to 
the vascular, muscular, and skeletal systems, 
the generative glands, and the kidneys. 

Mesocaecum or Mesocecum (mes-o-se' '-karri) 
[ueGoc, middle ; exeats, blind]. The mesen- 
tery that in some cases connects the cecum 
with the right iliac fossa. 

Mesocele [mes'-o-sel) \_uegoc, middle ; noula, 
cavity]. The aqueduct of Sylvius or iter a 
tertio ad quartum ventriculum. 

Mesocephalon {nies-o-sef '-al-oti). See Pons 
Varolii. 

Mesocolic {mes-o-koU -ik) \j±egoc, middle ; 
ko'/.ov, colon]. Pertaining to the mesocolon. 

Mesocolon (mes-o-kcZ-Ion) \_uecoc, middle; 
ko/.ov, colon]. The mesentery connecting 
the colon with the posterior abdominal wall. 
It is divided into ascending, descending, and 
transverse portions. 

Mesoderm {mes'-o-derni). See Mesoblast. 

Mesogaster (mes-o-gas / -ter) [uegoc, middle; 
ytwrij/p, stomach]. The part of the primitive 
gut giving rise to the duodenum, the liver, 
the pancreas, the jejunum, and the ileum. 

Mesogastric [mes-o-gas' '-trik) [u^coc, middle; 
^aarrjp, stomach]. Pertaining to the umbili- 
cal region. 



Mesogastrium [mes-o-gas' '-tre-am) \jiecoc, 
middle; yacrr/p, stomach]. I. The umbilical 
region of the abdomen. 2. A fold of mesen- 
tery that in early fetal life connects the 
stomach with the posterior abdominal wall. 

Mesognathic [nies - og-na' - thik) [uegoc, 
middle; }vddoc, jaw], i. Relating to the 
mesognathion. 2. See Index. 

Mesognathion (mes - og - na / - the - on) \jiecoc, 
middle; yv&Ooc, jaw]. The intermaxillary 
bone. 

Mesolobe, Mesolobus (mes / -o-/db, mes- 
ol'-o-hus) \jieGoq , middle ; ?o36c, lobe] . The 
corpus callosum. 

Meson (mes'-on) [uegoc, the middle]. The 
imaginary plane dividing the body into the 
right and left halves. 

Mesonephric (mes-o-nef f -rik) \_tiecoc, middle ; 
veopoc, kidney]. Pertaining to the meso- 
nephron. 

Mesonephros (mes-o-nef / -rcs) [peGoc, mid- 
dle; veopoc, kidney]. The Wolffian body, 
the middle division of the segmental organs. 
It precedes in the embryo the development of 
the permanent kidney. 

Mesonephron [mes-o-nef '-rori) \_peGoc, mid- 
dle ; veopoc, kidney]. A fold of peritoneum 
by which a floating kidney is attached to the 
abdominal wall. 

Mesophryon {nies-off'-re-on) [ueaoc, middle ; 
bopvc. eyebrow]. The glabella. 

Mesorchium (mes-or'-ke-am) [p.EGoc, mid- 
dle; opxic, testicle]. A fold of the perito- 
neum containing the fetal testes at about the 
fifth month of embryonic life. 

Mesorectum {tnes-o-rek' -turn) [uecoc, mid- 
dle ; rectus, straight]. The narrow fold of 
the peritoneum connecting the upper part of 
the rectum with the sacrum. 

Mesoretina {t>ies-o-ret f -in-ah) [ueGoc, mid- 
dle; retina, retina]. The middle layer of 
the retina, composed of the nuclear and the 
rod-and-cone layer. 

Mesosigmoid (mes-o-sig* -moid) \_ueooc, mid- 
dle ; chj ua, sigma ; eidoc, form]. The mes- 
entery of the sigmoid flexure of the colon. 

Mesosternum {mes-o-ster f -nam\ \_uegoc, mid- 
dle ; crepvov, the sternum]. The gladiolus, 
or second piece of the sternum. 

Mesothelium (mes-o-the' '-/e-a/ri) \_ueaoc, mid- 
dle ; Otj/.tj, the nipple]. The lining of the 
wall of the primitive body-cavity situated be- 
tween the somatopleure and splanchnopleure. 
It is the precursor of the endothelium. 

Mesovarium {nies-o-va r -re-am) [uegoc, mid- 
dle; oz-ariam, ovary]. A peritoneal fold 
connecting the ovary and the broad ligament. 

Meta- {met' -ah-) \jj.era, among or between]. 
A prefix signifying over, beyond, among, 
between, change, or transformation. 

Metabasis (met-ab / -as-is) \jiera, over; 3ai- 
veiv, to go]. Change. 



METABOLIC 



389 



METASTASIS 



Metabolic ( met - ah - bol ' - ik) [,uera/3cM//, 
change]. Pertaining to metabolism. M. 
Equilibrium, the equality between the ab- 
sorption and assimilation of food and the 
excretion of end-products. 
Metabolism ( met-ab' ' -o-lizm ) [ /Lteraj3o?i//, 
change]. The group of phenomena whereby 
organic beings transform food-stuffs into com- 
plex tissue- elements (Constructive M., as- 
similation, anabolism) and convert complex 
substances into simple ones in the production 
of energy (Destructive M., disassimilation, 
katabolism). 
Metabolite ( met - ab / - o -lit ) [ fitTafiolrj, 
change]. A product of metabolic change. 
Metacarpal (met-ah-kar' -pal)\ji£Td, beyond ; 
Kapirog, wrist]. Pertaining to the metacar- 
pus, or to a bone of the metacarpus. 
Metacarpophalangeal (met-ah-kar-po-fa- 
lan'-je-al) [fisrd, beyond; nap-reds, wrist; 
<f>d?.ay^, phalanx]. Belonging to the meta- 
carpus and the phalanges. 
Metacarpus (met-ah-kar' -pus) \_fxerd, beyond; 
Kapirog, wrist]. That part of the hand be- 
tween the carpus and the phalanges and con- 
sisting of five bones. 
Metacele,Metacelia (met f -ah-sel, met-ah-se'- 
le-ah) [ ( uerd, beyond ; noiMa, cavity]. The 
fourth ventricle. 
Metachromatism (met - ah - krom f - at - ism) 
[/usra, beyond; jp&y/a, color]. The quality 
of being different in color from other parts. 
Metacinesis (met-ah-sin-e / -sis). Synonym of 

Metakinesis. 
Metagaster (met-ah-gas' -ter) [fierd, beyond ; 
yaarrjp, stomach]. The permanent intestinal 
canal, succeeding the primitive canal, or pro- 
togaster. 
Metagastrula (met-ah-gas' '-tru-lah) \_ixzrd, be- 
yond ; yaarijp, belly]. A modification of 
segmentation, producing a form of gastrula 
differing from the simple gastrula of the am- 
phioxus. 
Metakinesis (met-ah-kin-e'-sis) [//era, to- 
ward ; nivrjair, movement, change]. The 
term applied to that stage of cell-division, in 
which the secondary threads or loops tend 
to pass toward the two poles of the nuclear 
spindle. 
Metal {met' '-al) \jikraXkov^ a metal]. An 
elementary substance characterized by mal- 
leability, ductility, fusibility, luster, its elec- 
tric affinities, and the basic character of its 
oxid. 
Metalbumin (met-al-bu'-min). See Paral- 
bumin. 
Metallic (met-aV-ik) [juetclTlIov, metal] . Re- 
sembling a metal. M. Tinkling, peculiar 
metallic or bell-like sounds heard over a 
pneumothorax or large pulmonary cavity. 
The sounds are produced by coughing, speak- 
ing, or deep breathing. 



Metalloid (met'-al-oid) [ptra'Alov, metal; 
eldog, form]. I. Resembling a metal. 2. 
Any nonmetallic element. 

Metalloscopy (met-al-os f -ko-pe) [fieraXXov, a 
metal; ohottelv, to examine]. The determi- 
nation of the effects produced by the applica- 
tion of metals to the surface of the body. See 
also Metallotherapy . 

Metallotherapy (met-al-o-ther' -ap-e) [/ueral- 
'Aov, metal ; OepaTreia, therapy]. The treat- 
ment of certain nervous diseases, particularly 
hysteria, by the application of different metals 
to the affected part. 

Metameric (met- am- er'-ik) \jiztcl, after; 
//tpoc, part]. See Isomeric. 

Metamerid (met-am' '-er-id) [/uerd, after; 
p-epoc, part]. A metameric substance; a 
group of metameric bodies. 

Metamerism (met-am' '-er-izm) \jitrd, after ; 
\ikpoe, a part] . A variety of isomerism. See 
Isomeric. 

Metamorphopsia (met - am - or-fop f - se - ah) 
\jizTap,op$6zLv ', to change shape ; o^ic;, sight]. 
A defect of vision, in which, owing to disease 
of the retina or imperfection of the media, ob- 
jects appear distorted. 

Metamorphosing (met-am-or-fo' '-zing) [//er- 
a,ju6p<f>6eiv, to change shape]. Altering; chang- 
ing. M. Breath-sound. See Respiration. 

Metamorphosis (met- am- or' -fo -sis) [juera, 
across; /uoptyoeiv, to change]. A structural 
change, or transformation. In pathology, a 
degeneration. M., Fatty, fatty degeneration. 
M., Regressive, M., Retrograde, a dis- 
integrating change; a degeneration. M., 
Viscous, the agglutination of blood-plaques 
in the process of thrombosis. 

Metanephros, Metanephron (met-ah-nef / - 
ros, met-ah-nef -ron)\_fi£Ta, after; vetypoq, kid- 
ney] . The posterior of the three segmental 
bodies of the fetus, which is transformed into 
the permanent kidney and ureter. 

Metaphosphoric Acid (met-ah-fos-for' -ik) 
[/Ltera, beyond; phosphorus\ See Acid, 
Phosphoric. 

Metaplasia (met-ah-pla* '-ze-ah) [//era, beyond ; 
TzTiaoGeiv, to form]. A transformation of a 
tissue into another without the intervention 

of an embryonal tissue, as the conversion of 
cartilage into bone. 

Metaplastic (met-ahplas / -tik)\_juerd, beyond ; 

TcTidaaeiv, to form]. Pertaining to metaplasia. 

Metapneumonic (met-ah-nu-mon' -ik) [/uerd, 

after ; pneumonia] . Secondary to, or conse- 
quent upon, pneumonia. 
Metapophysis (w^a^-^^'^V-zV) [//era, after; 

aTToyvoic, offshoot]. A mammillary process, 

such as is seen upon the lumbar vertebras. 
Metastasis (met-as / -tas-is) [//erdarac^c, from 

(ledicTdvat, to transpose]. The transfer of a 

diseased process from a primary focus to a 

distant one by the conveyance of the causal 



METASTATIC 



390 



METHYLATE 



agents through the bloodvessels or lymph- 
channels. 

Metastatic [met - ah - stal f - ik) [^uerdaraGic, 
from fiediGT&vai, to transpose]. Character- 
ized by or pertaining to metastasis. M. Ab- 
scess, the secondary abscess in pyemia. 
M. Calcification, calcareous infiltration due 
to an excess of lime-salts in the blood in 
diseases associated with rapid disintegration 
of bone. 

Metasternum {met-ah-ster* '-nutri) \_utrd, be- 
hind; arepvov, sternum] . The xiphoid car- 
tilage of the sternum. 

M etasyphilis [me-ta-sif '-il-is) [jierd , beyond ; 
syphilis, syphilis]. That form of inherited 
syphilis presenting only the syphilitic diathe- 
sis, i. e. , the degenerations and general dif- 
fuse changes in which localized lesions are 
absent. 

Metatarsal (??iet-ah-tar' '-sal) [usrd, beyond ; 
Tapoog, tarsus]. Pertaining to the metatar- 
sus. 

Metatarsophalangeal [?net - ah -tar -so -fa- 
lan'-je-al) \_pzrd, beyond; rapadc, tarsus; 
od/.a;. f, phalanx]. Pertaining to the metatar- 
sus and the phalanges. 

Metatarsus (inet-ah-tar* '-sus) \_psrd, beyond; 
rapeor, tarsus]. The bones of the foot, five 
in number, situated between the tarsus and 
the phalanges. 

Metathesis (?net-ath> '-es-is) \jiera, beyond; 
ridkvai, to place]. I. The act of changing 
the seat of a diseased process from one part 
to another. 2. In chemistry, decomposition. 
It is termed single M., when the compound 
breaks up into its constituents, or exchanges 
one of them for a molecule of another com- 
pound, and double M. , when two compounds 
interchange some of their constituents. 

Metazoa(w<tf-r?/*-s0 / -tf//)[/zerd, beyond; Ztiov, 
animal] . Animals the development of which 
is characterized by segmentation of the ovum. 
They comprise all animals except the Proto- 
zoa. » 

Metencephalon (met-en-sef'-al-on) [fierd, 
beyond; k~}'ni(pa/,oc, brain]. I. The after- 
brain ; the postoblongata, or most caudal 
portion of the brain. 2. Of Huxley, the cere- 
bellum and the pons. 

Meteorism (me'-te-or-izm) [/xersupuecv, to 
elevate]. Distention of the abdomen with 
gas ; tympanites. 

Meter (me'-ter) \_phpov, measure]. See 
J let He System. 

Methal [??ieth f -al) [fierd, with; v?.tj, matter], 
C u H 30 O. An alcohol, not yet isolated, oc- 
curring in spermaceti. 

Methane [metk'-an) \jizrd, with; v/\r h mat- 
ter], CH 4 . Marsh-gas. The first member of 
the homologous series of paraffins, C n H,, n -)- 2 . 
It occurs wherever decomposition of organic 
matter is going on, especially in marshes, and 



is also found at times in the stomach and in- 
testines. It is a colorless, odorless, inflam- 
mable gas. 

Methemoglobin (met-hem-o-glo' '-din) [uerd, 
with; aiua, blood; globus, a ball]. A body 
similar in composition to hemoglobin, but 
having its oxygen more firmly united with it. 
It is prepared from hemoglobin by the action 
of potassium ferricyanid, potassium chlorate, 
sodium nitrite, etc. In poisoning with potas- 
sium chlorate, the nitrites, acetanilid, and 
some other bodies, the blood contains met- 
hemoglobin. 

Methemoglobinemia {met-hefn-o-glo-bin-e> - 
me-ah) \_uerd, with; a'tua, blood; globus, a. 
ball; aiua, blood]. The presence of met- 
hemoglobin in the blood. 

Methemoglobinuria {?net-hem-o-glo-bin-u> '- 
re-ah) [perd, with; aiua, blood; globus, a 
ball; tirina, urine]. The presence of met- 
hemoglobin in the urine. 

Methomania {?neth-o-ma f -ne-ali) [u£6v, wine; 
fiavia, madness]. Insanity due to the exces- 
sive use of strong drink. 

Methyl (ineth f -il) \_perd, with; vA tj, wood], 
CH 3 . A univalent hydrocarbon radicle, the 
first of the univalent hydrocarbons of the 
marsh-gas series ; the radicle of methyl alco- 
hol. M. Alcohol, CH 3 OH, wood-alcohol, 
wood-spirit, a liquid similar to ordinary alco- 
hol, obtained in the destructive distillation of 
wood. M.-blue. See Methylene-blue. M. 
Ether, C 9 H 6 ; dimethyl oxid, an inflamma- 
ble gas; also, a salt of methyl. M. -green, 
an anilin dye, used in staining tissues ; also, 
as an antiperiodic. M.-guanidin, C 2 H-N 3 ; 
a colorless, crystalline, strongly alkaline base, 
formed by the oxidation of kreatin and krea- 
tinin, and also found in decomposing horse- 
flesh, and in cultures of the comma-bacillus 
and the bacillus of anthrax. It is highly poi- 
sonous. M. hydrid, CH 4 ; methane, or 
marsh-gas. M. salicylas (U. S. P.), C 8 H 8 3 ; 
artificial oil of wintergreen ; an oily liquid of 
a peculiar odor, identical with the essential 
constituent of the oil of wintergreen ; it is used 
in rheumatism like the natural oil of gaultheria. 
M.-theobromin, caffein. M.-uramin. See 
M.-guanidin. M. -violet, an anilin dye used 
for staining bacteria. Under the name of 
pyoktanin it is used as an antiseptic. 

Methylal {meth'-il-al) [//era, with; v/.tj, 
wood; alcohol '], C 3 H g 9 . A substance 
prepared by distilling methyl alcohol with 
sulphuric acid. It is hypnotic and antispas- 
modic. Dose f^j (4.0). Unof. 

Methylamin {meth-il' -am-m) \_usrd, with; 
v?.j], wood ; aniin~\. N(CH 3 )H 2 . A color- 
less basic gas occurring in herring-brine and 
in cultures of the comma-bacillus. 

Methylate {nieth' -il-at) \_uzrd, with; v7.tj, 
wood]. A compound formed from methyl 



METHYLATED 



391 



METRORRHEXIS 



alcohol by the substitution of the hydrogen 
of the hydroxyl by a base. 

Methylated {metk'-il-ated} \_^£rd, with; bXt/, 
wood]. Containing methyl-alcohol. M. 
Spirit, methyl-alcohol, wood-alcohol. 

Methylene {truth* -U-in) \jizra, with; i)/\?}, 
wood], CH 2 . A bivalent hydrocarbon rad- 
icle. M.-blue, C ]6 H 18 N 3 SC1 ; a blue anilin 
dye used as a stain in microscopy. It has also 
been employed as a local application in diph- 
theria, tonsillitis, scarlatinal sore-throat, and 
other inflammatory conditions, and internally 
in malaria and neuralgia. Dose gr. jss (o. i). 
M. Dichlorid, CH 2 C1 2 ; a general anesthetic, 
used instead of chloroform. 

Methylic {meth-il f -i£). Containing methyl. 

Metopagus (met-op' '-ag-us) [//£TW7rov, front; 
Trdyiog, joined]. A twin monstrosity with 



\_jj.i]Tpa, uterus]. The ute- 



united foreheads. 

Metra (tne'-trah) 
rus. 

Metre (me'-ter). See Meter. 

Metrectopia, Metrectopy {met-rek to' -pe- 
ak, met-rek' '-to-pe) \_fj.f]rpa, womb ; e/cro7roc, 
displaced]. Displacement of the womb. 

Metric (met'-rik) [//irpov, a measure]. Per- 
taining to the system of weights and meas- 
ures, of which the meter is the basis. M. 
System, a decimal system of weights and 
measures employed in France, Germany, and 
other countries, and used generally in the 
sciences. The standard is the meter, the 
ten-millionth part of the distance from the 
equator to the north-pole. The actual stand- 
ard unit is the distance between two lines on 
a platinum-iridium rod preserved in the ar- 
chives of the International Metric Commis- 
sion at Paris, and is equivalent to 39.37079 
inches ; in the U. S. the length of the meter is 
assumed as 39.37 inches. The standard of 
capacity is the liter, a cubical volume y 1 ^ meter 
in each dimension. The standard of weightis 
the gram, the weight of yoV ^ ter ( one CUD ic 
centimeter) of distilled water at its maximum 
density. As the unit of microscopic measure- 
ment the thousandth part of a millimeter has 
been adopted. It is called micromillimeter, 
or micron ; its symbol is fi. The multiples 
in the metric system are expressed by the 
prefixes deca, hecto, and kilo ; the subdivi- 
sions by* the prefixes deci, centi, and milli. 



I0OO 


meters 


= 


1 kilometer. 


IOO 


meters 


= 


1 hectometer. 


10 


meters 


= 


1 decameter. 


.1 


meter 


= 


1 decimeter. 


.01 


meter 


= 


1 centimeter. 


.001 


meter 


= 


1 millimeter. 


1000 


liters 


= 


1 kiloliter. 


IOO 


liters 


= 


1 hectoliter. 


10 


liters 


= 


1 decaliter. 


.1 


liter 


= 


1 deciliter. 


.01 


liter 


= 


1 centiliter. 


.001 


liter 


= 


1 milliliter. 



1000 


grams 


= I kilogram. 


100 


grams 


= 1 hectogram, 


10 


grams 


= 1 decagram. 


.1 


gram 


= 1 decigram. 


.or 


gram 


= 1 centigram. 


.001 


gram 


= 1 milligram. 



In common practice, however, the following 
divisions only are used, the others being ex- 
pressed in figures : — 

10 millimeters = 1 centimeter. 
100 centimeters = 1 meter. 
1000 meters = 1 kilometer. 

1000 cubic centimeters = 1 liter. 



1000 milligrams = 
1000 grams = 



1 gram. 
1 kilogram. 



The following are the equivalent values : — 

1 meter = 39.37 inches. 

1 liter = 1 quart %. gill, U. S. measure. 

1 gram = 15.43 grains. 

1 minim = 0.061 cubic centimeter. 

See, also, Weights and Measures. 

Metritis (met -ri' -tis) \_jirjrpa, womb; mc, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the uterus. 

Metrocele {inet' -ro-sel) \_/j.7]rpa, womb ; icfjfaj, 
hernia]. Hernia of the uterus. 

Metroclyst (met' -ro-kiist) \_p.rj~pa, womb; 
K/\v£eiv, to wash out]. An instrument for 
giving uterine douches. 

Metrocolpocele (tnet-ro-koP -pd-sel) \jxi}rpa, 
womb; nokiroq, vagina ; kt) Xtj, tumor]. Pro- 
trusion of the uterus into the vagina, the wall 
of the latter being pushed in advance. 

Metrocyte (met'-ro-slt) [prjrpa, womb; 
KVTog, cell]. A large uninuclear spheroidal 
cell the protoplasm of which contains hemo- 
globin, and which is supposed to be the 
source of the red corpuscles of the blood. 

Metrodynia.(met-ro-dm / -e-a/i) [/uyrpa, womb ; 
bdvvj], pain]. Pain in the uterus. 

Metropathy (met-rop' '-ath-e) \_LirjTpa, womb; 
7ra6og, suffering]. Any uterine disease. 

Metroperitonitis (met-ro -per -it - on - z y - tis) 
[/uqrpa, womb ; itepirovaLov , peritoneum; mc, 
inflammation]. I. Combined inflammation 
of the uterus and the peritoneum. 2. Peri- 
tonitis secondary to inflammation of the 
uterus. 3. Inflammation of the peritoneum 
about the uterus. 

Metrophlebitis {met- ro -fleb - i'- tis) [ufjrpa, 
womb; (p/Xexp, vein; inq, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the veins of the uterus. 

Metrorrhagia {met - ror - a'-je - ah) \jirjrpa, 
womb; prjyvvvai, to burst forth]. Uterine 
hemorrhage independent of the menstrual 
period. 

Metrorrhea (met - ror- e' -ah) \_p.i)rpa, womb; 
pota, a flow]. Any morbid discharge from 
the uterus. 

Metrorrhexis (met-ror-eks' '-is) [ju^rpa, womb ; 
pfi^iQ, rupture]. Rupture of the uterus. 



METROSALPINGITIS 



392 



MICROCYTHEMIA 



Metrosalpingitis (met - ro - sal - ping- ji' - tis) 
\_urjTpa, womb ; tjakirty^, tube ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the uterus and 
oviducts. 

Metroscope (met' -ro-skof) \_fj.rjrpa, womb ; 
CKorceiv, to observe]. An instrument for 
examining the uterus. 

Metrostaxis (met-ro-staks'-is) \_urjrpa, womb ; 
cragcg, a dropping]. Slight but persistent 
uterine hemorrhage. 

Mezereon (mez-e' -re-on)\_Xx. , mdzariyun, the 
camellia]. The bark of Daphne mezereum, 
and other species of Daphne, of the natural 
order Thymelaceas. It contains a glucosid, 
daphnin, and an acrid resin. Locally applied, 
M. is an irritant and vesicant, and has been 
used to stimulate indolent ulcers. Internally, 
it has been employed in syphilis, scrofula, 
chronic rheumatism, and various skin-dis- 
eases. Dose of the bark, gr. x (0.65). Ex- 
tractum mezerei aethereum (B. P.) and 
Extractum mezerei fiuidum (U. S. P.). 
Dose rryj-v (0.13-0. 12). It is used chiefly 
in ointments. 

Miasm (mi'-azm) [utaheiv, to pollute]. Any- 
thing harmful contaminating the air ; a nox- 
ious exhalation affecting individuals directly. 

Miasmatic (mi-az-?nat' '-ik) [uLaiveiv, to pol- 
lute]. Pertaining to or having the nature of 
miasm. M. Diseases, diseases produced 
by miasms. 

Mica (mi'-ka/i) [L.]. I. A crumb. 2. A 
mineral occurring in the form of thin, shining, 
transparent scales. M. panis, a crumb of 
bread. 

Micracoustic ( nd - krah - kaw'- stik ) \jiiKpbg, 
small ; anovcTLKog, pertaining to hearing]. I. 
Assisting in hearing very faint sounds. 
2. An instrument possessing this property. 

Micrencephalon (mi-kren-sef -al-on) \_[mk- 
peg, small ; h/neoa/.oc, brain]. I. A small 
brain, as in cretinism. 2. The cerebellum. 

Micro- (mi' -kro-) \_1wip6g, small]. I. A pre- 
fix signifying minute. 2. A prefix generally 
used to signify a unit one-thousandth, some- 
times one-millionth part of the unit to which 
it is prefixed. 

Microbe (mi'-krob) \_uinpog, small; ftloc, life]. 
A living organism of very small size. The 
term is generally used synonymously with 
bacterium. 

Microbian (mi-kro' -be-an) \_pmpog, small; 
^iog, life] . Pertaining to or of the nature of 
a microbe. 

Microbicide (mi-kro' -bis-ld) \_p.iKpog, small; 
(3log, life; cczdere, to kill]. I. Destructive 
to microbes. 2. An agent that destroys mi- 
crobes. 

Microbiohemia (mi-kro-bi-o-hem' -e-ah) \_jj.lk- 
poc, small ; /3/oc, life; atua, blood]. A dis- 
eased condition resulting from the presence 
of microorganisms in the blood. 



Microbiology (mi - kro - bi - ol'- o -je) \jiinp6g, 
small; /3/oc, life ; Aoyoc, science]. The science 
of the nature, life, and actions of microbes. 

Microblast (mi'-kro-blast) \j±iKpog, small ; 
^/.aarog, germ]. An immature blood-cor- 
puscle. 

Microblepharia, Microblepharon (mi-kro- 
blef-a' -re-ah , ??ii- kro - blef -ar-on) \piKp6g y 
small ; (3/l<papov, lid] . Smallness of the 
eyelids. 

Microbrachius (mi-kro-bra' -ke-us) \jiLK.p6c, 
small; fipax'iuv, arm]. Smallness of the 
arms. 

Microcephalic (mi '- kro-s ef-al' '-ik) [p/./cpoc, 
small ; keocl/j}, head]. Having a small head. 

Microcephalon (mi-kro-sef '-al-on) {umpog, 
small; Keoa/.ij, head]. An abnormally small 
head. 

Microchemistry (mi-kro-kem' -is-tre) [uinp6g, 
small ; chemistry~\ . I . The chemistry of the 
minute organisms and substances of nature. 
2. The study of chemic reactions with the 
aid of the microscope. 

Micrococcus (mi-kro-kok' '-us) \_p.LK.p6g, small ; 
kokkoq, kernel]. A genus of bacteria the 
individuals of which have a spheric shape. 
"When united in such a way as to resem- 
ble a bunch of grapes they are called 
staphylococci ; when united in couples they 
are called diplococci ; when arranged in 
strings they are called streptococci. 

Microcornea (mi-kro-kor' -ne-ah) \jiiKpog, 
small; cornea~\ . Abnormal smallness of the 
cornea. 

Microcosm (mi f -kro-kozni) \jiiK.p6g, small ; 
Konpoc, world]. Man in contradistinction to 
the universe, or the macrocosm. 

Microcosmic (mi-kro-koz f -mik) [/unp6g, 
small; koguoc, world]. Pertaining to the 
microcosm. M. Salt, sodium ammonium 
phosphate ; so called because formerly derived 
from the urine of man, " the microcosm." 

Microcoulomb (mi-kro -koo' '-lorn) [uinpog, 
small; Coulomb, a French physician]. One 
millionth of a coulomb. See Coulomb. 

Microcoustic (mi-kro- kows f -tik). Synonym 
of Micracoustic. 

Microcrith (mi' ' -kro-krith) \_utKpog, small ; 
npidq, barley]. A unit of molecular weight, 
equivalent to the weight of an atom of hy- 
drogen. 

Microcrystalline (mi-kro-kris' '-tal-in) \_ulk- 
pdg, small; crystalline^. Composed of crys- 
tals of microscopic size. 

Microcyst (mi f - kro-sist) \_p.LK.pog, small; 
nvcTog, cyst]. A cyst of very small size. 

Microcyte (mi' -kro-sit) [/j.inpog, small ; nvrog, 
cell]. A small red blood-corpuscle. 

Microcythemia (mi-kro-si-the' -me-ah) [uik- 
pog, small; nvrog, cell; ai/na, blood]. A 
condition of the blood characterized by the 
presence of abnormally small red corpuscles. 



MICROCYTOSIS 



393 



MICROSPECTROSCOPE 



Microcytosis [mi - kro - si - to f - sis). Same as 
Microcythemia. 

Microdont [rmf- kro - dont) [utupog, small; 
6 towc, tooth]. Having small teeth. 

Microglossia (mi- kro-glos f - e-ah) [fiinpog, 
small; yXuaaa, tongue]. Abnormal small- 
ness of the tongue. 

Micrognathia [mi-krog-na' -the-ah) [//f/cpdc, 
small; yvaOog, jaw]. Abnormal smallness 
of the jaws, especially of the lower jaw. 

Microgram [mi f -kro-gram) [fiinpog, small; 
gram\. A millionth part of a gram. 

Micrography (mi-krog* '-ra-fe) [/wcpog, small ; 
jpafyeiv, to write]. A description of bodies 
that are studied under the microscope. 

Microhm (mi'-krom) \jLtKp6g, small; ohm']. 
The millionth part of an ohm. 

Microliter (mi' - kro - le - ter) [fiinpog, small; 
liter] . The millionth part of a liter. 

Micromania (mi - kro - ma f - ne - ah) \_funp6g, 
small ; mania]. A form of insanity in which 
the patient believes himself diminutive in 
size and mentally inferior. 

Micromelus (mi-krom r -el-us) \_funpbg, small ; 
fi&og, limb]. A single autositic monster of 
the species ectromelus, characterized by the 
presence of abnormally small limbs. 

Micrometer (mi-krom / -et-er) [fiinpog, small ; 
fierpov, measure]. An instrument designed 
for measuring minute objects seen through the 
microscope. M., Eye-piece, M., Ocular, 
a micrometer to be used with the eye-piece 
of a microscope. M. -screw, a fine screw 
with a scale attached showing the distance 
passed at each fraction of a revolution. M., 
Stage-, a micrometer attached to the stage of 
a microscope. 

Micrometry (mi-krom* '-et-re) [uiKpog, small : 
fierpov, measure]. The measurement of ob- 
jects by the aid of a micrometer. 

Micromillimeter [mi - kro - mil' - im - e - ter) 
[uLnpoq, small ; millimeter]. I. The one- 
thousandth part of a millimeter or the one- 
millionth part of a meter. It is the unit of 
microscopic measurements. It is called also 
micron, and is symbolized by ji. 

Micron [mi'-kron) [/uucpog, small]. The 
millionth part of a meter or a thousandth 
part of a millimeter. It is the equivalent of 
Toiofy °f an English inch, and its symbol is ft. 

Microorganism (mi-kro-or' -gan-izm) [//t/cpdc, 
small ; organism]. A microscopic being of 
the animal or vegetal kingdom ; in a special 
sense it is restricted to that vegetal group 
known as bacteria. 

Micropathology [mi- kro -path - oF- o -je) 
[fiiKpog, small; pathology]. I. The study 
of minute pathologic changes. 2. The study 
of microorganisms in their relation to disease. 

Microphage (mi f - kro - faj ) [fiinpog, small; 
(bayelv, to devour]. A small phagocyte. 

Microphone (i?ii' • kro- fon) [funpog, small; 



(pur//, sound]. An instrument that amplifies 
feeble sounds and renders them audible. 
Microphotograph (mi - kro -fo f - to -graf) 
[ixinpog, small ; <p&Jo, light ; ypdtyeiv, to write]. 

1. A photograph of microscopic size. 2. 
See Photomicrograph. 

Microphthalmos (mi - kro/ - thai'- mus) 
\jiiKpoq, small ; b(pdaA/u6g, eye]. I. The 
condition of having an abnormally small eye. 

2. A person having such an eye. 
Microphyte (mi / -kro-/lt)[_fj,iKp6g,sma\\; tyvrov, 

plant]. Any microscopic plant, especially 
one that is parasitic. 

Micropsia (mi-krop' '-se-ah) [/uiKpog, small ; 
dipig, sight]. A defective state of vision in 
which objects appear very small. 

Micropyle (mi'-kro-pil) [//i/cpdc, small ; nvTir), 
gate, orifice]. The small opening in an 
ovum through which the spermatozoon may 
penetrate. 

Microscope (mi f -kro - skop) [fiuipog, small ; 
onoirelv, to view]. An apparatus through 
which minute objects are rendered visible. 
It consists of a lens or group of lenses by which 
a magnified image of the object is produced. 
M., Binocular, a microscope having diver- 
gent oculars, one for each eye, so that the 
object is seen with both eyes. M., Com- 
pound, one that consists of two or more 
lenses or lens-systems, of which one, the ob- 
jective, placed near the object, gives an en- 
larged and inverted real image ; the other, 
the ocular, acting like a simple microscope, 
gives an enlarged virtual image of the real 
image. M., Simple, one consisting of one 
or more lenses or lens-systems acting as a 
single lens. The rays of light that enter the 
eye of the observer, after refraction through 
these lenses, proceed directly from the object 
itself. 

Microscopic (mi-kro-skop / -ik) [fiinpog, small; 
ckotteiv, to view]. I. Pertaining to the 
microscope. 2. Visible only with the aid of 
a microscope. 

Microscopist (mi- kros / - ko-pist) [/uiKpdg, 
small ; gkottsiv, to view] . One who is skilled 
in the use of the microscope. 

Microscopy (mi-kros' '-ko-pe) [/xinpog, small ; 
cuoTceiv, to view]. The use of the microscope ; 
examination with the microscope. 

Microseme (mi' -kro- sent) \_fiLKpog, small ; 
arj/ua, sign, index]. Having the orbital index 
less than 83. 

Microsomia (mi - kro - so / - me - ah) [/uucpog, 
small; aciixa, body] . Abnormal smallness of 
the whole body. 

Microspectroscope (mi-kro-spek- '- tro - skop) 
juucpog, small ; spectrum, spectrum ; ckotteIv, 
to view]. A spectroscope used in connection 
with the ocular of a microscope, and by 
means of which the spectra of microscopic 
objects can be examined. 



MICROSPORIDIA 



394 



MILK 



Microsporidia [mi-kro-spor-id' '-e-ah) [ t uiKp6g, 
small ; Cndpog, seed]. A genus of the class 
of sporozoa, occurring as parasites in the 
muscles of the frog,the marsh-tortoise, worms, 
and insects. 

"Microsporonf mi-hro-spo'-ron) [p.LKpoq, small ; 
azopoq, seed]. A fungus to which several 
diseases of the skin and hair are believed to 
be due. M. furfur. See Tinea versicolor. 

Microstomia [mi - kro - sto / - me - ah) [/ucKpog, 
small; aroua, mouth]. Abnormal smallness 
of the mouth. 

Microtome [mi'-kro-toni) [fimpoq, small ; rs/u- 
veiv, to cut]. An instrument for making thin 
sections for microscopic examination. M., 
Freezing, one in which the tissue is frozen, 
in order to secure the hardness required for 
properly cutting sections. 

Microtomy [mi-krot'-o-me) [/uicp6g, small; 
teiiveiv, to cut]. Section-cutting. 

Microvolt [mi'-kro-volt). One millionth of 
a volt. 

Microzyme [mi f -kro-zun) [uiupdc, small ; 
tyfaj, leaven]. One of certain minute parti- 
cles of living matter that are by some sup- 
posed to be living organisms capable of an 
independent existence, and which are the 
cause of normal and pathologic fermentation ; 
the real agents of the functions of the organ- 
ism, the perversion of whose function con- 
stitutes disease. 

Micturition [mik - tu - risk' '- un) [micturire, 
to pass water]. The act of passing urine. 
M. -center. The center governing the act 
of micturition ; it is situated in the lumbar 
region of the spinal cord. 

Midbrain [AS., mid, middle; brain]. 
The mesencephalon. 

Midfrontal. [AS., mid, middle; frons, fore- 
head]. Pertaining to the middle of the fore- 
head. 

Midgut [AS., mid, middle ; gut, gut]. See 
Mesogaster. 

Midriff [AS., mid, middle; hrif, belly]. 
Diaphragm. 

Midwife [AS., mid. with; wif, a woman]. 
A female obstetrician ; a female nurse who 
attends women in childbirth. 

Midwifery [AS., mid, with; ivif, a woman]. 
Obstetrics. 

Migraine [me f -grdn) [Fr., from rjui, half; 
upaviov, skull]. A paroxysmal affection 
characterized by headache, usually unilateral, 
and by gastric, vasomotor, and visual dis- 
turbances. 

Migrainin [mig' - ra - nhi) [migraine"]. A 
name given to a mixture of antipyrin, citric 
acid, and caffein. It is used for the treatment 
of migraine, of the headache of influenza, and 
of that due to alcohol, tobacco, and morphin. 
The dose is from 17 to 45 grains (1.0-3.0) in 
24 hours. 



Migration [mi-gra r -shun) [migrare, to wan- 
der]. A wandering. M., External [of the 
Ovum), the passage of the ovum from an 
ovary to the tube of the opposite side. M., 
Internal [of the Ovum), the passage of the 
ovum through the tube related to the ovary 
from which the ovule was discharged, into the 
uterus and across into the opposite tube. 
M. of Ovum, the passage of the ovum from 
the ovary to the Fallopian tube. M. of 
White Corpuscles, one of the phenomena 
of inflammation, consisting in the passage of 
the white corpuscles of the blood through 
the vessel- wall. 

Mildew [mil'-du) [AS., melededzv, honey- 
dew]. A common name for minute fungi 
parasitic on plants, and also found on dead 
vegetable substances. 

Milfoil [mil' '-foil). See Achillea. 

Miliaria [mil-e-a' '-re-ah) [milium, millet]. 
An acute inflammatory disease of the sweat- 
glands, the lesions consisting of vesicles and 
papules, accompanied by a pricking or ting- 
ling sensation. It occurs especially in sum- 
mer, is due to excessive sweating, runs an 
acute or subacute course, and is followed by 
slight desquamation. Relapses are common. 
M. alba or M. crystallina, a variety of M. 
in which the sweat accumulates under the su- 
perficial horny layers of the epidermis to form 
small, clear, transparent vesicles. It is also 
called sudamina crystallina. M. papulosa, 
the well-known "prickly heat." M. rubra. 
See Miliaria. 

Miliary [mil' '-e-a-re) [milium, millet]. I. 
Of the size of a millet-seed, as M. aneurysm, 
M. tubercle. 2. Attended or characterized 
by the formation of numerous lesions the 
size of a millet-seed, as M. tuberculosis. 
M. Tuberculosis. See Tuberculosis. 

Milium [mil f -e-um) [L. millet-seed]. 1. A 
disease of the skin characterized by the for- 
mation of small, pearly, noninflammatory 
elevations (milia) situated mainly on the 
face. It is due to the occlusion of the ducts 
of sebaceous follicles, the secretion of which 
accumulates and distends the follicles. 2. 
One of the elevations characteristic of 
milium. 

Milk [AS., mile, milk]. The opaque white 
secretion of the mammary glands of the 
female of mammalia. The relative propor- 
tion of the constituents in milk of different 
animals may be seen from the appended 
table of analyses from Wynter Blyth. M., 
Butter-, cream from which the fatty mat- 
ter has been removed. M., Condensed, 
milk of cows from which a large part of the 
water has been evaporated, a syrupy liquid 
remaining which is preserved with or without 
the addition of sugar. M.-cure, the method 
of treating certain diseases by an exclusive 



MILLIAMPERE 



395 



MIRROR 



diet of milk. M. -fever, a slight rise of tem- 
perature attending the establishment of the 
secretion of milk. It is due to a mild degree 
of septic intoxication. M.-leg. See Phleg- 
masia albadolens. M. -punch, a preparation 
made by adding brandy, whisky, or rum, to 
milk in the proportion of about one to four or 
six parts, and flavoring with sugar and nut- 
meg. M., Skim-, is the residue left after the 
removal of the cream. M. -sugar. Lactose. 
M. -teeth, the teeth of the first dentition. 
M. -tester, a lactometer. 















c/5 












oi 




Q 








Z 


Z 


< 







in 


Hi 




t- 

< 


w 




V) 


X 
to 






ta 


< 


n 


u 


< 


j 


< 









< 






< 

H 



£ 


Human milk, 


2.90 


2.40 


0.57 


5.87 


0.16 


12.00 


88.OO 


Cow's milk, 


3-5o 


398 


0.77 


4.00 


0.17 


13-13 


86.87 


Camel's milk, 


2.90 


3-84 


5-66 


0.66 


13.06 


86.94 


Goat's milk, 


4.20 


3.00 


0.62 


4.00 


0.56 


12.46 


87-54 


Ass's milk, 


1.02 


1.09 


0.70 


5-50 


0.42 


8.83 


91.17 


Mare's milk, 


2.50 


2.19 


0.42 


5-50 


0.50 


11.20 


8880 


Sheep's milk, 


5-30 


6.10 


1. 00 


4.20 


1. 00 


1773 


82.27 



Milliampere (mil-e-am-par') \171ille, thou- 
sand; Ampere, a French scientist]. One- 
thousandth of an ampere, = I volt divided 
by 1000. 

Milliamperemeter ( ?7iil-e-am -pdr'-me-ter ) 
[mille, thousand; Ampere, a French scien- 
tist; /uerpov, measure]. An instrument for 
measuring the strength of an electric current. 

Milligram [mil' '-ig-ram) \juille, a thousand ; 
grant]. A thousandth part of a gram. 

Milliliter (miF-il-e-ter) [mille, a thousand; 
liter] . A thousandth part of a liter. 

Millimeter {tniV -im-e-ter) [mille, a thousand; 
meter]. A thousandth pait of a meter. 

Millon's Reagent. A reagent made by dis- 
solving 10 grams of mercury in 20 grams of 
nitric acid, diluting the solution with an equal 
volume of water, and decanting in twenty-four 
hours. With proteids and with derivatives of 
benzene and naphthalene it gives a red color 
(Millon's Test). 

Millstone-makers' Phthisis. A form of 
pneumonokoniosis due to the inhalation of 
fine particles in the manufacture of millstones. 

Milzbrand (milts' '-brand ')[Ger.]. Anthrax. 

Mimetic (niim-et f -ik) [fxlfioq, an actor]. Imi- 
tative; mimic. M. Paralysis, paralysis of 
the facial muscles. M. Spasm, spasm of 
the facial muscles. 



Mimic {mim'-ik). See Mimetic, 

Mimicry (wiim f -ik-re) [/nl/uog, an actor]. 
Imitation. 

Mind-blindness. A form of aphasia in 
which, although the patient is able to see, no 
intellectual impression is conveyed to his 
mind by the object seen. The condition is 
also called visual amnesia. 

Mind-cure. The alleged cure of disease 
through mental operations. 

Mind-deafness. A form of aphasia in which 
sounds, though heard and perceived as such, 
awaken no intelligent conception. 

Mindererus, Spirit of. Liquor ammonii 
acetatis. See Ammonia. 

Miner's Elbow. Enlargement of the bursa 
over the olecranon, common in miners, due to 
irritation while working and lying on the side. 

Miner's Phthisis. Anthracosis; a chronic 
affection of the lungs due to the constant in- 
halation of coal-dust. 

Mineral (min'-er-al) [minera, a mine]. An 
inorganic chemic compound found in nature, 
especially one that is solid. M., Kermes, 
antimony oxysulphid. M. Oil, petroleum. 
M. Pitch, bitumen. M. Water, water natu- 
rally or artificially impregnated with inorganic 
salts in sufficient quantity to give it special 
properties. 

Mineralization (??iin-er-al-e-za / -shun) [min- 
era, mine]. I. The addition of mineral sub- 
stances to a body. 2. The relative amount 
of mineral substances dissolved in a mineral 
water. 

Minim (min'-im) [minimus, least]. The 
one-sixtieth of a fluid dram. Symbol TT^. 

Minimal (min'-im-al) [minimus, least]. 
Least, lowest. Of doses, the least quantity 
that is yet effective. 

Minimum [inin' '-im-um) [minimus, least]. 
The least, the lowest ; the lowest intensity, 
or level. M. Thermometer. See Ther- 
mometer. 

Minium (min f -e-um) [L., minium, red lead]. 
Red lead oxid, Pb 3 4 , used formerly in plas- 
ters. 

Mint. See Mentha. 

Miosis (mi-o f -sis) [fieitov, less]. Contraction, 
especially of the pupil. 

Miotic (mi-ot'-ik) [from juettov, less]. I. Per- 
taining to, or characterized by, miosis. 2. 
Causing contraction of the pupil. 3. An 
agent that contracts the pupil. 

Mirror (fnir f -or) [mirari, to admire]. I. A 
polished surface for reflecting light or form- 
ing images of objects placed in front of it. 
M., Concave, one the reflecting surface of 
which is concave. M., Convex, one with a 
convex reflecting surface. M., Frontal, M., 
Head-, a circular mirror with a central per- 
foration, strapped to the head by a band, and 
used to throw light on parts to be examined. 



MIRYACHIT 



396 



MODERATOR BAND 



M., Laryngoscopies M., Ophthalmosco- 
pic, M., Rhinoscopic; a mirror used respect- 
ively in laryngoscopy, ophthalmoscopy, and 
rhinoscopy, to illuminate the cavity to be in- 
spected. M., Plane, one the reflecting sur- 
face of which is flat. M.- writing, a peculiar 
form of writing at times observed in left- 
handed persons, and in cases of aphasia, and 
characterized by a reversal of the form and 
arrangement of the letters, which appear as if 
seen in a mirror. 

Miryachit (me-re-ac/i'-it) [Russian word]. 
A peculiar disease in which the patient 
mimics or imitates everything said or done by 
another. 

Miscarriage (mis-kar' '-aj) [AS. , prefix mis-, 
OF., carter, to carry]. I. The expulsion of 
the fetus between the fourth and the sixth 
month of pregnancy. 2. Abortion. 

Misce (mis'-e) \jniscere, to mix]. Mix, a 
direction placed on prescriptions ; abbrevi- 
ated, M. 

Miscegenation (mis-ej'-en-a' -shun) \jniscere, 
to mix ; genus, race]. Mixture of different 
races by intermarriage. 

Miscible (mis'-ib-h \jniscere, to mix]. Cap- 
able of being mixed. 

Miserere mei (miz-er-a'-ra ma'-e) [L. , have 
mercy on me]. An old name for volvulus, 
or intestinal colic ; also for stercoraceous 
vomiting. 

Misogamy (mis-og'-am-e) \jilguv, to hate ; 
"■auoc, marriage]. Aversion to marriage. 

Misogyny (mis-og'-in-e) [ince'iv, to hate; 
ywq, woman]. Hatred of women. 

Missed (mist) [AS. ,missan, to miss]. Passed ; 
failed of completion. M. Abortion, the re- 
tention of the product of conception in the 
uterine cavity after its death and with the 
appearance of some of the symptoms of 
abortion. M. Labor, the retention of the 
product of conception in the uterus beyond 
term, and after the occurrence of a few in- 
effectual labor-pains. 

Mistletoe (mis'-l-to). See Viscum. 

Mistura (mis-fa-' -rah) [L. ]. A mixture. A 
preparation made by suspending an insoluble 
substance in watery fluids, by means of gum- 
arabic, sugar, yolk of egg, or other cohesive 
substance. "When the suspended substance 
is of an oily nature, the preparation is termed 
an emulsion (emulsum). In pharmacy, an 
aqueous preparation of an insoluble sub- 
stance held in suspension, usually by the 
addition of soluble gum, egg-emulsion, etc. 
The following mixtures are official in U. S. P. 
and B. P. M. Creasoti (B. P.). Dose f *j 
(32.0). M.Cretae(U. S.P., B.P.). Dose 
f.f ss (16.0). M. ferri aromatica (B. P.). 
Dosef ( ^j-ij (32.0-64.0). M. ferri compos- 
ita, Griffith's mixture (U. S. P. and B. P.). 
Dose f^j-ij (32.0-64.0). M. glycyrrhizae 



composita (U. S. P.). Brown mixture. Dose 
f 3 j— ij (32.0-64.0). M. guaiaci (B. P.). 
Dose f^ss-ij (16.0-64.0). M. olei ricini 
(B. P.). Dose f^ss-ij (16.0-64.0). M. 
rhei et sodae (U. S. P.). Dose, for children, 
f^ss-f^j (2.0-4.0 >. M. scammonii (B.P.). 
Dosef^ij (64.0). M. sennae composita 
(B. P.). Dose f^j-iss (32.0-48.0). M. 
spiritus vini gallici (B. P.). Dose f^j- 
ij (32.0-64.0). 

Mite (tnii) [AS., mite, mite]. A name 
applied to several Acari. 

Mithridatism (mith-rid'-df-izm) [Hidpidarqg, 
Mithridates, king of Pontus, who was said to 
have become so charged with the poisons 
with which he experimented that he acquired 
an immunity to them all]. Immunity from 
the effects of a poison induced by the admin- 
istration of gradually increased doses. 

Mitigate (mif'-ig-dt) \_mitigare, to soften]. 
To allay ; to make milder ; to moderate. 

Mitigated Stick, or Mitigated Caustic 
(mit'-ig-a-ted ) \_mitigare, to soften]. See 
Argentum. 

Mitome (mi'-fom) [fiiroc, a thread]. The 
threads of the protoplasmic reticulum of a 
cell (cytomitome) or of the nucleus (karyo- 
mitome). 

Mitosis (mi-to'-sis) [ll'ltoq, a thread]. Karyo- 
kinesis. 

Mitotic {mi-tot' -ik) [uirog, thread]. Per- 
taining to mitosis. 

Mitral (mi'-tral) [ulrpa, a belt, a turban] . 
I. Resembling a miter, as the M. valve. 2. 
Pertaining to the auriculoventricular valve 
of the left side of the heart. M. Disease, 
disease of the mitral valve of the heart. 
M. Incompetence or M. Insufficiency. 
See M. Regurgitation. M. Murmur. See 
Murmur. M. Obstruction, disease of the 
mitral valve causing obstruction to the flow 
of blood through the left auriculoventricular 
opening. M. Regurgitation, imperfect 
closure of the mitral valve during the cardiac 
systole, permitting blood to be forced back 
into the left auricle. M. Stenosis. See 
M. Obstruction. M. Valve. See Valve. 

Mixture (miks'-tur). See Mistura. 

Mnemonics (ne-mon' '-iks) [uvaouai, I re- 
member] . The science of cultivation of the 
memory by systematic methods. 

Mobile (mo' -bit ')\tnovere,X.o move]. Movable. 
M. Spasm, a slow, irregular movement grad- 
ually taking place in different muscles, occur- 
ring at times in the paralyzed parts in hemi- 
plegia. 

Mobility (mo-bi/'-if-e) \_moz i ere, to move]. 
The condition of being movable. 

Modal (?no'-dal) [modus, mode]. A term 
applied to the order of response of muscles 
and nerves to the galvanic current. 

Moderator Band. See Band. 



MODIOLUS 



397 



MOLYBDENUM 



Modiolus [vio-di'-o-li/s) [L., nave]. I. The 
central pillar or axis of the cochlea, around 
which the spiral canal makes two and one- 
half turns. 2. The crown of a trephine. 
Modus (vio'-dus) [L.]. A mode or method. 
M. operandi, the method of the perfor- 
mance of an action. 
Mogigraphia (viog-ig-raf'-e-a/i) [jioyiq, with 
difficulty; ypafeiv, to write]. Writers' 
cramp. 
Mogilalia (mog-il-a'-le-ali) [fioyig, with diffi- 
culty ; /rt/K3,talk]. Stammering, stuttering. 
Mogiphonia (mog-if-o' -ne-ah) [jioyiq, with 
difficulty; <*>ior//, sound]. Difficulty in speak- 
ing, excited by an effort of singing or speak- 
ing loudly. 
Mohrenheim's Fossa. I. The space be- 
tween the deltoid and pectoralis major mus- 
cles. 2. The supraclavicular fossa. 
Moist [mus/us, young, fresh, new]. Damp; 
slightly wet ; characterized by the presence 
of fluid. M. Chamber, a large circular 
glass with a lid, used in bacteriologic work, 
especially for growing potato-cultures. M. 
Filter, a filter-paper that is moistened with 
water. M. Gangrene, the form of gangrene 
that occurs in a part filled with blood. See 
Gangrene. 
Molar (mo' -for) [moles, mass]. Pertaining 
to masses, in contradistinction to molecular. 
Molar (mo'-lar) [viola, a millstone]. I. 
Grinding ; used for grinding. 2. A grind- 
ing tooth, a grinder. 
Molasses (mo-las' '-sez) [mellaceus , made with 
honey]. The syrupy liquid remaining after 
the refining of sugar. It contains a consider- 
able quantity of uncrystallizable sugar, some 
cane-sugar, and gummy and coloring-matter. 
There are two kinds : West India M., from 
which rum is prepared, and sugar-house M., 
which is somewhat thicker than the first. M. 
is used for making pills, and combined with 
sulphur as a domestic remedy for constipation. 
Mold (mo Id) [AS., ?nolde, dust]. A vari- 
ously colored deposit produced by the 
growth of different forms of fungi on moist 
surfaces. The principal molds are Penicil- 
lium, the Mucorini, and Aspergillus. 
Mole (mol)[mola, a mass]. I. A mass formed 
in the uterus by an ovum, the growth of which 
has become arrested, or which has undergone 
degeneration. 2. Nevus. M., Blood-, a 
mass of coagulated blood and retained fetal 
membranes and placenta, sometimes found in 
the uterus after an abortion. M., Carneous. 
See M., Fleshy. M., Cystic. Same as M., 
Hydatidiform. M., False, one not contain- 
ing any tissues derived from the ovum. M., 
Fleshy, a blood-mole which has become 
more solid and has assumed a fleshy appear- 
ance ; the body formed in the uterine cavity 
when an ovum that has died is retained with- 



in the uterus for some time. M., Hydatid, 
M., Hydatidiform, one formed by a prolif- 
eration and cystic degeneration of the chorion 
villi ; it is a form of myxoma, and has a ten- 
dency to involve the uterine wall. M., 
True, one which is the remains of an ovum. 
M., Vesicular. Same as M., Hydatidiform. 

Molecular (mo - lek r - u - lar) [moles, mass]. 
Pertaining to, or composed of, molecules. 
M. Death, death of a part in minute invisible 
particles, as ulceration, caries. M., Force, a 
force acting between molecules, as cohesion. 
M. Motion, the movements of the molecules 
of a substance. M. Volume, the volume of 
a molecule of a substance in the gaseous 
state ; under the same conditions of temper- 
ature and pressure the M. volumes of all 
substances are equal. M. Weight, the 
weight of a molecule of any substance as 
compared with the weight of an atom of hy- 
drogen. It is equal to the sum of the weights 
of its constituent atoms. 

Molecule (moV -e-kul) [dim. of moles, mass]. 
I. A minute portion of matter. 2. In phys- 
ics, the smallest quantity into which a sub- 
stance can be divided and retain its charac- 
teristic properties ; or the smallest quantity 
that can exist in a free state. 

Molimen (mo-li'-men) [L., molimen, endea- 
vor]. An effort or attempt. M., Menstrual, 
any of the symptoms attendant upon the men- 
strual act or function. 

Mollin (mol f -in) [mollis, soft] . A soft soap 
of potassium hydroxid and cocoanut-oil, used 
as a basis for ointments. 

Mollities (mo-lish'-e-ez) [mollis, soft]. Soft- 
ness. M. ossium. See Osteomalacia. 

Molluscous (mol-us f -kus)[molluscum, a shell- 
fish]. I. Pertaining to the Mollusca. 2. 
Pertaining to the disease Molluscum. 

Molluscum (viol - us' '- kum) [L. , mollusca, 
shell-fish, from mollis, soft]. A term applied to 
several diseases of the skin. M. contagio- 
sum, a disease of the skin characterized by 
the formation of pinhead-sized to pea-sized, 
rounded, sessile, or pedunculated pearl -like 
elevations of a yellowish-white or pinkish 
color. The lesions may be single or multi- 
ple, are usually situated upon the face, and 
are due to a hyperplasia of the rete mucosum, 
the growth probably beginning in the hair- 
follicles. The lesions on microscopic exami- 
nation are found to contain peculiar ovoid- 
al, sharply - defined bodies — Molluscum- 
bodies — which are by some considered as 
forms of epithelial degeneration, by others as 
protozoan parasites. M. fibrosum, a disease 
of the skin characterized by the formation of 
multiple fibromata, which may be sessile or 
pedunculated, and grow from the deeper layers 
of the corium and the subcutaneous tissue. 

Molybdenum (viol- ib - de ; - num) [juo?ivj36og, 



MOMENTUM 



398 



MONOGENESIS 



lead] . A metallic element, found in nature 
chiefly as the sulphid molybdenite (MoS 2 ). 
Atomic weight, 96 ; symbol, Mo ; quanti val- 
ence, II, IV, vi, viii; specific gravity, 8.6. 
Its principal oxid, Mo0 3 , forms molybdic 
acid, H 2 Mo0 4 , the ammonium salt of which 
is used as a reagent in metallurgy, etc. 
Molybdic acid combines with phosphoric acid 
to form phosphomolybdic acid. 

Momentum (mo - men f - turn) \jnovere, to 
move] . Quantity of motion. The M. of a 
body depends upon its mass and velocity. 
Also, the quantity of potential energy pos- 
sessed by a body in motion. It is usually 
expressed by the formula ?n = wv, i.e., the 
momentum equals the weight multiplied by 
the velocity. 

Momordica (mo - mor f - dik - ah). See -£/fl- 
terium. 

Monad (mon'-ad) \_uovog, single]. A univ- 
alent element or radicle. 

Monamin (mon / - am - in) [fiovog, single; 
amin~\. An amin formed by the replace- 
ment of the hydrogen in one atom of am- 
monia by basic radicles. 

Monarda (mo-nar'-dah) [after N. Monardes, 
a Spanish physician]. A genus of labiate 
plants, comprising M. bistulosa, wild ber- 
gamot, M. didyma, bee-balm, and M. punc- 
tata, horse-mint. The last is diaphoretic, 
carminative, and stimulant. It is also a 
source of thymol. 

Monas (tnon'-as) \_110vag, unit]. A genus of 
infusorians. 

Monaster (mon-as'-ter) [uovoc, single ; aari/p, 
star]. Mother-star. See Karyo kinesis. 

Monatomic [mon-at-om' -ik) \_uovog, single ; 
drouoc, atom]. I. Having but one atom of 
replaceable hydrogen, as a M. acid. 2. 
Having only one atom, as a M. molecule. 
3. Having the combining power of one 
atom of hydrogen, as a M. radicle. 4. 
Formed by the replacement of one hydrogen- 
atom in a compound by a radicle, as a M. 
alcohol. 

Monerula (mon-er f -u-lah) \jiovripTjg, single]. 
The impregnated ovum at a stage when it 
has no nucleus. 

Monilethrix (mo-nW '-eth-riks) \_monile, a 
necklace; 6pitj, hair]. An affection of the 
hair in which nodes are strung regularly or 
irregularly along the hair-shaft, giving it a 
beaded appearance. 

Moniliform (mon-W ' -if-omi) \_monile, neck- 
lace ; forma, form]. Shaped like a neck- 
lace ; beaded or bead-like, resembling a 
string of beads. 

Monilithrix (7110-niV -ith-riks). See Monil- 
ethrix. 

Monkshood (munkz f -hood). See Aconite. 

Mono- (mon'-o-) [ji/ivog, single]. A prefix 
signifying one or single. 



Monobasic {?non-o-ba f -sik) \_jJi6vog, single ; 
fldatg, foundation]. Of an acid, acid salt, or 
alcohol, having one hydrogen-atom replace- 
able by a base. 

Monoblepsia, Monoblepsis (inon-o-blep> '- 
se-ah, 7iion-o-blep f -sis) \_p.6vog, single ; j3/\eipic, 
sight]. I. A condition in which either eye has 
a better visual power than both together. 
2. The form of color-blindness in which but 
one color can be perceived. 

Monobrachius [tnon - -bra ' ' - ke - us) [p,6vog, 
single; f3pax'(0)v, arm]. A monster having 
but one arm. 

Monobromated (mon-o-bro' '-ma-ted) \_p,6vog, 
one; bro7/iate~\. Containing one atom of 
bromin in the molecule. 

Monobromid (?non-o-bro / -??iid) [uovog, one ; 
bromid~\. A compound having one atom of 
bromin in the molecule, or containing an 
amount of bromin which, when compared 
with the amount of bromin in other bromids 
of the same base, may be regarded as unity. 

Monocephalus (771071- o-sef ' -al-us) \_/j6rog, 
single; necfxi/.r/, head] . A monster consisting 
of a single head with two bodies more or less 
completely fused. 

Monochlorid {jnon-o-klo f -7'id). See Mono- 
bromid. 

W\.onochoTta.(mon-o-ko-re f -ah) \_p,6vog, single ; 
chorea]. Chorea confined to a single mem- 
ber or part of the body. 

Monochroic (mon-o-kro'-ik) \_p.6vog, single ; 
XP&Q, color]. Having only one color. Arterial 
blood is monochroic. 

Monochromatic (inon-o-kro-mat f -ik). See 
Monochroic . 

Monocle {tnon f -o-kl) \_p.6voc, single ; ocithis, 
eye]. I. A lens for one eye only. 2. A 
bandage for one eye. 

Monococcus {inon-o-kok f -us) \_jjl6voq, single ; 
kokkoc grain]. A coccus occurring in single 
individuals ; one not united in chains or 
pairs. 

Monocranus {mon-ok f -ran-us) \_novoc;, single ; 
upaviov, cranium] . A double monster hav- 
ing a single cranium. 

Monocular {7?ion-ok f -u-lar) \_\xovoq, single ; 
oculus, eye]. I. Pertaining to or affecting 
only one eye, as M. diplopia ; performed 
with one eye only, as M. vision. 2. Hav- 
ing a single ocular or eye-piece, as a M. 
microscope. 

Monogastric (mon- o-gas'-trik) \_uovoq, sin- 
gle ; yaarrjp, stomach]. Having one stom- 
ach or one belly. 

Monogenesis {inon-o-jen f -es-is) [pdvog, sin- 
gle ; yeveoig, origin]. I. Development of 
offspring resembling the parent, as distin- 
guished from metagenesis. 2. Development 
from a single hermaphroditic parent; asexual 
reproduction. 3. Origin of all organisms 
from a single cell. 



MONOHYDRIC 



399 



MONSTROSITY 



Monohydric (mon-o-hi' -drik) [juovoc, single ; 
iidop, water]. Containing one atom of re- 
placeable hydrogen, as M. acid, M. alcohol. 

Monoiodid (mon - o-i f - o- did). See Mono- 
bromid. 

Monolocular ( mon-o-lok' -u-lar ). See Uni- 
locular. 

Monomania (mon - o - i?ia f - ne - ah) [ fiovoc, 
single ; /uavia, madness ]. A form of insanity 
characterized by a limited disturbance of the 
mental functions that dominates the person's 
thought and actions. 

Monomaniac (mon - o - ma / - ne - ak) \jiovoq, 
single; fiavia, madness]. A person affected 
with monomania. 

Monomphalus (mon - om f - fal - us) [//dvoc, 
single ; b/u^a/iog , navel]. A double mon- 
ster united by a common umbilicus. 

Mononuclear (m'on-o-nu' '-kle-ar). See Uni- 
nuclear. 

Monoparesis (mon - o - par' '- es - is) [fiovoq, 
single ; -rrdpeaic, paresis] . Paralysis of a 
single part of the body, as of one limb. 

Monophasia ( mon - o -fa'- ze -ah) [ fiovoc, 
single ; (pavcu, to speak]. A form of aphasia, ' 
in which speech is limited to a single syllable, 
word, or phrase. 

Monophobia (mon - o -fo r - be - ah) [ /xovog, 
single ; (j)6j3og, fear] . Morbid dread of being 
alone. 

Monoplasmatic (mon-o-plaz-mat f -ik). See 
Monoplastic. 

Monoplast (mon' '- o - plast) [fidvoc, single; 
TiXdaasiv, to form]. A simple cell. 

Monoplastic (mon-o-plas' '-tik) \_fxovoc, single ; 
TrTidoaetv, to form]. Composed of only one 
substance. 

Monoplegia (mon-ople' -je-ah) [//dvoc, single ; 
7rA//>'7, stroke]. Paralysis of a single limb 
or of a single muscle or group of muscles. 
It is designated as Brachial, Crural, or Facial, 
when affecting the arm, the leg, or the face, 
respectively, and as Central (Cerebral), or Pe- 
ripheral, according to the seat of the causal 
lesion. 

Monops (mon f -ops). See Cyclops. 

Monorchid, Monorchis (mon-or'-kid, mon- 
or f -kis) [juovog, single ; op^c, testis]. A per- 
son who has but one testicle, or in whom one 
testicle only has descended into the scrotum. 

Monosomus, Monosomia (mon-o-so / -mus, 
mon-o-so' -me-ah)\jiovo<;, single; ctifia , body ] . 
A double monster with a single body and 
two heads. 

Monospasm (mon / -o-spazm) [juovog, single ; 
0x007/00, spasm]. Spasm affecting limited 
areas, as one side of the face, a single limb, 
or a single muscle or muscle-group. It is 
designated as Brachial, Crural, or Facial, 
according to the part affected, and as Cen- 
tral (Cerebral) or Peripheral, according to 
the seat of the causal lesion. 



Monoxid (mon-oks'-id). See Monobromid. 

Monro, Foramen of. See Foramina, Ta- 
ble of. 

Mons (monz) [L.]. A mountain. M. veneris, 
the eminence in front of the symphysis pubis 
of the woman. 

Monsel's Salt. Ferric subsulphate, a solu- 
tion of which, Monsel's Solution, or Li- 
quor ferri subsulphatis (U. S. P.), is used as a 
styptic. 

Monster (mon'- ster) \_monstruni\. An in- 
dividual that by reason of congenital faulty 
development is incapable of properly perform- 
ing the vital functions, or that owing to an< 
excess or deficiency of parts differs in a 
marked degree from the normal type of the 
species. 

Monstrosity (mon-stros / -it-e) \jnonstrum, a 
monster]. I. The condition of a monster. 
2. A monster. 



TABLE OF MONSTROSITIES.* 

According to Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Al- 
tered by Hirst and Piersol. 

HEMITERATA. 

I. ANOMALIES OF VOLUME. 

A. Of Stature. 

i. General Diminution, as in a dwarf — 
delayed growth. 

2. General Increase, as in a giant — pre- 
cocious development. 

B. Of Volume, strictly speaking. 

i. Local Diminution. Affecting — 

a. Regions, as a limb. 

b. Systems, as undeveloped muscles. 

c. Organs, as small breasts, stenosis of 
canals, etc. 

2. Local increase, affecting — 

a. Regions, as the bead. 

b. Systems, as the adipose tissue. 

c. Organs, as large breasts in women, 
lactiferous breasts in men. 

II. ANOMALIES OF FORM. Single Order, 
including — deformed heads ; anomalies of 
shape in the stomach ; deformed pelves, etc. 

III. ANOMALIES OF COLOR. 

A. Deficiency,comp\etQ, partial, or imperfect, 

as in albinism. 

B. Excess, complete, partial, or imperfect, 

as in melanism. 

C. Alteration, as in unusual color of the iris. 

IV. ANOMALIES OF STRUCTURE. 

A. Deficiency in Consistency , as cartilagin- 

ous conditions of bones. 

B. Excess in Consistency , as anomalous ossi- 

fication. 

V. ANOMALIES OF DISPOSITION. 

A. By Displacement. 

i. Of the splanchnic organs, as anomal- 
ous direction of heart or stomach, 
hernias, exstrophy of the bladder, 
etc. 

* Reproduced, with the kind consent of the Pub- 
lishers, from " Human Monstrosities," by Barton 
Cooke Hirst, M. D., and George A. Piersol, m. d. 
Philadelphia: Lea Brothers & Co., 1892. 



MONSTROSITY 



400 



MONSTROSITY 



2. Of the nonsplanchnic organs, as 
club-foot, curvature of the spine, 
misplaced teeth, misplaced blood- 
vessels, etc. 

B. By Change of Connection. 

i. Anomalous articulations. 

2. Anomalous implantations, as teeth 

out of line. 

3. Anomalous attachments, as of mus- 

cles and ligaments. 

4. Anomalous branches, as of arteries 

and nerves. 

5. Anomalous openings, as of veins 

into the left auricle, of the ductus 
choledochus in an unusual situa- 
tion, of the vagina into the rectum, 
of the rectum into the male urethra, 
of the rectum at the umbilicus, 
etc. 

C. In Continuity. 

1. Anomalous imp erf orations, as of 

rectum, vulva, vagina, mouth, 
esophagus. 

2. Anomalous union of organs, as of 

kidneys, testicles, digits, teeth, 
ribs ; adhesion of the tongue to the 
palate. 

D. By Closure, as in complete transverse 

septum in the vagina. 

E. By Disjunction. 

1. Anomalous perforations, as persist- 

ence of foramen ovale, ductus ar- 
teriosus, urachus. 

2. Anomalous divisions, as splits, fis- 

sures in various organs, hare-lip, 
hypospadias, fissured tongue, cleft 
palate, fissured cheek. 

VI. ANOMALIES OF NUMBER AND EXIST- 
ENCE. 

1. By numeric defect, as absence of 

muscles, vertebrae, ribs, digits, 
teeth, a lung, a kidney, the uterus, 
the bladder, etc. 

2. By numeric excess, as supernum- 

erary digits, ribs, teeth, breasts, a 
double uterus. 



HETEROTAXIS. 

I. Splanchnic Inversion. 
II. General Inversion. 

HERMAPHRODITES.* 

I. True Hermaphrodites. 

a. Bilateral hermaphrodites. 

b. Unilateral hermaphrodites. 

c. Lateral hermaphrodites. 

II. Pseudohermaphrodites, with double 
sexual formation of the external geni- 
tals, but with unisexual development 
of the reproductive glands (ovaries and 
testicles). 

a. Male pseudohermaphrodites (with tes- 

ticles). 

1. Internal pseudohermaphrodites. De- 

velopment of uterus masculinus. 

2. External pseudohermaphrodites. 

External genitals approach the 
female type ; the monstrosity pre- 
sents a feminine appearance and 
build. 

3. Complete pseudohermaphrodites (in- 

ternal and external). Uterus mas- 
culinus with tubes ; separate effer- 
ent canals for bladder and uterus. 

b. Female pseudohermaphrodites (with 

ovaries). Persistence of male sexual 
parts. 



1. Internal hermaphrodites. Forma- 

tion of vas deferens and tubes. 

2. External hermaphrodites. Approach 

of the external genitals to the male 
type. 

3. Complete hermaphrodites (internal 

and external). Masculine forma- 
tion of the external genitals and 
of a part of the sexual tract. 

MONSTERS. 
CLASS I.— SINGLE MONSTERS.- 
Order I. — Autositic Monsters. 

Phocomelus 
Hemimelus 
Micromelus 



Genus I, 



Genus II, 



Species 1. Ec- 
tromelus, . . 



Genus III, 



Genus IV, 



Species 2, 



Single species, 
Celosoma, . 



Species 1. Ex- 
encephalus, . 



Species i.Ps eu- 
dencephalus, 

Species 3. An- 
encephalus, . 



Species 1. Cy- 
clocephalus, 



Species 2. Oto- 
cephalus, . . 



Ectromelus 

Symelus 

Uromelus 

Sirenomelus 

Aspalasoma 

Agenosoma 

Cyllosoma 

Schistosoma 

Pleurosoma 

Celosoma 

Notencephalus 

Proencephalus 

Podencephalus 

Hyperencephalus 

Iniencephalus 

Exencephalus 

( Nosencephalus 
-< Thlipsencephalus 
( Pseudencephalus 

f Derencephalus 
\ Anencephalus 

f Ethmocephalus 
I Cebocephalus 
■{ Rhinocephalus 
I Cyclocephalus 
I, Stomocephalus 

Sphenocephalus 
Otocephalus 
Edocephalus 
Opococephalus 
[ Triocephalus 



Order II. — Omphalosite Monsters. 



Genus I, 



Species 1 Par- 
acephalus, . 

Species 2. 
Acephalus, . 



Paracephalus 
Omacephalus 
Hemiacephalus 

Acephalus 

Peracephalus 

Mylacephalus 



* According to Klebs. 



Species 3. Aso- 
mata, . . . 
Genus II, Single species, Anideus. 

CLASS II.— COMPOSITE MONSTERS. 
Order I. — Double Autositic Monsters. 

A. Terata katadidyma. 

Genus I, Diprosopus 
Genus II, Dicephalus 
Genus III, Ischiopagus 
Genus IV, Pygopagus 

B. Terata anadidyma. 

Genus I, Dipygus 
Genus II, Syncephalus 
Genus III, Craniopagus 



MONTGOMERY'S GLANDS 



401 



MORPHIN, MORPHINA 



C. Terata anakatadidyma. 

Genus I, Prosopothoracopagus 
Genus II, Omphalopagus 
Genus III, Rachipagus 



Order II. 



Genus I, 



Double Parasitic Monsters. 
Heteropagus 



Genus II, 



Species i. He- 
terotypus, . 

Species 2. He- 
teralius, . . 

Species 1. 
Polygnathus, 



Species 2. 
Polymelus, 



Heterodelphus 
Heterodymus 
Heterotypus 
Heteromorphus 

Epicomus 

Epignathus 
Hypognathus 
Paragnathus 
Augnathus 

Pygomelus 

Gastromelus 

Notomelus 

Cephalomelus 

Melomelus 

Dermocyma 
Endocyma 



Genus III, < Endocyma, . < 
Order III. — Triple Monsters. 

Montgomery's Glands. See Gland. 

Monthly Courses, M. Sickness, or 
Monthlies, the menses. M. Nurse, a 
nurse who attends after childbirth. 

Monticulus (//ton - tik'- u - lus) [ L. ]. A 
small elevation. M. cerebelli, the promi- 
nent central portion of the superior vermi- 
form process of the- cerebellum. 

Moore's Test. A test for glucose, consist- 
ing in the development of a black color when 
the solution is heated with potassium or so- 
dium hydroxid. 

Morbid (mor f -bid) [morbus, disease]. Per- 
taining to disease or diseased parts. M. 
Anatomy, the anatomy of organs or tissues 
in a state of disease. 

Morbidity (jnor-bid' -it-e) [morbus, disease]. 
I. The quality of disease or of being dis- 
eased. 2. The conditions inducing disease. 
3. The ratio of the number of sick individu- 
als to the total population of a place. 

Morbific (mor - bif- ik) [morbus, disease; 

facere, to make]. Producing disease. 

Morbilli (mor-biF-i) [pi. : dim. of morbus, 
disease]. Measles. 

Morbus (inor f -bus) [L.]. Disease. M. ad- 
disonii, Addison's Disease. M. angli- 
cus, rachitis. M. basedowii. See Ex- 
ophthalmic Goiter. M. brightii. See 
Brighfs Disease. M. caducus, epilepsy. 
M. celsi, catalepsy. M. ceruleus, con- 
genital cyanosis. M. coxarius, coxalgia. 
M. divinus, epilepsy. M. gallicus, syph- 
ilis. M. maculosus werlhofii, purpura 
hemorrhagica. M. magnus, epilepsy. M. 
medicorum, the mania of those who seek the 
advice of physicians for imaginary diseases. 
M. regius, jaundice. M. sacer, epilepsy. 

Morcellation {nior-sel-a f -shun) [Fr. morceler, 
to cut up or parcel out]. The art of reduc- 
26 



ing to fragments, as e. g. , the fetus in embry- 
otomy. 

Mordant [rnor'-dant) [mordere, to bite]. A 
substance, such as alum, phenol anilin- 
oil, that fixes the dyes used in coloring 
textures or in staining tissues and bacteria. 

Morgagni (nior-gan' '-ye) . An Italian anat- 
omist of the eighteenth century. M., Cat- 
aract of. See Cataract. Hydatid of. See 
Hydatid. 

Morgue (morg) [Fr.]. A place where un- 
known dead are exposed for identification. 

Moria (mo / -re-ah) [/j.cjpla, folly]. A form 
of dementia characterized by talkativeness 
and silliness. 

Moribund (mor' - ib - und) [moribundus , 
from moriri, to die]. In a dying condition. 

Morioplasty (inor' ' -e-o-plas-te) [fiopiov, a 
small piece; iz'kaacsuv, to mold]. Plastic 
surgery. 

Morning-sickness. The nausea of preg- 
nant women, occurring chiefly in the early 
months of gestation ; also, the imitative or 
sympathetic nausea sometimes experienced 
by the husband during the wife's early preg- 
nancy. 

Morphea, Morphcea (inor-fe'-ali) [ixop(pr}, a 
blotch]. A disease of the skin characterized 
by the presence of rounded or oval, pinkish, 
or ivory-white patches, due to an excess of 
fibrous tissue, with atrophy of the skin- 
structures proper. Morphea is believed to be 
a trophoneurosis, and is considered a circum- 
scribed form of scleroderma. It is also 
termed Addison's keloid, or circumscribed 
scleroderma. M., Acroteric, the form in 
which the beginning and the greatest inten- 
sity of the disease are at the extremities. M., 
Herpetiform, that in which the lesions fol- 
low those of herpes in their distribution. 

Morphia (inor'-fe-aK). See Morphin. 

Morphin, Morphina (inor'-fin, mor-fi'-nah) 
[Morpheus, god of sleep], C 17 H 19 N0 3 -f- 
H 2 0. A colorless or white crystalline alka- 
loid obtained from opium, to which the chief 
effects of the latter are due. It differs from 
opium in being less stimulant, less constipat- 
ing, and less likely to produce disagreeable 
after-effects. On account of its insolubility 
in water, morphin is used principally in the 
form of its salts. The dose of the salts of 
morphin is gr. }&-}£ (0.008-0.032). M. 
acetate, morphinae acetas, Cj 7 H ]9 N0 3 C 2 - 
H 4 2 -)- 3^ 2 0. From it are prepared Liquor 
morphinae acetatis (B. P.) (gr. ss to the flui- 
dram), dose rr\xx-xl ( 1. 3-2. 6), and Injectio 
morphinae hypodermica (gr. j in 10 minims). 
M. hydrochlorate, morphinae hydrochloras, 
C n H 19 N0 3 .HCl -f 3H 2 0. From it are pre- 
pared Liquor morphinae hydrochloratis (B. 
P.) (gr. ss to the fluidram), dose rr^xv-xxx 
(1.0-2.0) ; Suppositoria morphinae (B. P.) 



MORPHINISM 



402 



MOTHER 



(gr. ss each) ; Tinctura chloroformi et mor- 
phinse (gr. y% to the fluidram) ; Trochisci 
morphinse (B. P.) (gr. 3^), and Trochisci 
morphinse et ipecacuanhas (B. P.) (gr. -^). 
M. phthalate (unofficial) is employed hy- 
podermically. M. sulphate, morphinse sul- 
phas (C 17 H 19 N0 3 ) 2 H 2 S0 4 -f 5H 2 0. From 
it are prepared : Liquor morphinse sulphatis 
(B. P.), dose rt^x-xl (0.65-4.0); Pulvis 
morphines compositus, Tully's powder, dose 
gr. x (0.65), containing gr. */(, (0.01) of mor- 
phin sulphate ; Trochisci morphinse compos- 
iti (U. S. P.), each containing gr. -^ (0.0016), 
and Liquor morphinse hypodermicus (N. F.), 
Magendie's solution, containing 16 grains to 
the fluidounce. M. tartrate (unofficial) is 
employed for hypodermic use. 

Morphinism (mor f -fin-izm) [morphin']. I. 
The condition caused by the habitual use of 
morphin. 2. The morphin-habit. 

Morphinomania, Morphiomania [mer-fin- 
o-ma> '-ne-ah, mor -fe - - ??ia f - ne - ah) [mor- 
phin ; pavia, madness]. I. A morbid crav- 
ing for morphin. 2. Insanity due to the 
morphin-habit. 

Morphography (mor-fog' ' -ra-fe)\_pop^r] ,form ; 
ypd(peiv, to write]. See Morphology. 

Morphologic (mor-fo-lof -ik) [poptyr], form ; 
Adyoc, science]. Pertaining to morphology. 

Morphology (mor-fol' ' -o-je) [poptyrj, form ; 
"XoyoQ, science]. The science that treats of 
the form and structure of organized beings. 

Morphometry (mo?--fom , -et-re) [poptyi], form ; 
juerpov, measure]. The measurement of the 
forms of organisms. 

Morphon (?7ior'-fon) [popcpij, form]. An in- 
dividual element of an organism, character- 
ized by a definite form, as a cell or a segment 
of a vertebrate. 

Morphosis (mor-fo f -sis) [pop<f>rj, form]. The 
act, mode, or order of formation of an or- 
ganism. 

Morphotic (mor-fol' -ik) [pop<p6etv, to form] . 
Pertaining to morphosis ; entering into the 
formation of the framework of an organism. 
M. Proteids, those that enter into the struc- 
ture of the tissues. 

Morpio (mor f -pe-o) [L.]. The crab-louse. 

Morrhua (mor' -u-ah) [L.]. The cod. Oleum 
morrhua?, cod-liver oil, a fixed oil obtained 
from the fresh livers of Gadus morrhua, or 
of other species of Gadus . Three varieties of 
oil are known in commerce — a white or pale- 
yellow-, a brownish-yellow, and a dark- 
brown. The oil contains gaduin (C 35 H 46 9 ), 
oleic, palmitic, stearic, myristic, and physe- 
tolic acids, glycerol, butyric and acetic acids, 
biliary pigments, iodin, and bromin. A crys- 
talline substance, morrhuol, containing phos- 
phorus, iodin, and bromin, has also been 
isolated, as well as several leukomains and 
the fixed bases, asellin (C 25 H 32 NJ and mor- 



rhuin (C 19 H 27 N 3 ). Cod-liver oil is used in 
pulmonary and other forms of tuberculosis, 
and in wasting conditions due to other causes. 
Dose f.^j-f^ss (4.0-16.0). 

Morrhuin (mor'-u-in). See Morrhua. 

Morrhuol (mor'-u-ol). See Morrhua. 

Mors (morz) [L.]. Death. 

Morsus (mor'-sus) [L.]. A bite. M. dia- 
boli, the fimbriated extremity of the oviduct. 

Mortal (mor f - tat) \_mortalis, from mors, 
death]. Liable to death or dissolution ; ter- 
minating in death ; causing death ; deadly. 

Mortality (inor-tal' -it-e) [mors, death]. I. 
The quality of being mortal. 2. The death- 
rate. 

Mortar (mor' '-tar) [mortarium, an urn]. An 
urn-shaped vessel of porcelain, iron, or glass, 
for pulverizing substances by means of a 
pestle. 

Mortification (mor-tifik-a'-shun.) See Gan- 
grene. 

Morton's Foot [T. G. Morton, an American 
surgeon]. A painful affection of the meta- 
tarsophalangeal joint of the fourth toe. See 
Diseases, Table of. 

Mortuary (mor' -tu-a-re) [niorhcarium , a 
tomb ; from mors, death] . I . A house for 
temporary burial. 2. Relating to death or 
burial. 

Morula (mor'- u - lah) [dim. of moritm, a 
mulberry]. The solid mass of cells result- 
ing from the complete segmentation of the 
vitellus of an ovum. 

Morulation (mor-u-la' '-shun) \_morula, a lit- 
tle mulberry]. The formation of the morula 
during the process of the segmentation of 
the egg. 

Morus (mo'-rus) [L.]. See Mulberry. 

Morvan's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. 

Moschus (mos f -kus) [//dcr^oc, musk]. See 
Musk. 

Mosquito (mus-ke' '-to) [Sp., a little gnat]. 
An insect, the Culex mosquito, the sting of 
which causes the formation of a wheal that 
itches intensely. 

Moss [AS., meos, moss]. I. A small cryp- 
togamic plant of the natural order Musci. 
M., Ceylon. See Agar-agar. M., Club. 
See Lycopodium. M., Corsican. See Cor- 
sican Moss. M., Iceland. See Chondrus. 
M., Irish. See Carragheen. 

Moth [AS., fnodde, moth]. Chloasma. 

Mother (muth'-er) [AS., moder, mother]. 
I. A female parent. 2. The source of any- 
thing. M.-cell, a cell from which other cells 
are formed, especially one the nucleus of 
which is undergoing karyokinetic changes 
preparatory to dividing into daughter-cells. 
M. -liquor, the liquid remaining after dis- 
solved substances have separated by crystal- 
lization. M.'s Mark, a birth-mark. See 
Nevus. 



MOTHER 



403 



MUCILAGE 



Mother {ninth' -er) [allied to AS., mud']. A 
slimy film formed on the surface of ferment- 
ing liquid, as, e. g., on vinegar. 

Motile {mo' -til) \_movere, to move]. Able 
to move; capable of spontaneous motion, as 
a motile fiagellum. 

Motility {mo-til' -it-e) \_movere, to move]. 
Ability to move spontaneously. 

Motion [mo' -shun) \_movere, to move]. I. 
The act of changing place. 2. An evacu- 
ation of the bowels ; the matter evacuated. 

Motor [mo' -tor) \_movere, to move], I. Mov- 
ing or causing motion. 2. Concerned in or 
pertaining to motion, as M. cell, M. center, 
M. nerve. M. Aphasia. See Aphasia. M. 
Area, the portion of the cerebral hemisphere 
presiding over voluntary motion, including the 
precentral and postcentral gyri, the posterior 
part of the three frontal gyri and the paracen- 
tral lobule on the median surface of the 
hemisphere. M. oculi, the third cranial or 
oculomotor nerve supplying all the muscles 
of the eye, except the superior oblique and 
external rectus. M. Points, the points on 
the surface of the body where the various 
branches of the motor nerves supplying the 
muscles may be stimulated by electricity. 

Motorial {mo-to'-re-al) \_movere. to move]. Of 
or pertaining to motion. M. End-plate, an 
eminence of protoplasm within the sarcolem- 
ma of a muscular fiber, representing the ter- 
mination of the motor nerve-fiber. 

Motorium {mo-to' -re-u?7i) \j?iovere, to move]. 
I. A motor center. 2. The motor apparatus 
of the body, both nervous and muscular, con- 
sidered as a unit. 

Mottling [mot' -ling) [OF., matelle, clotted, 
curdled]. A spotted condition. 

Mould {mold). See Mold. 

Mountain {mown' -ten) \_mons, mountain]. A 
high hill. M. Anemia, ankylostomiasis. 
M. Fever, M. Sickness. I. A condition 
characterized by dyspnea, rapid pulse, head- 
ache, nausea, and vomiting, depending upon 
the rarefied state of the air at high altitudes. 
This is properly called mountain-sickness. 2. 
A form of typhoid fever occurring in moun- 
tainous districts. 

Mounting {moxvn' -ting) \jnons, mountain]. 
The act of arranging objects, especially ana- 
tomic specimens, on a suitable support and in 
a proper medium for ready examination. For 
macroscopic specimens the medium is usually 
alcohol, for microscopic specimens, Canada 
balsam or glycerol. 

Mouth {motvth) [AS., mufi, mouth]. The 
commencement of the alimentary canal, the 
cavity in which mastication takes place. In 
a restricted sense, the aperture between the 
lips. 2. The entrance to any cavity or canal. 
M. -breather, a person who habitually 
breathes through the mouth. M. -breathing, 



respiration through the mouth instead of, as 
normally, through the nose 

Movement {moov'-ment) \_movere, to move]. 
The act of moving. M., Ameboid, a move- 
ment produced in certain cells, as the white 
corpuscles, by the protrusion of processes of 
the protoplasm into which the whole cell then 
seems to flow ; so-called from the resemblance 
of the movement to that of the ameba. 
M., Associated, an involuntary movement 
in one part when another is moved volun- 
tarily. M., Brownian, a physical phenom- 
enon, a form of communicated motion 
observed in aggregations of minute particles, 
and consisting of a rapid, oscillating move- 
ment without change of the relative position 
of the moving particles. M., Ciliary, a 
lashing movement produced by delicate 
hair-like processes termed cilia, as on the 
epithelium of the respiratory tract and in 
certain microorganisms. M., Circus-, rapid 
circular movements or somersaults, produced 
by injury of the corpus striatum, of the optic 
thalamus, or of the crus cerebri of one side. 
M., Communicated, that produced bya force 
acting from without ; opposed to spontane- 
ous movement M., Fetal, the movements of 
the fetus in utero. M., Forced, movement 
of the body from injury of the motor centers 
or the conducting paths, as, e.g., index M., 
when the cephalic part of the body is moved 
about the stationary caudal part ; rolling M., 
when the animal rolls on its long axis. M., 
Molecular. Synonym of M. , Brownian. 

Moxa {moks'-ah) [from the Japanese]. A 
combustible material which is applied to the 
skin and ignited for the purpose of producing 
an eschar. It is prepared from several species 
of Artemisia ; artificial moxa is made from 
cotton saturated with niter. M. -bearer, or 
Porte-moxa, an instrument for applying the 
moxa. 

Mucedin {mu'-se-din) [mucus, mucus]. A 
nitrogenous substance obtained from gluten. 

Mucic Acid {mu'-sik), C 6 H ]0 O 8 . A crys- 
talline dibasic acid produced by the oxidation 
of gums and certain sugars. 

Mucigen {mu' -sij-en) [mucus, mucus ; yivvav, 
to produce]. A substance producing mucin; 
it is contained in epithelial cells that form 
mucus. 

Mucigenous {mu-sij' -en-us) [mucus, mucus ; 
yevvav, to produce]. Producing mucus. 

Mucilage {mu'-sil-ij) [mucilago, moldy mois- 
ture, from mucus]. In pharmacy, a solution 
of a gum in water. Mucilages (mucilagines) 
are employed as applications to irritated sur- 
faces, particularly mucous membranes, as ex- 
cipients for pills, and to suspend insoluble 
substances. The following are employed : 
Mucilago acacioe, M. amyli (B. P.), M. 
sassafras medullar, M. tragacanthae, M. ulni. 



MUCILAGINOUS 



404 



MULTILOBULAR 



Mucilaginous {mu-sil-aj'-in-us) [mucilago, 
from mucus, mucus]. Pertaining to or of the 
nature of mucilage. 

Mucilago ■::>. -:il- a' -go). See Mucilage. 

Mucin {mu f -siii) [w«n/j,mucus]. An albu- 
minoid substance, the characteristic con- 
stituent of mucus. It is supposed to be pro- 
duced by the union of an albuminous body 
and a colloid carbohydrate, the animal gum 
of Landwehr. Mucin occurs in saliva, bile, 
secretions of mucous membranes, synovia, in 
mucous tissue, in certain cysts, etc. It is 
insoluble in water, and is precipitated by al- 
cohol and acetic acid. 

Mucinogen {mu-sin' -o-jen) [mucus, mucus ; 
/friar, to produce]. The antecedent princi- 
ple from which mucin is derived. 

Mucinoid {mu' '- sin - aid ') [mucus, mucus; 
eidcx;, like] . Resembling mucin. 

Mucinuria {mu-sin-u' -re-ah) [mucus, mucus ; 
urina, urine]. The presence of mucin in the 
urine. 

Muciparous {mu-sip' -ar-us) [mucus, mucus ; 
pa ere, to bring forth]. Secreting or pro- 
ducing mucus. 

Mucocele {mu' -ko-sel} [mucus, mucus; Kr t '/.r h 
tumor] . A tumor formed from the distention 
of the lacrimal sac by mucus. 

Mucocutaneous {mu-ko-ku-ta' '-ne-us) [mu- 
cus, mucus; cutis, skin]. Pertaining to a 
mucous membrane and the skin ; pertaining 
to the lines where these join. 

Mucoid {mu'-koid) [mucus, mucus; eldoc, 
like]. Resembling mucus. 

Mucopurulent {mu-ko-pu' -ru-lent') [m: 
mucus; pus, pus]. Containing mucus 
mingled with pus. 

Mucopus {mu' -ko-pus) [mucus, mucus ; pus, 
pus]. A mixture of mucus and pus. 

Mucor {f?iu'-k:r) [mucere, to be moldy]. A 
genus of hyphomycetes. M. corymbifer, 
one found in the cerumen of the external 
auditory meatus. M. mucedo. a species 
found on fecal matter and nitrogenous or- 
ganic substances. 

Mucosa {mu-ko / -sah) 
membranaunderstood] . 

Mucosin {mu' -ko-sin \ [mucus, mucus]. The 
form of mucus to which the nasal, uterine, 
and bronchial mucus owe their viscosity. 

Mucous {mu'-kus) [mucus, mucus]. Con- 
taining or having the nature of mucus ; se- 
creting mucus, as M. membrane ; depending 
on the presence of mucus, as M. rales. M. 
Casts, a term given to the casts found in the 
feces in cases of membranous enteritis. M. 
Catarrh, catarrhal inflammation of a mucous 
membrane. M. Disease, enterocolitis, es- 
pecially of children. M. Patch, a flattened 
grayish-white exudate, occurring in second- 
ary syphilis on mucous membranes and at 
mucocutaneous junctions. M. Polyp, a soft, 



[mucosus, mucous — 
A muc ous m embr an e . 



gelatinous outgrowth from a mucous mem- 
brane ; it may be a true myxoma, but usu- 
ally is a hyperplasia due to chronic inflam- 
mation. M. Tissue, a form of connect- 
ive tissue in which the intercellular sub- 
stance is of a soft, gelatinous character and 
contains mucin. The cells from pressure 
assume a stellate or spindle-shape. 

Mucuna {mu-ku'-nah) [Braz.]. A genus of 
leguminous herbs. M. pruriens, cowhage, 
the hairs of the pods of which were formerly 
used as a vermifuge and counterirritant. 

Mucus {mu'-kus) [L.]. The viscid liquid 
secreted by mucous membranes. It consists 
of water, mucin, and inorganic salts, together 
with epithelial cells, leukocytes, etc., held 
in suspension. 

Mud-bath. See Bath. 

Muguet {mu-gzca') [Fr.]. Thrush. 

Mulberry {mul'-ber-e) [moms, mulberry- 
tree ; berry, from AS., berige~\. A tree of the 
natural order Urticarise. Morus nigra is the 
source of Mori succus of the B. P. , the lat- 
ter being used to make Syrupus mori | B. 
P.). Both are employed as drinks in fevers 
and as additions to gargles in pharyngitis. 
The fruit of Morus alba is used as food for 
silk- worms. Mulberry Calculus. See Cal- 
culus. Mulberry Mass. See Morula. 

Mulder's Test. A test for glucose, consist- 
ing in the addition of indigo (sodium sulph- 
indigotate) to the alkalinized. solution and 
warming. The blue color changes to violet- 
red, then to yellow or white, if glucose is 
present. 

Mullein (mid' -en). See Verbascum. 

Miiller's Fibers. The supporting fibers of 
the retina running transversely to its layers. 

Miiller's Fluid. A fluid used for hardening 
tissues. Its composition is as follows : 
Potassium dichromate, 2 to 2.5 parts ; so- 
dium sulphate, I part; water, 100 parts. 

Miiller's Muscle. I. Small bundles of non- 
striped muscle in the upper and lower lids, 
assisting in elevating the former and depres- 
sing the latter. 2. The circular fibers of the 
ciliary muscle. 3. The orbital muscle. See 
Muscle, Milllers, in Muscles, Table of. 

Miiller's Ring. A constriction in the cer- 
vix uteri below the true os internum. 

Miillerian Duct, Miiller's Duct. See Duct 
of Midler. 

Multi- {mul'-te-) [pi. of mulius, much]. A 
prefix signifying many. 

Multicellular {mul - te - sel' - u - lar) [multus, 
many ; cellula, cell]. Many-celled. 

Multigravida (mul- te-grav'-id-ah) [multus, 
many; gravidas, pregnant]. A pregnant 
woman who has passed through one or more 
pregnancies. 

Multilobular {mul-te-lob'-u-lar) [multus, 
many; lobus, a lobe]. Many-lobed. 



MULTILOCULAR 



405 



MURMUR 



Multilocular ( mul-te-lok' '-u-Iar ) [multus, 
many; loculus, a locule or cell]. Many- 
celled ; polycystic. 

Multinuclear [mul-te-nu? -kle-ar) [multus, 
many; nucleus, kernel]. Having several or 
many nuclei. 

Multipara {inul-tip' '-ar-ah) \_multus, many; 
par ere i to bring forth]. I. A pregnant 
woman who has already borne one or more 
children. It has been customary to de- 
signate the number of the pregnancy of a 
multipara by the unpronounceable terms II- 
para, Ill-para, IV-para, etc. More commend- 
able would be the following terms : Secundi- 
para, Tertipara, Quartipara, Quintipara, Sex- 
tipara, Septimipara, Octavipara, Nonipara, 
Decimipara, etc., to designate respectively a 
woman in her second, third, fourth, etc., 
pregnancy. 2. A woman bearing several off- 
spring at a birth. 

Multiparous (mul-tip'-ar-us) [multus, many ; 
pa re re, to bring forth]. Having borne sev- 
eral children. 

Multiple (muF-tip-l) [mult us, many ; pliare, 
to fold]. Manifold; affecting many parts at 
the same time. M. Neuritis. See Neuritis. 
M. Sclerosis. See Sclerosis. 

Multipolar (mul-te-po / -lar) [multus, many; 
polus, a pole]. Having more than one pole ; 
as M. nerve-cells, those having more than 
one process. 

Multivalent (mul-tiv f -al-ent) \jnultus, many ; 
valere, to be worth]. In chemistry, com- 
bining with more than two atoms of a univa- 
lent element. 

Mummification {mum-if-ik-a' '-shun) [mum- 
my, from Pers. , mum, wax ; facere, to make]. 
The change of a part into a hard, dry mass ; 
dry gangrene. 

Mumps [Du., mompen, to mumble]. An 
acute infectious disease characterized by 
swelling of the parotid and at times of the 
other salivary glands. After a period of 
incubation of from two to three weeks, the 
disease begins with fever and pain be- 
low the ear ; soon a tense, painful swelling 
forms in the region of the parotid gland, ren- 
dering mastication and deglutition difficult 
and painful. In the course of a week the 
swelling subsides without suppuration. The 
most frequent complication is orchitis ; in 
rare cases the ovaries are affected. 

Mural (muf-ral) [murus, wall]. Pertaining 
to a wall, as a M. fibroid. M. Gestation, 
M. Pregnancy, pregnancy in the uterine 
extremity of a Fallopian tube. 

Murexid (mu-reks'-id) \_murex, the purple- 
fish] , C 8 H 8 N 6 6 -f- H 2 0. Ammonium purpu- 
rate, a dichroic crystalline salt obtained from 
guano and used as a dye. It is also formed 
when a solution of uric acid or urates is 
evaporated with nitric acid and ammonia 



added to the residue. This is the Murexid 
Test. 

Muriate (mu'-re-at) \_muria, brine]. An old 
name for a chlorid. 

Muriated (mu'-re-a-ted) \jmtria, brine]. 
Containing chlorin or a chlorid. 

Muriatic {mu-re-af '-ik) [muria, brine]. Per- 
taining to brine. M. Acid. See Acid, Hy- 
drochloric. 

Murmur {mer f -mer) [L., a murmur]. A 
blowing or rasping sound heard on ausculta- 
tion. M., Accidental, a murmur dependent 
on an accidental circumstance, as e.g., on 
compression of an artery by the stetho- 
scope. M., Anemic. See M. , Hemic. 
M., Aneurysmal, or aneurysmal bruit, the 
murmur or bruit heard over an aneurysm. 
See Bruit. M., Arterial, the sound made 
by the arterial current. M., Blood-. See 
M., Hemic. M., Cardiac, any adventi- 
tious sound heard over the region of the 
heart. In relation to their seat of generation, 
cardiac murmurs are designated as mitral, aor- 
tic, tricuspid, and pulmonary ; according to the 
period of the heart's cycle at which they oc- 
cur they are divided into systolic, those occur- 
ring during the systole ; diastolic, those occur- 
ring in diastole ; presystolic and prediastolic, 
those occurring just before systole and dias- 
tole respectively. M., Cardiopulmonary, 
one produced by the impact of the heart against 
the lung. M., Direct, a murmur produced 
by obstruction to the blood-current as it is 
passing in its normal direction. M., Duro- 
ziez's, the double murmur sometimes heard 
in the femoral artery in aortic regurgitation. 
M., Dynamic, one resulting from tumultuous 
and irregular action of the heart. M., En- 
docardial, a murmur produced within the 
cavities of the heart. M., Exocardial, a 
murmur connected with the heart, but pro- 
duced outside of its cavities. M., Flint's, a 
murmur sometimes heard at the apex of the 
heart in aortic regurgitation. It is generally 
presystolic in time and is probably due to the 
fact that on account of the extreme ventric- 
ular dilatation the valves cannot be forced 
back against the walls and produce a relative 
narrowing of the auriculoventricular orifice. 
M., Friction-, a sound produced by the rub- 
bing of two inflamed serous surfaces upon each 
other. M., Functional, a cardiac murmur 
occurring from excited action of the heart or 
anemic condition of the individual, without 
any structural change in the valves or orifices. 
M., Hemic, a sound believed to be due to 
changes in the quality or amount of the blood, 
and not to lesions of the vessels or valves. It 
is heard especially in anemic conditions. 
M., Indirect, one produced by the blood 
flowing in a direction contrary to the normal 
current. M., Inorganic, a murmur not due 



MURPHY'S BUTTON 



406 



MUSCLE 



to valvular lesions ; a hemic or a functional 
murmur. M., Musical, a cardiac murmur 
having a musical quality. M., Organic, a 
murmur due to structural changes in the 
heart. 



muscaria. It causes depression of the action 
of the heart and the respiration, increases 
the excretions of the salivary and lacrimal 
glands and of the intestines, and produces 
contraction of the pupil. 



TABLE OF ENDOCARDIAL MURMURS. 



Time. 


Point of Maximum 
Intensity. 


Line of Conduction. 


Lesion. 


Quality. 


Systolic. 


Center of mitral area, 
above and to left of 
apex. 


At sixth rib opposite 
apex, a line drawn 
from the anterior 
fold of axilla to 
lower angle of left 
scapula. 


Mitral insuffi- 
ciency or in- 
competence. 


Variable ; usually soft, 
blowing; may be dis- 
tinctly musical. 


Systolic. 


Midsternum or to 
right of it, opposite 
third rib or second 
interspace. 


Toward top of ster- 
num, and along aorta 
and its large 
branches. 


Aortic obstruc- 
tion. 


Usually loud and harsh. 
Harshness is one of its 
distinguishing charac- 
teristics. 


Diastolic. 


Midsternum opposite 
upper border of car- 
tilage of third rib. 


Down sternum to en- 
siform cartilage. 


Aortic insuffi- 
ciency or in- 
competence. 


Soft, blowing, sometimes 
rough, frequently musi- 
cal. It has the greatest 
area of diffusion of all 
the cardiac murmurs. 


Presystolic. 


Over mitral area 
around the apex. 


Usually not trans- 
mitted. 


Mitral obstruc- 
tion. 


Generally low-pitched, 
rough, churning, grind- 
ing, or blubbering. Sub- 
ject to great variation 
of pitch and quality. 


Systolic. 


Midsternum just 
above the ensiform 
cartilage. 


Toward the epigas- 
trium. 


Tricuspid in- 
sufficiency or 

incompe- 
tence. 


Low-pitched, superficial, 
blowing, soft, faint. 


Presystolic. 


Midsternum opposite 
the cartilage of fourth 
rib. 


Not transmitted. 


Tricuspid ob- 
struction. 


Undetermined. 


Systolic. 


Second interspace to 
the left of sternum 
or at the level of 
third rib. 


Upward a short dis- 
tance and to left of 
sternum, stopping 
abruptly. 


Pulmonary ob- 
struction. 


Often harsh and audible 
over the whole pre- 
cordia; may be very 
faint. 


Diastolic. 


Second left interspace. 


Down left edge of ster- 
num to ensiform car- 
tilage. 


Pulmonary in- 
sufficiency or 
incompe- 
tence. 


Soft and blowing. 



Murphy's Button. A mechanic device for 
bringing together the visceral surfaces of the 
intestines in intestinal anastomosis. 

Murr, Murrain {mnr, mnr' -an) [Fr. , from 
Lat, mori, to die]. I. Any fatal disease of 
cattle and sheep. 2. Foot-and-mouth disease. 

Muscae {mus'-ke) [L.]. Plural of Musca, 
a fly. M. hispaniolae, cantharides. M. 
volitantes, floating specks in the field of 
vision due to opacities in the media of the eye. 

Muscardine {runs' -kahr-dm) [Fr. , a pecu- 
liar fungus]. A disease of silk- worms 
caused by the fungus Botrytis bassiana. 

Muscarin {mus'-kar-hi), C 5 H 13 N0 2 .H 2 0. A 
poisonous alkaloid obtained from Amanita 



Muscle {inns' -T) \_mnsaihts, a muscle]. A 
structure composed chiefly of muscular tissue, 
and having the property of contracting. Mus- 
cles are of two kinds, the striped, or striated, 
and the smooth, or unstriated, the first being 
voluntary, the second involuntary, i. e. , 
not subject to the will. M. -casket, a 
muscle-compartment. M. -column. See 
Muscular Tissue. M.- compartment, one 
of the divisions of a muscle-fiber produced 
by the extension of Krause's membrane from 
the sarcolemma. M. -fiber, the ultimate ele- 
ment of which muscular tissue is made up. 
Voluntary muscles consist of transversely 
striated fibers, involuntary muscles of spindle- 



MUSCLE 



407 



MUSCLE 



shaped fibers or cells. M., Involuntary, one 
not under the control of the will, as the non- 
striated muscles. M., Nonstriated, one com- 
posed of spindle-shaped muscle-fibers. See 
Muscular Tissue. M., Papillary, the mus- 
cular eminences in. the ventricles of the 
heart, from which the cordse tendineae arise. 
M. -plasma, the fluid portion of the muscle- 
tissue. It is neutral or alkaline and spon- 
taneously coagulable, and contains myosino- 
gen (the coagulable substance), paramyo- 



sinogen, myoglobulin, myoalbumoses, and 
albumin. M.-rod, one of the ultimate 
divisions of the dim band of a muscle- 
compartment. M., Skeletal, any one of 
the muscles attached to and acting on the 
skeleton. M., Striated, M., Striped, a 
muscle constituted of striped muscle-fibers. 
See Mtiscular Tissue. M. -sugar. See 
Inosite. M., Unstriated, M., Unstriped. 
See M. y Nonstriated. M., Voluntary. 
See M. , Striped. 



TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY). 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Abductor hallucis. 


Outer head, os calcis, 
plantar fascia, inter- 
muscular septum ; in- 
ner head, internal an- 
nular ligament, and 
tendon tibialis posti- 
cus. 


Inner portion of 
lower surface of 
base of great toe 
and inner side of 
internal sesa- 
moid bone. 


Internal plantar 
division of pos- 
terior tibial 
nerve. 


Flexes and abducts 
first phalanx of 
great toe. 


Abductor longus 
pollicis. 


See Extensor ossis 


metaca rp i pollicis. 






Abductor minimi 
digiti. 


Pisiform bone. 


First phalanx of 
the little finger. 


Ulnar. 


Abducts little fin- 
ger. 


Abductor minimi 
digiti. 


Outer tuberosity of the 
os calcis and plantar 
fascia. 


First phalanx of 
the little toe. 


External plantar. 


Abducts little toe. 


Abductor pollicis. 


Trapezium, scaphoid, 
annular ligament, pal- 
mar fascia. 


First phalanx of 
thumb. 


Median. 


Abducts and flexes 
first phalanx of 
thumb. 


Abductor hallucis. 


Inner tuberosity of the 
os calcis. 


First phalanx of 
great toe. 


Internal plantar. 


Abducts great toe. 


Accelerator urinae. 


Central tendon of peri- 
neum and median 
raphe. 


Bulb, spongy and 
cavernous parts 
of the penis. 


Perineal. 


Ejects urine. 


Adductor brevis. 


Ramus of pubes. 


Upper part of the 
linea aspera of 
femur. 


Obturator. 


Adducts, rotates 
externally, and 
flexes thigh. 


Adductor hallucis. 


Tarsal ends of the 
three middle meta- 
tarsal bones. 


Base of the first 
phalanx of great 
toe. 


External plantar. 


Adducts great toe. 


Adductor longus. 


Front of pubes. 


Middle of linea as- 
pera of femur. 


Obturator. 


Adducts, rotates 
outward, and 
flexes thigh. 


Adductor magnus. 


Rami of pubes and 
ischium. 


Along the linea as- 
pera of femur. 


Obturator and 
great sciatic. 


Adducts thigh and 
rotates it out- 
ward. 


Adductor minimus. 


A name given to the 
upper portion of the 
adductor magnus. 








Adductor pollicis. 


Third metacarpal. 


First phalanx of 
thumb. 


Ulnar. 


Draws thumb to 
median line. 


Anconeus. 


Back of external con- 
dyle of humerus. 


Olecranon process 
and shaft of ulna. 


Musculospiral. 


Extends forearm. 


Arrectores pili. 


Pars papillaris of the 
skin. 


Hair-follicles. 


Sympathetic. 


Elevate the hairs 
of the skin. 



MUSCLE 408 MUSCLE 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Arvtenoepiglottid- 
eus inferior. 


Arytenoid (anteriorly). 


Epiglottis. 


Recurrent laryn- 
geal. 


Compresses sac- 
cule of larynx. 


Arytenoepiglottid- 
eus superior. 


Apex of arytenoid car- 
tilage. 


Arytenoepiglottid- 
ean folds. 


Recurrent laryn- 
geal. 


Constricts aperture 
of larynx. 


Arytenoideus. 


Posterior and outer 
border of one aryten- 
oid. 


Back of other ary- 
tenoid. 


Superior and re- 
current laryn- 
geal. 


Closes back part 
of glottis. 


Attollens aurem. 


Occipitofrontalis apo- 
neurosis. 


Pinna. 


Temporal branch 
of facial. 


Elevates pinna. 


Attrahens aurem. 


Lateral cranial apo- 
neurosis. 


Helix. 


Facial. 


Advances pinna. 


Azygos uvulae. 


Posterior nasal spine of 
palate bone. 


Uvula. 


Facial through 
sphenopalatine 
ganglion. 


Raises uvula. 


Biceps. 


i. Long head — glenoid 
cavity. 2. Short head 
— coracoid process. 


Tuberosity of ra- 
dius. 


Musculocutane- 
ous. 


Flexes and supi- 
nates forearm. 


Biceps. 


Ischial tuberosity and 
linea aspera. 


Head of fibula and 
outer tuberosity 
of head of fibula. 


Great sciatic and 
external poplit- 
eal. 


Flexes and rotates 
leg outward. 


Biventer cervicis. 


Transverse processes, 
2-4 upper dorsal. 


Superior curved 
line of occipital 
bone. 


It is a portion of 
the complexus. 


Retracts and ro- 
tates head. 


Bowman's. 


See Ciliary. 








Brachialis anticus. 


Lower half of shaft of 
humerus. 


Coronoid process 
of ulna. 


M u s c u 1 ocutane- 
ous, musculo- 
spiral. 


Flexes forearm. 


Briicke's. 


See Ciliary. 








Buccinator. 


Alveolar process of 
maxillary bones and 
pterygomax illary 
ligament. 


Orbicularis oris. 


Buccal branch of 
facial. 


Compresses cheeks, 
retracts angle of 
mouth. 


Bulbocavernosus. 


See Accelerator urines. 








Cephalopharynge- 
us. 


See Constrictor of 


pharynx, superior. 






Cervicalis ascend- 
ens. 


Angles of 5 upper ribs. 


Transverse pro- 
cesses of 4th, 5th, 
and 6th cervical 
vertebrae. 


Branches of cer- 
vical. 


Keeps head erect. 


Ciliary. 


1. Longitudinal portion 
(Briicke's m.): junc- 
tion of cornea and 
sclera; 2. Circular 
portion (Miiller's m.) : 
the fibers form a circle. 


1. Outer layers of 
choroid. 2. Cili- 
ary processes. 


Ciliary. 


The muscle of vis- 
ual accommoda- 
tion. 


Coccygeus. 


Ischial spine. 


Coccyx, sacrum, 
and sacrococcy- 
geal ligament. 


Sacral. 


Supports coccyx 
and closes pelvic 
outlet. 


Complexus. 


Transverse processes 
7th cervical and 6 up- 
per dorsal, and artic- 
ular processes of 3d to 
6th cervical vertebrae. 


Occipital bone. 


Suboccipital, 
great occipital, 
and branches of 
cervical. 


Retracts and ro- 
tates head. 


Compressor na- 
rium. 


Nasal aponeurosis. 


Fellow muscle and 
canine fossa. 


Facial. 


Compresses nos- 
tril. 



MUSCLE 409 MUSCLE 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Compressor na- 
rium minor. 


Alar cartilage. 


Skin at end of 
nose. 


Facial. 


Dilates nostril. 


Compressor sac- 
culi laryngis. 


Fibers of the aryteno- 
epiglottideus. 




Recurrent laryn- 
geal. 


Compressor of sac- 
cule of larynx. 


Compressor ure- 
thrae. 


Ramus of pubes. 


Fellow muscle. 


Perineal. 


Compresses mem- 
branous urethra. 


Compressor vagi- 
nae. 


The analogue of the 
two bu Iboca vernosi 
of the male. 




Perineal. 


Compresses vagi- 
na. 


Compressor venae Fibers of the ischio- 
dorsalis penis. cavernosus. 


Fascial sheath of 
penis, over dor- 
sal vessels. 




Compressor of dor- 
sal vein. 


Constrictor of pha- 
rynx (inferior). 


Cricoid and thyroid 
cartilages. 


Pharyngeal raphe. 


Glossopharyngeal, 
pharyngeal plex- 
us, and external 
laryngeal. 


Contracts caliber 
of pharynx. 


Constrictor of pha- 
rynx (middle). 


Cornua of hyoid bone 
and stylohyoid liga- 
ment. 


Pharyngeal raphe. 


Glossopharyngeal, 
and pharyngeal 
plexus. 


Contracts caliber 
of pharynx. 


Constrictor of pha- 
rynx (superior). 


Internal pterygoid 
plate, pterygomaxil- 
lary ligament, jaw, 
and side of tongue. 


Pharyngeal raphe. 


Glossopharyngeal, 
and pharyngeal 
plexus. 


Contracts caliber 
of pharynx. 


Coracobrachialis. 


Coracoid process of 
scapula. 


Inner surface of 
shaft of humerus. 


Musculocutane- 
ous. 


Adducts and flexes 
arm. 


Corrugator cutis 
ani. 


Submucous tissue on 
interior of anus. 


Subcutaneous tis- 
sue on opposite 
side of anus. 


Sympathetic. 


Corrugates skin 
about anus. 


Corrugator super- 
cilii. 


Superciliary ridge of 
frontal bone. 


Orbicularis palpe- 
brarum. 


Facial. 


Draws eyebrow 
downward and 
inward. 


Crampton's. 


See Ciliary. 








Cremaster. 


Upper and deep sur- 
face of middle of Pou- 
part's ligament. 


Spine and crest of 
pubic bone and 
fascia propria. 


Genital branch of 
genitocrural. 


Elevates testicle. 


Cricoarytenoideus 
lateralis. 


Side of cricoid carti- 
lage. 


Angle and external 
surface of aryte- 
noid. 


Recurrent laryn- 
geal. 


Closes glottis. 


Cricoarytenoideus 
posticus. 


Back of cricoid carti- 
lage. 


Base of arytenoid 
cartilage. 


Recurrent laryn- 
geal. 


Opens glottis. 


Cricothyroid. 


Cricoid cartilage. 


Thyroid cartilage 
(lower inner bor- 
der). 


Superior laryn- 
geal. 


Makes vocal bands 
tense. 


Crureus. 


See Vastus internus. 








Deltoid. 


Clavicle, acromion, and 
spine of scapula. 


Shaft of humerus. 


Circumflex. 


Abducts humerus. 


Depressor alas nasi. 


Incisive fossa of supe- 
rior maxillary bone. 


Septum and ala of 
nose. 


Facial: buccal 
branch. 


Contracts nostril. 


Depressor anguli 
oris. 


External oblique line 
of inferior maxillary 
bone. 


Angle of mouth. 


Facial: supra- 
maxillary branch. 


Depresses angle of 
mouth. 


Depressor epiglot- 
titis. 


Those fibers of the 
t h y r o e p i glottideus 
that are continued 
forward to the margin 
of the epiglottis. 






■ 



MUSCLE 410 MUSCLE 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Depressor labii in- 
ferioris. 


External oblique line 
of the inferior maxil- 
lary bone. 


Lower lip. 


Facial : supramax- 
illary branch. 


Depresses lip. 


Depressor urethrae. 


Ramus of ischium near 
deep transversus pe- 
rinei. 


Fibers of constric- 
tor vaginae mus- 
cle. 






Diaphragm. 


Ensiform cartilage, 6 
or 7 lower ribs, liga- 
menta arcuata, bodies 
of lumbar vertebrae. 


Central tendon. 


Phrenic and sym- 
pathetic. 


Respiration. 


Digastric (anterior 
belly). 


Inner surface of inferior 
maxillary bone, near 
symphysis. 


Hyoid bone. 


Inferior dental. 


Elevates hyoid and 
tongue. 


Digastric (poste- 
rior belly). 


Digastric groove of 
mastoid process. 


Hyoid bone. 


Facial. 


Elevates hyoid and 
tongue. 


Dilator naris an- 
terioris. 


Alar cartilage. 


Border of ala of 
nose. 


Facial : infraorbi- 
tal branch. 


Dilates nostril. 


Dilator naris pos- 
terioris. 


Nasal notch of superior 
maxillary bone. 


Skin at margin of 
nostril. 


Facial : infraorbi- 
tal branch. 


Dilates nostril. 


Dorsal interossei, 4. 


Sides of metacarpal 
bones. 


Bases of corres- 
pond ing pha- 
langes. 


Ulnar. 


Abduct fingers 
from median line. 


Dorsal interossei, 4. 


Sides of metatarsal 
bones. 


Base of first pha- 
lanx of corres- 
ponding toe. 


External plantar. 


Abduct toes. 


Erector clitoridis. 


Tuberosity of ischium. 


Each side of crus 
of clitoris. 




Erects clitoris. 


Erector penis. 


Ischial tuberosity, crus 
penis, and pubic 
ramus. 


Tunica albuginea 
of corpus caver- 
nosum. 


Perineal. 


To maintain erec- 
tion. 


Erector pili. 


See Arrectores pili. 








Erector spinae. 


Iliac crest, back of sac- 
rum, lumbar and 
three lower dorsal 
spines. 


Divides into sacro- 
lumbalis, longis- 
simus dorsi, and 
spinalis dorsi. 


Lumbar nerves, 
posterior d i v i - 
sion. 


Extension of lum- 
bar spines on pel- 
vis. 


Extensor brevis 
digitorum (pedis). 


Os calcis, externally. 


First phalanx of 
great toeand ten- 
dons of extensor 
longus. 


Anterior tibial. 


Extends toes. 


Extensor brevis 
hallucis. 


A name applied to that 
portion of the exten- 
sor brevis digitorum 
that goes to the great 
toe. 








Extensor brevis 
pollicis. 


See Extensor primi in- 


ter nodii Pollicis. 






Extensor carpi 
radialis brevior. 


External condyloid 
ridge of humerus. 


Base second and 
third metacarpal. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Extends wrist. 


Extensor carpi 
radialis longior. 


Lower % external con- 
dyloid ridge of hu- 
merus. 


Base of second 
metacarpal. 


Musculospiral. 


Extends wrist. 


Extensor carpi ul- 
naris. 


1st head, external con- 
dyle of humerus. 2d 
head, posterior border 
of ulna. 


Base of fifth meta- 
carpal. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Extends wrist. 


Extensor coccygis. 


Last bone of sacrum or 
first of coccyx. 


Lower part of 
coccyx. 


Sacral branches. 


Extends coccyx. 



MUSCLE 411 MUSCLE 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Extensor commu- 
nis digitorum. 


External condyle of 
humerus. 


All of the second 
and third pha- 
langes. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Extends fingers. 


Extensor indicis. 


Back of ulna. 


Second and third 
phalanges of in- 
dex finger. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Extends index-fin- 
ger. 


Extensor 1 o n g u s 
digitorum pedis. 


Outer tuberosity of tibia 
and shaft of fibula. 


Second and third 
phalangesoftoes. 


Anterior tibial. 


Extends toes. 


Extensor long us 
pollicis. 


See Extensor secundi 


internodii pollicis. 






Extensor minimi 
digiti. 


External condyle of 
humerus. 


Second and third 
phalanges of little 
finger. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Extensor of little 
finger. 


Extensor ossis me- 
tacarpi pollicis. 


Back of radius and ulna 
and interosseous 
membrane. 


Base of metacarpal 
of thumb, and 
fascia. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Extends thumb. 


Extensor ossis met- 
atarsi h a 1 1 u c i s 
(anomalous). 


Extensor proprius hal- 
lucis, or extensor com- 
munis digitorum, or 
tibialis anticus. 


Metatarsal bone of 
hallux. 






Extensor primi in- 
ternodii pollicis. 


Back of radius. 


Base of first pha- 
lanx of thumb. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Extends thumb. 


Extensor proprius 
minimi digiti. 


Lower part of ulna, or 
posterior ligament of 
wrist-joint. 


Base of first pha- 
lanx of little fin- 
ger. 




Extends little fin- 
ger. 


Extensor proprius 
hallucis. 


Middle of fibula. 


Base of last pha- 
lanx of great toe. 


Anterior tibial. 


Extends great toe. 


Extensor secundi 
internodii pollicis. 


Back of ulna. 


Base of last pha- 
lanx of thumb. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Extends thumb. 


Flexor accessorius 
digitorum (of foot) 
(2 heads). 


Inner and outer sur- 
face of os calcis. 


Tendon of flexor 
longusdigitorum. 


External plantar. 


Accessory flexor of 
toes. 


Flexor accessorius 
longus digitorum 
(of foot). 


Shaft of tibia or fibula. 


Tubercle of os cal- 
cis, and joins ten- 
don of long 
flexor. 


External plantar. 


Assists in flexing 
toes. 


Flexor brevis digi- 
torum (of foot). 


Inner tuberosity of os 
calcis and plantar fas- 
cia. 


Second phalanges 
of the lesser toes. 


Internal plantar. 


Flexes lesser toes. 


Flexor brevis hal- 
lucis. 


Under surface of cu- 
boid, plantar liga- 
ments, and external 
cuneiform. 


Base of first pha- 
lanx of great toe. 


Internal plantar. 


Flexes and slightly 
adducts first pha- 
lanx of great toe. 


Flexor brevis mini- 
mi digiti (of hand). 


Unciform bone and an- 
nular ligament. 


First phalanx of 
little finger. 


Ulnar. 


Flexes little finger. 


Flexor brevis mini- 
mi digiti (of foot). 


Base of fifth metatarsal. 


Base of first pha- 
lanx of little toe. 


External plantar. 


Flexes little toe. 


Flexor brevis polli- 
cis (of hand). 


2 heads — outer: lower 
border of anterior an- 
nular ligament ; ridge 
of trapezium; inner; 
os magnum, and bases 
of first, second, and 
third metacarpal 
bones. 


Base of first pha- 
lanx of thumb. 


Outer head — me- 
dian : palmar 
branch. Inner 
head— deep ul- 
nar. 


Flexes metacarpal 
bone of thumb. 


Flexor brevis polli- 
cis (of foot). 


See Flexor brevis hal- 


lucis. 







MUSCLE 412 MUSCLE 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Flexor carpi radi- 
alis. 


Internal condyle of hu- 
merus. 


Metacarpal bone 
of index finger. 


Median. 


Flexes wrist. 


Flexor carpi ulna- 
ris (2 heads). 


1. Internal condyle. 2. 
Olecranon and ulna. 


5th metacarpal, 
annular lig. and 
pisiform bone. 


Ulnar. 


Flexes wrist. 


Flexor indicis. 


The name given to the 
indicial portion of the 
flexor profundus digi- 
torum, when it is dis- 
tinct. 








Flexor longus digi- 
torum (of foot). 


Shaft of tibia. 


Last phalanges of 
toes. 


Posterior tibial. 


Flexes phalanges 
and ex tends 

ankle. 


Flexor longus hal- 
lucis. 


Lower two-thirds of 
shaft of fibula. 


Last phalanx f 
great toe. 


Posterior tibial. 


Flexes great toe. 


Flexor longus pol- 
licis. 


Shaft of radius and co- 
ronoid processof ulna. 


Last phalanx f 
thumb. 


Anterior interos- 
seous. 


Flexes the thumb. 


Flexor profundus 
digitorum. 


Shaft of ulna. 


Last phalanges by 
four tendons. 


Ulnar and anterior 
interosseous. 


Flexes the pha- 
langes. 


Flexor subli m i s 
digitorum (3 
heads). 


1. Inner condyle. 2. 
Coronoid process. 3. 
Oblique line of radius. 


Second phalanges 
by four tendons. 


Median. 


Flexes second pha- 
langes. 


Gastrocnemius (2 
heads). 


Condyles of femur. 


Os calcis by tendo 
Achillis. 


Internal popliteal. 


Extends foot. 


Gemellus inferior. 


Tuberosity of ischium 
and lesser sacrosciatic 
notch. 


Great trochanter. 


Sacral. 


External rotator of 
thigh. 


Gemellus superior. 


Ischial spine and lesser 
sacrosciatic notch. 


Great trochanter. 


Sacral. 


External rotator of 
thigh. 


Geniohyoglossus. 


Superior genial tuber- 
cle of inferior maxil- 
lary bone. 


Hyoidand inferior 
surfaceof tongue. 


Hypoglossal. 


Retracts and pro- 
trudes tongue. 


Geniohyoid. 


Inferior genial tubercle 
of inferior maxillary 
bone. 


Body of hyoid. 


Hypoglossal. 


Elevates and ad- 
vances hyoid. 


Gluteus maximus. 


Superior curved iliac 
line and crest, sacrum, 
and coccyx. 


Fascia and femur 
below great tro- 
chanter. 


Inferior gluteal 
and sacral plexus. 


Extends, abducts, 
and rotates thigh 
outward. 


Gluteus medius. 


Ilium between superior 
and middle curved 
lines. 


Oblique line of 
great trochanter. 


Superior gluteal. 


Rotates, abducts, 
and advances 
thigh. 


Gluteus minimus. 


Ilium between middle 
and inferior curved 
lines. 


Great trochanter. 


Superior gluteal. 


Rotates, abducts, 
and draws thigh 
forward. 


Gracilis. 


Rami of pubes and 
ischium. 


Tibia, upper and 
inner part. 


Obturator. 


Flexes and abducts 
leg. 


Gubernaculum tes- 
tis. 


See Cremaster. 








Guthrie's. 


See Transversus peri- 


nei, deep. 






Helicis major et 
minor. 


Tubercle on helix. 


Rim of helix near 
summit. 


Auriculotemporal 
and posterior au- 
ricular. 


- 


Hilton's. 


See Compressor sacculi 


laryngis. 






Horner's. 


See Ciliary and Tensor 


tarsi. 







MUSCLE 413 MUSCLE 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Hyoglossus. 


Cornua of hyoid bone. 


Side of tongue. 


Hypoglossal. 


Depresses side of 
tongue and re- 
tracts tongue. 


Uiacus. 


Iliac fossa and crest, 
base of sacrum. 


Lesser trochanter, 
upper part shaft 
of femur. 


Anterior crural. 


Flexes and rotates 
thigh outward. 


Iliocostal. 


See Sacrolumbar. 








Iliopsoas. 


The iliacus and psoas 
muscles considered as 
one muscle. 








Infracostals, 10. 


Inner surface of ribs. 


Inner surface of 
two or three ribs 
above. 


Intercostal. 


Expiration, by de- 
pressing ribs. 


Infraspinatus. ; Infraspinous fossa. 


Great tuberosity of 
humerus. 


Suprascapular. 


Rotates humerus 
outward. 


Interarytenoid. One arytenoid carti- 

1 lage. 


The other aryte- 
noid cartilage. 


Recurrent laryn- 
geal. 


Approximates ary- 
tenoid cartilages. 


Intercostals, exter- Outer lip of inferior 
nal, ii. costal border. 


Superior border of 
ribs above. 


Intercostal. 


Raise ribs in inspi- 
ration. 


Intercostals, inter- 
nal, ii. 


Inner lip of inferior cos- 
tal border. 


Superior border of 
rib below. 


Intercostal. 


Depress ribs in ex- 
piration. 


Interossei of foot, 
dorsal (4). 


Adjacent surfaces of 
metatarsal bones. 


Bases of first pha- 
langes. 


External plantar. 


Abduct from the 
middle line of the 
second toe. 


Interossei of foot, 
plantar (3). 


Inner lower surface of 
3 outer metatarsal 
bones. 


Bases of first pha- 
langes of three 
outer toes. 


External plantar. 


Adduct the outer 
three toes. 


Interossei of hand, 
dorsal (4). 


Five metacarpal bones. 


Sides of aponeu- 
rosis of extensor 
communis and 
adjacent parts of 
first phalanges. 


Ulnar. 


Abduct index, mid- 
dle, and ring fin- 
gers, aid in flex- 
ing first phalanges 
and extending 
second and third. 


Interossei of hand, 
palmar (3). 


Sides of metacarpal 
bones. 


Aponeurosis of ex- 
tensor tendons, 
adjacent part of 
first phalanges. 


Ulnar. 


Adduct index, ring, 
and little fingers, 
aid in flexing first 
phalanges and in 
extending second 
and third. 


Interspinals. 


Upper surface of spines 
of vertebrae, near tip. 


Posterior part of 
lower surface of 
spine above. 


Internal divisions 
of posterior 
branches of spi- 
nal nerves. 


Exteiid the verte- 
brae next above. 


Intertransversales. 


Between transverse 
processes of contigu- 
ous vertebrae. 




Spinal nerves. 


Flex the spinal 
column laterally. 


Ischiocavernosus. 


See Erector penis. 








Jarjavay's. 


See Depressor urethrez. 








Latissimus dorsi. 


Spines of 6 lower dorsal 
and lumbar and sacral 
vertebrae, crest of 
ilium, and 3 or 4 lower 
ribs. 


Bicipital groove of 
humerus. 


Long subscapular. 


Draws arm back- 
ward and down- 
ward and rotates 
it inward. 


Laxator tympani. 


Spinous process of 
sphenoid bone and 
Eustachian tube. 


Neck of malleus. 


Facial. 


Relaxes mera- 
brana tympani. 



MUSCLE 414 MUSCLE 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Xa'/e 



Origin". 



Insertion. 



Innervation. 



Function. 



Levator 

oris. 



Canine fossa of superior Angle of mouth, 
maxillary bone. 



Infraorbital branch Elevates angle of 
of facial. mouth. 



Levator a n g n 1 i 
scapulae. 



Transverse processes of Posterior border 
four upper cervical l of scapula, 
vertebrae. 



Fifth cervical and Elevates upper 
cervical plexus. angle of scapula. 



Levator ani. 



Posterior portion of 
bod} - and ramus of 
pubes, pelvic fascia, 
ischial spine. 



Rectum, coccyx, 
and fibrous raphe. 



Sacral and peri- Supports rectum 
neal. and vagina. 



Levator labii infe- 
rioris. 



Incisive fossa of inferior 
maxillarv bone. 



Skin of lower lip. 



Supramaxillary 
branch of facial. 



Elevates lower lip. 



Levator labii su- 
perioris. 

Levator labii supe- 
rioris al2equeuasi. 

Levator menti. 



Lower margin of orbit. 



Upper lip. 



Infraorbital branch 
of facial. 



Nasal process of supe- 
rior maxillarv bone. 



See Levator labii in ferioris. 



Elevates upper lip. 



Alar cartilage and 
upper lip. 



Infraorbital branch] Elevates upper lip, 
of facial. i dilates nostril. 



Levator palati. 



Petrous portion of tem- Soft palate, 
poral bone. 



Levator palpebral 
5aperioris 



Sphenopalatine 
ganglion (facial). 



Elevates soft pal- 
ate. 



Lesser wing of sphe- Upper tarsal carti- 
noid. lage. 



Third cranial. j Lifts upper lid. 



Levator es costa- 
rum. 12. 



Lingtxahs 



Transverse processes Each to the rib be- 
of last cervical and | low. 
dorsal vertebrae. 



Intercostal. 



Raise ribs. 



Under surface of tongue. 



Longissimus dorsi. Erector spinas. 



Chorda tympani Elevates middle of 
and hypoglossal, i tongue. 



Transverse pro- 
cesses of lumbar 
and dorsal verte- 
brae and 7tb-nth 
ribs. 



Branches of lum- 
bar and dorsal. 



Longus colli : — 
i . Superior oblique ! 
portion. 

2. Inferior oblique 
portion. 

g . Vertical portion. 



Lumbricalr? % :: 
foot. 



Transverse processes 
3d~5th cervical ■ er.e- 

~T3r. 

Bodies of ist~3d dorsal 
vertebrae. 

Bodies of three dorsal 
and two cervical ver- 
tebrae. 



Anterior tubercle 
of atlas. 

Transverse pro- 
cesses 5th-6lh 
cervical vertebrae 

Bodies of 2d-4th 
cervical vertebrae 



Lower cervical. 



Erects spine and 
bends trunk 
backward. 



Tendons of flexor Ion- First phalanges of Internal and ex- 
gus digitorum. the lesser toes tenia! plantar. 



Flexes cen*ical 
vertebrae. 



Accessorv flexors. 



Lumbricales, 4., of 
band- 



Tendons of flexor pro- Tendons of com- Median and ulnar. 
fundus digitorum. mon extensor. 



Flex first pha- 
langes. 



Masseter. 



Zvgomatic arch. 



Angle and ramus Inferior maxillary. 
of jaw. 



Muscle of mastica- 
tion. 



Viirir 



:•:_.:— = 



See Diaphragm. 
See Ciliary. 



M filler's {orbital). 



Mu'.'er'? ::,'{■>-::■■ 



Connected with the or- 
bital periosteum ; it 
crosses the spheno- 
maxillarv fissure. 



Sympathetic. 



Connected with the le- Along the upper Sympathetic, 
vator palpebrae snpe- rr-derof the tar- 
rioris. sos. 



Assists in raising 
upper lid. 



MUSCLE 415 MUSCLE 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Multifidus spinae. 


Sacrum, iliac spine, ar- 
ticular processes lum- 
bar and cervical ver- 
tebrae, and transverse 
processesof dorsal and 
7th cervical. 


Laminae and 
spines from last 
lumbar to second 
cervical verte- 
brae. 


Posterior spinal 
branches. 


Erects and rotates 
spinal column. 


Musculus accesso 
rius ad sacrolum- 
balem. 


Angles of six lower ribs. 


Angles of six upper 
ribs. 


Branchesof dorsal. 


Erects spine and 
bends trunk back- 
ward. 


Mylohyoid. 


Mylohyoid ridge of in- 
ferior maxillary bone. 


Body of hyoid and 
raphe. 


Inferior dental. 


Elevates and ad- 
vances hyoid 
bone. 


Nasolabialis. 


Nasal septum. 


Upper lip. 


Facial. 


Connects upper lip 
to septum of nose. 


Obliquus auris. 


Concha of ear. 


Fossa of antihelix. 


Temporal and pos- 
terior auricular. 




Obliquus capitis in- 
ferior. 


Spinous process of axis. 


Transverse pro- 
cess of atlas. 


Suboccipital and 
great occipital. 


Rotates atlas and 
cranium. 


Obliquus capitissu- j Transverse process of 
perior. atlas. 


Occipital bone. 


Suboccipital and 
great occipital. 


Draws head back- 
ward. 


Obliquus externus. i Eight lower ribs. 


Middle line, iliac 
crest. Poupart's 
ligament. 


Intercostal, i 1 i o- 
hypogastric, ilio- 
inguinal. 


Compresses v i s- 
cera and flexes 
thorax. 


Obliquus inferior, i Orbital plate of superior 
maxillary bone. 


Sclerotic. 


Third cranial. 


Rotates eyeball up- 
w a r d and out- 
ward. 


Obliquus internus. 


Lumbar fascia, iliac 
crest, Poupart's liga- 
ment. 


Three lower ribs, 
linea alba, pubic 
crest, pectineal 
line. 


Intercostal, i 1 i o- 
hypogastric, ilio- 
inguinal. 


Compresses v i s- 
cera, flexes tho- 
rax, and assists in 
expiration. 


Obliquus superior. 


Above optic foramen, 
through pulley. 


Sclerotic. 


Fourth cranial. 


Rotates eyeball 
downward and 
inward. 


Obturator externus. 


Obturator foramen and 
membrane. 


Digital fossa at 
base of great tro- 
chanter. 


Obturator. 


External rotator of 
thigh. 


Obturator internus. 


Obturator foramen and 
membrane. 


Great trochanter. 


Sacral. 


External rotator of 
thigh. 


Occipitalis. 


See Occipitofrontalis. 








Occipitofrontalis. 


Superior curved line of 
occiput and angular 
process of frontal 
bone. 


Aponeurosis. 


Posterior auricu- 
lar, small occipi- 
tal, facial. 


Moves scalp. 


Omohyoid. 


Upper border of scap- 
ula. 


Body of hyoid 
bone. 


Descendens and 
communicans 
noni. 


Depresses and re- 
tracts hyoid bone. 


Opponens minimi 
digiti. 


Unciform bone. 


Fifth metacarpal. 


Ulnar. 


Flexes little finger. 


Opponens pollicis. 


Trapezium, anterior 
annular ligament. 


Metacarpal bone 
of thumb. 


Median, palmar 
division. 


Flexes thumb. 


Orbicularis oris. 


Nasal septum and ca- 
nine fossa of inferior 
maxilla, by accessory 
fibers. 


Forms lips and 
sphincter of 
mouth. 


Buccal and supra- 
maxillary 
branches of facial. 


Closes mouth. 


Orbicularis palpe- 
brarum. 


Mesal margin of orbit. 


Lateral margin of 
orbit. 


Facial. 


Closes eyelids. 



MUSCLE 416 MUSCLE 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. Function. 


Palatoglossus. 


Soft palate. Side and dorsum 
l of tongue. 


Sphenopalatine Constricts the 
ganglion. fauces. 


Palatopharyugeus. 


Soft palate. Thyroid cartilage 
and pharynx. 


Sphenopalatine Closes posterior 
ganglion. nares. 


Palmaris brevls. 


Annular ligament and Skin of palm of 
palmar fascia. hand. 


Ulnar. Corrugates skin of 
palm. 


Palmaris interossei. Palmar surfaces second, 
j fourth, and fifth meta- 
carpal bones. 


Bases of first pha- 
langes of corres- 
ponding fingers. 


Ulnar. Adductors of fin- 
; gers. 


Palmaris Iongus. Internal condyle of 
humerus. 


Annular ligament 
and palmar fascia. 


Median. 


Renders palmar 
fascia tense. 


Pectineus. 


Iliopectineal line and 
pubes. 


Femur below lesser 
trochanter. 


Anterior c rural, 
obturator. 


Flexes and rotates 
the thigh out- 



ward. 



Pectoralis major. Clavicle, sternum, and External bicipital 



costal cartilages. 



ridge of humerus. 



Anterior thoracic, 
external and in- 
ternal. 



Draws arm down- 
ward and for- 
ward. 



Pectoralis minor. 



Third, fourth, and fifth 
ribs. 



Coracoid process. Anterior thoracic. 



Depresses point of 
shoulder. 



Peroneus brevis. 



Middle third of shaft of Base of fifth meta- 
fibula, externally. tarsal bone. 



Peroneus Ioueus. 



Peroneus tertius. 



Plantaris. 



Head and shaft of fib- 
ula. 



Lower fourth of fibula. 



Outer bifurcation of 
linea aspera and pos- 
terior ligament of 
knee-joint. 



Musculocutaneous. Extends foot. 



First metatarsal of Musculocutaneous, 
sreat toe. 



Fifth metatarsal 
bone. 



Anterior tibial. 



Extends and everts 
foot. 

Flexes tarsus. 



Os calcis by means Internal popliteal, 
of the tendo 

Achillis. 



Extends foot. 



Plantaris interossei. 



Shafts of 3d, 4th, and 
<5th metatarsal bones. 



Bases of first pha- External plantar, 
langes of corres- 
ponding toes. 



Platysma myoides. 



Clavicle, acromion, and 
fascia. 



Inferior maxillary Facial and super- 
bone, angle of , ficial cervical, 
mouth. 



Adduct toes. 



Wrinkles skin and 
depresses mouth. 



Popliteus. 



External condyle of 
femur. 



Shaft of tibia above Internal popliteal, 
oblique line. 



Flexes legr. 



Pronator quairz- 
tus. 



Lower fourth of ulna. 



Lower fourth of Anterior interos- 
shaft of radius. seous. 



Pronates hand. 



Pronator radii 
teres. 



?;:a; ma;- us. 



Internal condyle of hu- Outer side of shaft 
merus and coronoid of radius. 
process of ulna. 



Median. 



Bodies and transverse 
processesof last dorsal 
and all lumbar verte- 



Lesser trochanter. 



Psoas parvus. 



Bodies oflast dorsal and 
first lumbar vertebrae. 



Iliopectineal 
nence and 
fascia. 



Lumbar. 



emi- 
iliac 



Lumbar. 



Pronates hand. 



Flexes and rotates 
thigh outward, 
and flexes trunk 
on pelvis. 

Flexes pelvis upon 
abdomen. 



Ptervgoid (exter- 
nal). 



Two heads: 1, external Neck of condyle Inferior maxillary. 



pterygoid plate of 
s p he n o i d bone : 2, 
great wing of sphe- 
noid bone. 



of lower jaw. 



Draws inferior 
maxillary bone 
forward. 



Pterygoid - (inter- 
nal"). 



Pterygoid fossa of Inner surface of Inferior maxillary, 
sphenoid bone. angle of jaw. 



Raises and draws 
inferior maxilla 
forward. 



MUSCLE 417 MUSCLE 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Pyramidalis. 


Pubes. 


Linea alba. 


Iliohypogastric. 


Renders linea alba 
tense. 


Pyramidalis nasi. 


Occipitofrontalis. 


Compressor naris. 


Infraorbital branch 
of facial. 


Depresses inner 
angle of eyebrow. 


Pyriformis. 


Front of sacrum, 
through great sciatic 
foramen. 


Great trochanter. 


Branch of sacral 
plexus. 


External rotator of 
thigh. 


Quadratus femoris. 


Tuberosity of the isch- 
ium. 


Quadrate line of 
femur. 


Fifth lumbar and 
first sacral. 


External rotator of 
thigh. 


Quadratus lumbo- 
rum. 


Crest of ilium, trans- 
verse processes of 
lower three lumbar 
vertebrae. 


Last rib, trans- 
verse processes 
of upper three 
lumbar vertebrae. 


Twelfth thoracic 
and upper lum- 
bar. 


Flexes thorax lat- 
erally. 


Quadriceps exten- 
sor femoris. 


Includes the rectus, vastus internus and externus, and crureus muscles. Their com- 
mon tendon surrounds the patella. 


Rectus abdominis. 


Pubic crest and fibrous 
tissues in front of sym- 
physis. 


Cartilages of the 
ribs, from the fifth 
to the seventh. 


Intercostal, iliohy- 
pogastric, ilioin- 
guinal. 


Compresses vis- 
cera and flexes 
thorax. 


Rectus capitis anti- 
cus major. 


Transverse processes 
third to sixth cervical 
vertebrae. 


Basilar process of 
occipital bone. 


First and second 
cervical. 


Flexes head and 
slightly rotates it. 


Rectus capitis anti- 
cus minor. 


Transverse process and 
lateral mass of atlas. 


Basilar process of 
occipital bone. 


First cervical. 


Flexes head. 


Rectus capitislater- 
alis. 


Ventral cephalic sur- 
face of lateral mass of 
atlas. 


Jugular process of 
occipital bone. 


First cervical. 


Flexes head later- 
ally. 


Rectus capitis pos- 
ticus major. 


Spine of axis. 


Inferior curved 
line of occipital 
bone. 


Suboccipital and 
great occipital. 


Rotates head. 


Rectus capitis pos- 
ticus minor. 


Dorsal arch of atlas. 


Below i n f e r i o r 
curved line of oc- 
cipital bone. 


Suboccipital and 
great occipital. 


Draws head back- 
ward. 


Rectus externus. 


Two heads, outer mar- 
gin of optic foramen. 


Sclera. 


Sixth cranial. 


Rotates eyeball 
outward. 


Rectus femoris. 


Anterior inferior iliac 
spine, brim of aceta- 
bulum. 


Proximal border 
of patella. 


Anterior crural. 


Extends leg. 


Rectus inferior. 


Lower margin of optic 
foramen. 


Sclera. 


Third cranial. 


Rotates eyeball 
downward. 


Rectus internus. 


Inner margin of optic 
foramen. 


Sclera. 


Third cranial. 


Rotates eyeball in- 
ward. 


Rectus superior. 


Upper margin of optic 
foramen. 


Sclera. 


Third cranial. 


Rotates eyeball up- 
ward. 


Retrahens aurem. 


Mastoid process. 


Concha. 


Posterior auricular. 


Retracts pinna. 


Rhomboideus ma- 
jor. 


Spines of first five tho- 
racic vertebrae. 


Root of spine of 
scapula. 


Fifth cervical. 


Elevates and re- 
tracts scapula. 


Rhomboideus mi- 
nor. 


Spines of seventh cervi- 
cal and first dorsal 
vertebrae. 


Root of spine of 
scapula. 


Fifth cervical. 


Retracts and ele- 
vates scapula. 


Risorius. 


Fascia over masseter. 


Angle of mouth. 


Buccal branch of 
facial. 


Draws angle later- 
ally. 


Rotatores spinae. 


Transverse processes 
of from second to 
twelfth thoracic verte- 
brae. 


Lamina of next 
vertebra above. 


Dorsal branches of 
spinal. 


Rotate spinal col- 
umn. 



27 



MUSCLE 418 MUSCLE 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 
> 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Sacrolumbalis. 


Erector spinae. 


Angle of six lower 
ribs. 


Branches of dor- 
sal. 


Erects spine and 
bends trunk back- 
ward. 


Sartorius. 


Anterior superior spine 
of ilium. 


Upper internal 
portion of shaft 
of tibia. 


Anterior crural. 


Flexes leg upon 
thigh, thigh upon 
pelvis; rotates 
thigh outward. 


Scalenus anticus. 


Scalene tubercle on 
first rib. 


Transverse pro- 
cesses 3d-6th cer- 
vical vertebrae. 


Lower cervical. 


Flexes neck later- 
ally. 


Scalenus medius. 


First rib. 


Transverse pro- 
cesses of six 
lower cervical 
vertebrae. 


Lower cervical. 


Flexes neck later- 
ally. 


Scalenus posticus. 


Second rib. 


Transverse pro- 
cesses of three 
lower cervical 
vertebrae. 


Lower cervical. 


Bends neck later- 
ally. 


Semimembranosus. 


Tuberosity of ischium. 


Inner tuberosity 
of tibia. 


Great sciatic. 


Flexes leg and ro- 
tates it inward. 


Semispinalis colli. 


Transverse processes 
four upper dorsal and 
articular processes 
four lower cervical 

vertebrae. 


Spines of second 
to fifth cervical 
vertebrae. 


Cervical branches. 


Erects spinal col- 
umn. 


Semispinalis dorsi. 


Transverse processes 
sixth to tenth dorsal 
vertebrae. 


Spines last two 
cervical and first 
four thoracic. 


Branches of dor- 
sal. 


Erects spinal col- 
umn. 


Semitendinosus. 


Tuberosity of ischium. 


Upper and inner 
surface of tibia. 


Great sciatic. 


Flexes leg on 
thigh. 


Serratus magnus. 


Eight upper ribs. 


Inner margin of 
dorsal border of 
scapula. 


Posterior thoracic. 


Elevates ribs in in- 
spiration. 


Serratus posticus 
inferior. 


Spines of last two tho- 
racic and first three 
lumbar. 


Four lower ribs. 


Tenth and eleventh 
intercostal. 


Depresses ribs in 
expiration. 


Serratus posticus 
superior. 


Spines of seventh cer- 
vical and first two 
thoracic vertebrae. 


Second, third, 
fourth, and fifth 
ribs. 


Second and third 
intercostal. 


Raises ribs in in- 
spiration. 


Soleus. 


Shaft of fibula, oblique 
line of tibia. 


Os calcis by tendo 
Achillis. 


Internal popliteal 
and posterior 
tibial. 


Extends foot. 


Sphincter ani, ex- 
ternal. 


Tip of coccyx. 


Tendinous center 
of perineum. 


Perineal, pudic, Closes anus, 
and fourth sacral, j 


Sphincter ani, in- 
ternal. 


A thickening of the 
circular fibers of the 
intestine an inch 
above the anus. 




Hem orrhoidal 
nerves. 


Constricts rectum. 


Sphincter vaginae. 


Central tendon of peri- 
neum. 


Corpora cavernosa 
and clitoris. 


Homologue of accelerator urinae in 
the man. 


Sphincter vesicae 
internus. 


Near the urethral ori- 
fice of the bladder. 




Vesical nerves. 


Constricts internal 
orifice of urethra. 


Spinalis cervicis 
{normal, but in- 
constant). 


Spines fifth, sixth, and 
seventh cervical and 
first two thoracic ver- 
tebrae. 


Spine of axis, 
sometimes spines 
of 3d and 4th cer- 
vical vertebrae. 






Spinalis colli. 


Spines of fifth and sixth 
cervical vertebrae. 


Spine of axis, or 
third and fourth 
cervical spines. 


Cervical branches. 


Steadies neck. 



MUSCLE 419 MUSCLE 

TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Spinalis dorsi. 


Last two thoracic and 
ist two lumbar spines. 


Remaining thora- 
cic spines. 


Dorsal branches. 


Erects spinal col- 
umn. 


Splenius capitis. 


Lower two-thirds liga- 
mentum nuchse, spines 
of seventh cervical 
and first two thoracic 
vertebrae. 


Outer third of 
middle oblique 
line of occiput 
and outer surface 
of mastoid pro- 
cess. 


Middle cervi- 
cal, posterior 
branches. 


Extends head and 
neck and rotates 
and flexes later- 
ally. 


Splenius colli. 


Spines of third to sixth 
thoracic vertebrae. 


Dorsal tubercles 
of transverse pro- 
cesses of upper 
three or four cer- 
vical vertebrae. 


Posterior divisions 
of lower cervical. 


Extends, flexes 
laterally, and ro- 
tates neck. 


Stapedius. 


Interior of pyramid. 


Neck of stapes. 


Facial. 


Depresses base of 
stapes. 


Sternocleidomas- 
toid. 


Two heads, sternum 
and clavicle. 


Mastoid process 
and outer half of 
superior oblique 
line of occiput. 


Spinal accessory 
and cervical 
plexus. 


Depresses and ro- 
tates head. 


Sternohyoid. 


Sternum and clavicle. 


Hyoid bone. 


Descending and 
commun icating 
branches of the 
hypoglossal. 


Depresses hyoid 
bone. 


Sternothyroid. 


Sternum and cartilage 
of first rib. 


Side of thyroid 
cartilage. 


Descendens and 
comm unicans 
hypoglossi. 


Depresses larynx. 


Styloglossus. 


Styloid process. 


Side of tongue. 


Hypoglossal. 


Elevates and re- 
tracts tongue. 


Stylohyoid. 


Styloid process. 


Body of hyoid. 


Facial. 


Draws hyoid up- 
ward and back- 
ward. 


Stylopharyngeus. 


Styloid process. 


Thyroid cartilage. 


Glossopharyngeal, 
and pharyngeal 
plexus. 


Elevates pharynx. 


Subanconeus. 


Humerus above ole- 
cranon fossa. 


Posterior ligament 
of elbow. 


Musculospiral. 


Tensor of liga- 
ment. 


Subclavius. 


Cartilage of first rib. 


Inferior surface of 
clavicle. 


Fifth and sixth 
cervical. 


Draws clavicle 
downward. 


Subcrureus. 


Anterior distal part of 
femur. 


Synovial sac be- 
hind patella. 


Anterior crural. 


Draws up synovial 
sac. 


Subscapularis. 


Under surface of scapu- 
la. 


Humerus, lesser 
tuberosity and 
shaft. 


Subscapular. 


Chief internal ro- 
tator of humerus. 


Supinator longus. 


External condyloid 
ridge of humerus. 


Styloid process of 
radius. 


Musculospiral. 


Flexes and supi- 
nates forearm. 


Supinator radii 
brevis. 


External condyle of 
humerus, oblique line 
of ulna. 


Neck of radius and 
its bicipital tuber- 
osity. 


Posterior interos- 
seous. 


Supinates hand. 


Supraspinales. 


Lie on spinous processes in cervical region. 


Supraspinatus. 


Supraspinous fossa. 


Great tuberosity of 
humerus. 


Suprascapular. 


Supports shoulder- 
joint, raises arm. 


Tailors'. 


See Sartorius. 








Temporal. 


Temporal fossa and 
fascia. 


Coronoid process 
of mandible. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Elevates mandible. 


Tensor palati. 


Scaphoid fossa and alar 
spine of sphenoid. 


Soft palate ; winds 
about hamular 
process. 


Otic ganglion. 


Renders palate 
tense. 



MUSCLE 420 -CLE 

TABLE OF MU till- —Cmtimud. 



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MUSCULAR 421 MUSCULOMEMBRANOUS 

TABLE OF MUSCLES. — Continued. 



Name. 


Origin. 


Insertion. 


Innervation. 


Function. 


Trapezius. 


Superior curved line of 
occipital bone, spi- 
nous processes of last 
cervical and all the 
dorsal vertebrae. 


Clavicle, spine 
of scapula, and 
acromion. 


Spinal accessory 
and cervical 
plexus. 


Draws head back- 
ward. 


Triangularis sterni. 


Ensiform cartilage, cos- 
tal cartilages of three 
or four lower true ribs, 
and sternum. 


Border of inner 
surfaces 2d, 3d, 
4th, and 5th cos- 
tal cartilages. 


Intercostal. 


Expiration. 


Triceps (j heads). 


External and internal 
near musculospiral 
groove, shaft of hum- 
erus ; middle or long, 
lower margin of glen- 
oid cavity. 


Olecranon process 
of ulna. 


Musculospiral. 


Extends forearm. 


Vastus externus. 


Anterior border great 
trochanter and linea 
aspera of femur. 


Tuberosity of 
tibia. 


Anterior crural. 


Extends leg. 


Vastus interims. 


Inner lip of linea aspera 
of femur. 


Tuberosity of 

tibia. 


Anterior crural. 


Extends leg. 


Zygomaticus major 
et minor. 


Malar bone. 


Angle of mouth. 


Infraorbital branch 
of facial. 


Draw lip upward 
and outward. 



Muscular (mus f -ku-lar) \jmtscuhts, muscle]. 
I. Pertaining to or affecting muscles. 2. 
Having well-developed muscles. M. Rheu- 
matism, rheumatism affecting the muscles. 
M. Sense, the sense of motion, weight, and 
position upon which the adjustment of the 
body to its surroundings depends. M. Tis- 
sue, the tissue of which muscles are com- 
posed ; it is of two principal varieties — the 
striped, striated, or voluntary, and the un- 
striped, nonstriated, or involuntary mus- 
cular tissue. The striped muscular tissue is 
composed of muscle-fibers, the unstriped of 
elongated, spindle-shaped cells. A muscle- 
fiber consists of sarcolemma, muscle-nuclei, 
and muscle-substance. The sarcolemma is 
an elastic, homogeneous connective-tissue 
sheath which lightly invests the muscle- fiber. 
The nuclei are fusiform in shape, are situated 
immediately beneath the sarcolemma, and 
run parallel with the axis of the fiber. The 
muscle-fiber itself consists of two substances — 
a dark, doubly-refracting, or anisotropic con- 
tractile substance, and a lighter, semifluid, 
isotropic substance termed sarcoplasm. The 
contractile substance consists of delicate spin- 
dles, the apposition of the thicker portions of 
which produces the dark transverse disc. 
The spindles terminate in minute beads, the 
juxtaposition of which gives rise to the inter- 
mediate disc or membrane of Krause. The 
neutral sarcoplasm fills out the spaces left 
between the spindles, and, as ordinarily the 
tapering ends of the spindles are too delicate 



to be seen, the space between the intermedi- 
ate and transverse discs — the lateral disc — 
looks homogeneous. The contractile fibrillse 
into which the contractile substance is di- 
vided, formed by the end-to-end union of the 
spindles, are aggregated into bundles — the 
muscle-columns — surrounded by a layer of 
sarcolemma. On transverse section these 
muscle-columns give rise to the appearance 
known as Cohnheim's fields. The muscle- 
fibers are held together by delicate areolar 
tissue, the endomysium. Several grouped 
together form a primary bundle, which is sur- 
rounded by a sheath termed the perimysium. 
Fasciculi are aggregations of primary bun- 
dles, and are the units of which the complete 
muscle is composed, the latter being sur- 
rounded by the epimysium. M. Tone. See 
Tone. M. Tumor. See Myoma. 

Muscularis mucosae (mus-ku-la' '-ris mu-ko' '- 
se). The layer of unstriped muscular tissue sep- 
arating the mucosa (of mucous membranes) 
from the submucosa. 

Musculature (mus' '-ku-la-tur) \inusculus, 
muscle]. The muscular system of the body, 
or a part of it. 

Musculin {mus> ' -ku-liri\\inusculus , amuscle]. 
Extract of muscle-tissue. See Organotherapy. 

Musculocutaneous (mus-ku-lo-ku-ta'-ne-us) 
\jnuscul 'us, muscle ; cutis, skin]. Pertaining 
to or supplying the muscles and skin, as the 
M. nerve of the arm or leg. 

Musculomembranous (mus - ku -lo- mem f - 
bran-us) \rnusculus , muscle ; membrana, 



MUSCULOPHRENIC 



4-2-2 



MYCOSOZIN 



membrane]. Pertaining to or consisting of 
both muscles and membrane. 

Musculophrenic (mus-ku-lo-fren' '-ik) \wius- 
culus, muscle ; typi/v, diaphragm]. Pertain- 
ing to or supplying the muscles and the dia- 
phragm, as the M. nerve. 

Musculospiral (nius-ku-lo-sptf -ral) \niuscu- 
lus, muscle]. I. Supplying muscles and hav- 
ing a spiral course. 2. Pertaining to the 
musculosphal nerve. 

Mushroom. See Agaric. 

Musk [Skt., mushka, a testicle]. The dried 
secretions from the preputial follicles of 
Moschus moschiferus, a mammal of the order 
of Ruminantia. M. (Moschus, U. S. P.), 
occurs in grains or lumps, possessing a pecu- 
liar, penetrating odor. Its composition is 
complex, and among its constitutents are 
ammonia, stearin, olein. cholesterin, a vola- 
tile oil, gelatin, albumin, and certain salts. 
M. is stimulant and antispasmodic, and is 
used in typhoid fever and other low fevers, in 
adynamic pneumonia, in laryngismus stridu- 
lus, and in hiccough. Dose gr. x (0.65). 

Mussitation (?nus-it-a' -shun) [rnussitare, to 
mutter]. Movement of the lips without the 
production of articulate speech. 

Must \mmshnm, new wine] . The juice freshly 
expressed from grapes. 

Mustard {mus f -terd) [mustum, must, new 
wine, with Teut suffix]. I. A plant of 
the genus Brassica (Sinapis), of the natural 
order Cruciferse. 2. The seed of the mustard- 
plant. The seeds of two species are chiefly 
employed, those of Brassica nigra yielding 
black mustard, or Sinapis nigra (U. S. P.), 
and those of Brassica alba yielding white 
mustard, or Sinapis alba (U. S. P.). The 
seeds contain a fixed oil consisting of the 
glycerol-compounds of stearic, oleic, and 
erucic or brassic acid, and of sinapoleic and 
behenic acids, sinalbin (in white mustard), 
and (in black mustard) a volatile oil, oleum 
sinapis volatile (U. S. P.). The volatile oil 
contains allyl isosulphocyanid, the active 
principle, which does not exist preformed 
in the seeds, but is produced by the decom- 
position of potassium myronate, or sinigrin, 
under the influence of a ferment, myrosin. 
Mustard is used in dyspepsia.as an emetic(dose 
gj-ij (4.0— S. 0)), as a rubefacient and counter- 
irritant, especially in the form of mustard- 
plaster, and in baths. Linimentum sinapis 
compositus is used locally. Mustard-plaster 
(sinapism) is made by mixing mustard and 
flour with water. M. -paper (charta sina- 
pis. B. P.) is used locally. M. -poultice 
(cataplasma sinapis, B. P.") is made by mix- 
ing mustard and linseed-meal with water. 

Mutacism (riiu' '-tas-izm) [fivratucruoc, muta- 
cism]. The too frequent use of the m sound, 
and its substitution for other sounds. 



*Mute (wa/) \jnutus, dumb]. Dumb; unable 
to use articulate speech. 

Mutilation {jnu-til-a' 'shun) \rnutilare, to 
cut]. I. The act of maiming or disfiguring. 
2. The state thereby produced. Also, the 
condition of the parts remaining after the ex- 
cision or amputation of a member or part. 

Mutism {mu'-tizm) \_mutus, dumb]. Dumb- 
ness. 

Myalgia [jni-aF-je-aK) \_ftvc, muscle ; a/.yog, 
pain J. Pain in the muscles ; muscular rheu- 
matism. 

Myasthenia [mi - as-then -? v - ah, mias-the'- 
ne-ak) [//i'C, muscle; aotiEVEia, weakness]. 
Muscular debility. M. gravis pseudo- 
paralytica, a disease characterized by an 
abnormal exhaustibility of the voluntary 
muscles, manifesting itself in a rapid diminu- 
tion of contractility both when the muscle is 
innervated by the will and when stimulated 
by the electric current. 

Myasthenic {mi-as-then' '-ik) \_uvc;, muscle ; 
audeveia, weakness] . Characterized by myas- 
thenia. 

Mycelium (nii-se f -le-vm) [Vi>K7/c, a fungus ; 
ff/.oc, nail, wart, excrescence]. The vegeta- 
tive filaments of fungi, usually forming inter- 
woven masses. 

Mycetoma [mi- set-o f -mah). See Fungus- 
foot. 

M3 r coderma (mi-ko-der* '-mah) [,ui>K?}c, fun- 
gus ; 6ip/j.a, skin] . A genus of fungi form- 
ing membranes upon or in fermenting liquids. 
M. aceti, the microorganism of acetous fer- 
mentation. 

Mycohemia (mi-ko-hem r -e-ah) \_fivfcr}^, a fun- 
gus ; alua, blood]. A condition in which 
fungi are in the blood. 

Mycology (mi - kol f -o-je) \_uvktjc, a fungus; 
<r. science]. The science of fungi. 

My^conostoc {mi-kon-os f -t: ;, fungus ; 

nostoc\ A genus of schizomycetes. 

Mycophy T laxin [ini-ho-fil-aks r -in) \_uvnyc, a 
fungus; ©rZaf, a protector]. See Proteids, 
Defensr. 

Mycoprotein (mi- ko-pro' -te-in) \_uvkt/c, a 
fungus; protein, from rrpuroc, first]. The 
albuminoid substance obtained from the 
bodies of bacteria. 

Mycosis (mi-ko f -sis) \_uvkijc, fungus]. I. 
A growth of fungi within the body. 2. A 
disease caused by the presence of microor- 
ganisms in the body. M. fungoides, an 
affection of the skin characterized by the ap- 
pearance, chiefly on the scalp, face, and 
chest, of pinkish or reddish, nodular or flat- 
tened tumors, which may go on to ulceration. 
Itching is often present. The disease is 
believed to be microorganismal in origin. M. 
intestinalis. Synonym of Anthrax. 

Mycosozin (mi-ko-so f -zin) \_uvkt/c, a fungus ; 
cu^elv, to save]. See Sozni. 



MYCOTIC 



423 



MYELOGENIC 



Mycotic (mi-kot' -ik) \_aiK//g, fungus]. Char- 
acterized by mycosis; due to microorgan- 
isms. M. Endocarditis, that due to micro- 
organismal infection. A synonym of ulcer- 
ative or malignant endocarditis. 

Mydalein \mid-a' '-le-in) \jiv8akkog, putrid]. 
A ptomain obtained from putrefying cadav- 
eric organs. It produces salivation, dilata- 
tion of the pupil, elevation of temperature, 
peristaltic action of the intestines, first a 
rise, then a fall of temperature, and diastolic 
arrest of the heart. See Ptotnains, Table of. 

Mydatoxin (wid-at-oks'-in) [fxvdaeiv, to be 
wet; to^lkov, poison], C 6 H 13 N0 2 . A pto- 
main obtained from horse-flesh and human 
flesh. It produces symptoms resembling 
those of curara-poisoning. 

Mydin (wid'-in) [/ivfidsiv, to be wet], CgH^- 
NO. A nonpoisonous ptomain produced in 
the putrefaction of human internal organs. 
The free base is strongly alkaline, has an 
ammoniacal odor, and is characterized by its 
strong reducing properties. See Ptomains, 
Table of. 

Mydriasis {rnid-ri' '-as-is) [iiv6piaciig_\. Dila- 
tation of the pupil of the eye. M., Paraly- 
tic, that due to paralysis of the oculomotor 
nerve. M. Spasmodic, M., Spastic, that 
caused by overaction of the sympathetic or 
dilator nerve of the iris. M., Spinal, that 
produced by irritation of the ciliospinal cen- 
ter of the spinal cord. 

Mydriatic \?nid-re-at> '-ik) [nvdpiacig, dilata- 
tion of the pupil]. I. Causing mydriasis, 
or dilatation of the pupil. 2. An agent caus- 
ing mydriasis, or dilatation of the pupil. 

Myel [nii'-el) [five 2.6c;, marrow]. The spinal 
cord. 

Myelencephalon (mi-el-en-sef -al-on) [five- 
Aog, marrow ; b/nefaAog, brain]. I. The 
cerebrospinal axis. 2. See Metencephalon. 

Myelin {naf-el-in) l_fj.veA.6g, marrow], i. 
The white substance of Schwann — the sheath 
of a medullated nerve. 2. A substance 
obtained from nerve-tissue. See Organo- 
therapy. 

Myelinic {nii-el-in'-ik) {\fiveA\6g, marrow]. 
Relating to myelin, or to myelinic nerve- 
fibers. 

Myelitis {mi-el-i* -tis) \jivzkog, marrow ; trig, 
inflammation]. I. Inflammation of the 
spinal cord. If it affects the gray matter, 
it is called poliomyelitis ; if the white 
matter, leukomyelitis ; if it extends entirely 
across the cord, transverse myelitis. M., 
Acute, that due to exposure to cold, in- 
juries, or to acute general diseases ; it is 
attended with sensory disturbances and 
motor paralysis, complete or incomplete, ac- 
cording to the part of the cord involved and 
the degree of the inflammation. M., As- 
cending, a form in which the inflammation 



travels up the cord. M., Bulbar, that affect- 
ing the medulla and manifesting itself in 
disturbances of the cardiorespiratory appa- 
ratus, dysphagia, vomiting, and other symp- 
toms. M., Central, myelitis limited chiefly 
to the gray matter of the cord. M., 
Chronic, a slowly advancing myelitis, pre- 
senting generally the same features as acute 
myelitis, but extended over a longer period. 
M., Compression-, an inflammation of the 
spinal cord, secondary to compressing lesions 
outside of the cord (caries, carcinoma, ex- 
ostosis of the vertebrae, aneurysm) or to 
tumors of the cord itself. M., Cornual, 
inflammation affecting the anterior or pos- 
terior cornua. M., Descending, a form in 
which the inflammation extends downward, 
following the pyramidal tracts. M., Diffuse, 
widely distributed inflammation of the cord 
involving large areas. M., Disseminated, 
one in which there are several foci. M., 
Focal, one in which a small area is affected. 
M., Hemorrhagic, myelitis associated with 
or dependent upon hemorrhage. M., Pres- 
sure-. See Af., Compression-. M., Sclerotic, 
a form characterized by overgrowth of the 
interstitial tissue, which undergoes contrac- 
tion, producing an increase of hardness of 
the cord. M., Systemic, a variety in which 
the inflammation is confined to distinct 
systems or tracts of the cord. M., Trau- 
matic, myelitis following direct injury. 
The symptoms of myelitis vary with the 
character and the seat of the lesion. The 
sensory disturbances consist of hyperesthesia 
or anesthesia, girdle-pains, and usually a 
hyperesthetic zone at the level of the lesion. 
The reflexes are generally lost in the begin- 
ning, but later become exaggerated; some- 
times they do not return. Paralysis is 
present in the parts below the lesion ; the 
muscles are flaccid at first, later rigid. The 
sphincters are generally paralyzed. Bed- 
sores are common in certain forms of mye- 
litis. 2. Inflammation of bone - marrow ; 
osteomyelitis. 

Myelo- (mi'-el-o-) [//veAof, marrow]. A pre- 
fix denoting reference to or connection with 
the spinal cord, or with the bone-marrow. 

Myelocele {?ni f -el-o-sel) [/uveAog, marrow ; 
KoiAia, cavity]. The central canal of the 
spinal cord. 

Myelocele (mi' -el-o-sel) [fxveAog, marrow ; 
nrjArj, tumor]. Spina bifida. 

Myelocyte {rni' -el-o-slt) [_/uveA\6g, marrow; 
Kvrog, cell]. I. A large uninuclear leuko- 
cyte containing neutrophile granules, and 
supposed to be derived from the bone- 
marrow. 2. A free nucleus of a central or 
ganglionic nerve-cell. 

Myelogenic (mi-el-o-jen* '-ik) [five Aog, mar- 
row ; yevvav, to produce] . Produced in or 



MYELOID 



424 



MYOHEMATIN 



by bone -marrow. M. Leukemia, leukemia 
due to disease of the bone-marrow. 

Myeloid (mi'-el-oid) [piveAog, marrow ; eldog, 
like]. Resembling marrow. M. Cell, 
myeloplax. M. Sarcoma, a form of sar- 
coma distinguished by the presence of multi- 
nucleated cells. 

Myeloma (mi-el-o'-mah) \_p:veA6g, marrow ; 
bfia, tumor]. I. An encephaloid tumor. 2. 
A giant-celled sarcoma. 

Myelomalacia (mi-el-o-mal-a' -se-ah) [,ut>e?.dc, 
marrow; jia/.aKla, softening]. A softening 
of the spinal cord. 

Myelomeningitis {mi - el - o - men-in-ji' ' -tis) 
[ui'e/.dc, marrow ; fiijviy^, a membrane ; trig, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the mem- 
branes of the spinal cord ; spinal meningitis. 

Myelomeningocele (mi-el-o-men-in'-go-sel) 
[uve/.og, marrow ; fifrviy^, membrane ; k^atj, 
tumor]. Spina birida. 

Myelomyces (mi-el-om f -is-ez) \jive\6g, mar- 
row ; juvK//g, fungus] . An encephaloid tumor. 

Myelon (mi f -el-on) \jiveAog, marrow]. The 
spinal cord. 

Myelopathy (mi-el-op f -ath-e) [juve?.6g, mar- 
row ; Trdftog, disease]. Any disease of the 
spinal cord. 

Myeloplast (mi f -el-o-plast) \_fivel6c, marrow ; 
Trlaarog, shaped]. The peculiar cells of the 
bone-marrow resembling leukocytes. 

Myeloplax [mi* '-el-o-plaks) [//i>£/do, marrow ; 
7t/.q^, a placque]. One of the large multi- 
nucleated cells found upon the inner surface 
of bone, and concerned in its absorption. 

Myelosclerosis (mi-el-o-skle-ro' -sis) [five/og, 
marrow ; GK/.yp6g, hard] . Sclerosis of the 
spinal cord or of the marrow of bones. 

Myelospongium (mi-el-o-spun' -je-um) \_pvt- 
Aog, marrow; crzoyyog, sponge]. A net- 
work in the wall of the neural canal of the 
embryo, composed of processes given off by 
the outer extremities of the spongioblasts. 

Myelosyphilosis (mi-el-o-sif-il-o / -sis) \_fivelog, 
marrow; syphilis, syphilis]. Syphilitic dis- 
ease of the spinal cord. 

Myiodeopsia, Myiodesopsia (mi-e-o-de-op / - 
se-ah, mi-i-o-des-op' '-se-ali) \jiviubrjg, fly-like; 
diptg, vision]. The subjective appearance of 
muscae volitantes. 

Myiosis (mi'-i-o-sis) [/uvia, a fly]. The pre- 
sence of larvge of flies, or maggots, in or on 
the body, as in the nose or ear, in a w r ound, or 
upon mucous membranes. 

Myitis (mi-i'-tis). See Myositis. 

Mylo- (mi ; -lo-) \_jiv\6g, mill]. A prefix de- 
noting connection with the lower jaw or the 
molar teeth. 

Mylohyoid, Mylohyoidean (?ni-lo-hi f -oid, 
mi-lo-hi-oid-e' '-an) [uvatj, mill ; voetdi/g, hy- 
oid]. Pertaining to the region of the lower 
molar teeth and the hyoid bone. M. Muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of. 



Myo- (mi f -o-) \jJ-vg, a muscle]. A prefix sig- 
nifying pertaining to muscle. 

Myoblast (mi' '-o-blasi) [p.vg, muscle ; fSAaorog, 
germ]. A cell developing into a muscle-fiber. 

Myocarditis (mi-o-har-di' -tis) \_p.vg, muscle ; 
napdia, heart; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the myocardium, the muscular 
tissue of the heart. 

Myocardium (mi-o-har'-de-um) \_p.vg, muscle; 
Kapdia, heart]. The muscular tissue of the 
heart. 

Myocele (mi'-o-seT) \_uvg, muscle ; afar], tu- 
mor]. The protrusion of a muscle through 
its ruptured sheath. 

Myochrome (mi' - o - krom) \_uvg, muscle ; 
Xpa)/ua, color]. A reddish pigment found in 
muscles, and believed to be identical with 
hemoglobin. 

Myochronoscope (mi-o-kro' '-no-shop) \_/uvg, 
muscle; ^pd^oc, time ; ckotteIv, to examine]. 
An instrument for measuring the rapidity of 
muscular contraction or the propagation of a 
nerve-stimulus through a muscle. 

Myoclonus (mi-oh'-lo-nus) \_p.vg, muscle ; 
KMvog, clonus]. Clonic spasm of a muscle, 
or of various muscles. M. multiplex. See 
Paramyoclonus multiplex. 

Myocomma (mi-o-hom'-ah) [//t>c, muscle ; 
KOfipia, segment] . Any one of the transverse 
segments into which embryonic muscle- tissue 
is divided. 

Myodes (mi-o'-dez) \_pvg, muscle; eldog, like]. 
Myoid. 

Myodesopsia (mi-o-dez-ops' ' -e-ah). See Myio- 
desopsia. 

Myodynamometer (mi-o-di-nam-om' -et-er) 
\_,uvg, muscle ; dvvajitg, power ; fierpov, meas- 
ure]. See Dyna7nometer. 

Myodynia (ini-o-din' -e-ah) \jivg, muscle ; 
bSvvii, pain]. Pain in the muscles. 

Myofibroma (mi-o-f-bro' '-mah) \_uvg, muscle; 
fibra, fiber; bfia, tumor]. A tumor contain- 
ing muscular and fibrous tissue. 

Myoglobulin (mi-o-glob f -u-lin) \_uvg, mus- 
cle ; globulin"] . A substance obtained from 
muscles, closely resembling serum-globulin in 
its properties. 

Myogram (mi' '-o-gram)\jwg, muscle; ypdfi/ua, 
an inscription]. The tracing made by the 
myograph. 

Myograph (mi' - o - graf) \jivg, muscle; 
yp&QEiv, to write]. An instrument for re- 
cording the phases of a muscular contraction. 

Myographic (mi-o-graf f -ik) \jivg, muscle; 
ypa<peiv, to write]. Pertaining to a myograph. 

Myography (mi - og f - ra-fe) \jivq, muscle ; 
ypdtpetv, to write]. I. A description of the 
muscles. 2. The employment of the myo- 
graph. 

Myohematin (mi-o-hem' '-at-in) \_nvg, muscle ; 
difia, blood]. A red pigment found in 
muscles. 



MYOID 



425 



MYOTONIA 



Myoid [mi* -oid) [pvg, muscle; e/ doc, form]. 
Like a muscle or muscular tissue. 

Myoidema (mi-oid-e'-mah) [/uvg, muscle ; 
oiArjua, a swelling]. The wheal brought out 
by a sharp tap on a muscle in certain condi- 
tions of exhaustion. 

Myolemma (mi '- o - lem> '- ah) [/uvg, muscle; 
Mppa, covering]. The saicolemma. 

Myolin {tni'-o-lin) \_pvg, muscle]. The sub- 
stance formerly supposed to form the contents 
of a muscular fibrilla. 

Myolipoma (mi-o-lip-o' -viah) \_pvg, muscle ; 
Aiirog, fat ; 6/j.a, tumor]. A myoma contain- 
ing fatty tissue. 

Myology (mi-ol' -o-je) [jivg, muscle ; Myog, 
science]. The science of the nature, struct- 
ure, functions, and diseases of muscles. 

Myoma (mi-o'-mah) [pvg, muscle; bpa, 
tumor]. A muscular tumor. If composed of 
nonstriped muscular tissue it is called liomy- 
oma ; if of striped muscular tissue, rhabdo- 
myoma. 

Myomalacia (mi-o-mal-a' -se-aK) \_pvg, mus- 
cle ; paXaala, softening]. Softening of 
muscles. M. cordis, softening of a portion 
of the heart-muscle, usually resulting from 
thrombosis or embolism. 

Myomatous (mi-o'-mat-us) \_pvg, muscle ; 
bpa, tumor]. Of the nature of a myoma. 

Myomectomy (mi-o-mek' -to-me) \_pvg, mus- 
cle; bpa, tumor ; skto/ut/, excision]. Excis- 
ion of a uterine or other myoma. 

Myometritis (mi-o-met-ri'-tis) [five;, muscle ; 
prjrpa, uterus ; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the uterine muscular tissue. 

Myomotomy (mi-o-mof -o-me) \_pvg, muscle ; 
baa, tumor; Toprj, a cutting]. See Myo- 
mectomy. 

Myoneuralgia (mi- o - nu-ral'-je-ah) [pvg, 
muscle; vevpov, nerve; aXyog, pain]. Neu- 
ralgic pain in the muscles. 

Myoparalysis (mi- o-par-al' -is-is) \_pvg, mus- 
cle; rcapalvcLQ, paralysis]. Paralysis of a 
muscle or muscles. 

Myopathic (mi - o - path' - ik) \_pvg, muscle; 
Trddog, disease] . Depending upon or relating 
to disease of the muscles. M . Facies, ' ' facies 
myopathique ; " a peculiar form of expression 
seen in infantile forms of myopathic muscular 
atrophy. It is characterized by imperfect 
movement of the facial muscles, sinking in 
of the cheeks, and drooping of the lower lip. 

Myopathy (mi - op' - ath - e) [juvg, muscle ; 
-xadog, suffering]. A disease of the muscles. 

Myope (mi' -dp) \_pvetv, to close; hip, eye; 
see Myopia] . A person affected with myopia. 

Myopericarditis (mi-o-per-ik-ar-di' -tis) [pvg, 
muscle ; -Kepi, around ; icapdia, heart ; trig, 
inflammation]. A combination of pericar- 
ditis with myocarditis. 

Myopia (mi-o / -pe-ah) [pveiv, to close ; gji//, 
eye, myopes having the habit of partially 



closing the lids to avoid spheric aberration]. 
Near-sightedness ; an optic defect, usually 
due to an abnormal length of the anteropos- 
terior diameter of the globe, whereby the 
focal image is formed in front of the retina. 

Myopic (mi-op'-ik) [pveiv, to close ; vip, 
eye]. Pertaining to or having the nature of 
myopia ; near-sighted. M. Crescent, a yel- 
lowish-white crescentic area about the pa- 
pilla, due to atrophy or breaking away of 
the choroid and exposure of the sclerotic. 

Myosarcoma (mi-o-sar-ko' '-mah) [pvg, mus- 
cle ; cap!;, flesh ; bpa, tumor] . A sarcoma 
containing muscular tissue. 

Myosclerosis (tni-o-skle-ro' -sis) \_pvg, mus- 
cle ; CKlTjpdq, hard]. A hardening or indu- 
ration of a muscle. 

Myosin (mi'-o-sin) . [//£>£, muscle]. A pro- 
teid of the globulin class, found in coagulated 
muscle- plasma, and formed from the ante- 
cedent globulin, myosinogen. It is also found 
in the cornea and in some vegetables. M. is 
soluble in strong saline solutions, and is 
changed into syntonin by the action of dilute 
hydrochloric acid and heat. 

Myosinogen (mi-o-sin' -o-jen) \_pvg, muscle ; 
yewav, to beget]. One of the proteids of 
muscle-plasma. It is the antecedent of my- 
osin. Its coagulation after death is the cause 
of rigor mortis. 

Myosis (mi-o'-sis) [pvetv, to close]. See 
Miosis. 

Myositis (mi- o- si' -tis) [pvg, muscle ; it eg, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the muscles. 
M., Interstitial, an inflammation of the con- 
nective tissue of muscle. M. ossificans, a 
variety characterized by the formation of 
osseous deposits in the muscles. M., Specific, 
M., Syphilitic, that due to syphilis. M. tri- 
chinosa, that due to the presence of trichina 
spiralis in the muscles. 

Myospasm (mi'- o - spazm) \_pvg, muscle ; 
cwaapbg, spasm] . Muscular spasm ; a cramp. 

Myosuture (mi - o - sn'- tur) \_pvg, muscle; 
sutura, a suture]. Suture of a muscle. 

Myotatic (mi-o-tat' -ik) \jpvg, muscle ; T&ceg, 
a stretching]. Produced by or depending 
upon passive tension of the muscles. M. 
Irritability, an increased irritability of mus- 
cles produced by passive extension, and 
giving rise, when the muscle is stimulated, 
to a M. Contraction, or tendon-reflex. 

Myotic (mi-ot'-ik). See Miotic. 

Myotome (mi'-o-tom) [pvg, muscle ; ropy, a 
cutting]. I. An instrument for performing 
myotomy. 2. See Myocomma. 

Myotomy (mi-ot'-o-me) \_pvg, muscle ; Topi], 
a cutting]. I. Division of a muscle, particu- 
larly through its belly. 2. The dissection 
of muscles. 

Myotonia (mi-o-to'-ne-ah) \_pvg, muscle ; 
rovog, tension]. I. Muscular spasm. 2. 



MVRCIA 



426 



MYXEDEMATOUS 



The stretching of a muscle. M. congenita, 
M. hereditaria, Thomsen's disease ; an 
hereditary disease characterized by tonic 
spasms in the voluntarily moved muscles. 

Myrcia {mur 4 '-se-ak). A genus of aromatic 
shrubs of the natural order Myrtaceae. M. 
acris is the source of oil of bay, Oleum 
myrcise (U. S. P.), from which is prepared 
bay-rum, or Spiritus myrciae (U. S. P.). Bay- 
rum is used as a local application in headache. 

Myriachit (mir f -e-ak-it). See Palmus. 

Myricin (mir f -is-in) [pvpinrj, the tamarisk]. 
A constituent of wax (Cera flava), insoluble 
in boiling alcohol. It consists chiefly of 
myricyl palmitate, C 30 H 61 . C 1G H 31 2 , which 
is a compound of palmitic acid and myricyl 
alcohol. 

Myricyl (mir'-is-il). See Myricin. 

Myringitis (mir-in-ji' -tis) \??iyringa, drum- 
membrane ; trig, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the membrana tympani. 

Myringodectomy (mir - in -go - de¥ - to-me) 
\jnyringa, drum-membrane ; kuropi], exci- 
sion]. Excision of a part or of the whole 
of the membrana tympani. 

Myringomycosis [mir - in - go - ?7ii-ko'- sis) 
\jnyringa, drum-membrane ; uiKtjg, fungus]. 
Disease of the drum-membrane, due to para- 
sitic fungi, especially the Aspergillus. 

Myringoplastic [mir-in-go-plas' -tik) \inyr- 
inga, drum-membrane; — '/Aooziv, to form]. 
Pertaining to myringoplasty. 

Myringoplasty \jnir-in f -go-plas-te) \inyringa, 
drum-membrane; -/.daaetv, to shape]. A 
plastic operation on the membrana tympani. 

Myringotome (mir-in' -go-tom) \_myringa, 
drum-membrane; tout}, a cutting]. An in- 
strument used in incising the membrana tym- 
pani. 

Myringotomy (mir-in-got f -o-me) \_myringa, 
drum-membrane; -out), a cutting]. Incision 
of the tympanic membrane. 

Myristic Acid (mir - is / - tik) [pvpi&iv, to 
anoint], C u H 2S 2 . A monobasic acid found 
in Myristica fragrans, in cocoanut-oil, in sper- 
maceti, etc. 

Myristica (mir -is' -tik- ah) [uvpi^eiv, to 
anoint] . See Nutmeg. 

Myristicin (mir - is' - tis - in) [pvpi^mv, to 
anoint]. A peculiar fatty body contained in 
nutmeg. 

Myristicol (mir -is' - tik- ol) [uvpiZtiv, to 
anoint; oleum, oil], C ]0 H 16 O. An oily sub- 
stance extracted from oil of nutmeg. 

Myronic Acid (mi-ron'-ik). See Acid. 

Myrosin (mi'-ro-sin) [uipov, ointment]. An 
albuminous ferment occurring in mustard- 
seed, which liberates the oil of mustard from 
potassium myronate. 

Myrrh (mur) [uippa, myrrh]. A gum-resin 
obtained from Commiphora myrrha (U. S. P.) 
or Balsamodendron myrrha (B. P.), a tree of 



the natural order Burserace^e. Myrrh con- 
tains a volatile oil, a resin (myrrhin), and a 
gum, and is used as a stimulant tonic in dys- 
pepsia, pulmonary affections, chlorosis, and 
amenorrhea. It is employed as a local appli- 
cation in various forms of stomatitis. Dose 
gr. x-xxx (0.65-2.0). Tinctura myrrhae. 
Dose rt\x-xxx (0.65-2.0). Myrrh is also an 
ingredient of Mistura ferri composita, Pilulae 
aloes et myrrhae, and Tinctura aloes et 
myrrhae. 

Myrtiform (mur f - tif- ortti) [piprog, the 
myrtle ; forma, form]. Shaped like a 
myrtle-berry or myrtle-leaf, as the myrtiform 
caruncles (caruncuke myrtiformes) , and the 
myrtiform fossa of the superior maxilla. 

Myrtle (?nw'-tl) [pi prog, the myrtle]. A 
genus of plants of the natural order Myrta- 
ceae. The leaves of Myrtus chekan are 
used in bronchitis. Dose of fluid extract, 
f^j-iij (4.0-12.0). The leaves of Myrtus 
communis yield myrtol, which distils be- 
tween 160 and 180 C. The leaves are used 
as an antiseptic dressing for wounds. Myrtol 
is employed as an antiseptic in bronchitis, 
cystitis, and pyelitis. Dose gr. j-ij (0.065- 
0.13). 

Myrtol (mur'-tol). See Myrtle. 

Myrtus (mu7-'-tus). See Myrtle. 

Mysophobia (mi-so-fo , -be-ah) \jivcog, filth; 
<j>63og, dread]. An abnormal dread of con- 
tact or of dirt. 

Mytacism (mit'-as-izvi). See Mufacism. 

Mytilotoxin (mit-il-o-toks' -in) [uvri/.og, mus- 
sel ; to^ikov, poison], C 6 H ]5 N0 2 . A poi- 
sonous ptomain found in poisonous mussel ; 
it is similar in action to curara. See 
Ptomains, Table of. 

Myxedema (miks-e-de' '-mah) \_pi^a, mucus ; 
6i6i]ua, edema]. A disorder of nutrition in 
which the subcutaneous tissue, especially of 
the face and hands, becomes infiltrated with 
a mucin-like substance, giving rise to a pale, 
edematous swelling, which does not pit on 
pressure. It is associated with dullness of 
the intellect, slow monotonous speech, mus- 
cular weakness, tremors, and absence of 
sweating. It is thought to be due to atrophy 
or degeneration of the thyroid gland, a view 
that gains strength from the facts that a 
similar condition to that of myxedema is 
produced in animals by the removal of the 
thyroid gland (cachexia strumipriva), and 
that the administration of thyroid gland in 
myxedema produces a marked amelioration 
of symptoms. In individuals in whom the 
thyroid gland is congenitally diseased or 
absent, a state resembling myxedema is apt 
to develop. It is known as cretinism. 

Myxedematous (miks-edem' '-at-us) [//if a, 
mucus; oldrjpa, edema]. Pertaining to, 
affected with, or of the nature of, myxedema. 



MYXOCHONDROMA 



427 



NAPHTHALENE 



Myxochondroma (miks - o - kon - dro' '-ma/i) 
[uvga, mucus ; xui^pog, cartilage ; b/ta, 
tumor]. A tumor containing mucous and 
cartilaginous tissue. 

Myxodes (viiks-o'-dez) \_jii'^a, mucus ; eldog, 
like]. Resembling mucus. 

Myxofibroma (miks-o-fi- bro'-mah) \_fxv^a, 
mucus ; fibra, fiber; baa, tumor]. A fibroma 
that has in part undergone myxomatous de- 
generation. 

Myxoglioma (miks-o-gli-o' '-viaJi) [jwga, mu- 
cus ; yl.ia, glue ; 01.1a, tumor]. A glioma 
with myxomatous degeneration. 

Myxolipoma (miks-o-lip-o' '-mail) \_fj.'v^a, mu- 
cus; A/Voc, fat; o/Lia, tumor]. A fatty tumor 
that has in part undergone myxomatous 
change. 

Myxoma (miks-o / -mail) [fivga, mucus ; b/ua, 
tumor]. A connective-tissue tumor after the 
type of the jelly of Wharton of the umbilical 
cord. It consists of a gelatinous, mucin-con- 



taining, intercellular substance, in which are 
scattered peculiar branched or stellate cells. 

Myxomatous (miks-o f -mat-us) [/wi'^a, mu- 
cus ; b/ia, tumor]. Of the nature of, or 
pertaining to, myxoma. M., Degenera- 
tion, mucoid degeneration. It attacks epi- 
thelium and connective tissue, giving rise to 
the production of a gelatinous substance 
containing mucin. In epithelial tissue the 
cells are affected ; in connective tissue the 
intercellular substance. 

Myxosarcoma (miks-o-sar-ko' -mail) [fivi-a, 
mucus ; adp^, flesh ; bjia, tumor]. A sarcoma 
that has in part undergone myxomatous de- 
generation. 

Myxosporidia (miks-o-spor-id'-e-ah) \jii%a, 
mucus ; (Ttto/joc, seed]. A group or order of 
Sporozoa, found as parasitic bodies in the 
muscles and epithelia of fishes ; they pro- 
duce a psorospermosis which is frequently 
wide-spread and destructive. 



N 



N. The symbol of nitrogen ; n, the sign of 
the index of refraction. 

N. A. Abbreviation for numerical aperture. 

N. F. National Formulary; a collection of 
formulas issued by the American Pharma- 
ceutical Association as a supplement to the 
U. S. Pharmacopeia. 

Na. Symbol for sodium. 

Nasvus (ne'-vus). See Nevus. 

Nail (nal) [AS., naegel, a nail]. The horny 
structure covering the dorsal aspect of the 
terminal phalanx of each finger and toe. It 
consists of intimately united horny epithelial 
cells derived from the stratum lucidum of the 
epidermis. A nail rests in the N.-bed, a 
vascular tissue corresponding to the corium 
and the stratum Malpighii of the skin. N.- 
culture, a term applied in bacteriology to a 
stab-culture showing a growth along the 
needle-track, and on the surface a button- 
like projection, giving the appearance of a 
nail driven into the gelatin. N.-fold, the 
portion of epidermis that covers the root and 
edges of the nail. N., Hang-, a little shred 
of skin hanging from the finger at the side of 
the nail. N., Ingrowing or Ingrown, an 
overlapping of the nail by the flesh, from 
pressure, attended with ulceration. N.- 
matrix, the proximal end of the N.-bed ; the 
structure from which the nail grows. N., 
Turtle-back, a nail curved in all directions ; 



a condition seen in certain trophic disturb- 
ances. 

Nanism {na / -niz?ti) [vavog, dwarf]. Dwarf- 
ishness. 

Nanocephalous (na-no - sef- al-us) [yavog, 
dwarf; netyaXr], head]. Possessing a dwarfed 
head. 

Nanoid (na' -noid)\yavo<;, dwarf ; elfiog, like]. 
Dwarf- like. 

Nanomelia, Nanomelus (na - no - me'- le - 
ah, na-nom f -el-us) \yavoq, dwarf; juelog, 
limb]. A monster characterized by under- 
sized limbs. 

Nanus (na / -nus) [yavoq, a dwarf]. I. A 
dwarf. 2. Dwarfed, stunted. 

Nape (nap) [ME., knappe, from AS., cncep, 
a knob] . The back part of the neck ; the 
nucha. 

Napellin (na - pel'- hi) \jiapellus, dim. of 
napus, a turnip], C 26 H 39 NO n . An alkaloid 
of Aconitum napellus. It is an anodyne and 
antineuralgic. Dose, gr. l /e-}2. 

Naphtha (naj 7 -thah)[ya^)da, from Arab., naft, 
naphtha] . I . Formerly, any strong-smelling, 
inflammable, volatile liquid, as naphtha vitri- 
oli (sulphuric ether), wood-naphtha (methyl- 
alcohol). 2. A colorless, inflammable oil 
distilled from petroleum, bituminous shale, 
etc. 

Naphthalene, Naphthalin, Naphtalin 
(naf '-thal-en, naf'-thal-in, naf f -tal-iri) 



NAPHTHALOL 



428 



NATRON 



[yd(pda , from Arab. , naft, naphtha] , C 10 H 8 . A 
hydrocarbon crystallizing in large, silvery, 
rhombic plates, slightly soluble in hot, but 
insoluble in cold water, though easily solu- 
ble in methyl and ethyl alcohols, chloro- 
form, ether, and benzene. It is an anti- 
septic; is used in intestinal putrefaction, in 
typhoid fever, etc. ; locally, in scabies and 
pruritus. Dose, gr. v-x (0.32-0.65). 

Naphthalol (naf'-thal-ol) [naphtha], C 6 H 4 - 
OH.COOC 10 H 7 . A salicylic-acid derivative 
of /3-naphthol. 

Naphthol, Naphtol (naf'-thol, naf'-tol), 
C 10 H 7 OH. A substance found in coal-tar 
and prepared artificially from naphthalin. It 
exists in two isomeric forms, a-naphthol and 
jS-naphthol, and occurs in the form of pale, 
buff-colored crystals, /^-naphthol (Naphtol, 
U. S. P.) is employed in dyspepsia, and as 
an intestinal antiseptic in diarrheas, typhoid 
fever, etc. Locally, it is used in eczema, 
prurigo, herpes, favus, etc. Dose, gr. v-x 
(0.32-0.65). 

Narcein {nar f -se-in) [vdpKtj, numbness], 
C 23 H 29 N0 9 . An alkaloid contained in opium. 
It is sparingly soluble in water and alcohol, 
and forms fine, silky, inodorous, bitter crys- 
tals. It is used as a substitute for morphin. 
Dose, gr. % (0.016). 

Narcohypnia [nar-ko-hip' '-ne-ah) [vapttr], 
stupor; virvog, sleep]. Waking numbness; 
a peculiar state in which the patient has a 
sense of numbness on awaking. 

Narcolepsy (iiar' ' -ko-lep-se) [vapur], stupor ; 
Xafj,j3aveiv, to seize]. An uncontrollable 
tendency to attacks of deep sleep of short 
duration. It has been observed in epilepsy 
and other affections. 

Narcosis {nar-ko'-sis) [vapicovv, to benumb]. 
The state of complete unconsciousness pro- 
duced by a narcotic drug or an anesthetic. 

Narcotic [nar-kof '-ik) [vapnovv, to benumb]. 
I. Producing stupor. 2. A drug that pro- 
duces narcosis. 

Narcotin {iiar f -kot-in) [vapnovv, to benumb], 
C 22 H 23 N0 7 . An alkaloid of opium, sepa- 
rated from morphin by potassium hydroxid. 
It crystallizes from alcohol in shining prisms, 
and melts at 1 7 6° C. It is sudorific and 
antipyretic, but has no narcotic effects. Dose, 
gr. i-iij (0.06-0.20). 

Narcotism {nar> '- kot-izni) [vapnovv, to be- 
numb]. The condition resulting from the 
use of a narcotic. 

Narcotize {nar f -ko-tiz) [vapnovv, to benumb]. 
To put under the influence of a narcotic ; to 
render unconscious by means of a narcotic. 

Naris (na / -ris) [L.]. One of a pair of open- 
ings at the anterior part (Anterior nares), 
or at the posterior part (Posterior nares) 
of the nasal fossse. 

Nasal (na'-zal) [nasus, the nose]. Pertain- 



ing to the nose. N. Artery. See Arteries, 
Table of. N. Bones, the two small bones 
forming the arch of the nose. N. Catarrh, 
catarrh of the nasal mucous membrane ; 
coryza. N. Duct. See Lacrimal Duct. 
N. Eminence. See Eminence. N. Fossae, 
the cavities of the nose. N. Ganglion, the 
sphenopalatine ganglion. N. Labyrinth, 
the irregular cavity formed by the turbinal 
bones in the nasal passages. N. Line. See 
Lines, Table of. N. Nerve. See Nerves, 
Table of. N. Voice, a peculiar muffled 
timbre of the voice, especially marked in 
cases of perforation of the palate. 

Nascent (nas / -ent) [nasci, to be born]. A 
term applied to gaseous substances at the 
moment of their liberation from chemic 
union. 

Nasion [na / '-ze-on) [nasus, nose]. The me- 
dian point of the nasofrontal suture. 

Nasmyth's Membrane. The epithelial 
membrane enveloping the enamel of the tooth 
during its development and for a short time 
after birth ; cuticiila dentis. 

Naso- (na'-zo-) [nasus, nose]. A prefix 
denoting connection with or relation to the 
nose. 

Nasofrontal {na-zo-fron' -tal) [nasus, nose ; 
frons, forehead]. Pertaining to the nasal 
and the frontal bones. 

Nasolabial (na-zo-la'-be-al) [nasus, nose; 
labiutn, lip] . Pertaining to the nose and lip. 

Nasolacrimal (iia-zo-lak' '-rim-al) [nasus, 
nose ; lacri?na, tear] . Pertaining to the nose 
and the lacrimal apparatus, as the naso- 
lacrimal duct. 

Nasopalatine {ita-zo-pal> '-at-en)[nasus , nose ; 
palatine]. I. Pertaining to both the nose 
and the palate, as the N. nerve. 2. Giving 
passage to the N. nerve, as the N. canal. 

Nasopharyngeal {iia-zo-far-in> '-je-al) [nasus, 
nose ; (papvyt; pharynx]. Pertaining to both 
the nose and the pharynx, or to the naso- 
pharynx. 

Nasopharynx {iia-zo-far ; -inks) [nasus, nose: 
(f>dpvy^, pharynx]. The space between the 
posterior nares and a horizontal plane through 
the lower margin of the soft palate. 

Nataloin [na-taF -o-in) [Natal, an African 
state ; akori, the aloe], C 25 H 28 O u . The aloin 
derived from Natal aloes. 

Natal Sore. See Furunctdus orientalis. 

Nates (na f -tez) [natis, the buttock]. The 
buttocks. N. of Brain, the anterior pair of 
the corpora quadrigemina. 

Native {iia'-tiv) [nativus, born]. Of indig- 
enous origin or growth ; occurring in its 
natural state ; not artificial. N. Albumins, 
a class of proteids occurring ready-formed 
in the tissues. 

Natrium (na / '-tre-uni) . See Sodium. 

Natron {iia'-truti) [Ar., natriln, native car- 



NATURAL 



429 



NECTANDRA 



bonate of sodium]. I. Native sodium car- 
bonate. 2. Soda. 3. Sodium or potassium 
nitrate. 

Natural {iiaf '-u-ral) [tiatura, nature]. Per- 
taining to nature. N. History, a term 
including a description of all tbe products and 
phenomena of nature, but at present generally 
restricted to the sciences of zoology and 
botany. N. Philosophy, the science treat- 
ing of the physical properties of matter at rest 
and in motion ; now usually called physics. 

Nauheim Treatment (now' - him). See 
Schotf s Treatment of Heart-disease. 

Nausea [naw'-she-ah) [yavaia, seasickness]. 
Sickness at the stomach, with inclination to 
vomit. N. marina, N. navalis, seasick- 
ness. 

Nauseant [naw f -she-ant) \_vavoia, seasick- 
ness]. I. Nauseating; producing nausea. 
2. Any agent that produces nausea. 

Nauseating, Nauseous [naw' '-she-a-ting, 
naw / '- she - zcs) [vavoia, seasickness]. Pro- 
ducing nausea or loathing. 

Navel [na f -vel) [AS., nafela, navel]. The 
umbilicus. N. -string, the umbilical cord. 

Navicular [na-vik' '-u-lar) \_navicula, a little 
ship]. Boat-shaped. N. Bone, the scaphoid 
bone of the foot. N. Fossa. I. A depres- 
sion between the vaginal aperture and the 
fourchet. 2. A dilatation of the urethra near 
the glans penis. 

Near-point. The punctum proximum, the 
point nearest the eye at which an object can 
be seen distinctly. N., Absolute, that near- 
point for either eye alone at which no effort at 
accommodation is made. N., Relative, that 
near-point for both eyes at which accommoda- 
tion is brought into play. 

Near-sight. See Myopia. 

Nearthrosis [ne-ar-thro' '-sis) [yeog, new; 
apdpov, joint]. A false articulation. 

Nebula [neb'-u-lah) [L.]. A cloud ; a faint, 
grayish opacity of the cornea. 

Nebulizer [neb f -u-li-zer) [nebula, a cloud]. 
See Atomizer. 

Neck [nek) [AS., hnecca, neck]. The con- 
stricted portion of the body connecting the 
head with the trunk;, also, the narrow portion 
of any structure serving to join its parts. See 
Cervix. N., Anatomic, the constricted 
portion of the humerus, just below the articu- 
lar surface, serving for the attachment of the 
capsular ligament. N.-berg, the vulgar 
name of the cervical portion of the thymus 
gland of animals. See Heart-berg. N., 
Derbyshire. Synonym of Goiter. N. Sur- 
gical, the constricted part of the humerus 
just below the condyles. N., Wry-. Syn- 
onym of Torticollis. 

Necrobiosis [nek-ro-bi-o f -sis) \ysKp6g, corpse ; 
3<oq, life]. Molecular death of tissue. 

Necrogenic [nek-ro-jen'-ik) [vtvcpoc, corpse ; 



yzvvav, to beget]. Originating from dead 
substances. 

Necrometer [nek-rom f -et-er) [ycKpdq, corpse; 
juirpov, measure]. An instrument for weigh- 
ing organs at an autopsy. 

Necropsy [nek f -rop-se) \_venp6c, corpse ; bijjcg, 
seeing]. The examination of a dead body; 
autopsy ; postmortem. 

Necrosis [nek-ro' '-sis) \yzKpoq, corpse]. The 
death of cells surrounded by living tissue. 
Necrosis proper refers to death in mass, 
necrobiosis to death of individual cells. 
Among the causes of necrosis are : direct in- 
jury, obstruction of the circulation, loss of 
trophic influence. The varieties of necrosis 
are : coagulative necrosis, liquefactive necro- 
sis, cheesy necrosis, dry, and moist gangrene. 
Necrosed tissues may be absorbed, retained, 
or thrown off. The dead tissue is called 
sequestrum in case of bone, and sphacelus in 
case of soft parts. In surgery the term nec- 
rosis is often applied specifically to the death 
of bone. Necrosis of bone is divided into 
N., Superficial, when the portion of bone 
just beneath the periosteum is affected ; N., 
Central, when the internal portions are in- 
volved, and N., Total, when the bone 
through its entire thickness is necrotic. N., 
Balser's Fatty. See Diseases, Table of. 
N., Cheesy, necrosis characterized by the 
formation of a cheese-like material. It is 
usually due to the presence of the tubercle- 
bacillus, and is most often seen in the lungs. 
N., Coagulation-, N., Coagulative, a 
variety characterized by the formation of 
fibrin. It is most common in the blood, in 
thrombosis. It also occurs on mucous mem- 
branes, where it produces a false membrane, 
chiefly under the influence of the bacillus of 
diphtheria, but also of other irritant agents. 
Occasionally it occurs in the interior of organs 
as the result of embolism or thrombosis, lead- 
ing to the formation of an anemic infarct. 
N., Colliquative. See N., Liquefactive. 
N., Embolic, coagulative necrosis in an 
anemic infarct following embolism. N., 
Liquefactive, a process analogous to coagu- 
lative necrosis, but instead of fibrin the pecu- 
liar reaction of fluids and cells gives rise to 
the formation of a liquid. N., Mercurial, 
a necrosis of bones due to chronic poisoning 
with mercury. N., Phosphorus-, a necrosis 
of bone, especially of the lower jaw, occur- 
ring in those exposed to the fumes of phos- 
phorus. N. ustilaginea, dry gangrene 
from ergotism. 

Necrotic [nek-rot' -ik) [venpoq, corpse]. Per- 
taining to or characterized by necrosis. 

Necrotomy [nek-rot' '-o-me) [venpog, a corpse ; 
tojitj, a cutting] . The dissection of a dead 
body. 

Nectandra [nek-tan* -dr ah) [yknTap, nectar; 



NEEDLE 



430 



NEPHRITIS 



hvrjp, a male]. A tree of the order Laura- 
ceae. The bark of Nectandra rodiaei (Nec- 
tandrae cortex, B.P.), contains tannic acid, 
resin, sugar, albumin, various salts, and two 
alkaloids, beberin and sipirin. It is tonic, 
astringent, and febrifuge, and has been used 
in malarial fevers, but is much less antipe- 
riodic than cinchona. Dose, gr. xx-^j, 
(1.3-4.0); of beberin sulphate, gr. ij-v 
(0.13-0.32). 

Needle (tie f -dl) [AS., nandl, needle]. A 
sharp-pointed steel instrument used for sew- 
ing, and for penetrating tissues for the purpose 
of carrying a ligature through. N., Aneu- 
rysm-, one fixed on a handle, and with the 
eye at the point, especially adapted for ligating 
vessels. N., Cataract-, one for operating 
upon the cataractous lens or its capsule. N., 
Discission-, one for insertion through the 
cornea, and breaking the capsule and sub- 
stance of the crystalline lens. N., Explor- 
ing, a grooved sharp-pointed rod introduced 
into a cavity or a part for the purpose of de- 
termining the presence of fluid. N., Hage- 
dorn's, a flat suture-needle curved on its 
edge, with the eye perforating the side. N. - 
holder, a handle for clasping a needle. N., 
Hypodermic, the fine needle-pointed metal- 
lic tube attached to the barrel of the hypoder- 
mic syringe. N. -knife, one that has a 
sharp cutting edge; it is used in the discis- 
sion of cataracts. 

Needling (ne'-dling) [AS., noedl, needle]. 
The process of lacerating a cataract with a 
needle, to afford entrance to the aqueous 
humor and cause absorption of the lens. 

Negative (neg'-at-iv) [negare, to deny]. 
Denying ; contradicting ; opposing. Of quan- 
tities, less than nothing; in physics, opposed 
to a quality termed positive. N. Accom- 
modation, the absence of active accommo- 
dation ; the state of the eye at rest, or when 
looking at an object at an infinite distance. 
N. Blood-pressure, pressure which is less 
than that of the atmosphere. It exists in the 
large veins near the heart, owing to the aspirat- 
ing action of the thorax. N. Chemotaxis, 
the absence of the power of attracting leuko- 
cytes and wandering cells, or their actual 
repulsion. N. Electrode, N. Pole, the 
electrode or pole of an electric battery con- 
nected with the positive plate and conducting 
N. electricity. N. Variation of the Mus- 
cle-current, a diminution in the strength of 
the muscle-current during tetanic contraction. 

Neisseria (ni-se ; -re-ah) [after Neisser, a Ger- 
man physician]. A group of schizomycetes. 
See Bacteria, Table of. 

Nelaton \Nilaton, a French surgeon]. N.'s 
Catheter, a soft rubber catheter. N.'s 
Line. See Lines, Table of. N.'s Probe. 
See Probe. 



Nelavan [neV -av-an) . See Lethargy, Af- 
rican. 

Nematoblast {netn* '-at-o-blast)[yrjiia, thread : 
fi/jzarog, germ]. A spermatoblast. 

Nematoda {nem-at-o' -dah) \yf}[xa, thread ; 
eldog, form]. A genus of worms, the thread- 
worms, some of which are parasitic in man 
and the lower animals. The most im- 
portant of these are Anguillula, Ankylostoma, 
Ascaris, Eustrongylus, Filaria, Oxyuris, 
Strongylus, Trichina, Trichocephalus. 

Nematode, Nematoid [iiem'-at-od, nem r -at- 
oid) \yfjiia, thread; eldog, form]. Thread- 
like ; belonging to or resembling the Nema- 
toda, or thread- worms ; applied to thread- 
worms, hair-worms, round worms, pin-worms. 

Neoarthrosis (ne-o-ar-thro' '-sis) [ysog, new ; 
apdpov, a joint]. A false joint. 

Neonatal (ne-o-na / -tal) [yeog, new; natas, 
born] . Pertaining to the new-born. 

Neoplasm (ne f -o-plazni) \ykog, new ; n?iaa- 
gelv, to mold] . A circumscribed new growth 
of tissue, characterized by abnormality of 
structure or location. As generally used, 
the term includes all true tumors, as well as 
tumor-like growths due to microorganisms, 
as the gumma and tuberculous tumor. 
N., Inflammatory Fungoid, mycosis fun- 
goides. 

Neoplastic [ne-o-plas'-tik) [yeog, new ; TrAdcr- 
ceiv, to mold]. Pertaining to, or of the 
nature of a neoplasm. 

Neoplasty {ne f -o-plas-te) \yeog, new ; 7r/dcr- 
ceiv, to mold]. The restoration of lost tissue 
by a plastic operation. 

Nepeta {nep'-et-ali). See Catnip. 

Nephralgia \nef-ral f -je-ah) \_ve6pog, kidney ; 
d/iyoc, a pain]. Neuralgic pain of the kid- 
ney. 

Nephrectomy {iief-rek' -to-me) [vedpog, kid- 
ney ; tKTOfii), excision]. Excision of the kid- 
ney. N. Abdominal, N. through an abdom- 
inal incision. N., Lumbar, N. through an 
incision in the loin. 

Nephria {iief'-re-ali). See Bright' s Disease. 

Nephric (nef'-rik) \ye<ppog, kidney]. Per- 
taining to the kidney. 

Nephritic (nefrit'-ik) [from vecppog, kidney ; 
nig, inflammation]. I. Pertaining to ne- 
phritis. 2. Improperly, pertaining to the kid- 
ney ; the correct term is nephric. 

Nephritis {nef-ri'-tis) [yeopog, the kidney ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
kidney. The inflammation when affecting 
the epithelium is termed Parenchymatous 
N., which may be acute or chronic. It is 
also known as Tubular, Catarrhal, or Des- 
quamative N., or, when affecting especially 
the glomerule, as glomerulonephritis. That 
involving the connective tissue chiefly is 
called Interstitial N., and may also be acute 
or chronic. The acute gives rise to abscess 



NEPHROGENOUS 



431 



NERVE 



of the kidney. A nephritis in which both 
elements are involved is termed Diffuse 
N. In Acute Parenchymatous N., or 
acute Bright' s disease, the kidney is en- 
larged, congested, its structural markings are 
obscured, the epithelium is in a state of cloudy 
swelling or fatty degeneration, and many 
tubules contain casts ; in others the epithelium 
is desquamated. The symptoms are fever, 
lumbar pains, and often dropsy ; the urine is 
scanty and contains albumin, blood, casts, and 
epithelial cells ; uremia is common. In 
Chronic Parenchymatous N. (large 
white kidney) the kidney is enlarged, pale 
or yellow, and soft ; the epithelium presents 
an advanced stage of fatty degeneration. 
Casts are often present. The symptoms are 
anemia, dropsy, gastrointestinal disturbances, 
dyspnea, and retinitis ; the urine is 
scanty and contains a large amount of albu- 
min, granular, fatty, and waxy casts, and 
compound granule-cells. Acute intersti- 
tial N. is due to septic infection either 
through the blood, as in pyemia, or through 
extension along the ureter or from neighbor- 
ing structures. In chronic interstitial N. 
(granular or gouty kidney), the kidney is 
small, hard, the capsule is adherent, the sur- 
face is granular and marked by cysts. The 
cortex is diminished in thickness. Micro- 
scopically there is a marked increase in the 
connective tissue about the tubules, the glom- 
eruli, and the blood-vessels. The glomeruli 
show degenerative changes, the epithelium 
is atrophic and degenerated. The symptoms 
are anemia, loss of flesh and strength, dis- 
turbances of digestion, dyspnea, and asthma- 
tic attacks ; polyuria, the urine being of a 
low specific gravity, pale, and containing only 
a small amount of albumin and but few hya- 
line casts. There is also hypertrophy of the 
heart and sclerosis of the arteries ; the pulse is 
of high tension, and the second aortic sound 
is accentuated. Uremia is common. N., 
Saturnine, that due to chronic lead-poison- 
ing. N., Scarlatinal, an acute nephritis 
due to scarlet fever. N., Tuberculous, 
that due to the presence of tubercle-bacilli. 
It presents itself either in the form of case- 
ating masses or cavities in the substance of 
the kidney, or as miliary tuberculosis of the 
organ. 

Nephrogenous (nef-rof -en-us) [_i>e<ppog, kid- 
ney; yewav, to beget]. Originating in the 
kidney ; of renal origin. 

Nephrolith {nef -ro-lith) [yetypoq, kidney; 
lidog, stone]. A calculus of the kidney. 

Nephrolithiasis {nef-ro-lith-i' '-as-is) [yeippoc, 
kidney; "kidoq, stone]. The formation of 
renal calculi, or the diseased state that leads 
to their formation. 

Nephrolithotomy {nef- ro - lith - ot'-o - me) 



\_v£(j>p6g, kidney ; Xidoq, stone ; rojxr h a cut- 
ting]. An incision of the kidney for the 
removal of a calculus. 

Nephropyosis (nef-ro-pi-o'-sis). Same as 
Pyonephrosis. 

Nephrorrhagia {nef-ror-a' '- je-ali) \yztyp6q, 
kidney; peyvvvai, to burst forth]. Renal 
hemorrhage. 

Nephrorrhaphy (iief-ror'-a-fe) [ye<pp6g, kid- 
ney; pa^rj, suture]. The stitching of a 
floating kidney to the posterior wall of the 
abdomen or to the loin. 

Nephrotomy {nef-rot f -o-me) \yz$p6q, kidney ; 
TOfirj, a cutting]. Incision of the kidney. 
N., Abdominal, one through an abdominal 
incision. N., Lumbar, one through an 
incision in the loin. 

Nephro typhoid, Nephrotyphus {itef-ro-ti' '- 
foid, nef-ro-ti f -fus) [vetypog, kidney ; rvtyog, 
stupor]. Enteric fever with prominent renal 
complications. 

Neroli {ner'-o-le) [Fr.]. Oil of orange- 
flowers. 

Nerve {nurv) [nervus, nerve]. An elon- 
gated, cord-like structure made up of aggre- 
gations of N. -fibers and having the property 
of transmitting nervous impulses. N., Accel- 
erator, the cardiac sympathetic N. , stimu- 
lation of which causes acceleration of the 
heart's action. N., Afferent, one that trans- 
mits impulses from the periphery to the cen- 
tral nervous system. N., Calorific, a N., 
stimulation of which increases the heat of the 
parts to which it is distributed. The term is 
applied to the dilator nerves and to those 
stimulating functional activity of organs. 
N.-cell, a mass of protoplasm containing a 
large vesicular nucleus within which lies 
a well-marked nucleolus. N. -cells have 
one or more elongated processes, and in 
accordance with the number of these are 
designated unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar. 
The processes are of two kinds : the axis- 
cylinder process and the protoplasmic pro- 
cesses. The axis-cylinder (Deiter's) process 
either becomes an axis-cylinder of a N. -fiber, 
or divides within the gray matter into deli- 
cate filaments ; it gives off minute branches 
termed collaterals ; the other processes are 
supposed to have nutritive and conducting 
functions. N. -center, a group of ganglion- 
cells acting together in the performance of 
a function. N., Centrifugal. See N. , Effer- 
ent. N., Centripetal. See N. , Afferent. 
N. -corpuscles, nucleated corpuscles lying 
between the neurilemma and the medullary 
sheath of medullated N. -fibers. N., Cra- 
nial, a N. arising directly from the brain 
and making its exit through one of the fora- 
mina in the skull. N., Depressor, an affer- 
ent N. , irritation of which depresses or in- 
hibits the vasomotor center. N., Efferent, 



NERVES 



432 



NERVES 



one carrying impulses from the central nerv- 
ous system to the periphery. N.- endings, 
the terminations of nerves at the periphery or 
in the nerve-centers. N. of Expression, 
the facial nerve. N. -fiber, a fiber having 
the property of conducting invisible or mo- 
lecular waves of stimulation from one part of 
an organism to another, and so establishing 
physiologic continuity between such parts 
without the necessary passage of waves of 
contraction (Romanes]. There are two 
kinds of nerve-fibers : the medullated, or 
myelinic, and the nonmedullated, or amyel- 
inic. A typic medullated fiber consists 
of the axis-cylinder, which may be sur- 
rounded by a sheath, the axilemma ; the 
medullary sheath, or white substance of 
Schwann ; the neurilemma, or sheath of 
Schwann. The axis-cylinder is made up of 
fine fibrillae cemented together by a granular 
interstitial substance, the neuroplasm. The 
medullary- sheath consists of a reticulated 
framework composed of a material resem- 
bling neurokeratin, and a semifluid substance 
filling the interstices, called myelin. At 
regular intervals the medullated sheath is 
marked by interruptions, the nodes of Ranvier. 
Each internode, as the portions of fiber in- 
cluded between two Ranvier" s nodes are 
termed, possesses a nerve-corpuscle. The 
neurilemma, sheath of Schwann, or primitive 
sheath, is a delicate elastic membrane, closely 
investing the medullary substance. On its 
inner surface are placed the nerve-corpuscles. 
The nonmedullated, pale, or Remak's fibers 
do not possess a medullary sheath, but consist 
only of axis-cylinder and neurilemma. The 
nerve- corpuscles are more abundant than in 
medullated nerve-fibers. Medullated nerve- 
fibers are found in the cerebrospinal nerves, 
while nonmedullated fibers occur in the sym- 
pathetic nerves and tend to form plexuses. 
Xerve-fibers are aggregated into fasciculi ; 
these in turn unite to form nerve-trunks. 
The nerve-fibers in a fasciculus are held 



together by the endoneurium ; while each 
fasciculus is surrounded by a sheath termed the 
perineurium. The epineurium holds together 
the several fasciculi composing a nerve-trunk. 
N., Frigorific, a sympathetic nerve, stimula- 
tion of which causes a fall of temperature ; 
the vasoconstrictor nerves are frigorific 
nerves. N. -grafting, the transplanting of 
a portion of healthy nerve from an animal to 
man. to reestablish the continuity of a divided 
nerve ; neuroplasry. N.-head, the optic 
disc or papilla. N., Inhibitory, one the 
stimulation of which inhibits or lessens the 
activity of an organ. N., Motor, one con- 
taining only or chiefly motor fibers. N.- 
plexus, a grouping of nerves. N., Pressor, 
an afferent nerve, irritation of which stimu- 
lates the vasomotor center. N., Secretory, 
an efferent nerve, stimulation of which causes 
increased activity of the gland to which it is 
distributed. N., Spinal, one of those aris- 
ing from the spinal cord and making its exit 
through an intervertebral foramen. There 
are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. N.- storm. 
a sudden outburst or paroxysm of nervous dis- 
turbance. N.- stretching, mechanic elonga- 
tion or tension of a nerve, for the relief of neu- 
ralgia, spasmodic contraction, and other path- 
ologic conditions. N., Sympathetic, one of 
a system of nerves distributed chiefly to the 
blood-vessels and to the viscera. See Sym- 
pathetic. N., Thermic. A synonym of N. s 
Calorific. N.-tire, neurasthenia. N., Tro- 
phic, a nerve, the function of which is to pre- 
side over the nutrition of the part to which 
it is distributed. N.. Vasoconstrictor. 
See A*, Vasomotor. N., Vasodilator. See 
A"!, Vasomotor. N., Vasomotor, any one 
of the nerves controlling the caliber of the 
blood-vessels ; they are of two kinds — those 
stimulation of which causes contraction of 
the vessels, vasoconstrictor nerves, and those 
stimulation of which causes active dilatation, 
vasodilator nerves. Ordinarily vasomotor is 
synonymous with vasoconstrictor. 



TABLE OF NERVES (ALPHABETIC). 



Name. 



Function. 



Origin. 



Distribution. 



Branches. 



Abdncens (sixth Motion, 
cranial*. 



Fourth ventricle. External rectus of eye- 



Arnold's. 



See Auricular. 



Auditory (eighth Hearing, 
cranial, portio 
mollis of seventh). 



Restiform body. Internal ear. 



Vestibular, cochlear. 



Auricular. 5tr_5;.:::-. Lesser occipital. Integument of poste- 

rior and upper por- 
tion of pinna. 



NERVES 433 NERVES 

TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Auricular, ante- 
rior. 


Sensation. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Integument of exter- 
nal ear. 




Auricular (Ar- 
nold's). 


Sensation. 


Vagus. 


External ear. 




Auricular, poste- 
rior. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Retrahens aurem, at- 
tollens aurem, occi- 
pitofrontalis. 


Auricular, occipital. 


Auricularis mag- 
nus. 


Sensation. 


Cervical plexus, 
second and third 
cervical. 


Parotid gland, face, 
ear. 


Facial, mastoid and 
auricular. 


Auriculotemporal. 


Sensation. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Pinna and temple. 


Articular, two branches 
to meatus, parotid, an- 
terior auricular, super- 
ficial temporal. 


Buccal. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Buccinator and orbicu- 
laris oris muscles. 




Buccal, long;. 


Sensation, mo- 
tion? 


Inferior maxillary. 


Cheek. 


Superior and inferior 
buccinator and exter- 
nal pterygoid. 


Calcanean, inter- 
nal. 


Sensation. 


Posterior tibial. 


Fascia and integu- 
ment of heel and 
sole. 




Cardiac (cervical 
and thoracic). 


Inhibition. 


Vagus. 


Heart. 


Branches to cardiac 
plexuses. 


Of Casser. 


See Perforat 


ing, and Musculo 


cutaneous. 




Cervical, first (an- 
terior division). 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Cord. 


Rectus lateralis and 
two anterior recti. 


Filaments to vagus, 
hypoglossal, sympathe- 
tic. 


Cervical, first (pos- 
terior division). 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Cord. 


Recti, obliqui, com- 
plexus. 


Communicating and 
cutaneous filaments. 


Cervical, fourth 
(anterior division). 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Cord. 


Shoulder. 


Communicating fila- 
ments, muscular, etc. 


Cervical, second 
(anterior division). 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Cord. 


Communicating. 


Ascending, descending, 
communicating. 


Cervical, second 
(posterior divi- 
sion). 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Cord. 


Obliquus inferior, 
scalp, ear, complex- 
us, splenius, trachelo- 
mastoid. 


Internal or occipitalis 
major, and external. 


Cervical, third (an- 
terior division). 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Cord. 


Communicating. 


Ascending, descending, 
and communicating 
filaments. 


Cervical, third 
(posterior divi- 
sion). 


Motion and 

sensation. 


Cord. 


Occiput, splenius, 
complexus. 


Internal and external. 


Cervicals, fifth to 
eighth (anterior 
divisions). 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Cord. 


Brachial plexus. 


Communicating. 


Cervicals, fourth to 
eighth (posterior 
divisions). 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Cord. 


Muscles and skin of 
neck. 


Internal and external 
branches. 


Cervicofacial. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Lower part of face 
and part of neck. 


Buccal, supramaxillary, 
inframaxillary. 


Chorda tympani. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Tongue, tympanum, 
submaxillar}' gland. 





28 



NERVES 434 NERVES 

TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Ciliary. 


Sensation, nu- 
trition, mo- 
tion. 


Ciliary ganglion. 


Eye-ball. 




Circumflex. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Teres minor, deltoid, 
and skin. 


Anterior, posterior, and 
articular. 


Coccygeal. 


Motion. 


Coccygeal plexus. 


Coccygeus and glu- 
teus maximus. 




Cochlear. 


Hearing. 


Auditory. 


Cochlea. 




Colli, superficialis. 


Sensation. 


Cervical plexus. 


Platysma myoides and 
anterolateral parts 
of neck. 


Ascending and descend- 
ing branches. 


Communicans noni. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Second cervical, 
third cervical. 


Descendens noni, de- 
pressor muscles of 
hyoid bone. 


Omohyoid, ansa hypo- 
glossi. 


Communicating. 

• 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Cervical plexus. 


Spinal accessory. 




Communicating. 


Sensation and 
motion. 


First and second 
cervical. 


Vagus, hypoglossal, 
sympathetic. 




Of Cotunnius. 


See Nasopala 


tine nerve. 






Crural. 


Sensation. 


Genitocrural. 


Shin, upper and cen- 
tral part anterior 
aspect of thigh. 




Crural, anterior. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Lumbar plexus, 
second, third, 
and fourth lum- 
bar nerves. 


Thigh. 


Middle and internal 
cutaneous, long sa- 
phenous, muscular, ar- 
ticular. 


Cutaneous. 


Sensation. 


Musculospiral. 


Skin of arm, radial 
side of forearm. 


One internal, two ex- 
ternal. 


Cutaneous. 


Sensation. 


Ulnar. 


Wrist and palm. 


First and palmar cuta- 
neous. 


Cutaneous, dorsal. 


Sensation. 


Ulnar. 


Little and ring fingers. 


Communicating bran- 
ches. 


Cutaneous, exter- 
nal. 


Sensation. 


Second and third 
lumbar. 


Skin of thigh. 


Anterior and posterior. 


Cutaneous, inter- 
nal. 


Sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Forearm. 


Anterior and posterior 
branches. 


Cutaneous, lesser 
internal (ofWris- 
berg). 


Sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Inner side of arm. 




Cutaneous, middle 
and internal. 


S e n sat i on; 
motion? 


Anterior crural. 


Skin of thigh. 


Communicating. 


Cutaneous, perfor- 
ating. 


Sensation. 


Fourth sacral. 


Integument covering 
gluteus maximus. 




Cyon's. 


See Depressor. 








Dental, inferior or 
mandibular. 


Sensation. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Teeth, muscles. 


Mylohyoid, incisor, 
mental, dental. 


Dentals, anterior 
and posterior. 


Sensation. 


Superior maxil- 
lary. 


Teeth. 




Depressor. 


Lowering of 
the blood- 
pressure. 


In the rabbit, from 
the vagus. 


Heart. 





NERVES 435 NERVES 

TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Descendens hypo- 
glossi. 


Motor. 


Cervical plexus. 


Omohyoid, sternohy- 
oid, sternothyroid, 
thyrohyoid, genio- 
hyoid, hvoglossus, 
and muscles of the 
tongue. 


Muscular, lingual. 


Descendens noni. 


See Descen 


dens hypoglossi. 






Digastric. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Posterior belly of di- 
gastric. 




Dorsal, 12 (anterior 
and posterior di- 
visions). 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Cord. 


Muscles and skin of 
trunk. 


External, internal, cuta- 
neous. 


Dorsal (of penis). 


Sensation. 


Pudic. 


Penis. 




Esophageal. 


Motion. 


Vagus. 


Mucous and muscular 
coats of esophagus. 


Esophageal plexus. 


Facial. 


Sensation. 


Great auricular. 


Skin over parotid. 




Facial (seventh 
cranial, portio 
dura). 


Motion. 


Floor of fourth 
ventricle. 


Face, ear, palate, 
tongue. 


Petrosals, tympanic, 
chorda tympani, com- 
municating, posterior 
auricular, digastric, 
stylohyoid, lingual, 
temporal, malar, infra- 
orbital, buccal, superi- 
or and inferior maxil- 
lary. 


Frontal. 


Sensation. 


Ophthalmic. 


Forehead and eyelids. 


Supraorbital, supra- 
trochlear. 


Gastric. 


Motion. 


Vagus. 


Stomach. 




Genital. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Genitocrural. 


Cremaster muscle. 




Genitocrural. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


First and second 
lumbar. 


Cremaster and thigh. 


Genital, crural, com- 
municating. 


Glossopharyngeal 
(ninth cranial). 


Sensation and 
taste. 


Fourth ventricle. 


Tongue, middle ear, 
tonsils, pharynx, 
meninges. 


Tympanic, carotid, 
pharyngeal, muscular, 
tonsillar, lingual. 


Gluteal, inferior. 


Motion. 


Sacral plexus (sec- 
ond and third 

sacral nerves). 


Gluteus maximus. 




Gluteal, superior. 


Motion. 


Sacral plexus. 


Glutei, tensor vaginae 
femoris. 




Gustatory. 


See Lingual. 








Hemorrhoidal (in- 
ferior). 


Sensation and 
motion. 


Pudic. 


External sphincter 
ani, and adjacent in- 
tegument. 




Hepatic. 


(?) 


Vagus. 


Liver. 


Hepatic plexus. 


Hirschfeld's. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Styloglossus and pala- 
toglossus. 




Hypogastric. 


Sensation. 


Iliohypogastric. 


Skin about external 
abdominal ring. 




Hypoglossal 
(twelfth cranial). 


Motion. 


Floor of fourth 
ventricle. 


Hypoglossus and hy- 
oid muscles. 


Descendens noni or hy- 
poglossi , muscular, 
thyrohyoid, geniohy- 
oid, and meningeal. 



NERVES 436 NERVES 

TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. Distribution. 


Branches. 


Iliac. 


Sensation. 


Iliohypogastric. 


Integument covering 
forepart of gluteal 
region. 




Iliac. 


Sensation. 


Last dorsal. 


Integument covering 
forepart of gluteal 
region. 




Iliohypogastric. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


First lumbar. 


Abdominal and gluteal 
regions. 


Iliac, hypogastric, com- 
municating. 


Ilioinguinal. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


First lumbar. 


Inguinal region and 
scrotum. 


Muscular, cutaneous, 
and communicating. 


Incisive. 


Sensation. 


Inferior dental. 


Canine and incisor 
teeth and correspond- 
ing portion of gums. 




Inframandibu Iar. 


See Inframax 


Mary. 






Inframaxillary. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Platysma myoides. 




Infraorbital. 


Sensation and 
motion. 


Facial. 


Nose and lip. 


Palpebral, nasal, labial. 


Infratrochlear. 


Sensation. 


Nasal. 


Skin and conjunctiva 
of inner part of eye, 
lacrimal sac. 




Intercostal. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Spinal cord. 


Muscles and integu- 
ment of thorax. 


Muscular, anterior and 
lateral cutaneous. 


Intercostohumeral. 


Sensation. 


Second intercos- 
tal. 


Integument of upper 
two-thirds of inner 
and posterior part of 
arm. 




Interosseous, an- 
terior. 


Motion. 


Median. 


Deep muscles of fore- 
arm. 




Interosseous, pos- 
terior. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Musculospiral. 


Carpus and radial and 
posterior brachial re- 
gions. 




Jacobson's. 


See Tympanic, 


of the glossopharyn 


geal. 




Labial. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Superior maxil- 
lary. 


Muscles and mucous 
membrane of lips. 




Lacrimal. 


Sensation. 


Ophthalmic. 


Lacrimal gland and 
conjunctiva. 




Of Lancisi. 


Longitudinal 
striations on 
upper sur- 
face of cor- 
pus c al 1 o - 
sum. 








Laryngeal, recur- 
rent or inferior. 


Motion. 


Vagus. 


Larynx. 


Branches to all laryn- 
geal muscles except 
cricothyroid. 


Laryngeal, supe- 
rior. 


Sensation and 
motion. 


Vagus. 


Larynx. 


External — cricothyroid 
muscle and thyroid 
gland ; internal— mu- 
cous membrane of 
larynx. 


Lingual. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Facial. 


Mucous membrane of 
tongue, palatoglos- 
sus and styloglossus 
muscles. 





NERVES , 437 NERVES 

TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Lingual. 


Sensation. 


Glossopharyngeal. 


Circumvallate papillae 
and glands of tongue. 




Lingual. 


Taste and sen- 
sation. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Tongue and mouth. 




Lumbar (5). 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Cord. 


Lumbar and genital 
regions. 


Anterior and posterior 
divisions, lumbar 
plexus. 


Malar. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Lower part of orbicu- 
laris palpebrarum, 
and eyelids. 




Malar. 


Sensation. 


Orbital. 


Skin over malar bone. 




Mandibular- 


See Maxillary, 


inferior. 






Masseteric. 


Motor. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Masseter muscle (and 
temporal?) 


• 


Mastoid. 


Sensation. 


Great auricular. 


Skin over mastoid pro- 
cess. 




Mastoid. 


Motion. 


Lesser occipital. 


Skin over mastoid pro- 
cess. 




Maxillary, inferior. 


Sensation, mo- 
tion, and 
taste. 


Trigeminus. 


Muscles of mastica- 
tion, ear, cheek, 
tongue, teeth. 


Masseteric, auriculo- 
temporal, buccal, gus- 
tatory, inferior dental. 


Maxillary, superi- 
or. 


Sensation. 


Trigeminus. 


Cheek, face, teeth. 


Orbital, sphenopalatine, 
dentals, infraorbital. 


Median. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Pronator radii teres, 
flexors, two lumbri- 
cales, fingers, palm. 


Muscular, anterior in- 
terosseous, palmar 
cutaneous. 


Meningeal. 


Sensation. 


Glossopharyngeal. 


Pia and arachnoid. 




Meningeal. 


Sensation. 


Hypoglossal. 


Dura mater. 




Meningeal. 


Sensation. 


Vagus. 


Dura mater around 
lateral sinus. 




Meningeal, recur- 
rent. 


Sensation. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Dura mater and mas- 
toid cells. 




Mental. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Mucous membrane of 
lower lip and chin. 




Motor oculi (third 
cranial). 


Motion. 


Floor of aqueduct 
of Sylvius. 


All muscles of the eye, 
except external rec- 
tus, superior oblique, 
and orbicularis pal- 
pebrarum. 




Musculocutaneous 
(of Casser). 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Coracobrachialis, bi- 
ceps, brachialis ami- 
cus, forearm. 


Anterior and posterior. 


Musculocutaneous. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


External popliteal. 


Muscles of fibular side 
of leg, skin of dorsum 
of foot. 


Internal, external. 


Musculospiral. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Back of arm and fore- 
arm, skin of back of 
hand. 


Musculocutaneous, ra- 
dial, posterior interos- 
seous. 


Mylohyoid. 


Motion. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Mylohyoid and digas- 
tric muscles. 




Nasal. 


Sensation. 


Dental, anterior. 


Mucous membrane of 
inferior meatus. 





NERVES 438 NERVES 

TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Nasal. 


Sensation. 


Maxillary, supe- 
rior. 


Integument of lateral 
aspect of nose. 




Nasal. 


Sensation. 


Ophthalmic. 


Iris, ciliary ganglion, 
nose. 


Ganglionic, ciliary, in- 
fratrochlear. 


Nasal, inferior. 


Sensation. 


Anterior palatine. 


Mucous membrane of 
nose. 




Nasal, superior. 


Sensation. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Mucous membrane of 
nose and posterior 
ethmoid cells. 




Nasopalatine. 


Sensation. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Nasal septum. 




Obturator. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Lumbar plexus, 
third and fourth 
nerves. 


Obturator externus, 
adductors, hip-joint, 
and skin. 


Anterior and posterior 
articular and commu- 
nicating. 


Obturator, acces- 
sory. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Lumbar plexus. 


Pectineus and hip- 
joint. 




Occipital., smallest 
or third. 


Sensation. 


Third cervical. 


Integument of occiput. 




Occipitalis minor. 


Sensation. 


Second cervical. 


Occipitofrontalis, ear, 
etc. 


Communicating, au- 
ricular. 


Occipitalis magnus. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Second cervical. 


Complexus, trapezius, 
and scalp. 




Oculomotor. 


See Motor ocu 


ft". 






Olfactory (first 
cranial). 


Smell. 


Frontal lobe, optic 
thalamus, island 
of Reil. 


Schneiderian mem- 
brane of nose. 




Ophthalmic. 


Sensation. 


Trigeminus. 


Forehead, eyes, nose. 


Frontal/lacrimal, nasal. 


Optic (second cra- 
nial). 


Sight. 


Cortical center in 
occipital lobe. 


Retina. 




Orbital. 


Sensation. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Mucosa of posterior 
ethmoid cells, and 
sphenoidal sinus. 




Orbital. 


Sensation. 


Superior maxillary 


Temple and cheek. 


Temporal and malar. 


Palatine, anterior 
or great. 


Sensation. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Hard palate, gums, 
and nose. 


Two inferior nasal. 


Palatine, external. 


Sensation. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Tonsil and soft palate. 




Palatine, posterior 
or small. 


Motor. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Levator palati and 

azygos uvulae. 




Palmar, cutaneous. 


Sensation. 


Median. 


Thumb and palm. 




Palmar, deep. 


Motion. 


Ulnar. 


Little finger, dorsal 
and palmar interos- 
seous, two inner lum- 
bricales, abductor 
pollicis. 




Palmar, super- 
ficial. 


Sensation and 
motion. 


Ulnar. 


Paltr.aris brevis, inner 
side of hand, and 
little finger. 




Palpebral. 


Motor. 


Superior maxil- 
lary. 


Integument of lower 
lid. 




Parotid. 


Sensation. 


A u r i c ul o t em- 
poral. 


Parotid gland. 





NERVES 439 NERVES 

TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Patellar. 


Sensation. 


Long saphenous. 


Integument over patel- 
la and plexus patellae. 




Patheticus (fourth 
cranial). 


Motion. 


Valve of Vieus- 
sens. 


Superior oblique of 
eye. 




Pectineus. 


Motion. 


Anterior crural. 


Pectineus muscle. 




Perforating (of 

Casser). 


See Musculo 


cutaneous. 






Perineal. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Pudic. 


Perineum, genitalia, 
and skin of perineal 
region. 


Cutaneous and muscu- 
lar. 


Perineal. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Fourth sacral. 


External sphincter ani 
and integument of 
anus. 




Petrosals. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Ganglia and plexus. 


Great, small, external 
to Meckel's ganglion, 
otic ganglion, and 
meningeal plexus, re- 
spectively. 


Pharyngeal. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Glossopharyngeal. 


Pharynx. 


Enters into formation 
of pharyngeal plexus. 


Pharyngeal. 


Sensation. 


Meckel's ganglion. 


Upper part of pharynx, 
posterior nares, and 
sphenoidal sinus. 




Pharyngeal. 


Motion. 


Vagus. 


Pharynx. 


Pharyngeal plexus, 
muscles and mucosa. 


Pharyngeal. 


Sensation. 


Sympathetic. 


Pharynx. 


Helps to form the pha- 
ryngeal plexus. 


Phrenic. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Third, fourth, and 
fifth cervical. 


Diaphragm, pericar- 
dium, pleura. 




Plantar, external. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Posterior tibial. 


Little toe and deep 
muscles of foot. 


Superficial and deep. 


Plantar, internal. 


Sensation and 
motion. 


Posterior tibial. 


Sole of foot, adductor 
pollicis, flexor brevis 
digitorum, toes. 


Cutaneous, muscular, 
articular, digital. 


Pn eu mogastric 
(tenth cranial, 
par v a g u m or 
vagus). 


Sensation and 
motion. 


Floor of fourth 
ventricle. 


Ear, pharynx, larynx, 
heart, lungs, esopha- 
gus, stomach. 


Auricular, pharyngeal, 
superior and inferior 
laryngeal, recurrent 
laryngeal, cardiac, 
pulmonary, esophag- 
eal, gastric, hepatic, 
communicating, men- 
ingeal. 


Popliteal, external. 


Sensation and 
motion. 


Great sciatic. 


Extensors of foot, 
skin, and fascia. 


Anterior tibial, mus- 
culocutaneous, articu- 
lar, cutaneous. 


Popliteal, internal. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Great sciatic. 


Knee, gastrocnemius, 
tibialis posticus, 
plantaris, soleus, 
popliteus, skin of 
foot. 


Articular, muscular, 
cutaneous, external 
saphenous, plantar. 


Pterygoid, exter- 
nal. 


Motion. 


Inferior maxillary. 


External pterygoid 
muscle. 




Pterygoid, inter- 
nal. 


Motion. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Internal pterygoid 
muscle. 




Pudendal, long 
(nerve of Soem- 
mering). 


Sensation. 


Small sciatic. 


Integument of geni- 
talia and inner and 
proximal part of 
thigh. 





NERVES 440 NERVES 

TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Pudic. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Sacral plexus. 


Perineum, anus, geni- 
talia. 


Inferior hemorrhoidal, 
perineal, cutaneous, 
dorsal of penis. 


Pulmonary, anteri- 
or and posterior. 


(?) 


Vagus. 


Lungs. 


Branches to pulmonary 
plexuses. 


Radial. 


Sensation. 


Musculospiral. 


Skin of radial side and 
ball of thumb; skin 
on posterior surface 
of ulnar side of 
thumb ; skin of in- 
dex fingers, middle 
finger, and radial 
side of ring-finger. 


External and internal. 


Sacral. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Cord. 


Multifidus spinae, skin 
of gluteal region. 


Branches to sacral plex- 
us. 


Saphenous, exter- 
nal or short. 


Sensation. 


Internal popliteal. 


Integument of foot and 
little toe. 




Saphenous, long or 
internal. 


Sensation. 


Anterior crural. 


Knee, aRkle. 


Cutaneous, patellar, 
communicating. 


Of Scarpa. 


See Nasopala 


tine. 






Sciatic, great. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Sacral plexus. 


Skin of leg, muscles 
of back of thigh, and 
those of leg and foot. 


Articular, muscular, 
popliteal. 


Sciatic, small. 


Sensation and 
motion. 


Sacral plexus. 


Perineum, back of 
thigh and leg, glu- 
teus maximus. 


Muscular, cutaneous, 
long pudendal. 


Of Soemmering. 


See Pudendal, 


long. 






Sphenopalatine. 


Sensation. 


Superior maxil- 
lary. 


Meckel's ganglion. 




Spinal. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Spinal cord. 


Trunk. 




Spinal accessory 
(eleventh cranial). 


Motion. 


Floor of fourth 
ventricle. 


Sternocleidomastoid, 
trapezius. 




Splanchnic, great. 


Sympathetic. 


Thoracic ganglia. 


Semilunar ganglion, 
renal and suprarenal 
plexuses. 




Splanchnic, lesser. 


Sympathetic. 


Tenth and eleventh 
thoracic ganglia, 
great splanchnic. 


Celiac plexus and 
great splanchnic. 




Splanchnic, renal 
or smallest. 


Sympathetic. 


Last thoracic gan- 
glion. 


Renal and celiac plex- 
uses. 




Stapedial. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Stapedius muscle. 




Stylohyoid. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Stylohyoid muscle. 




Subscapular. 


Motion. 


Brachial plexus. 


Subscapular, teres 
major, and latissi- 
mus dorsi. 




Supraacromial. 


Sensation. 


Cervical plexus. 


Skin over deltoid. 




Supraclavicular, 
descending. 


Sensation. 


Third and fourth 
cervical. 


Skin of neck, breast, 
and shoulder. 


Sternal, clavicular, 
acromial. 


Supramandibular. 


See Maxillary, 


superior. 







NERVES 441 NERVES 

TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Supramaxillary. 


See Maxillary , 


superior. 






Supraorbital. 


Sensation. 


Ophthalmic. 


Upper lid, forehead. 


Muscular, cutaneous, 
and pericranial. 


Suprascapular. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Scapular muscles. 




Suprasternal. 


Sensation. 


Cervical plexus. 


Integument over up- 
per part of sternum. 




Supratrochlear. 


Sensation. 


Ophthalmic. 


Forehead and upper 
eyelid. 


Muscular and cuta- 
neous. 


Sympathetic. 


See Sympathe 


tic. 






Temporal. 


Motion. 


Inferior maxillary. 


Temporal muscle. 




Temporal. 


Sensation. 


Orbital. 


Integument over tem- 
poral muscle. 




Temporal. 


Motion. 


Temporofacial. 


Orbicularis palpebra- 
rum, occipitofrontal- 
is, attrahens and at- 
tollens aurem, corru- 
gator supercilii. 


Muscular. 


Temporal, super- 
ficial. 


Sensation. 


Auriculotemporal. 


Integument over tem- 
poral fascia. 




Temporofacial. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Upper part of face. 


Temporal, malar, infra- 
orbital. 


Temporomalar. 


See Orbital. 








Thoracic, posterior 
or long. (Exter- 
nal respiratory 
nerve of Bell). 


Motion. 


Brachial plexus. 


Serratus magnus. 




Thoracic, spinal. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Cord. 


Muscles and skin of 
thorax. 




Thoracic, anterior 
and exterior. 


Motion. 


Brachial plexus. 


Pectoralis major and 
minor. 




Tibial, anterior. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


External popliteal. 


Tibialis anticus, exten- 
sor longus digitor- 
um, peroneustertius, 
joints of foot, skin of 
great toe. 


Muscular, external, in- 
ternal. 


Tibial, posterior. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Internal popliteal. 


Tibialis posticus, flex- 
or longus digitorum, 
flexor longus polli- 
cis, skin of heel and 
sole, knee-joint. 


Plantar, muscular, cal- 
caneoplantar, cuta- 
neous or internal cal- 
canean, articular. 


Tonsillar. 


Sensation. 


Glossopharyngeal. 


Tonsil, soft palate, and 
fauces. 




Trigeminus or tri- 
facial (fifth cra- 
nial). 


Motion and 
sensation 
(taste). 


Floor of fourth 
ventricle. 


Skin and structures of 
face, tongue, and 
teeth. 


Ophthalmic, superior 
and inferior maxillary. 


Trochlear. 


See Patheti 


cus. 






Tympanic. 


Motion. 


Facial. 


Stapedius and laxator 
tympani muscles. 




Tympanic. 


Sensation. 


Sympathetic. 


Tympani'ro. 





NERVI 442 NEURAPOPHYSIS 

TABLE OF NERVES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Function. 


Origin. 


Distribution. 


Branches. 


Tympanic (Jacob- 
son's nerve). 


Motion. 


Glossopharyngeal. 


Tympanum. 


Tympanic plexus, and 
communicating. 


Ulnar. 


Motion and 
sensation. 


Brachial plexus. 


Muscles, shoulder- 
joint and wrist-joint, 
and skin of little 
finger. 


Articular, muscular, 
palmar cutaneous, 
dorsal, superior pal- 
mar, deep palmar. 


Vagus. 


See Pneumo 


gastric. 






Vestibular. 


Sensation. 


Auditory. 


Utricle and ampullae 
of the semicircular 
canals. 




Vidian. 


Sensation. 


Union of large 
superficial and 
deep petrosal. 


Sphenomaxillary fos- 
sa, and posterior part 
of upper nasal meat- 
us. 




Of Willis. 


See Spinal ac 


cessory. 






Wrisberg's. 


See Cutaneous, 


lesser internal. 







Nervi (nur'-vi) [L.]. Plural of Nervus, a 
nerve. N. nervorum, the small nerves dis- 
tributed to the nerve-sheaths. 

Nervine (nur'-vin) [nervus, nerve]. I. 
Acting upon the nerves. 2. A remedy that 
calms nervous excitement or acts favorably 
on nervous diseases. 

Nervous (nur'-vus) [nervus, a nerve]. I. 
Pertaining to or composed of nerves or nerve- 
structures. 2. Characterized by excessive 
irritability of the nervous system. N . Fluid, 
a hypothetic fluid supposed to traverse the 
nerves from the nerve-centers to the peri- 
phery. 

Nervousness (mir' '-vus-nes) [nervus, nerve]. 
A condition of excessive excitability of the 
nervous system, characterized by great men- 
tal and physical unrest. 

Nessler's Reagent. A solution of potas- 
sium iodid, mercuric chlorid, and sodium 
hydroxid, used in estimating the amount of 
ammonia in water. 

Nettle-rash. See Urticaria. 

Neumann's Disease [noi'-manz). See 
Pemphigus vegetans. 

Neura (nu'-rah) [vevpov, nerve]. Synonym 
of Neuron. 

Neurad (mt'-rad) [yevpov, a nerve ; ad, to]. 
Toward the neural aspect or axis. 

Neuradynamia {nu-rah-din-a? -me-ali). See 
Neurasthenia. 

Neural {tiu'-ral) [vevpov, nerve]. Pertain- 
ing to nerves or nervous tissue. N. Arch, 
the part of the vertebra that encloses the 
spinal cord, formed by the two neurapophy- 
ses. N. Axis, the spinal cord. N. Canal. 
I. The dorsal tube of the embryo, formed 



by the union of the dorsal folds and constitut- 
ing the earliest traces of the nervous system. 
2. The bony canal comprising the cavity of 
the cranium and vertebral column, which in 
the vertebrate animals contains the central 
nervous system. It is situated dorsad, the 
hemal canal, enclosing the heart, etc., being 
ventrad. See Canal, Hemal. N. Groove, 
the medullary groove. N. Lamina, the 
lateral portion of the neural arch of a vertebra. 

Neuralgia (nu-raF -je-ah) [vevpov, nerve; 
a\yoc, pain]. Severe paroxysmal pain along 
the course of a nerve and not associated with 
demonstrable structural changes in the nerve. 
According to their anatomic situation the fol- 
lowing forms of neuralgia are described : 
trigeminal N., tic douloureux, or prosopal- 
gia; supraorbital N; cervicooccipital N; 
cervicobrachial and brachial N. ; intercostal 
N. ; sciatica or ischias ; coccygodynia ; vis- 
ceral N. (as hepatic, gastric, intestinal, 
uterine, ovarian N.). According to their 
causes, neuralgias are classed as anemic, 
malarial, gouty, rheumatic, syphilitic, dia- 
betic, toxic [e. g., alcoholic, saturnine), 
hysteric, and reflex. The pain of N. is 
sharp, stabbing, and paroxysmal, lasting usu- 
ally but a short time; tenderness is often 
present at the points of exit of the nerve 
{points douloureux). Intercostal neuralgia 
is at times associated with herpes zoster. 

Neuralgic {nu-raV '-jik) [vevpov, nerve ; a\yoq, 
pain]. Pertaining to, or affected with, 
neuralgia. 

Neurapophysis {nu-rap-off ' -is-is) [yevpov, 
nerve; cnrotyvoig, offshoot]. Either one of 
the two apophyses on each vertebra which 



NEURASTHENIA 



443 



NEURO- 



blend and form the neural arch, or the dorsal 
wall of the spinal foramen. 

Neurasthenia (nu -ras-then-i'-ah, nu-ras- 
the'-ne-ah) [ve vpov, nerve ; aadeveia, weak- 
ness]. A group of symptoms resulting from 
debility or exhaustion of the nerve-centers. 
Among the more common symptoms are a 
lack of energy, undue readiness of fatigue, 
disinclination to activity, a sense of fulness 
or pressure at the top of the head, pain in 
the back, impaired memory, and disturbed 
sleep ; gastrointestinal symptoms, such as 
anorexia, constipation, fulness after eating; 
amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea in women, 
and spermatorrhea and impotence in men. 
N., Cerebral, N. marked by depression, 
inability to concentrate the mind, insomnia, 
irritability, headache, visual disturbances, 
etc. N. gastrica, nervous dyspepsia, a con- 
dition of disturbed functional activity of 
the stomach, as a rule without retardation 
of digestion ; flatulence, pain, palpitation of 
the heart, and constipation are prominent 
symptoms. N., Sexual, a depressed state 
of the nervous system associated with distur- 
bance of the sexual function ; it is character- 
ized by pain in the back, tender points along 
the spine, weakness of the extremities, great 
prostration on slight exertion, neuralgic 
pains, and other nervous manifestations. 

Neurasthenic (nu - ras - then f -ik) [vevpov, 
nerve; aadeveta, weakness]. Relating to, 
or characterized by neurasthenia. 

Neuraxis (tiu-raks' '-is) [yevpov, nerve; a^iq, 
axis]. The neural axis. 

Neuraxon (tiu-raks' '-un) [vevpov, nerve ; agir, 
axis]. The axis-cylinder process of a nerve- 
cell. 

Neure (nur) [yevpov\ Synonym of Neuron. 

Neurectasis, Neurectasy (nu - rek' '-fas-is ■, 
nu - rek f - tas - e) [vevpov, nerve; enraoLc;, 
stretching]. Nerve-stretching. 

Neurectomy (nu-rek' ' -to-?ne) [vevpov, nerve ; 
eKTOfirj, excision]. Excision of a part of a 
nerve. 

Neurenteric (nu-ren-ter' '-ik) [vevpov, nerve; 
evrepov, intestine]. Pertaining to the em- 
bryonic neural canal and the intestinal tube. 
N. Canal, a temporary communication exist- 
ing between the neural canal and the intesti- 
nal tube of the embryo. It is also called 
Kowalevsky's Canal. 

Neuridin (nu' -rid-in) [vevpov, a nerve], 
C 5 H U N 2 . A ptomain produced in the putre- 
faction of horseflesh, beef, human muscle, 
fish, cheese, etc. It has a repulsive odor 
and is nonpoisonous. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Neurilemma (nu-ril-em' '-ah) [vevpov, nerve ; 
le/ujua, bark]. The sheath encasing a nerve- 
fiber; the sheath of Schwann. See Nerve- 
fiber. 

Neurin (nu f -rin) [vevpov, nerve]. I. The 



albuminous substance forming the basis of 
nerve - tissue. 2. C 5 H i;j NO ; a poisonous 
ptomain obtained from d-ecomposing flesh 
and in the decomposition of protagon by ba- 
rium hydroxid. Its action is similar to that 
of muscarin. 3. An extract of nerve-tissue 
employed therapeutically. See Organother- 
apy. _ 

Neurit (nu'-rit) [vevpov, nerve]. Synonym 
of Neurite. 

Neurite (nu'-rlt) [vevpov, nerve]. The axis- 
cylinder process of a nerve-cell. 

Neuritic (nu-rif '-ik) [vevpov, nerve ; trig, in- 
flammation]. Pertaining to neuritis. 

Neuritis (nu-ri' -tis) [vevpov, nerve ; trig, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of a nerve. N., 
Alcoholic. See N, Multiple. N., Ascend- 
ing, inflammation extending from the pe- 
riphery of a nerve centrad to the spinal cord 
or brain. N., Degenerative, neuritis in 
which the nerve-substance proper degener- 
ates. It is the same as N, Parenchymatous . 
N., Descending, neuritis the result of ex- 
tension of disease from the spinal cord or the 
brain toward the periphery. N., Diabetic, 
a polyneuritis sometimes seen in diabetes, and 
probably the result of autointoxication with 
the products of faulty metabolism. N., In- 
terstitial, inflammation of the interstitial 
connective tissue of a nerve-trunk. N., Lipo- 
matous, that form in which the nerve-fibers 
are completely destroyed and replaced by a 
fibrous connective tissue in which much fat is 
deposited. N., Malarial, neuritis due to the 
malarial poison. N., Multiple, the simultane- 
ous inflammation of several nerve-trunks, usu- 
ally symmetrically situated on both sides of 
the body. Its most common cause is alcoholic 
poisoning; it maybe due to arsenic, malaria, 
mercury, lead; to diphtheria, pneumonia, 
typhoid fever, and other infectious diseases. 
Beriberi is a form of multiple neuritis. The 
symptoms depend somewhat upon the cause : 
in alcoholic neuritis, the most frequent vari- 
ety, there are paresthesias and pain, followed 
by paralysis of the legs and arms, wrist-drop 
and foot-drop, with edema, loss of reflexes, 
and delirium. Anesthesia is slight ; there 
may be hyperesthesia or pain ; in some cases 
ataxia is present. The sphincters are gen- 
erally not affected. N., Optic, inflamma- 
tion of the optic nerve. See Papillitis. N., 
Parenchymatous, a form in which the me- 
dullary substance and the axis-cylinders are 
chiefly involved, the interstitial tissue being 
but little altered or only affected secondarily. 
It is also called degenerative neuritis. N., 
Pressure-, inflammation of a nerve resulting 
from compression. 

Neuro- (nu f -ro-) [vevpov, nerve]. A prefix 
signifying connection with or relation to a 
nerve. 



NEUROBLAST 



444 



NEURON 



Neuroblast (nu f -ro-blast) [vevpov, nerve ; 
t3/,a.G~6g, germ]. A cell derived from the 
primitive ectoderm, and giving rise to nerve- 
fibers and nerve-cells. 

Neurocardiac (nu-i'o-kar f -de-ak) [yevpov, 
nerve; napdia, heart]. Pertaining to the 
nervous system and the heart. N. Disease, 
exophthalmic goiter. 

Neurocyte (ttu'-ro-sit) [vevpov, nerve ; avrog, 
cell]. Synonym of Neuron. 

Neurodendron (nu-ro-den' '-drun) [vevpov, 
nerve, devdpov, ball]. Synonym of Neuron. 

Neurodermatitis (nu-ro-der-mat-i' -tis) [yev- 
pov, nerve ; dep/ia, skin ; trig, inflammation]. 
A neurotic affection of the skin associated 
with itching. 

Neurodin (nu f -ro-din)[yevpov, nerve]. Acet- 
ylparaoxyphenylurethane, a crystalline sub- 
stance used as an antineuralgic and antipyre- 
tic. Dose gr. xv-xxiiss (1.0-1.5). 

Neuroepithelium (nu - ro-ep - e - the f -le - urn) 
[yevpov, nerve ; epithelium] . The highly 
specialized epithelial structures constituting 
the terminations of the nerves of special 
sense, as the rod-cells and cone-cells of 
the retina, the olfactory cells of the nose, the 
hair-cells of the internal ear, the gustatory 
cells of the taste-buds. 

Neurofibroma [nu -ro -fi-bro' '-mah) [vevpov, 
nerve ; jibra, fiber ; bixa, tumor] . A tumor 
of a nerve, composed of fibrous tissue. 

Neurogenesis (nu-ro-jen f -es-is) [yevpov, 
nerve ; yevvav, to produce]. The formation of 
nerves or nerve -tissue. 

Neurogenetic (nu - ro - gen - et - ik) [vevpov, 
nerve ; yevvav, to produce]. Pertaining to 
neurogenesis. 

Neuroglia (nu-rog f -le-ah) [vevpov, nerve; 
yXia, glue]. The tissue, probably of ecto- 
dermic origin, forming the basis of the 
supporting framework of the nervous tissue 
of the cerebrospinal axis. It consists of 
peculiar cells, the glia-cells, having many fine 
branching processes. 

Neurogliar (nu-rog'-le-ar) [vevpov, nerve ; 
y?ua, glue]. Pertaining to or resembling 
neuroglia. 

Neuroglioma (nzi-ro -gli- o'-maJi) [yevpov, 
nerve; yTila, glue; bfia, tumor]. A tumor 
composed of neurogliar tissue ; a glioma. N., 
Ganglionar, N., Ganglionare, a glioma 
containing ganglion-cells. 

Neurography (nu-rog f -ra-fe) [vevpov, nerve ; 
ypdipetv, to write] . A treatise on the anatomy 
and physiology of the nerves and the nervous 
system . 

Neurokeratin (mi - ro - ker'- at - in) [yevpov, 
nerve; aepag, horn]. The form of keratin 
found in nerve-sheaths and the white sub- 
stance of Schwann. 

Neurolemma (nu-ro-lem' -ah) . Synonym of 
Retina. 



Neurologic (nu-ro-lof '-ik) [vevpov, nerve ; 
/loyoc, science]. Pertaining to neurology. 

Neurologist (nu-rol' ' -o-jist) [vevpov, nerve; 
loyog, science]. One versed in neurology. 

Neurology (nu-rol' '-o-je) [vevpov, nerve ; 7.6- 
yog, science]. The branch of medicine deal- 
ing with the anatomy, physiology, and path- 
ology of the nervous system. 

Neurolysis (nu-rol' -is -is) [vevpov, nerve ; 
Avaig, solution]. Exhaustion of a nerve in 
consequence of overstimulation. 

Neuroma (nu-ro'-mak) [vevpov, nerve; bfia, 
tumor]. A tumor springing from a nerve. 
It is a true N. when made up of nervous tis- 
sue proper, and a false N. when consisting of 
other than nervous tissue. False neuromas 
may be fibromas, myxomas, gliomas, etc. 
N., Amputation-, the neuroma of a stump, 
forming at the end of a divided nerve. N., 
Amyelinic, a neuroma made up of nonmed- 
ullated. nerve-fibers. N., Ganglionic, N., 
Ganglionated, a neuroma made up of nerve- 
cells. N., Myelinic, one made up of medul- 
lated nerve-fibers. N., Plexiform, one 
characterized by the formation of multiple 
enlargements along the course of the cutane- 
ous nerves, giving rise to the appearance of 
an intertwining network. 

Neuromatous (nu-ro' ' -mat-us)[yevpov ■, nerve; 
bfia, tumor]. Of the nature of" a neuroma. 

Neuromere (nu' ' -ro-mer) [yevpov, nerve ; 
fiepog, part] . A natural segment of the cere- 
brospinal axis. 

Neuromimesis (nu-ro-mi-me' '-sis) [yevpov, 
nerve; fiifirfdig, imitation]. Hysteric phe- 
nomena resembling true organic disease. 

Neuromuscular (nu-ro-mus'-ku-lar) [vevpov, 
nerve; musculus, a muscle]. Pertaining 
conjointly to nerves and muscles. 

Neuromyositis (nu-ro-mi-o-si' '-tis) [vevpov, 
nerve; fivg, muscle; irtg, inflammation]. 
Myositis associated with neuritis. 

Neuron (nu'-ron) [yevpov, nerve]. I. The 
cerebrospinal axis taken as a whole. 2. One 
of the countless number of units of which 
the nervous system is composed. Each neu- 
ron consists of a cell and a series of processes. 
One of these processes is as a rule an axis- 
cylinder and terminates free, generally break- 
ing up into a bundle of fine fibrillar. The 
other processes branch dichotomously, but 
also terminate in free extremities ; they 
are known as protoplasmic processes or den- 
drites. In the gray matter of the brain and 
spinal cord the terminal processes of the neu- 
ron form a dense felt-work, but not a commu- 
nicating reticulum. In every physiologic act 
involving the nervous system at least two, 
usually more, neurons participate. The neu- 
ron at which the impulse starts is termed 
archineuron ; the one at the termination, the 
teleneuron. See also Nerve-cell, 



NEUROPARALYSIS 



445 



NIDUS 



Neuroparalysis (nu-ropar-al'-is-is) [vevpov, 
nerve; TtapaAvcig, paralysis] . Paralysis due 
to disease of a nerve. 

Neuropathic [nu-ro-path' '-ik) [vevpov, nerve ; 
nddoq, disease]. I. Characterized by a dis- 
eased or imperfect nervous system. 2. De- 
pending upon or pertaining to nervous dis- 
ease. N. Eschar, a bedsore following 
disease of the spinal cord. 

Neuropathology [nu-ro-path-ol' -o-je) [yevpov, 
nerve; tzadoc, disease; Aoyog, science]. The 
pathology of diseases of the nervous system. 

Neuropathy {jni-rop' '-ath-e) [yevpov, nerve; 
■xadoq, disease]. Any nervous disease. 

Neurophysiology {nu-ro-fiz-e-oV -o-je) [yev- 
pov, nerve; cpvoig, nature; Aoyoc, science]. 
The physiology of the nervous system. 

Neuroplasm {tin' ' -ro-plazm) [yevpov, nerve ; 
izAaacetv, to mold] . The protoplasm filling 
the interstices of the fibrillae of nerve-cells. 

Neuroplasty {iiu f -ro-plas-te) [vevpov, nerve ; 
wAdaaetv, to mold]. Aplastic operation on 
the nerves. 

Neuroretinitis [nu-ro-ret-in-i' '-tis) [yevpov, 
nerve; retina, retina; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of both the optic nerve and the 
retina. 

Neurorrhaphy (im-ror' f -a-fe) [vevpov, nerve ; 
pa<pij, suture]. The operation of suturing a 
divided nerve. 

Neurosin {iiu-ro f -sin) [yevpov, nerve]. A 
trade-name for several preparations contain- 
ing calcium, glycerol, and phosphates. 

Neurosis [nu-ro' '-sis) [vevpov, nerve]. A 
functional disease of the nervous system — a 
disturbance of the nerve-centers or peripheral 
nerves not due to any demonstrable struc- 
tural change. N., Occupation-, N., Pro- 
fessional, a functional disorder affecting 
groups of muscles used in the performance 
of special movements. 

Neuroskeleton (nu-ro-skel f -et-on) [yevpov, 
nerve; GKtherov, skeleton]. The vertebrate 
endoskeleton, or true skeleton; so called 
from being made up of parts that correspond 
with and largely serve to protect portions of 
the central nervous system. 

Neurostearic {iiu - ro - ste - ar' '-ik) [vevpov, 
nerve; areap, fat]. Pertaining to nervous 
tissue and fat. N. Acid, C 18 H 36 2 . An 
acid isomeric with stearic acid, occurring in 
the brain. 

Neurotabes {nu-ro-ta' -bez) [vevpov, nerve ; 
tabes, wasting]. A form of multiple neu- 
ritis resembling posterior sclerosis. 

Neurotic {iiu-rof -ik) [yevpov, nerve]. I. 
Pertaining to the nerves ; nervous. 2. Per- 
taining to neuroses. 3. Having a disordered 
nervous system ; suffering from a neurosis. 

Neurotomy [nu-rot / -o-me) [vevpov, nerve ; 
re/iiveiv, to cut]. The division of a nerve. 

Neutral {nu'-tral) [neuter, neither]. Neither 



alkaline nor acid ; bland and soothing ; in- 
active. N. Mixture, liquor potassii citratis. 

Neutralize {nu f -tral-lz) [neuter, neither] . To 
render neutral ; to render inert ; to counter- 
balance an action or influence. 

Neutrophile [tiu'-tro-fil) [neuter, neither; 
<pi2.og, loving]. Stained readily by neutral 
dyes; applied to certain cells. N. Leuko- 
cytes, leukocytes the protoplasm of which 
contains granules colored by neutral stains. 

Nevus, Naevus (ne / -vus) [L.]. 1. A cir- 
cumscribed area of pigmentation; a mole. 
2. An angioma of the skin, usually congeni- 
tal; mother's mark. N. araneus. See 
Acne rosacea. N., Capillary, one that in- 
volves the capillaries of the skin. N., Cuta- 
neous, a nevus of the skin. N. lipoma- 
todes, a large, soft mole, containing a 
quantity of fat and loose connective tissue. 
N. maternus. See Nevus, 2d definition. 
N. pigmentosus, a mole ; a circumscribed, 
congenital pigmentary deposit in the skin, 
varying in color from a light fawn to a black- 
ish tint, and often associated with hyper- 
trophy of the hairs. N. vascularis. See 
Nevus, 2d definition. 

Niccolium, Nickel {nik-ol'-e-um, nik'-el) 
[G. , nickel, nickel] . Symbol Ni ; atomic 
weight 58 ; quantivalence II, IV. A metal of 
silver- white luster, resembling iron in physical 
properties. See Eletnents, Table of. N. 
Bromid (NiBr 2 -f- 3H 2 0) has been used in 
epilepsy. Dose gr. v— x. (0.32-0.65). N. 
Chlorid, Ni Cl 2 , has been used as a tonic in 
anemia. Dose gr. ij (0.13). N. Sulphate 
(NiS0 4 + 7H 2 0), has been used as a tonic. 
Dose gr. ss-j (0.032-0.065). 

Nicol's Prism [after William Nicol, of 
Edinburgh]. A polished prism of Iceland- 
spar, cut diagonally across the principal 
axis, the sections being joined together by 
means of Canada balsam. It has the prop- 
erty of reflecting the ordinary ray of light out 
of the field, while the so-called polarized ray 
is transmitted. 

Nicotiana {tiik-o-she-a ; -nah) . See Tab a cum. 

Nicotianin [nik-o-she-a' '-nin) [after Jean Ni- 
cot, a French ambassador to Portugal]. The 
volatile principle to which tobacco owes its 
flavor. 

Nicotin {nik'-o-tin) [after Jean Nicot, a 
French ambassador to Portugal], C 10 H U N 2 . 
A liquid poisonous alkaloid found in the 
leaves of the tobacco-plant. 

Nictation {iiik-ta'-shuri). Same as Nictita- 
tion. 

Nictitating (nik' '-tit-a-ting) [nictitare, to 
wink]. Winking. N. Membrane. See 
Membrane. N. Spasm, blepharospasm. 

Nictitation [nik-tit-a f -shun) [nictitare, to 
wink]. Abnormal frequency of winking. 

Nidus (m'-dus) [L., nest]. I. A central 



NIEMEYER'S PILL 



446 



NITROGEN 



point or focus of inlection ; a place in which 
an organism finds conditions suitable for 
growth and development. 2. A collection of 
ganglion- cells at the deep origin of a cranial 
nerve; a nucleus. N. hirundinis, a deep 
fossa in the cerebellum situated between the 
velum medullare posterius in front and the 
nodulus and uvula behind. 

Niemeyer's Pill [tie' -?ni-e? : ) [A'iefneyer, a 
German physician]. A pill of quinin, grain I, 
digitalis, grain one-half, and opium, grain one- 
quarter. It is used in pulmonary tuberculosis, 
and is taken every six hours. 

Night-blindness. See Hemeralopia. 

Night-blooming Cereus. See Cactus gran- 
diflorus. 

Nightmare [AS., neaht, niht, night ; mara, 
mare]. A dream characterized by great dis- 
tress and a sense of oppression or suffocation. 

Nightshade. A name applied to plants of 
the genus Solanum. N., Deadly, the 
Atropa belladonna. 

Night-terrors. Distressing dreams occurring 
in children and causing them to wake up 
with cries of fear. 

Nightingale [tuf -ting-gal) [after Florence 
'.tingale, a nurse]. A short cape used in 
hospitals to protect the shoulders and chest 
of nurses and patients. 

Nigrosin (;/;'-. " '.ack]. A blue- 

black anilin-dye, used in staining brain-tissue. 

Nipple {nip' -I) [allied to neb, the beak 
of a bird, from AS., nebb, the face]. The 
conic projection in the center of the mamma, 
containing the outlets of the milk-ducts. N.- 
line, a vertical line drawn on the surface of 
the chest through the nipple. 

Nisus {ni'-sus) [nisus, effort, from niti, to en- 
deavor] . The periodic desire for procreation 
manifested in the spring-season by certain 
species of animals. Also, the contraction of 
the diaphragm and abdominal muscles for 
the expulsion of the feces or the urine. 

Nit [AS., hnitu, a nit]. The egg or larva 
of the louse. 

Niter [ni'-te?-) [Arab.,nitrun, natron]. Po- 
tassium nitrate or saltpeter. N., Cubic, 
sodium nitrate. N., Sweet Spirit of, 
spiritus 32theris nitrosi. 

Nitrate (ni '-trat ) \_nite?-~\. A salt of nitric acid. 

Nitrated (n? v -tra-ted) [niter\. Combined 
with nitric acid. 

Nitration {iii-tra' -shiai) [niter]. The pro- 
cess of combining or treating with nitric acid. 

Nitric {iii r -trik) [niter]. Pertaining to or 
containing niter. N. Acid. See Acid, Ni- 
tric. N.-acid Test, a test for albumin, con- 
sisting in the addition of nitric acid to the sus- 
pected fluid — if albumin is present a precipi- 
tate is formed. The test is usually applied 
by superimposing the suspected fluid over the 
acid (Heller's test). 



Nitrification {ni-t?'if-ik-a f -shuii) [niter; fa- 
cere, to make]. The conversion of the nitro- 
gen of ammonia and organic compounds into 
nitrous and nitric acids, a process constantly 
going on in nature under the influence of cer- 
tain bacteria and other agencies. 

Nitrifying {ni-ti'if'-i-ing) [niter ; facere, to 
make]. Converting into nitrous and nitric 
acids. N. Bacillus. See Bacteria, Table 

°f- . 
Nitril {ni'-trW) \nUer\. A compound of 

cyanogen with an alcohol-radicle in which 

the nitrogen is trivalent and the radicle is 

united to the remaining carbon-atom. The 

nitrils are readily converted into acids. 

Nitrite (ni'-trlt) [niter\ A salt of nitrous 
acid. See A7?iyl Jiitrite, Sodium niti-ite, Po- 
tassium nitrite. The nitrites produce dilata- 
tion of the blood-vessels, diminution of the 
blood-pressure, increased rapidity of the pulse, 
and depression of the motor centers in the 
spinal cord. They are used as antispas- 
modics in asthma and angina pectoris, in 
spasmodic dysmenorrhea, tetanus, epileptic 
and hysteric convulsions, and in cases of arte- 
riosclerosis with high arterial tension. Full 
doses in man give rise to flushing of the face, 
throbbing, and headache. 

Nitro- (ni/-tro-) [niter~\. A prefix denot- 
ing combination with nitrogen, or with the 
radicle N0 2 . 

Nitrobacteria {ni-trc-bak-te' '-re-ah ) [niter : 
bacterium^. Bacteria that convert ammonia 
into nitric acid. 

Nitrobenzol, Nitrobenzene (m'-tro-ben'-zo/, 
ni-tro-ben r -zene) C f H 5 NO ; . An oily, sweetish 
liquid made by the action of strong nitric 
acid on benzol. It is an intermediate product 
in the manufacture of anilin-oil, and is em- 
ployed as a flavoring agent under the name 
of artificial oil of bitter almonds, or oil of 
mirbane. It is a powerful poison, resembling 
hydrocyanic acid in action. Persons en- 
gaged in its manufacture often suffer from 
headache and drowsiness. 

Nitrocellulose [jii-tro-sel' -u-los). See Py- 
roxylin. 

Nitrogen {iii f -tro-jeii) [Arab., nitrun, natron ; 
-■n-var, to produce]. Symbol N; atomic 
weight 14 ; quantivalence I, ill, v. A non- 
metallic element existing free in the atmos- 
phere, of which it constitutes about 77 per 
cent, by weight. It is a colorless, odorless 
gas, incapable of sustaining life. Chemic- 
ally it is very inert, and combines directly 
with but few elements. It is an important 
constituent of all animal and vegetal tissues. 
With hydrogen it combines to form am- 
monia, from which a multitude of important 
compounds are derived. It forms several 
oxygen - compounds : Nitrogen monoxid, 
N 2 ; nitrogen dioxid, NO ; nitrogen trioxid, 



NITROGENOUS 



447 



NORMAL 



N 2 3 ; nitrogen tetroxid, N0 2 ; nitrogen pent- 
ox id, N 2 5 . The oxids combine with water 
to form acids. With the halogens nitrogen 
forms very explosive compounds ; nearly all 
explosive substances are compounds of nitro- 
gen. 

Nitrogenous (;// - troj' '- en - us) [nitrogen]. 
Containing nitrogen. 

Nitroglycerin {ni-tro-glis* -er-iri) [niter; gly- 
cerin], C 3 H 5 (N0 3 ) 3 . Glonoin, a colorless 
oily liquid produced by the action of sulphuric 
and nitric acids upon glycerol. It is a 
powerful explosive ; physiologically it has the 
actions of the nitrites, but is more persistent 
than amyl nitrite, which it most resembles. 
Dose gr. ^—^V (0.0003-0.0013). Spiritus 
glonoini (U. S. P.), is a I per cent, alcoholic 
solution. Dose TT^j-ij (0.065-0. 13). Tabel- 
he nitroglycerin (B. P.) contain each gr. T J 7 
(0.0006) of nitroglycerin. 

Nitrohydrochloric Acid, Nitromuriatic 
Acid (ni-tro-hi-dro-klo' -rik , ni-tro-mu-re- 
at'-ik) . See Acid, Nitrohydrochloric. 

Nitroso- (ni-tro' -so-) [niter]. A prefix signi- 
fying combination with nitrosyl, the univa- 
lent radicle, NO. 

Nitrosonitric Acid (ni-tro-so-ni'-trik). Fum- 
ing nitric acid containing nitrous acid gas. 

Nitrous {ni'-trus) [niter], 1. Containing 
nitrogen as a univalent or trivalent element. 
2. Pertaining to or derived from nitrous acid 
HN0 2 , an acid having one atom of oxygen 
less than nitric acid. N. Ether, C 2 H 5 N0 2 , 
ethyl nitrite, a very volatile liquid, having 
properties similar to those of amyl nitrite. N. 
Oxid, N 2 0, nitrogen protoxid, hyponitrous 
oxid, laughing gas. It is used as a general 
anesthetic in dentistry and in minor surgery. 
See Anesthetic. 

Nitrosyl (iii-tro f -sil). The univalent radicle 
NO. 

Nocturnal (nok'-tur-nal) [nox, night]. Per- 
taining to the night. N. Emission, N. Pol- 
lution, the discharge of semen without coitus 
during sleep. N. Enuresis, incontinence of 
urine at night during sleep. N. Epilepsy, epi- 
lepsy in which the convulsions occur at night. 

Nodal (no f -dal) [nodus, a node]. Pertain- 
ing to a node. N. Point, the point of in- 
tersection of convergent rays of light with 
the visual axis of the eye. The first nodal 
point is 6.9685 mm. behind the summit of 
the cornea. The second nodal point is 
7.3254 mm. behind the summit of the cornea, 
or 0.1254 mm. behind the lens. 

Node (nod) [nodus, a. swelling or node]. I. 
A knob, swelling, or protuberance. 2. A 
point of narrowing or constriction. N., 
Parrot's, one of the bony prominences on 
the outer table of the skull, the result of 
syphilitic periostitis. N., Ranvier's, one of 
the constrictions occurring in the course of 



medullated nerve- fibers, where the sheath of 
Schwann lies upon the axis-cylinder. N., 
Syphilitic, the localized swelling on bones 
due to syphilitic periostitis. 

Nodose (no'-doz) [nodus, node]. Charac- 
terized by nodes ; jointed or swollen at inter- 
vals. 

Nodosity (no-dos' -it-e) [nodus, node]. I. 
The state of having nodes. 2. Anode. N., 
Bouchard's, a nodose condition of the second 
joints of the fingers, supposed to be indica- 
tive of gastrectasis. N., Hagarth's, N., 
Heberden's, one of the firm nodules on the 
sides of the distal phalanges of the fingers in 
rheumatoid arthritis. 

Nodular (nod' -u-lar) [nodus, node]. Com- 
posed of or covered by nodules ; resembling 
a nodule. 

Nodule (nod'-ul) [nodulus, dim. of nodus, 
a node]. A small node. N. of Arantius. 
See Corpus Arantii. N. of Cerebellum, 
the anterior termination of the inferior vermi- 
form process of the cerebellum. N. of 
Morgagni. Same as N. of Arantius. 

Noematachograph (no-e- ma-tak' '-0- graf). 
See Nematachograph. 

Noematachometer (no-e-ma-tak-om f -et-er). 
See Nematacho meter. 

Noli-me-tangere (no f -li-me-tan* -jer-e) [L.]. 
See Rodent tdcer. 

Noma (no'-mak) [vo/ui/, a feeding, from ve/u,- 
elv, to eat], Cancrum oris, gangrasna oris, 
gangrenous stomatitis. A grave, usually fatal, 
form of stomatitis, occurring in debilitated 
children, generally during the convalescence 
from one of the exanthemata. It is charac- 
terized by the formation of a rapidly spread- 
ing ulcer involving the cheek and soon be- 
coming gangrenous. The disease is micro- 
organismal in origin. N. pudendi, N. 
vulvae, a similar ulceration occurring about 
the genital region of female children. 

Nonan (no' -nan) [nonus, ninth]. Occurring 
every ninth day, or having an exacerbation 
every ninth day. 

Nonipara (non- ip f -ar-ah) [nonus, ninth ; 
parere, to bring forth] . See Multipara. 

Normal (nor f -mal) [norma, rule]. I. Con- 
forming to natural order or law. 2. Having 
the typic structure. N. Antitoxic Se- 
rum, N. Therapeutic Serum, an anti- 
toxic blood-serum of which o. I gram is 
sufficient to neutralize ten times the fatal 
dose of toxin for a guinea-pig weighing 
300 grams. N. Salt-solution or N. Sa- 
line Solution, an aqueous solution of 
sodium chlorid of a strength similar to that 
of the body-fluids — usually 0.6-0.75 percent. 
N. Solution, a solution containing in one 
liter a quantity of the reagent equal to the 
molecular weight in grams, and reduced so 
that the replaceable hydrogen or its equivalent 



NORMOBLAST 



448 



NUCK, CANAL OF 



represents one gram. A decinormal solution 
is one of one-tenth the strength, and a centi- 
normal solution one of one-hundredth the 
strength of the normal solution. 

Normoblast {nor' -mo-blast) [norma, rule ; 
fiAaorog, germ]. A nucleated red corpuscle 
of the same size as an ordinary red corpuscle. 

Norris's Invisible Corpuscles. See Cor- 
puscle. 

Nose {noz) [AS., nosu, nose]. The prom- 
inent organ occupying the center of the face, 
the upper part of which {regio olfactoria) 
constitutes the organ of smell, the lower part 
of which {regio respiratoria) represents the 
commencement of the respiratory tract, in 
which the inspired air is warmed, moistened, 
and deprived of impurities. The nose consists 
of two symmetric cavities, separated by a sep- 
tum, and is lined internally by mucous mem- 
brane (Schneiderian membrane). N. -bleed, 
epistaxis. N. -piece, a mechanic device 
to be attached to the tube of a microscope 
for holding two, three, or four objectives. 

Nosegay, Riolan's. The entire group of 
muscles arising from the styloid process of 
the temporal bone. 

Nosema {nos-e'-mah) [yoaeiv, to be ill]. I. 
Illness, disease. 2. A genus of Schizomy- 
cetes. N. bombycis. See Bacteria, Table 

°f' 
Nosogeny {nos - of- en-e) \yoaoq, disease ; 

yevvdv, to beget] . The development of dis- 
eases. 

Nosography {nos-og' -ra-fe) [youog, disease ; 
■ypdcpEtv, to write]. A treatise on diseases. 

Nosology [nos-ol'-o-je) [ydoog, disease ; "koyoq, 
science]. The science of the classification 
of diseases. 

Nosomania {nos-o-ma'-ne-ah) \yoaoq, dis- 
ease ; [xavia, mania]. I. A morbid dread 
of disease. 2. A delusion that one is suffer- 
ing from disease. 

Nosophobia {nos-o-fo' -be-ah) [yocog, disease ; 
<t>6l3og, fear]. A morbid fear of disease. 

Nostalgia {nos-tal'-je-ah) [ydarog, return ; 
aAyog, pain]. Homesickness. 

Nostoc {nos'-tok) [Ger. , nostoch, nostoc]. 
A genus of algae having a gelatinous nature. 

Nostril {nos'-lril) [AS. , nosu, nose ; tyrel, 
orifice]. One of the external orifices of the 
nose. 

Nostrum {nos'-trum) \noster, ours]. A 
quack medicine ; a secret medicine. 

Notal {no' -tat) \yZirov, back]. Pertaining 
to the back ; dorsal. 

Notanencephalia {no-tan- en- sef- a' - le-ah) 
[yuTov, back; av priv. ; kyne(j)a?ios, brain]. 
Congenital absence of the dorsal part of the 
cranium. 

Notch [O. Du. , nock, notch]. A deep in- 
dentation. N., Intervertebral, one of the 
depressions on the vertebral pedicles, either 



on the upper or lower surface. The apposi- 
tion of two notches of contiguous vertebrae 
forms the intervertebral foramen. N., 
Ischiatic. See N., Sacrosciatic. N., Jugu- 
lar, a notch forming the posterior boundary 
of the jugular foramen. N., Nasal, an 
uneven interval between the internal an- 
gular processes of the frontal bone, which 
articulates with the nasal bone and the nasal 
process of the superior maxillary bone. N., 
Popliteal, the depression on the posterior 
surface of the head of the tibia, separating 
the two tuberosities. N. of Rivinus, the 
deficiency in the osseous tympanic ring, filled 
in by Shrapnell's membrane. N., Sacro- 
sciatic, one of two notches on the posterior 
edge of the innominate bone. The greater 
N. is just above the spine of the ischium, 
and is converted into a foramen by the lesser 
sacrosciatic ligament ; the lesser N. is below 
the spine of the ischium, and is converted 
into a foramen by the sacrosciatic ligaments. 
N., Sigmoid, a deep semilunar depression 
separating the coronoid and condyloid pro- 
cesses of the inferior maxillary bone. N., 
Sphenopalatine, the notch that separates 
the orbital and sphenoid processes of the 
palate bone. N., Suprascapular, a notch 
in the superior border of the scapula at the 
base of the coracoid process, for the passage 
of the suprascapular nerve. N., Supra- 
sternal, the depression at the top of the 
manubrium, between the two sternoclavicular 
articulations. 

Notencephalus {no-ten-sef'-al us) [yurov, 
back; kyuefya'AoQ, brain], A variety of mons- 
ter in which the cranial contents are in large 
part outside the skull, resting upon the back 
of the neck. 

Notochord {no' ' -to-kord)\yciTov , back ; %opdfy, 
a cord]. An elongated cord of cells enclosed 
in a structureless sheath, which in the embryo 
represents the vertebral column ; the chorda 
dorsalis, or primitive backbone. 

Notomelus {no-tom' -el-us) \_vutov, back ; 
[ieTvoq, limb]. A form of double monster in 
which the rudimentary limbs are attached to 
the back. 

Noxious {nok' - shus) \noxius, harmful]. 
Harmful ; poisonous or deleterious. 

Nubecula {nu-bek' -ti-lah) [dim. of nubes, a 
cloud]. I. The cloudiness caused by the 
suspension of insoluble matter in the urine. 
2. A cloudiness of the cornea. 

Nubility {nu-bW -it-e) \jiubere, to marry]. 
The state of sexual development when mar- 
riage may be consummated. 

Nucha {nu'-kah) [L.]. The nape of the 
neck. 

Nuchal {nu'-kal) \nucha, nape of neck]. 
Pertaining to the nape of the neck. 

Nuck, Canal of. See Canal. 



NUCLEAR 



449 



NUCLEUS 



Nuclear {jiu' ' -kle-ar) [nucleus, nucleus]. Per- 
taining to or resembling a nucleus. N. Fig- 
ures, the peculiar arrangement of the mitome 
during karyokinesis. N. Layer, a stratum of 
gray matter in the cortex of the brain. N. 
Paralysis, paralysis from lesions of the nu- 
clei of origin of the nerves. N. Spindle, 
delicate striae appearing in the nucleus under- 
going mitosis, arranged with the apices point- 
ing toward the poles of the future nuclei. Its 
function probably is to guide the movements 
of the mitome threads. N. Stain, a pigment 
showing a strong affinity for nuclei. 

Nucleated [nu f -kle-a-ted) [nucleus, nucleus]. 
Possessing a nucleus. 

Nuclein (iiu'-kle-in) [nucleus, nucleus], 
C 29 H 49 X 9 P 3 22 . An amorphous substance 
resembling the proteids, and forming the 
essential chemic constituent of all living cells. 
It is composed of Nucleinic Acid and a 
base ; the former seems to be the same for 
all nucleins, but the base varies. Nucleins 
are generally insoluble in dilute acids and 
soluble in dilute alkalies. They are sup- 
posed to represent the germicidal constituent 
of blood-serum. 

Nucleoalbumin (nu-kle-o-al-bu' -?nin) [nu- 
cleus, nucleus; albumin]. A compound of 
a proteid and nuclein, occurring in cell- 
protoplasm. 

Nucleohiston {iiu-kle-o-his* '-ton) [nucleus, 
nucleus; laroc, tissue]. A substance com- 
posed of nuclein and histon found in the 
leukocytes of the blood. Nuclein induces 
coagulation of the blood ; histon prevents it. 
The liquid state of the blood is supposed 
to be dependent on the integrity of the com- 
pound formed by these two bodies. 

Nucleolus {nu-kle f -o-lus) [dim. of nucleus, a 
nucleus]. The small spheric body within 
the cell-nucleus. Its true function has not as 
yet been established. 

Nucleopetal [nu-kle-o-peV '-<?/) [nucleus, nu- 
cleus ; petere, to seek]. Seeking the nucleus 
(said of the movement of the male pronu- 
cleus toward the female pronucleus). 

Nucleoplasm {iiu r -kle-o-plazni) [nucleus, nu- 
cleus ; tcaAgociv, to mold]. I. The proto- 
plasm of the nucleus. 2. Chromatin. 

Nucleus (nu'-kle-us) [nucleus, from nux, 
nut]. I. The essential part of a typic cell, 
usually round in outline, and situated near 
the center. 2. The center around which the 
mass of a crystal aggregates. 3. The central 
element in a compound, as the carbon in 
hydrocarbons. 4. A collection of gray mat- 
ter in the central nervous system having a 
distinct function. 5. The deep origin of a 
nerve. N. ambiguus, N., Anterior, a 
collection of nerve-cells near the N. of the 
vagus. N. amygdalae, an irregular aggre- 
gation of gray matter situated at the apex of 
29 



the temporal lobe of the brain, between it 
and the apex of the middle ventricular horn. 
N. of Bechterew, an ill-defined group of 
ganglion-cells lying dorsad of Deiters' nu- 
cleus, and supposed to give origin to some 
of the fibers of the middle root of the audi- 
tory nerve. It is also called the N. vesti- 
bularis. N., Burdach's. See N. funiculi 
cuneati. N., Caudal. See N., Oculomotor. 
N., Caudate, the intraventricular part of me 
corpus striatum. N. cinereus, a term some- 
times used to designate the gray substance of 
the restiform bodies. N., Cleavage-. Syno- 
nym of N., Segmentation-. N., Daughter-. 
See Mitosis. N. emboliformis, a small 
mass of gray matter situated in the inter- 
val between the N. dentatus and N. fas- 
tigii, and lying nearer the former. N. fas- 
tigii, a flat expanse of gray matter on each 
side of the inferior vermiform process of the 
cerebellum directly over the roof of the 
fourth ventricle. N. fimbriatus. Syno- 
nym of Corpus .dentation. N. funiculi 
cuneati, a mass of gray matter of the pos- 
terior column of the medulla, lying beneath 
the funiculus cuneatus. N. funiculi 
gracilis, an elongated club-shaped mass 
of gray matter in the mesal portion of 
the posterior column of the medulla. N., 
Germinal, the N. resulting from the union 
of the male and female pronuclei. N M 
Gingival, a part of the cerebellum in the 
fetus (between the third and fourth months), 
which bears some resemblance to the gums. 
N., Globic, N. globosus, the globulus, a 
number of small round or oval masses of 
gray matter situated in the interval between 
the N. dentatus and N. fastigii, lying near 
to, and probably an accessory detachment of 
the latter. N. gracilis, a column of gray 
matter in the posterior pyramid of the med- 
ulla oblongata. N., Gray, the gray matter 
of the spinal cord. N., Intraventricular, 
the caudate nucleus. N., Kolliker's, the 
gray matter surrounding the canal of the 
spinal cord. N., Laryngeal, the nucleus of 
origin of the nerve-fibers of the larynx. 
N., Lenticular, N. lentiformis, the extra- 
ventricular portion of the corpus striatum, 
lying between the internal and external 
capsules. N. of Luys, an almond-shaped 
mass of gray matter with pigmented ganglion- 
cells in the subthalamic region. N. magno- 
cellularis, Deiters' nucleus; a nucleus of 
gray matter in the medulla oblongata, situated 
mesad of the restiform column at the level of 
entry of the auditory nerve-roots. N., 
Mother-. See Mother-star, under Karyo- 
kinesis. N., Motor, a collection of nerve- 
cells in the central- nervous system giving 
origin to a motor nerve. N., Oculomotor, 
the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, lying 



'/V* 



NUEL'S SPACE 



dorsad of the posterior longitudinal bundle, 
under the aqueduct of Sylvius. N., Olivary, 
a folded mass of gray matter in the 
medulla oblongata, producing a swelling on 
the surface, the olivary body. N. of 
Origin, the collection of ganglion-cells in 
the central nervous system giving origin to 
a nerve. N. pyramidalis, the inner ac- 
cessory olivary nucleus. N., Red. See 
N. tegmenti. N., Restiform, the gray 
matter of the restiform body. N., Seg- 
mentation-, the N. that appears shortly 
after the fusion of the male and female pro- 
nuclei ; the last step in the process of fertiliza- 
tion ; it is so called because within it cleav- 
age is first established. N., Spermatic. 
Synonym of the male pronucleus. N., Sell- 
ing's. Synonym of N. teg??ienti. N., Sub- 
ependymal, the internal nucleus of the eighth 
or auditory nerve, lying just beneath the epen- 
dyma of the fourth ventricle. N. , Tegmen- 
tal, N. tegmenti, red N. ; a mass of re- 
ticular substance in the tegmentum of the 
crus cerebri, to the inner side of the sub- 
stantia nigra. N., Vesicular, a rather large 
cell-nucleus, the membrane of which stains 
deeply, while the central portion remains 
relatively pale. N. vestibularis. See N. 
of Bechterew. N., Vitelline, a nucleus re- 
sulting from the fusion of the male and female 
pronuclei within the vitellus. N., West- 
phal's, the N. of origin of a part of the 
trochlear fibers ; it is situated posteriorly to 
the trochlear nucleus proper. N., White, 
the white substance of the dentate body of 
the olive. 

Nuel's Space. A triangular space between 
the outer hair-cells and the outer rods of 
Corti of the internal ear. 

Nullipara (md-ip'-ar-ah) [nullus, none; pa- 
rere, to bring forth]. A woman who has 
never borne a child. 

Nulliparity (nul-ip-ar'-it-e) [nullus, none ; 

parere, to bring forth]. The condition of 
being nulliparous. 

Nulliparous (nul-ip* -ar-us) [nullus, none ; 
parere, to bring forth]. Having never borne 
children. 

Nummular {tium'-u-lar) [minimus, coin]. 
Resembling a coin in form, as N. sputum; 
resembling rouleaux, or rolls of coin. 

Nurse's Contracture. Tetany occurring in 
nursing women. 

Nutation (iiu-ta' '-shiai) [nutare, to nod]. 
Nodding or oscillation. N. of Sacrum, a 
partial rotation of the sacrum on its transverse 
axis, whereby the distance between the upper 
extremity or the lower extremity and the 
anterior pelvic wall is increased. 

Nutmeg [AS., hnutu, nut; Pers., musk, 
musk]. The seed of various species of 
Myristica, of the order Myristicaceae. Myris- 



450 NYMPH A 

tica (U. S. P., B. P.) is the seed of M. frag- 
rans, and is the source of a volatile oil (Oleum 
myristicae, U. S. P., B. P.). The latter con- 
tains a stearopten, myristin, which is the 
glycerid of myristic acid, C 16 H 28 2 . N. is 
employed as a condiment, as a corrective and 
mild flavoring agent, and has also slight 
narcotic properties. Dose, gr. v-xx (0.32- 
1.3). Oleum myristicae. Dose 2 to 3 drops 
(0.13-0.2). Oleum myristica; expressum 
(B. P.) is also known as oil of mace. 

Nutrient (nu'-tre-ent) [nutrire, to nourish]. 
I. Affording nutrition. 2. A substance that 
nourishes ; a food. 

Nutriment (nu'- trim-ent) [nutrire, to 
nourish]. Anything that nourishes. 

Nutrition (nu - trish'- un) [nutrire, to 
nourish]. The process by which tissue is 
built up and waste repaired. 

Nux vomica {nuks vom' '-ik-ah) [L., pestilen- 
tial or vomiting nut]. The seed of Strych- 
nos Nux vomica, an Indian tree of the order 
Loganiaceae. It contains several alkaloids, 
the most important being strychnin and bru- 
cin (a. v.), which are united with a peculiar 
acid called igasuric acid. In small doses it is 
a bitter tonic, stimulating gastric digestion ; it 
raises blood-pressure by stimulating the heart 
and the vasomotor center, and stimulates the 
respiratory center, and the motor centers of the 
spinal cord. In overdoses it produces tetanic 
convulsions, and risus sardonicus ; the reflex 
excitability is enormously increased, and the 
slightest stimulus serves to bring on a convul- 
sion. Death usually occurs from asphyxia 
(cramp-asphyxia), more rarely from exhaus- 
tion. Nux vomica, or strychnin, is employed 
in dyspepsia, in convalescence from acute 
diseases, in acute infectious diseases, in 
shock, in poisoning by chloroform and opium, 
in emphysema, phthisis, and other condi- 
tions associated with dyspnea, in chronic 
bronchitis, in constipation, in atony of the 
bladder, in lead-palsy, and in amaurosis 
from tobacco or alcohol. Dose of nux vom- 
ica gr. j-v (0.065-0.32). Extractum nucis 
vomica. Dose gr. l /e-% (0.01-0.016). Ex- 
tractum nucis vomicae fluidum. Dose rr^ j-v 
(0.065-0.32). Tinctura nucis vomicae. Dose 
TTL v-xxx (0.32-2.0). 

Nyctalopia {iiik-tal-o f -pe-ah) [w£, night ; 
<!ji/>, the eve]. I. Night- vision ; the condi- 
tion in which the sight is better by night or 
in semidarkness than by daylight. It is a 
symptom of central scotoma, the more dilated 
pupil at night allowing a better illumination 
of the peripheral portions of the retina. 2. 
According to the usage of some writers, this 
term designates night-blindness. See Hemer- 
alopia. 

Nympha (nim'-fah) [vvuda, nymph]. A 
labium minus of the vulva. 



NYMPHOMANIA 



451 



OBSTETRICIAN 



Nymphomania [iiim-fo-ma' '-ne-ak) [vvfMprj, 

nymph; /javia, madness]. Excessive sexual 

desire on the part of a woman. 
Nymphomaniac (nim-fo-ma' '-ne-ak) [yvfKJ>?/ t 

nymph; /j.avia, madness]. One affected with 

nymphomania. 
Nystagmus {ni-stag*-mus) [ward^eiv, to 

nod in sleep]. An oscillatory movement 



of the eyeballs. It may be congenital or 
dependent on intracranial disease, especially 
meningitis, on multiple sclerosis, etc. N., 
Lateral, oscillation of the eyes in the hori- 
zontal meridian. N., Rotatory, an oscil- 
latory, partial rolling of the eyeball around the 
visual axis. N., Vertical, oscillatory move- 
ment in the vertical meridian. 



o 



O. The symbol of Oxygen ; of oculus, eye ; 
of octarius, a pint. 

O. D. Abbreviation for oculus dexter, right 
eye. 

Oak (ok) [AS., ac, oak]. A genus of trees, 
Quercus, of the order Cupuliferse. The bark 
of Quercus alba (U. S. P., Quercus cortex and 
of Quercus robur, B. P.) and other species, 
contains a peculiar tannic acid known as 
quercitannic acid, and a bitter principle, 
quercin, and is used as an astringent tonic, 
especially in the form of the oak-bath. It has 
also been employed in leukorrhea, hemor- 
rhoids, and prolapse of the rectum. O.-bark 
(Quercus alba, U. S. P. ; Quercus cortex, B. 
P.) is an astringent tonic containing tannic 
acid, and is mostly employed in washes and 
decoctions for external use. 

Oakum (o'-kum) [AS., acumba, tow]. A 
material made by picking old rope into pieces. 
It has been used as a dressing for wounds, 
and in the form of pads to absorb lochial 
discharges. 

Oat (ot) [AS., atas, oats]. A cereal plant, 
Avena sativa, or other species of Avena, 
and its seed. O.-meal, the meal made 
from oats. It is used in the form of a gruel, 
as a food, as a demulcent and laxative, and 
as an emollient poultice. 

Ob- [L.]. A prefix signifying on, against, 
in front of, or toward. 

Obdormition (ob-dor-mish' '-un) \_obdormitio ; 
obdormire,\.o fall asleep]. Numbness of a 
part due to interference with nervous func- 
tion ; the state of a part when it is " asleep. " 

Obduction (ob-duk' 'shun) \_ob, against ; du- 
cere, to lead]. A necropsy. 

O'Beirne's Tube. A long, flexible tube used 
in making rectal injections. 

Obelion (o-be f -le-on) [6/3e/l<5c, a spit]. See 
Craniometric Points. 

Obermaier, Spirillum of. A spirillum found 
in the blood in relapsing fever. See Bac- 
teria, Table of. 



Obesity (o-bes'-it-e) \obesitas, from ; obedere, 
to eat]. An excessive development of fat 
throughout the body ; corpulence ; poly- 
sarcia. 

Obex (o f -beks) [L. , a barrier]. A band of 
white nervous matter at the point of the cala- 
mus scriptorius. • 

Obfuscation (ob-fus-ka' '-shun) \ob, in front 
of; fuscus, dusky]. The act of darkening 
or clouding, as O. of the cornea. 

Object-glass (ob f -jekt-glas). See Objective 
(3d definition). 

Objective (ob-jek'-tiv) \ob, against ; jacere, 
to throw]. I. Pertaining to an object or to 
that which is contemplated or perceived as 
distinguished from that which contemplates 
or perceives. 2. Pertaining to those rela- 
tions and conditions of the body perceived 
by another, as O. signs of disease. 3. The 
lens of a microscope nearest the object. 

Obligate (ob'-lig-at) [obligare, to bind]. 
Constrained, bound. O. Aerobic, of a micro- 
organism, one that can only live as an aerobe. 
O. Anaerobic, of a microorganism, one that 
can only live as an anaerobe. O. Parasite, 
a parasite that can only live as a parasite. 

Oblique (ob-lek f or ob-lik f ) [obliqzius, slant- 
ing]. Slanting. 

Obliquity (ob-lik'-wit-e) \obliqmis, slanting]. 
The state of being oblique. 

Obliteration (ob >- lit- er-a' '-shun) [obliterare, to 
efface, from ob, over; litera, a letter]. Re- 
moval of a part ; extirpation ; complete clo- 
sure of a lumen. 

Obsession (ob-sesh' '-un) \_ob, over; sedere, 
to sit]. Possession by evil spirits. 

Obsolescence (ob-so-les' '-ens) \_obsolescere, to 
grow old]. The state of becoming old or 
going out of use. 

Obstetric (ob-stetf -rik) \obstare, to stand be- 
fore]. Pertaining to the practice of obstet- 
rics. 

Obstetrician (ob-stet-rish'-an) \_obstare, to 
stand before] . One who practices obstetrics. 



OBSTETRICS 



452 



ODONTIASIS 



Obstetrics {ob-stetf-riks) [obstare, to stand 
before] . The branch of medicine that deals 
with the care of women in pregnancy, labor, 
and the puerperium. 

Obstipation \ob-stip-a' 'shun) [obstipare, to 
close tightly]. Constipation. 

Obstruction (ob-struk f -shun) [ob, over 
against; struere, to build]. I. The state of 
being stopped or blocked up. 2. The act 
of stopping up. 3. An impediment or ob- 
stacle. 

Obstructive (ob-struk'-tiv) \_ob, over against ; 

Here, to build]. I. Stopping or blocking 

up. 2. Due to an obstruction, as O. jaundice. 

Obtund (pb-tund f ) [ob, against, upon; tun- 
dere, to beat]. To blunt or dull ; to lessen, 
as to O. sensibility. 

Obturator | :¥-tu-}'g-tor) [obturare, to stop 
up]. 1. Closing an opening. 2. That 
which closes an opening. 3. Pertaining to 
the obturator membrane, muscles, etc. O. 
Foramen, a foramen in the anterior part of 
the os innominatum. See Foramina, Table 
of. O. Membrane, the membrane closing 
the obturator foramen. O. Muscle. See 
Muscles, Table of. O. Nerve. See Nerves, 
Table of. 

Occipital {ok-sip'-it-a! [::.:' rut]. Pertain- 
ing to or in relation with the occiput. O. 
Artery. See Arteries, Table of. O. Lobe. 
See Lobe. O. Nerve. See Nerves, Table 
of. O. Protuberance, the prominence on 
the inner surface (internal) or on the outer 
surface (external) of the occipital bone. O. 
Triangle. See Triangles, Table of. 

Occipito- (ok-sip'-it-o-) [occiput, occiput]. 
A prefix denoting connection with or relation 
to the occipital bone or the occiput. 

Occipitoanterior [ok - sip- it -0 - an-te f -re-or) 
[occiput; anterior']. Having the occiput 
directed toward the front, as the O. position 
of the fetus in utero. 

Occipitoatloid k-sip-it-o-at' -laid ) \_occi: :. : : 
atlas; t^oc, form]. Pertaining to the occip- 
ital bone and the atlas. 

Occipitoaxoid (ok-sip-it-o-aks / -oid) [occiput ; 
axis ; tldoc, form]. Pertaining to the occip- 
ital bone and the axis. 

O ccipitobregmatic (ok-sip-it-o-breg-maf-ik) 
[occiput; bregma]. Pertaining to the oc- 
ciput and the bregma. 

Occipitofrontal [ok-sip-it-o-fron' -taT) [oc- 
ciput; frons, forehead]. Pertaining to the 
occiput and forehead, or to the O. muscle 
Occipitofrontalis). 

Occipitomastoid {ok-sip-it-o-mas / -toid) [oc- 
ciput; jjxxaroc, nipple ; eldoc, form]. Pertain- 
ing to the occipital bone and the mastoid 
process. 

Occipitomental {ok-sipit-o-men' '-tal) [oc- 
ciput mention, the chin]. Pertaining to 
the occiput and the chin. 



Occipitoparietal (ok -sip - it-o -par- i'-et-al) 
[occiput; paries, wall]. Pertaining to the 
occipital and parietal bones, or to the occipital 
and parietal lobes of the brain. 

Occipitoposterior {ok-sip-it-o-pos-te* -rear) 
[occiput; posterior]. Having the occiput 
directed backward, as the O. position of 
the fetus in utero. 

Occipitotemporal {pk-sip-it-o - tem'-por - al) 
[occiput; tempos, temple]. Pertaining to 
the occipital and temporal bones. 

Occiput {ok^-sip-ut) [ob, against; caput, the 
head]. The back part of the head. 

Occlusion {ok-lu' -zhuii) [ob, against; clau- 
dere. to shut]. I. A closing or shutting up. 
2. The state of being closed or shut. 3. 
The absorption by a metal of gas in large 
quantities, as of hydrogen by platinum. 

Occlusive {pk-lu f -ziv) [ob, against ; claudere, 
to shut]. Closing or shutting up ; as an oc- 
clusive surgical dressing. 

Occupation-disease. One caused by the oc- 
cupation of the patient. The most common 
variety, the Occupation-neurosis, is afunc- 
tional disturbance of the part used in carry- 
ing on a certain occupation , as, e.g. , writer' s 
cramp, telegrapher's cramp, etc. 

Ochlesis {pk-le'-sis) [px'oc, crowd]. Any 
disease due to over-crowding. 

Octan {ok f -taii\ [octo, eight]. Returning 
every eighth day, as an octan fever. 

Octarius {ok-ta' -re-us) [octo, eight]. An 
eighth part of a gallon ; a pint. Svm- 
bolO. 

Octavipara {ok-tav-ip/ -ar-a)i). See Multi- 
para. 

Ocular {ok'-u-lar) [oculus, the eye]. I. 
Pertaining to or in relation with the eye. 2. 
The lens of a microscope that is turned 
toward the eye. O.. Compensating, one 
that compensates for axial aberrations of the 
objective. 

Oculist (o^-u-lisl). Synonym of Ophthal- 
v::'.:zi:t. 

Oculo- (ok f -u-lo- y ) [oculus. eye]. A prefix 
signifying pertaining to the eye. 

Oculomotor {ok-u-lo-mo / -tor) [oculus. eye ; 
mozere, to move]. I. Pertaining to the 
movement of the eye, as the oculomotor 
nerve. 2. Pertaining to the oculomotor 
nerve, as the oculomotor nucleus. 

Oculus {ok / -u-lus) [L.]. An eye. 

Oculozygomatic \ok-u-lo-zi-go-mat' -ik) [ocu- 
lus. eye : zygoma]. Pertaining to the eye 
and the zygoma. See Jadelofs Lines. 

Odontagra [o-don-ta* '-graft) [bdoic, tooth; 
. seizure]. Toothache, especially a 
form due to gout. 

Odontalgia {p-don-tal f -je-aH) [bdoic, tooth; 
c/;cc, pain]. Toothache. 

Odontiasis [o-don-ti'-as-is) [odoic, tooth]. 
Dentition ; the cutting of teeth. 



ODONTITIS 



453 



OIL 



Odontitis (o-don-ti'-tis) [bdoi;, tooth ; trie, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the teeth. 

Odonto- (o-don'-to-) [otiobg, tooth]. A pre- 
fix signifying pertaining to a tooth. 

Odontoblast \o-don f -to-blast ) [bfio'cg, tooth; 
fl'/aoToc, germ]. One of the cells covering 
the dental papilla and forming the dentine. 

Odontogeny (o-don-tof -en-e) [bdovg, tooth ; 
yewaVy to beget]. The origin and develop- 
ment of teeth. 

Odontography [o - don - tog'- ra -fe) [_66obg, 
tooth; ypd<p£w, to write]. The descriptive 
anatomy of the teeth. 

Odontoid (o-don' -toid) [btio'vi;, tooth; elSoq, 
like]. Resembling a tooth. O. Ligament. 
See Ligament. O. Process, the dentate 
process of the second cervical vertebra. 

Odontolith (p-don f -to-lith) [bdovg, tooth ; 
XiQoq, a stone]. The calcareous accretion 
on the teeth, popularly known as tartar. 

Odontology (o-don-toV-o-je) [bdo'vQ, tooth ; 
Aoyog, science]. The branch of knowledge 
dealing with the anatomy and diseases of the 
teeth. 

Odontoma (o-don-to f -mail) [bdo'vg, tooth ; 
biia, tumor]. A tumor arising in connection 
with the teeth and presenting a tooth-like 
structure. 

Odontonecrosis [o-don-to-nek-ro' 'sis) \biWvq, 
tooth ; vzapbq, corpse] . Necrosis or decay 
of the tissues of the teeth. 

Odontopathy (o - don - top'- ath - e) [bdovg, 
tooth; -rd^oc, suffering] . Any disease of the 
teeth. 

Odontorthosia {o-don-tor-tho' '-ze-ah) \bdovg, 
tooth; bpdog, straight]. The operation of 
straightening irregularly growing teeth. 

Odontotherapy (o-don-to-ther'-ap-e) \b6ovq, 
tooth ; Oepcmeia, treatment] . The treatment 
of diseases of the teeth. 

Odoriferous (o-dor-if' '-er-us) [odor, odor ; 

ferre, to carry]. Fragrant. 

O'Dwyer's Tubes (o-dwi'-erz) \_0' Divyer, an 
American physician]. Tubes used for intu- 
bation of the larynx. 

-odyne, -odynia (o-dln,-o-din f -e-ali) \bdvvrj, 
pain]. A suffix denoting pain. 

CEdema, CEdematous (e-de'-mah, e-dem'- 
at-us). See Edema, Ede?natous. 

Oese [Ger. ]. An instrument consisting of a 
platinum- wire affixed to a glass handle 
and employed in bacteriologic investigation. 

GEsophagism (e-sof r -aj-izm). See Esophag- 
ismus. 

CEsophagus (e-sof'-ag-tis). See Esophagus. 

Official (off-ish'-al) \ojficium, duty, service]. 
Of medicines, sanctioned by the recognized 
authority, i. e., the Pharmacopeia. 

Officinal (of-is'-in-al) \_officina, a workshop]. 
For sale in the shops ; kept on sale in apothe- 
caries' shops. 

Ohm (dm) [Dr. G. S. Ohm, a German phy- 



sicist]. The unit of electric resistance. The 
ohm adopted as a standard varies ; the Brit- 
ish Association O. is the resistance of a col- 
umn of mercury I square millimeter in sec- 
tion and 1. 0493 1 8 meters long. The legal 
O. is similar to the B. A. O., except that the 
column of mercury is 1. 06 meters in length. 
The international O. adopted 1893, is the 
resistance of a column of mercury 1.063 cen " 
timeters long and weighing 14.4521 grams. 

Oidium (o-id'-e-uvi) [dim. of 66v, egg]. A 
genus of parasitic fungi. O. albicans, the 
thrush- fungus. 

Oikoid (oi r -koid) [o//coc, house; eldog, like]. 
The stroma of red corpuscles. 

Oil [ oleum, from eXatov, oil]. A liquid of 
animal or vegetal, sometimes of mineral, 
origin, having a peculiar feel, and not mis- 
cible with water. Animal and Vegetal 
Oils are either volatile or fixed. Oil of 
Amber. See Succinum. O. of Cade, an 
oil derived from the wood of Juniperus 
communis, and used in the treatment of 
diseases of the skin. O., Camphorated, 
a solution of camphor in olive-oil. O. 
of Caraway, a volatile oil from the fruit of 
Carum carui. It is a carminative and flavor- 
ing agent. Dose rr^ j-v (0.065-0.32). See 
Carum. 0.,Carron-, an application to burns, 
consisting of equal or nearly equal parts of 
linseed oil and lime-water. It is named after 
the Carron iron-works in Scotland, where it 
was first employed. O., Essential, a vola- 
tile oil, so called because it contains the es- 
sence or active principle of a plant. O., 
Ethereal, heavy oil of wine. See Oleum 
(Ether eum. O., Fatty, fatty oils are salt- 
like bodies, composed of characteristic acids 
(oleic, palmitic, and stearic), known as fatty 
acids, and a base. In most cases the base is 
glyceryl, the radicle of the triatomic alcohol, 
glycerol, so that the oils are said to be glyeerids 
of the several fatty acids. See O., Fixed. 
O., Fixed, one not volatilizing on the applica- 
tion of heat. Fixed oils are also called fatty 
oils, because they in part constitute the ani- 
mal and vegetable fats. Some are liquid, as 
olive-oil, cotton-seed oil, linseed-oil, castor- 
oil, etc., others are solid, as tallow and 
beeswax, which chemically belong to the 
group of oils. See O., Fatty. O., Heavy 
(of wine), the product obtained when 
alcohol is treated with an excess of sulphuric 
acid. See Oleum cethereum. O., Mineral, 
petroleum and certain of its derivatives. 
O. of Neroli, an essential oil from the 
flowers of bitter orange, used as a perfume. 
O., Rock-, petroleum. O., Straits-, the 
first oil obtained by the exposure of the 
livers of cod-fish to the sun in casks, on 
board the ships. O., Sweet. See Olive. 
O., Volatile, O., Essential, one which is 



OINOMANIA 



454 



OLIGOZOOSPERMIA 



volatile at ordinary temperatures. Volatile 
oils are odoriferous, and are generally ob- 
tained by distillation. 

Oinomania {oi-no-ma' '-ne-ah ) [olvog , wine ; 
/xavia, madness] . I. A form of insanity char- 
acterized by an irresistible craving for, and 
consequent indulgence in, drink. 2. Deli- 
rium tremens. 

Ointment {ointf -mcnf) [tinguentum], A 
fatty material of the consistence of butter, 
generally impregnated with a medicinal sub- 
stance, and used for application to the skin. 
O., Maury's, one composed of one dram of 
mercury nitrate and half a dram each of 
powdered opium and rhubarb to an ounce of 
simple ointment. It is used as an applica- 
tion to ulcers. 

Oleate (o f -le-at) [oleum, oil]. I. A salt of 
oleic acid. 2. A mixture of oleic acid with 
certain medicinal principles. 

Olecranon {p-lek f -ran-on) [btAkvrj, elbow ; 
upaviov, skull]. The large concave process 
at the upper extremity of the ulna. 

Olefiant Gas (o-lef'-e-ant) [oleum, oil ; facere, 
to make]. See Ethylene. 

Olefin [o f -lefin) [oleum, oil ; facere, to make]. 
Olefiant gas ; also any one of a series of un- 
saturated hydrocarbons having the formula 

Oleic Acid (o-le'-ik). See Acid. 

Olein {p ; ~le-in) [oleum, oil], C 57 H m 6 . 
A neutral fat, glyceryl trioleate, occurring in 
olive oil, butter, and other animal and vege- 
table fats. It is a colorless oil with a faint 
sweetish taste, insoluble in water, readily 
soluble in alcohol and ether. 

Oleo- (o'-le-o-) [oleum, oil]. A prefix to 
denote connection with or relation to an oil. 

Oleobalsamic Mixture (o-le-o-bal-sam' -ik). 
Mistura oleobalsamica. A mixture of the 
oils of lavender, thyme, lemon, mace, orange- 
flowers, cloves, and cinnamon, with balsam 
of Peru and alcohol. It is used as a nervine. 

Oleocreosote (o-le-o-cre f -o-sot) [oleum, oil ; 
creosote"]. A yellowish neutral liquid com- 
posed of creosote, 33 percent., and oleic 
acid. It is used in bronchial and pulmonary 
diseases. DoseTTLx-xv (0.65-1.0). 

Oleomargarin {o-le-o-mar' '-gar-in) [oleum, 
oil; fidpyapog, the pearl-oyster]. An ar- 
tificial butter made by removing the excess of 
stearin from tallow or suet. 

Oleoresin {o-le-o-rez' -in) [oleum, oil ; resina, 
resin]. A substance consisting chiefly of 
a mixture of an essential oil and a resin ex- 
tracted from plants with ether. 

Oleum ip'-le-ttm) [L.]. See Oil. O. seth- 
ereum, a volatile, yellowish liquid consisting 
of equal volumes of heavy oil of wine and 
ether. Heavy oil of wine is produced when 
alcohol and sulphuric acid are distilled, and 
is a mixture of ethyl sulphate, ethyl, sulphite, 



and several polymeric forms of ethylene. 
O. fixum, a fixed oil. See Oil. 

Olfactometer [ol-fak-tom' '-et-er) [olfacere, to 
smell; fierpov, measure]. An instrument 
for determining the power of smell. 

Olfactory {ol-fak' -to-re) [olfacere, to smell]. 
Pertaining to the sense of smell. O. Bulb. 
See Bulb. O. Cells, the cells of the nasal 
fossae forming the peripheral end-organs of 
the olfactory nerve. O. Center, the cere- 
bral center for the sense of smell, supposed 
to be in the hippocampal gyrus. O. Groove. 
See 0. Sulcus. O. Lobe, the olfactory tuber- 
cle, olfactory tract, and olfactory bulb con- 
sidered together. O. Nerve. See Nerves, 
Table of. O. Region, the area of distribution 
of the olfactory nerve in the upper part of the 
nose. O. Sulcus, the furrow for the olfactory 
tract and bulb on thecribriform plate of the eth- 
moid bone, and on the orbital surface of the 
cerebral hemispheres. O. Tract, the central 
portion of the olfactory lobe terminating 
anteriorly in the olfactory bulb and poste- 
riorly in the olfactory tubercle. O. Vesicle, 
a part budded off from the cerebral vesicle 
and forming the olfactory lobe. 

Olibanum (o-lib'-an-um) [Ar. , al-luban, 
frankincense]. Frankincense, a gum-resin 
produced by various species of Boswellia. It 
has been used as a substitute for the balsams 
of Peru and tolu, as an inhalation in laryn- 
geal and bronchial inflammations, for fumi- 
gation, and in plasters. 

Oligaemia {ol-ig-e' -me-ah). See Oligemia. 

Oligemia (ol-ig-e' '-me-ah) [oAiyog, few; aifia, 
blood]. A state in which the total quantity 
of the blood is diminished. 

Oligo- {ol'-ig-o-) [okiyog, few]. A prefix 
signifying want or deficiency. 

Oligochromemia (ol- ig-o-kro - me' -me - ah) 
[oAiyog, few; jpw/za, color; a't/ua, blood]. 
Deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood. 

Oligocythemia (ol-ig-o-si-the / -me-ah) [oAiyog, 
few; Kvrog, cell ; aipa, blood]. A deficiency 
of red corpuscles in the blood. 

Oligohydramnios [ol-ig-o-hy-dram'-ne-os) 
[oAiyog, few ; vdup, water ; a/ivlov, the am- 
nion]. A deficiency in the quantity of the 
amniotic fluid. 

Oligomania (ol-ig-o-ma / '-ne-ah) [oAiyog, few; 
fiavla, madness]. Insanity in which only a 
few of the mental faculties are deranged. 

Oligoplasmia {ol-ig-o-plaz' -me-ah) [ oAiyog, 
scanty; ttIAcgeiv, to mold]. A deficient 
amount of plasma in the blood. 

Oligospermia {pl-ig-o-sper f -me-aK) [oAiyog, 
few; cnrEpjua, seed]. A deficiency in the 
secretion of semen. 

Oligozoospermia {ol-ig-o-zo-o-sper' '-me-ah) 
[oAiyog, few; r £)0v, animal ; crrepfia, seed]. 
Deficiency of the spermatozoa in the sper- 
matic fluid. 



OLIGURIA 



455 



ONCOMETER 



Oliguria [ol-ig-u'-re-ak) [b/jyoq, scanty ; 
urina, urine]. A diminution in the quantity 
of urine excreted. 

Oligydria [ol-ig-id'-re-ah) \bViyoq, scanty ; 
idp&g, sweat]. A deficiency in the sweat. 

Olivary [pV-iv-a-re) \_oliva, olive]. Resem- 
bling an olive in shape. O. Body, an oval 
mass of gray matter situated behind the ante- 
rior pyramid of the medulla. O. Fascicu- 
lus. See Fillet, Olivary. O. Nucleus, the 
corpus dentatum or central gray matter of the 
olivary body. O. Peduncle, the mass of 
fibers entering the hilus of the olivary body. 
O. Process. See Process. 

Olive (pl'-iv) \oliva, olive]. I. The olive-tree, 
Oliva europaea, of the natural order Oleacese, 
and its fruit. The fixed oil expressed from 
the fruit is the Oleum olivae of the U. S. P. 
and B. P. It consists chiefly of olein and pal- 
mitin, and is used as a food and condiment ; 
in medicine as a laxative ; in the treatment 
of gall-stones ; as an anthelmintic ; as an 
emollient external application to wounds, 
burns, etc.; and as an ingredient of liniments, 
ointments, and plasters. 2. The olivary 
body. 

-oma (-o'-ma/i) [bpa~\. A termination de- 
noting a tumor. 

Omagra [om f -a-grah) [w/zoc, shoulder ; ay pa, 
seizure]. Gout in the shoulder. 

Omalgia (o-maV -je-ah) \huoq, shoulder ; 
aAyog, pain] . Pain in the shoulder. 

Omarthritis [o-mar-thri' '-lis) [w ( uoc, shoul- 
der; apdpov, joint ; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the shoulder-joint. 

Omental [o-men' '-tal) \_omentum, the caul]. 
Pertaining to the omentum. O. Hernia. 
See Epiplocele. 

Omentum [o-men'-tum) [L.]. A fold of the 
peritoneum connecting the abdominal viscera 
with the stomach. O., Gastrocolic, O., 
Great, a fold of peritoneum attached to the 
greater curvature of the stomach above and 
after dipping down over the intestines re- 
turning to enclose the transverse colon. Be- 
tween the ascending and descending folds is 
the cavity of the great omentum. O., Gas- 
trohepatic, O., Lesser, a double fold of 
peritoneum passing from the lesser curvature 
of the stomach to the transverse fissure of the 
liver. On the left side it includes the esopha- 
gus ; on the right its edges are free and in- 
close all the structures issuing from or enter- 
ing the transverse fissure of the liver : the 
hepatic vessels and nerves, and the bile-duct. 
Behind it is the foramen of Winslow. O., 
Gastrosplenic, the fold of peritoneum pass- 
ing from the stomach to the spleen. 

Omnivorous [om-niv'-o-rus) \omnis, all; 
vorare, to devour] . Subsisting on all kinds 
of food. 

Omo- {p'-mo-} \&uoq, shoulder]. A prefix 



denoting connection with or relation to the 
scapula or shoulder. 

Omodynia (p-mo-din* '-e-a/i) \_uuoq, shoulder ; 
06'vvti, pain]. Pain in the shoulder. 

Omohyoid [o-mo-hi'-oid) [h/iog, shoulder; 
voeidi/q, like the Greek letter upsilon]. Per- 
taining conjointly to the scapula and the 
hyoid bone. O. Muscle. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Omphalic (om-fal' -ik) [6//</>aAdc, navel]. Per- 
taining to the umbilicus. O. Duct, the vitel- 
line duct ; the duct connecting the umbilical 
vesicle with the fetal intestines during the 
first three months of intrauterine life. 

Omphalitis [om-fal-i' -tis) [bfi<f>a/,6g, navel ; 
iTiq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
navel. 

Omphalo- [om-faV '-<?-) [bpcpaAog, navel]. A 
prefix denoting relation to the umbilicus. 

Omphalocele (pm-fal' '-o-sel) [6//0aAdc, navel ; 
K7]Arj, tumor]. Umbilical hernia. 

Omphalomesaraic, Omphalomesenteric 
{pm-fal-o-mez-ar-a'-ik, o?)i-fal-o-mez-en-ier f - 
ik) \_b/u.([)a?MC, navel ; mesentery~\. Pertaining 
conjointly to the umbilicus and the mesen- 
tery. O. Arteries. See Arteries, Table of. 
O. Duct, a duct connecting the intestinal 
canal of the embryo with the umbilical vesi- 
cle. 

Omphalopagus [pm-fal- op' '-ag-us) [bp<pa?^6g, 
navel ; nrjyvvvai, to make fast]. A double 
monster united at the umbilicus. 

Omphalophlebitis [om-fal-o-fleb-i' '-tis) [bpupa- 
/16c, navel ; (jyAetp, vein ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the umbilical vein. 

Omphalorrhagia [om-fal-or-a / -je-ah) [bptya- 
Aoc, navel ; pr/yvvvai, to burst forth]. Hem- 
orrhage from the umbilicus. 

Omphalos [om'-fal-os^bufyaloq, navel]. The 
umbilicus. 

Omphalosite [om-fal' -o-sit) [butpal.bg, navel ; 
crZroc, nourishment]. A single monster, 
which, lacking the heart, receives its blood- 
supply through the umbilical vessels, and is, 
therefore, incapable of extrauterine existence. 

Omphalotomy [om-fal-of '-o-me) [ppcpalog, 
navel ; ro/uy, a cutting] . The cutting of the 
umbilical cord. 

Onanism [0' '-nan-izni) [from Onan, the son 
of Judah]. I. Incomplete coitus. 2. Mas- 
turbation. 

Oncograph [ong' '-ko-graf) [bynoq, swelling ; 
ypa<peiv, to record]. An instrument register- 
ing the changes of volume of an organ placed 
in an oncometer. 

Oncology (otig-kol'-o-je^byKoc, tumor ; ?i6yog, 
science]. The branch of surgery and pa- 
thology relating to tumors. 

Oncometer [ong-kom' '-et-er) \byKog, mass ; 
fXETpov, measure]. An instrument for meas- 
uring variations in the volume of an organ, 
especially of the kidney or spleen. 



ONCOTOMY 



456 



OPERATION 



Oncotomy {ong-kof -o-me) [ojkoc, tumor ; 
roar], a cutting]. The operation of incising a 
tumor or other swelling. 

Onion {u7i f -yuji) [L. , unto, an onion]. The 
Allium cepa and its bulb. The latter con- 
tains an oil resembling oil of garlic, and 
consisting largely of allyl sulphid (C 3 H 5 ) 2 S. 
The onion is diuretic, expectorant, and rube- 
facient, and is at times used in dropsy, 
bronchitis, etc. ; locally, as an emollient 
poultice. 

Ontogenesis, Ontogeny {on-tc-jen'-es-is, 
O7i-toj' -efi-e) [<ji', bvroc, existing; yewav, to 
beget]. The development of the individual 
organism. See also Phylogi 

Onychatrophia (on-ik-at-ro / -fe-ah) [: ./. 
nail; a priv. ; rpooi;, nourishment]. Atrophy 
of the nails. 

Onychauxis (on - ik - dicks'- is) [6ri\r , the 
nail; ciEr, increase]. Hypertrophy of the 
nail. 

Onychia, Onychitis {on-ik'-e-ah, on-ik-i'- 
tis) [orif, nail]. Inflammation of the matrix 
of the nail. O. maligna. A form occurring 
in debilitated persons, and characterized by 
an unhealthy ulcer in the matrix of the nail, 
the latter becoming discolored and thrown off. 
O. simplex, O. without much ulceration, 
with loss of the nail and its replacement by a 
new one. 

Onychogryposis {on-ik-o-gri-po' '-sis) [orif, 
nail; ^pirroxnc, curvature]. A thickened, 
ridged, and curved condition of the nail. 

Onychomycosis {o?i-ik-o-mi-ko f -sis) [i _\ 
nail ; fiifcr/c, fungus]. A disease of the 
nails due to parasitic fungi, as the trichophy- 
ton, achorion, etc. 

Onychophagy {on-ik-off'-aj-i) \bvv~ , nail ; 
::■ :".. to eat]. The practice of biting the 
nails. 

Onychosis {on-ik-o' '-sis) [briB, nail]. Any 
disease of the nails. 

Onyx (on'-iks) [orv:, nail]. I. A nail of the 
fingers or toes. 2. A collection of pus be- 
tween the corneal lamellae at the most de- 
pendent part. 

Onyxitis {on-iks-i'-tis). Onychia. 

Ooblast {o f -o-blasf\ \jmv, an egg ; 3~/.ogt6c, a 
germ]. A cell of the germinal epithelium 
giving rise to an ovum. 

Oophorectomy o-off-or-ek' '-to-me) \_(!x>v,egg ; 
: 5.r, to bear ; ektou^, excision]. Excision 
of the ovarv. 



Oophoritis ^-rn-or-i'-tis) \tiov, egg; oipeiv, 
to bear; cru-, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of the ovary. 

Oophoromania {o-off-or-o-tna f -ne-ah) [c^v, 
egg; oipsiv, to bear; uavia, mania]. In- 
sanity due to ovarian disorder. 

Oophorrhapy {o-off-or 4 '-a-fe) [uov, egg; 
oipeiv, to bear; poor), suture]. The opera- 
tion of suturing an ovary to the pelvic wall. 

Oosperm {o* '-o-sperm) [oidv, egg; crripua, 
seed]. The cell formed by union of the 
ovum and the spermatozoon. 

Opacity {o-pas f -it-e) [opacus, dull]. I. The 
condition of being impervious to light. 2. An 
opaque spot, as opacity of the cornea or lens. 

Opaline {o* -pal-en) \b-c/./.wc, an opal]. 
Having the appearance of an opal. O. 
Patch, the mucous patch of syphilis, form- 
ing, in the mouth, a whitish pellicle. 

Open [AS., open\. Exposed to the air, as 
an open wound ; interrupted, as an open cir- 
cuit, one that is interrupted so that the 
electric current cannot pass. 

Operation {op-er-a'-shuri) \operatio y from 
operari. to labor, to do]. I. Anything done 
or performed, especially anything done with 
i.riruments; a surgical procedure. 2. The 
mode of action of anything. O.. Capital, 
one involving a risk of life. O., High. I. 
Suprapubic lithotomy. 2. The application 
of the forceps to the fetal head at the superior 
strait. O., Indian, for rhinoplasty; a flap 
is taken from the forehead, with its pedicle 
at the root of the nose ; hollow plugs are 
inserted into the nostrils, and the flap is 
secured. O., Italian, for rhinoplasty; the 
skin is taken from the arm over the biceps ; 
the flap is cut on three sides, and after the 
skin has shrunk it is fitted to the fresh mar- 
gins of the defect, the arm being bandaged 
in position for at least eight days. O.. Major, 
an important and serious operation. O., 
Minor, a comparatively trivial operation. O., 
Plastic, one for the purpose of restoring a lost 
part or repairing a deformity. O.. Radical, 
one removing the cause of the disease or the 
diseased part itself. O., Surgical, one per- 
formed by the surgeon by means of the hands 
or instruments. O., Tagliacotian. See 0., 
Tagliacozzi 's. or O. , Italian. An eponymic 
table of the more important operations is ap- 
pended ; for a more extended list see Gould's 
Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine. 



EPONYMIC TABLE OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 



Abbe's, lateral anastomosis of the intestines 
with cat-gut rings. Adams', osteotomy for 
ankylosis of the hip-joint, the neck of the 
femur being divided subcutaneously within 
the capsule. Alexander's: I. For the re- 
lief of epilepsy : ligation of the vertebral ar- 



tery to diminish the blood-supply to the brain. 
2. For prolapse and retroflexion of the uterus : 
shortening of the round ligaments for the pur- 
pose of holding the uterus in its normal posi- 
tion. Allingham's ^H.), for inguinal col- 
otomy : the incision is made parallel with the 



OPERATIONS 



457 



OPERATIONS 



outer third of Poupart's ligament, and about 
one-half inch above. Amussat's, lumbar 
colotomy : a transverse incision is made, cross- 
ing the outer border of the quadratus lum- 
borum muscle. Ariel's: I. For aneurysm: 
ligation on the cardiac side close to the aneu- 
rysm. 2. For stricture of the lacrimal duct : 
dilatation by means of a gold probe, followed 
by the injection of an astringent fluid into the 
sac. Annandale's : I. For dislocated carti- 
lages : incision into the knee-joint and stitch- 
ing of the dislocated cartilages into their 
proper position. 2. For genu valgum : par- 
tial excision of both condyles of the femur. 
Antyllus', for aneurysm : it consists in liga- 
tion above and below the sac, followed by 
opening of the aneurysm and evacuation of 
its contents. Appolito's, enterorrhaphy 
by means of a form of right-angle continuous 
suture. Arlt- Jaesche's, for distichiasis : 
the edge of the lid and the contained ciliary 
bulbs are dissected from the tarsus, a crescen- 
tic-shaped piece of skin is removed from the 
lid above the flap, and the edges of the 
wound are united, thus transplanting the 
ciliary bulbs further away from the edge of 
the lids. Ball's: I. Iliac colotomy, in which 
the incision is made in the left linea semilu- 
naris, and the bowel secured above and below 
the future artificial opening by means of two 
special clamps, which are removed after 
suturing and opening of the bowel. 2. For 
inguinal hernia: the sac is separated up to 
the abdominal portion of the neck, and then 
twisted around its own axis, after which the 
fundus is cut away and the stump is secured 
in the ring. Barker's: I. For excision of the 
astragalus : the incision runs from just above 
the tip of the external malleolus forward and 
a little inward, curving toward the dorsum of 
the foot. 2. For excision of the hip: by an 
anterior incision, commencing on the front 
of the thigh, one-half inch below the anterior 
superior iliac spine, and running downward 
and inward for three inches. Barwell's, 
osteotomy for genu valgum : division of 
the lower end and upper end of the tibia 
above and below their respective epiphyses. 
Bassini's, for the radical cure of inguinal 
hernia: the sac is exposed, twisted, and the 
neck ligated and removed ; the spermatic 
cord is lifted, and the border of the rectus is 
stitched to the edge of the internal oblique, 
the transversalis muscle, and the transversalis 
fascia to Poupart's ligament under the cord. 
The cord is placed upon this layer and the 
border of the external oblique is stitched to 
Poupart's ligament over the cord. Battey's, 
also called normal ovariotomy : a removal 
of the ovaries for the purpose of inducing 
the menopause. Beer's, for cataract : ex- 
traction by the flap-method. Billroth's, 



pylorectomy : a parietal incision is made in 
almost a transverse direction ; the divided 
walls of the stomach and bowel are brought 
together and united by sutures on the side of 
the greater curvature of the stomach. Bras- 
dor's, for aneurysm : ligation immediately 
beyond the aneurysm. Bryant's, lumbar 
colotomy : an oblique incision is made mid- 
way between the last rib and the iliac crest. 
The bowel is fixed in position and opened. 
Carnochan's : I. For elephantiasis: liga- 
tion of the main artery of the limb. 2. Re- 
moval of the second division of the fifth 
nerve, together with the sphenopalatine 
ganglion as far back as the foramen rotundum, 
for the relief of neuralgia. Cheyne's, for 
the radical cure of femoral hernia : after re- 
ducing the hernia, a flap of the pectineus 
muscle is raised and made to cover the her- 
nial orifice. Chopart's, a method of ampu- 
tation through the foot : the bony structure is 
divided at the articulation between the as- 
tragalus and the calcaneum behind, and the 
scaphoid and cuboid bones anteriorly. 
Cock's, a method of external urethrotomy : 
the urethra is opened behind the stricture 
without a guide, the knife being carried into 
the median line of the perineum and the in- 
cision extended vertically so far as is neces- 
sary. Cooper's, for ligature of the external 
iliac artery: an incision four or five inches 
long is made parallel with Poupart's ligament, 
and nearly an inch above it, commencing 
just outside the center of the ligament and 
extending outward and upward beyond the 
anterior superior iliac spine. Cripps', iliac 
colotomy : an imaginary line from the anterior 
superior iliac spine to the umbilicus is crossed 
at right angles, \)/ z inches from the superior 
spine, by an incision 2 l / 2 inches long. The 
bowel is fixed in position and opened. 
Czerny's, for the radical cure of inguinal 
hernia : the sac is exposed and isolated ; the 
neck is tied with a strong catgut-ligature, 
and cut off below this point; the stump 
is pushed into the abdominal cavity ; the 
borders of the opening are freshened and 
united by continuous catgut-sutures. Dallas', 
for the radical cure of inguinal and femoral 
hernia : after a transverse incision through the 
integument a special instrument is introduced 
to produce abrasion of the hernial canal ; 
the instrument is then withdrawn, and the ex- 
ternal wound sealed with iodoform-collodion, 
and a compress applied. The canal is obliter- 
ated by the resulting inflammatory action. 
Diefenbach's, for amputation at the hip- 
joint: an elastic ligature is applied around 
the limb, a circular incision is made down to 
the bone, the vessels are secured and the 
ligature removed ; a knife is inserted two in- 
ches above the greater trochanter and the in- 



OPERATIONS 



458 



OPERATIONS 



cision is carried down the outer aspect of the 
bone to meet the circular incision ; the joint 
is then disarticulated. Dittel's, for enlarged 
prostate : enucleation of the lateral lobes of 
the prostate by an external incision. Dud- 
ley's, for retroversion of the uterus : the 
abdomen is opened, and a strip is denuded 
from the anterior surface of the uterus, and 
likewise a strip along the inner side of each 
round ligament, followed by suturing of the 
three together. Duplay's: I. For epispadias : 
the urethra is formed at the expense of the 
corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa in- 
stead of by flaps. 2. For hypospadias : it is per- 
formed in three stages : (i) straightening of 
the penis and the formation of a meatus ; (2) 
the formation of a canal from the meatus to 
the hypospadiac opening ; (3) junction of the 
old and new canals. Dupuytren's, for am- 
putation at the shoulder-joint : two rounded 
flaps are taken from the outer and inner as- 
pects of the arm ; the outer flap is made 
first by transfixion from behind at a point two 
inches below the acromion ; the bone is 
then disarticulated and a short inner flap cut 
from within outward. Emmet's, for lacer- 
ated perineum : the crest of the rectocele and 
the two lower caruncles are drawn together 
by tenacula, and the tissue thus folded 
together is denuded as far into the sulci 
as the folds extend. V-shaped stitches are 
passed from the center toward the circum- 
ference in the sulci, and the perineum is 
closed by two or three superficial sutures. 
Esmarch's : I. For amputation at the hip- 
joint : the soft parts of the thigh are divided 
to the bone by a single sweep of the knife 
five inches below the tip of the trochanter ; 
the bone is then sawn across and a second 
incision is made to join the first from a point 
two inches above the trochanter, when the 
bone is shelled out. 2. For ankylosis of the 
lower jaw : an incision about two inches 
long is made along the lower border of the 
jaw, and a wedge-shaped piece of bone is 
removed from the horizontal portion. Est- 
lander's, for empyema: resection of several 
ribs for the escape of the pus and to allow the 
chest-wall to come in contact with the lung. 
Gant's, for ankylosis of the hip-joint : divi- 
sion of the shaft of the femur just below the 
lesser trochanter. Von Graefe's, for cat- 
aract : extraction of the cataract through a 
scleral incision, with iridectomy and 
laceration of the capsule. Gritti's, for 
amputation above the knee-joint : the patella 
is preserved in a long anterior flap, and, hav- 
ing had a thin slice removed from its deep sur- 
face, is secured in apposition with the femur, 
the latter having been deprived of its articu- 
lar surface by being sawn through the con- 
dyles. Halsted's, for the radical cure of 



inguinal hernia : the same as Bassini's opera- 
tion. Hancock's, for amputation through the 
foot: a modification of Pirogoff's operation, 
in which the sawn surface of the os calcis is 
brought in contact with the transverse sec- 
tion of the astragalus. Heath's, for fixity 
of the lower jaw : division of the ascending 
ramus beneath the masseter with a saw intro- 
duced through the mouth by means of a 
small incision above the last molar tooth. 
Hey's : I. For amputation through the 
foot : the same as Lisfranc's operation, except 
that the internal cuneiform bone is sawn 
through in a line with the articulation of the 
second metatarsal bone instead of being dis- 
articulated. 2. For amputation of the leg : 
the amputation is made in the middle of the 
leg by a long posterior flap, cut by transfix- 
ion, and a slightly shorter anterior one. 
Holmes', for excision of the os calcis : an 
incision is made from the inner edge of the 
tendo Achillis along the upper border of the 
os calcis and the outer border of the foot to 
the calcaneocuboid joint, and this is joined by 
another incision running across the sole, the 
perineal tendons being divided. Huguier's, 
a method of performing colotomy : the right 
lumbar operation. Hunter's, for aneurysm : 
ligation of the artery on the cardiac side 
of the aneurysm at some distance from 
it. Jordan's: I. For amputation at the hip- 
joint : the soft parts are divided down to the 
bone by the circular method, as low down 
as possible, and the femur is shelled out by 
a longitudinal incision along the outer side 
of the thigh. 2. For amputation at the 
shoulder -joint : the soft parts are divided down 
to the bone by the circular method, three or 
four inches below the axilla, and the humerus 
is shelled out by a longitudinal incision along 
the outer and posterior aspect of the limb, 
meeting the circular incision at right angles. 
Knapp's, for cataract-extraction : a broad 
iridectomy and peripheral opening of the cap- 
sule ; the lens is expelled by gentle pressure 
on the lower part of the cornea. Kocher's : 
I . For excision of the ankle-joint : the inci- 
sion is made beneath the external malleolus, 
and is followed by division of the peroneal 
tendons after being secured with threads, and 
opening of the joint with removal of the dis- 
eased parts ; the foot is replaced and the ten- 
dons sutured. 2. For excision of the thyroid 
gland : an incision is made in the median 
line from the sternal notch to the upper 
limit of the bronchocele ; from this point two 
lateral incisions are made upward and outward 
to a point a little below the angle of the jaw. 
Kocher's method of reducing subcoracoid dis- 
location of the humerus : The patient is 
placed upon the back and anesthetized if 
necessary. The surgeon grasps the elbow of 



OPERATIONS 



459 



OPERATIONS 



the dislocated arm with his opposite hand, and 
with the other hand seizes the patient's wrist ; 
the elbow is brought to the side ; the forearm 
is next flexed to a right angle with the arm 
and then carried outward to a right angle 
with the patient's body by the surgeon's 
hand grasping the wrist ; while in this posi- 
tion the elbow is raised by the hand grasp- 
ing it and carried upward and inward across 
the patient's chest, the olecranon being kept 
close to the chest- wall until firm resistance is 
met ; the arm is then quickly rotated upward 
and the patient's hand placed upon his oppo- 
site shoulder. Kraske's, for carcinoma of 
the rectum : resection of the coccyx and of a 
portion of the sacrum to give access to the 
rectum high up. Laborde's Method of arti- 
ficial respiration : rhythmic traction of the 
tongue to stimulate the superior laryngeal 
nerve. Lannelongue's, for craniotomy : 
(0) the vertex of the skull is exposed by 
means of a single incision in its long axis 
and a narrow strip of parietal bone is re- 
moved close to the sagittal suture ; (3) the 
bones of the skull are so cut as to produce 
osseous flaps of various shapes. Larrey's, 
for amputation at the shoulder-joint : an in- 
cision is made from the acromion to a point 
2^ inches below, from which point anterior 
and posterior spiral incisions are carried down 
the arm, meeting on the inner aspect ; after 
disarticulation of the bone the flap is brought 
up and secured in the space made by the gap- 
ing of the first incision. Lisfranc's, for 
amputation through the foot : disarticulation 
through the tarsometatarsal joints. Littre's, 
inguinal colotomy : it is performed on the 
left side for opening of the sigmoid flexure ; 
an incision from iy£ to 3 inches long is made 
parallel with the outer part of Poupart's liga- 
ment, and about x / 2 inch above it. Loreta's : 
I. For aneurysm: the insertion of a small 
wire into the sac, and the use of electrolysis 
as well. 2. For stenosis of the orifices of 
the stomach : digital or instrumental divul- 
sion of the pyloric or cardiac orifice, following 
gastrotomy. Macewen's : I. For aneurysm: a 
long pin with a tapering point is passed into 
the aneurysm and the point is made to touch 
the opposite wall of the sac; the point is. then 
moved over the inner surface of the aneurysm 
for ten minutes, for the purpose of causing 
irritation. 2. For the radical cure of inguinal 
hernia : the sac is dissected out and separated 
from its connections, and then so drawn up- 
ward by means of a suture as to form a pad 
upon the inner surface of the circumference 
of the ring ; the ring and canal are then 
closed by means of sutures. 3. Osteotomy 
for genu valgum : supracondyloid division 
of the femur from the inner side. Marian's, 
the old median perineal operation for stone 



in the bladder. McBurney's, for the radi- 
cal cure of inguinal hernia : after exposing 
the sac the anterior wall of the canal is in- 
cised and the sac ligated and excised at the 
internal ring ; the skin is inverted and 
stitched to the ligamentous and tendinous 
structures, the wound healing by granulation. 
McDowell's, oophorectomy. McGill's, 
prostatectomy by a suprapubic incision, as 
in suprapubic lithotomy. Mikulicz's, a 
tarsectomy ; the same as Wladimiroff' 's 
operation. Miiller's : I. For Cesarean sec- 
tion : a modification of Porro's operation, 
whereby the whole uterus is turned out of 
the abdomen before it is opened. 2. For 
vaginal hysterectomy : the uterus is div- 
ided into halves longitudinally ; one part is 
brought down at a time, and the broad liga- 
ment is ligated in sections. Nelaton's, 
for amputation through the foot : subastrag- 
aloid disarticulation by dorsal and plantar 
flaps, larger on the inner than on the outer 
side. Panas': I. For proctotomy: linear 
proctotomy. 2. For ptosis: the tarsal por- 
tion of the lid is raised by sutures and the 
occipitofrontalis muscle is caused to assume, 
to a great extent, the function of the levator 
palpebral. Phelps,' for club foot : a direct 
open incision is made through the inner and 
plantar surfaces of the foot. Pirogoff 's : 
I. For amputation through the foot : a par- 
tial osteoplastic operation in which the os 
calcis is sawn through obliquely from above 
downward and forward, and the posterior 
portion is brought up and secured against the 
surface made by sawing off the lower ends of 
the tibia and fibula. Pollock's, for amputa- 
tion of the knee-joint : it is done by a long 
anterior and a short posterior skin-flap, some- 
what rectangular in outline, the patella being 
left. Porro's, for puerperal hysterectomy : 
Cesarean section, followed by removal of the 
uterus at the cervical junction, together with 
the ovaries and oviducts. Porro- Miiller's, 
for otherwise impossible labor : a modification 
of the Porro-operation in which the uterus is 
brought out of the abdomen before extracting 
the fetus. Porro-Veit's, for otherwise im- 
possible labor : a modification of the Porro- 
operation : the stump is ligated and drqpped. 
Pratt's, the practice of orificial surgery, 
based on the belief that many chronic dis- 
eases are due to morbid conditions of the ori- 
fices of the body, particularly the anus and 
the urogenital canal. The operation consists 
in the dilatation of either or both of these ori- 
fices and the removal of any irritating condi- 
tion that may be present. Ramsden's, for 
ligation of the third part of the subclavian 
artery : a transverse incision three inches in 
length is made across the base of the poste- 
rior triangle of the neck, about one- half inch 



OPERATIONS 



460 



OPERATIONS 



above the clavicle. Reverdin's, for skin- 
grafting : a point of skin is raised on 
an ordinary sewing needle, and shaved 
off with a scalpel or scissors ; the graft is 
then transferred to the fresh surface 
next to the healthy granulations. Rob- 
erts', for deflected nasal septum : a 
linear incision is made with a bistoury along 
a prominent line of the deflection, so as to 
enable it to be pressed into its proper position, 
after which a long steel pin is thrust into the 
septum in such a manner as to maintain this 
position. Rose's, for -the relief of neuralgia 
of the fifth nerve : removal of the Gasserian 
ganglion. Ssemisch's, for hypopyon-ulcer : 
the cornea is transfixed and the intervening 
tissue, including the base of the ulcer, is 
divided by cutting outward. Sanger's, a 
method of performing Cesarean section : a 
modification of the usual operation in which 
the uterus is brought out through a long ab- 
dominal incision before extraction of the 
fetus. Scarpa's, for ligation of the femoral 
artery: it is done at the middle of Scarpa's 
triangle. Schmalz's, for stricture of the 
lacrimal duct : the introduction of a thread 
through the sac, and as far into the duct as 
possible. Schiicking's, for prolapse of the 
uterus : vaginal hysteropexia by means of a 
special needle, the thread being passed 
through the uterine cavity, out at the fundus, 
and through the anterior vaginal vault ; the 
two ends are tied together and allowed to 
slough out. Sedillot's : I. A method of 
performing amputations : the combination of 
the flap and circular methods ; the superficial 
flaps are formed from within outward, and 
the deep muscles are divided circularly. 2. 
For amputation at the ankle-joint : this 
method resembles Syme's operation, except 
that the flap is made from the inner and 
plantar surfaces of the foot and ankle. 3. 
For amputation of the leg : it is done at the 
"place of election " by a large external flap 
cut by transfixion. 4. For amputation of 
the thigh : it is done by a single long anterior 
flap, the structures at the back of the limb 
being divided to the bone by one transverse 
incision. Senn's, for intestinal anastomosis: 
the diseased tissue is excised and the ends 
of the bowel entirely and permanently closed, 
the continuity of the canal being restored by 
means of " intestinal anastomosis by lateral 
approximation" without the use of bone- 
plates. Sigault's, for otherwise impossible 
labor : symphysiotomy. Simon's, for ex- 
ploration of the rectum and adjacent parts : 
it consists in introducing the hand or the 
hand and arm of the operator into the 
bowel. Smith's, for hemorrhoids : crush- 
ing by means of a clamp, and applying the 
Paquelin- cautery to the stump after cutting 



away the projecting part. Syme's: I. For 
amputation at the ankle-joint : a single plan- 
tar flap is made, from which the os calcis is 
dissected out, after disarticulation has been 
accomplished ; the malleoli and lower end of 
the tibia are then removed. 2. For external 
urethrotomy : the stricture is divided through 
the perineum upon a grooved director. Tag- 
liacozzi's, for rhinoplasty : the forming of a 
new nose from a flap from the arm secured 
in place, and left attached to the arm until 
union has occurred. Tait's, for lacerated 
perineum : the flap-splitting operation ; the 
rectovaginal septum is split transversely and 
from the extremities of this incision two lat- 
eral incisions are made, running up toward 
the lower terminus of each nympha and down 
to a little above the anal orifice ; these two 
flaps are dissected up ; the upper one is drawn 
toward the urethra, the lower one down to- 
ward the anus ; sutures are passed laterally 
and the edges are brought together. Teale's : 
I. For amputation of the arm : the long flap 
is placed upon the anteroexternal aspect of 
the arm ; the brachial artery and the median 
and ulnar nerves are divided with the poste- 
rior flap. 2. For amputation of the leg ; a 
rectangular flap-operation, in which a long 
anterior and a short posterior flap are made, 
each consisting of both integument and mus- 
cle ; the length of the anterior flap is equal 
to half the circumference of the limb, and the 
posterior flap is one-quarter of the length. 
Thiersch's, for skin-grafting : the graft is 
made by a to-and-fro motion with a razor, 
shaving off as long and as broad a section of 
the upper layers of the skin as is desired. 
Thomas's, laparoelytrotomy : removal of 
the fetus through incisions in the abdominal 
wall and in the vagina, without opening the 
peritoneum or wounding the uterus. Van 
Buren's, for prolapsus ani : a linear cauter- 
ization of the mucosa with the Paquelin-cau- 
tery. Verneuil's, an iliac colotomy : a 
nearly vertical incision is made, and a knuckle 
of gut is transfixed and kept in place by two 
needles which lie on the parietes ; the ex- 
posed bowel is then stitched to the margins 
of the parietal wound and the protruding 
knuckle is excised. Wardrop's, for aneur- 
ysm : ligation of a main branch of the artery 
distal to the aneurysm, leaving a circulation, 
however, through another branch. White's, 
for hypertrophy of the prostate : removal of 
the testicles. Whitehead's : 1. For ex- 
cision of hemorrhoids : removal of a circular 
strip of mucous membrane around the anus, 
including the tumors. 2. For excision of 
the tongue : removal through the mouth, 
using only scissors. Wilde's, for mastoid 
or cerebral abscess : the bone is exposed from 
the base to the apex of the mastoid process, 



OPERATIVE 



461 



OPHTHALMOPLEGIA 



)/z inch behind the auricle, and if necessary 
the bone is opened with a drill, gouge, or 
trephine. Winiwarter's, cholecystenter- 
ostomy : it is performed in two stages; in 
the first the gall-bladder is united to the 
upper portion of the jejunum and the parts 
are fixed to the parietal peritoneum ; in the 
second, after about five days, the bowel is 
incised and a communication is established 
between the latter and the gall-bladder. 
Wladimiroff ' s, a form of tarsectomy : the 
astragalus, os calcis, and the soft parts cover- 
ing them, are removed; the articular surfaces 
of the tibia, fibula, cuboid, and scaphoid 
bones are sawn off and the foot brought into 
a straight line with the leg. Wutzer's, for 
the radical cure of inguinal hernia : plugging 
of the hernial canal by an invagination of the 
scrotum, and its retention by a special instru- 
ment, thus exciting adhesive inflammation in 
the neck of the sac. Wyeth's, for amputa- 
tion at the hip-joint; the bloodless method : 
two steel mattress-needles are inserted in the 
tissues and rubber tubing is passed several 
times around the limb above the needles. 

Operative (op' '-er-a-tiv) \operari, to labor]. 
I . Able to act ; effective. 2. Pertaining to 
operations. 

Operculum (o-per' '-ku-lum) [L.]. I. A lid 
or cover, as O. ilei, the ileocecal valve. 2. 
The convolutions covering the island of 
Reil. 

Ophryon (off'-re-on) [bfypvg, eyebrow]. In 
craniometry, the middle of a line drawn across 
the forehead at the level of the upper margin 
of the orbits. 

Ophthalmia {off- thai'- me - ah) \_b<p8aAfi6g, 
eye]. Inflammation of the eye, especially 
one in which the conjunctiva is involved. 
O., Catarrhal, simple conjunctivitis ; a hy- 
peremia of the conjunctiva, with a mucopuru- 
lent secretion. O., Caterpillar-, inflamma- 
tion of the conjunctiva or of the cornea, the 
result of penetration of the tissues by the hairs 
of caterpillars. O., Egyptian. See Tra- 
choma. O., Gonorrheal, an acute and 
severe form of purulent conjunctivitis, caused 
by infection from urethral discharges con- 
taining the gonococcus of Neisser. O., 
Granular. See Trachoma. O. neona- 
torum, a gonorrheal or purulent ophthalmia 
of the new-born, the eyes having been in- 
fected by the mother's vaginal discharges. 
O., Neuroparalytic, disease of the eye from 
lesion of the Gasserian ganglion or of branches 
of the fifth nerve supplying the eyeball. O., 
Phlyctenular, conjunctivitis characterized by 
phlyctenules or small vesicles situated in the 
epithelial layer of the conjunctiva or cornea. 
O., Purulent, conjunctivitis with a purulent 
discharge. O., Sympathetic, a severe 
destructive inflammation, a form of iridocy- 



clitis secondary to injury or disease of the fel- 
low-eye. 

Ophthalmic (off-thai' -viik) [cxpOaAixog, eye]. 
Pertaining to the eye. O. Artery. See 
Arteries, Table of. O. Ganglion, the 
ciliary ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. 
O. Nerve See Nerves, Table of. 

Ophthalmitis (off - thai ~ mi' - tis) [b(p6aA/x6g, 
eye; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the eye. 

Ophthalmo- (off -thai' -mo-) [b<j>0aA/u6g , eye]. 
A prefix signifying connection with or rela- 
tion to the eye. 

Ophthalmoblennorrhea (off- thai- mo - blen - 
or-e'-a) [o</>ftaA//oc, eye; fiXevva, mucus]. 
Blennorrhea of the conjunctiva. 

Ophthalmocele (off-thai' -mo-sel) [b<f>da.A/j.6g, 
eye ; ktjatj, tumor]. See Exophthalmns. 

Ophthalmocopia (off - thai- mo - ko'-pe- ah) 
[bcpOdAfiog, eye ; /cottoc, fatigue] . Fatigue of 
visual power ; asthenopia. 

Ophthalmodynia (off- thai - mo - din'- e - ah) 
[boda7.jj.6g, eye ; bSuv?/, pain]. Neuralgic 
pain in the eye. 

Ophthalmologist (off - thai - mol' - o -fist) 
[bfdaAjj.bg, eye; Aoyog, science]. One versed 
in ophthalmology. 

Ophthalmology (off-thai- mol' -o-je) [b<p6a?iju6c, 
eye; Xoyoc, science]. The science of the 
anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eye. 

Ophthalmomalacia (off- thai - mo - vial- a'- 
se-ah) [b(pdaA/u6g, eye; /ja?,ania, softness]. 
Abnormal softness or subnormal tension of 
the eye. 

Ophthalmometer (off- thai - mom' - et- er) 
[bodaA/iog, eye; juerpov, measure]. I. An 
instrument for measuring the capacity of the 
chambers of the eye. 2. An instrument for 
measuring refractive errors, especially astig- 
matism. 3. An instrument for measuring 
the eye as a whole. 

Ophthalmometry (off-thai-mom' -et-re) [69- 
BaAfiog, eye ; /nerpov, measure]. The deter- 
mination of refractive errors by means of the 
ophthalmometer. 

Ophthalmopathy (off-thal-mop' -a-the) [b<p- 
6a?ifj.6g, eye ; TzdQoq, disease]. Any disease of 
the eye. 

Ophthalmophthisis (off-thal-moff ' -this-is) . 
See Phthisis bulbi. 

Ophthalmoplegia (off-thal-mo-ple' -je-ali) [60- 
OaA/uog, eye ; ttatjyv, stroke]. Paralysis of the 
ocular muscles. O. externa, paralysis of the 
external ocular muscles. O. interna, paral- 
ysis of the internal muscles of the eye, those 
of the iris and ciliary body. O., Nu- 
clear, due to a lesion of the nuclei of origin 
of the motor nerves of the eyeball. O., Par- 
tial, a form in which only some of the mus- 
cles are paralyzed. O., Progressive, a 
form in which all of the muscles of both eyes 
gradually become paralyzed. O., Total, 



OPHTHALMOPLEGIC 



462 



OPIUM 



that form involving the iris and ciliary mus- 
cle as well as the external muscles of the 
eyeball. 

Ophthalmoplegic [off-thal-mo-ple'-jik) [60- 
OaTifidg, eye ; ir'Ar/yrj, stroke]. Pertaining to 
ophthalmoplegia. 

Ophthalmoscope {off- thai' ' - mo - shop) [b<p- 
OaXuog , eye ; oicoTceiv, to see]. An instrument 
for examining the interior of the eye. It 
consists essentially of a mirror with a hole in 
it, through which the observer looks, the 
concavity of the eye being illuminated by 
light reflected from the mirror into the eye 
and seen by means of the rays reflected from 
the eye-ground back through the hole in the 
mirror. The ophthalmoscope is fitted with 
lenses of different powers that may be re- 
volved in front of the observing eye, and 
these neutralize the ametropia of either the 
patient's or the observer's eye, thus render- 
ing the details of the fundus oculi clear. 

Ophthalmoscopic {off-thal-mo-skop' '-ik) [b<p- 
OaAjuog, eye ; cxotteiv, to see]. Pertaining 
to the ophthalmoscope or its use. 

Ophthalmoscopy {off-thal-?nos f -ko-pe) [6<£- 
6a\uog, eye ; onoireiv, to see]. The ex- 
amination of the interior of the eye by means 
of the ophthalmoscope. O., Direct, the 
method of the erect or upright image, the ob- 
server's eye and the ophthalmoscope being 
brought close to the eye of the patient. O., 
Indirect, the method of the inverted image ; 
the observer's eye is placed about 1 6 inches 
from that of the patient and a 20 D. bicon- 
vex lens is held about two inches in front of 
the observed eye, thereby forming an aerial 
inverted image of the fundus. 

Ophthalmostat {off-thai' '-mo-stat) \_b<p8a?ifi6c , 
eye ; Icrravai, to cause to stand]. An instru- 
ment used in fixing the eye in any position 
during an operation on it. 

Ophthalmostatometer {off- thai- mo -stat- 
om'-et-er) [6<pfla///6c , eye; iaravat, to cause 
to stand; /uerpov, measure]. An instrument 
for determining the position of the eyes. 

Ophthalmotonometer {off-thal-mo-ton-om' '- 
et-er) [o^tfafy/oc, eye; tovoc, tone; fierpov, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring in- 
traocular tension. 

Ophthalmotrope [off-thai' -mo-trop) [bqdcik- 
fiog, eye ; Tporrog, a turn]. An instrument 
used for the demonstration of the direction and 
the position that the eye takes under the influ- 
ence of each of its muscles, and the position 
of the false image in the case of paralysis of 
a given muscle. 

Opiate {o'-pe-at) \otzlov, poppy-juice]. A 
preparation of opium. 

Opiophagism, Opiophagy [o-pe-off'-aj-is/n, 
o-pe-off f -aj-e) [otzlov, opium; tpayelv, to eat]. 
Opium-eating. 

Opisthoporia {o-pis-tho-po-ri' '-ah) [oniodev, 



behind ; nope'ia, going]. Involuntary back- 
ward-walking in an attempt to go forward. 

Opisthotonus [o-pis-tkot'-on-us) [oTrtodev, 
behind; rovog, tone]. A condition in which 
from a tetanic spasm of the muscles of the 
back the head and lower limbs are bent 
backward, and the body arched forward. 

Opium [o'-pe-u/n) \otuov, from ottoc, juice]. 
The inspissated juice obtained by incising the 
unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum, 
of the order Papaveraceae, occurring in com- 
merce in the form of brownish cakes having 
a narcotic odor and a bitter taste. O. con- 
tains a large number of alkaloids, of which 
morphin is the most important since it repre- 
sents the chief properties of the drug. Other 
alkaloids are narcotin, C 22 H 23 N0 7 , codein, 
C 16 H 21 N0 3 , thebain or paramorphin, C 19 H 21 - 
N0 3 , papaverin, C 20 H 21 NO 4 , narcein, C 23 H 29 - 
N0 9 , pseudomorphin, C 34 H 36 N 2 6 , lauda- 
nin, C 20 H 2 -NO 4 . These bases occur in O. 
combined with meconic and thebolactic 
acids. Moist O. should contain not less 
than seven per cent, of crystallized moiphin 
(U. S. P.) O. acts as a narcotic, producing 
deep sleep, which, however, is often preceded 
by a stage of mental excitement and exhilara- 
tion ; on awakening there may be headache, 
nausea, or vomiting. It slows the pulse and 
increases its force, and raises blood-pressure ; 
small doses do not depress the respiration, 
large doses do so in a marked degree. O. 
checks the motor activity of the stomach and 
intestines, and lessens all secretions except 
that of the skin ; it produces contraction of 
the pupil. When taken in poisonous doses 
it causes unconquerable drowsiness, passing 
into deep sleep, with slow, full respiration, 
slow pulse, contracted pupils ; later cyanosis 
develops, the respiration becomes exceed- 
ingly slow, and the pulse rapid and feeble ; 
death takes place from failure of the respira- 
tion. See Poisons, Table of. There is a 
chronic form of O. -poisoning produced by 
the habitual use of O. or morphin, and char- 
acterized by mental depression, a deteriora- 
tion of the moral sense, and attacks of diar- 
rhea. O. is used for the relief of pain of all 
forms except that due to cerebral inflamma- 
tion ; in insomnia ; in inflammation of serous 
membranes ; in spasmodic conditions ; in 
acute colds ; cough, retention of mine, vom- 
iting, diarrhea, certain forms of dyspnea, 
particulary that from heart-disease ; and 
locally as an application to sprains and in- 
flamed surfaces. Dose gr. j (0.065). 

Preparations and Doses. — Acetum 
opii (U. S. P. ), vinegar of opium, black drop ; 
rr^v-xxx (0.32-2.0). Confectio opii (B. P.), 
TT^v-xx (0.32-1.3). Emplastrum opii (U. S. 
P., B. P.). Enema opii (B. P.). Extrac- 
tum opii (U. S. P., B. P.), gr. %-% (0.016- 



OPIUMISM 



463 



ORCHI- 



0.032). Extractura opii liquidum (B. P.), 
TT\v-xx (0.32-1.3). Opii pulvis, gr. %-] 
(0.016-0.065). Opium deodoratum (U. S. P.), 
gr. j (0.065). Pilulae opii (U. S. P.), each 
containing gr. j (0.065). Pilula saponis com- 
posita (B. P.), contains about 20 per cent, of 
opium. Pulvis ipecacuanha; et opii, Dover's 
powder, contains ten per cent, each of opium 
and ipecac. Pulvis opii compositus (B. P.), 
contains ten per cent, of opium. Tinctura 
ipecacuanha et opii (U. S. P.), tt^v-xv 
(0.32-1.0) ; Tinctura opii, laudanum (U. S. 
P., B. P.), TT^v-xv (0.32-1.0). Tinctura opii 
ammoniata (B. P.), TT^xxx-f^j (2.0—4.0). 
Tinctura opii camphorata (U. S. P.) ^(Tinctura 
camphorae composita, B. P.), paregoric, f^j- 
iv (4.0-16.0). Tinctura opii deodorati (U. S. 
P.), Tl^v-xv (0.32-1.0). Trochisci glycyr- 
rhizae et opii (U. S. P., B. P.), each contain- 
ing 0.005 gram of opium. Vinum opii (U. 
S. P., B. P.), Sydenham's laudanum, rr\_v- 
xv (0.32-1.0). See also Morphin. 

Opiumism (o'-pe-ttm-izm) [opium]. The 
condition produced by the action of opium 
on the system. 

Opobalsamum (o-po-bawl-sam' -um) [b~6g, 
juice; j3d/\aa,uov, balsam]. A resin from 
Balsamodendron opobalsamum, and Bal- 
samodendron gileadense. See Balm of 
Gilead. 

Opocephalus (o-po-sef / -al-us) [hip, eye ; ks(j>- 
a/.r), head]. A monster characterized by 
fusion of the ears, one orbit, and absence of 
mouth and nose. 

Opodeldoc {op-o-del'-dok) [origin obscure]. 
See under Soap. 

Opodymus {o-pod f -im-us) [wi/>, eye ; Sidv- 
fioq, twin]. A monster with a single body 
and skull, but with two distinct faces. 

Opotherapy (op-o-ther' '- ap-e) [oKog, juice ; 
therapy']. Synonym of Organotherapy. 

Opponens {op-o' -nenz) [ob, against ; ponere, 
to place]. Opposing. A term applied to cer- 
tain muscles that bring one part opposite an- 
other, as Opponens minimi digiti, a muscle 
placing the little finger opposite the thumb. 

Optic {op'-tik) [oktikoq, from the base, 07r-, 
to see]. Pertaining to vision or to the sci- 
ence of optics. O. Atrophy, atrophy of the 
optic nerve. O. Axis, the axis of the eye. 
O. Center. 1. The point in the main axis of 
the crystalline lens at which the rays of light 
meet. 2. The nerve center concerned in the 
visual function. O. Chiasm, O. Commis- 
sure. See Commissure. O. Cup, the con- 
cave area formed by the involution of the 
distal extremity of the primary optic vesicle. 
O. Disc, the optic papilla. O. Foramen. 
See Foramina, Table of. O. Groove, the 
groove on the sphenoid bone for the optic 
chiasm. O. Lobes, the corpora quadrigem- 
ina. O. Nerve. See Nerves, Table of O. 



Neuritis. See Papillitis. O. Papilla, the 
circular prominence formed by the optic 
nerve after its entrance into the eyeball. O. 
Radiations, a large bundle of nerve- fibers 
joining the optic thalamus and the occipital 
lobe of the cerebrum. O. Thalamus. See 
Thalamus. O. Tract. See Tract. O. 
Vesicle, a diverticulum from each side of 
the primary anterior vesicle of the embryo, 
forming the basis of the future eye. 

Optical {op' ' -tik-aT) [oktlk6<;, pertaining to 
sight, from the base ok-, to see]. Pertain- 
ing to sight. 

Optician (op-tish'-un) [oKTinoq, from the base 
07T-, to see]. A maker of optical instruments. 

Opticociliary {op-tik-o-sil' '-e-a-re) [oKTcnoq, 
pertaining to vision, from the base ok-, to 
see ; ciliary] . Pertaining to the optic and 
the ciliary nerves. 

Opticopupillary (op-tih-o-p^-pil-a-re) [ok- 
tlkqq, pertaining to vision, from the base ok-, 
to see ; pupillary]. Pertaining to the optic 
nerve and the pupil. 

Optics {pp f tiks) \_0KTi1c6g, from the base ok-, 
to see]. The science treating of light and 
vision. 

Optogram (op / - to - gram) [oktoq, visible ; 
ypd<j)eiv, to write]. A faint image stamped 
on the retina for a brief period after death, 
believed to be that of the last object seen 
before death. 

Optometer (op-tom / -et-er) [okt6q, visible ; 
/uerpov, measure]. An instrument for deter- 
mining the strength of vision, especially the 
degree of refractive error that is to be cor- 
rected to render vision normal. 

Optostriate {op-to-stri' '-at) [oktoc, visible ; 
striatum, striped]. Pertaining to the optic 
thalamus and the corpus striatum. 

Ora {o'-rafi) [L.]. Margin. O. serrata, 
the jagged anterior margin of the retina. 

Oral [o f -ral) \_os, the mouth]. Pertaining to 
the mouth. 

Orange (or f -anj) [Pers., ndranj, orange]. 
See Auranthon. 

Orbicular [pr-bikf -u-lar) [orbicularis, dim. 
of orbis, circle]. Circular. A term applied 
to circular muscles, as the orbicular muscle 
of the eye or of the mouth (Orbicularis palpe- 
brarum, Orbicularis oris). 

Orbicularis (or-bik-u-la' -ris). See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Orbit (or' -bit) [orbita, from orbis, circle]. 
The bony pyramidal cavity containing the 
eye, and formed by the frontal, sphenoid, 
ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal, superior maxillary, 
and palate bones. 

Orbital {or f -bit-al) \_orbita, from orbis, cir- 
cle]. Pertaining to the orbit. 

Orchi-, Orchid-, Orchio- [or'-ke-,or f -kid-, 
or f -ke-o-) [op^^c, testicle]. A prefix signify- 
ing; connection with or relation to the testicle. 



MONSTROSITY 



400 



MONSTROSITY 



2. Of the nonsplanchnic organs, as 
club-foot, curvature of the spine, 
misplaced teeth, misplaced blood- 
vessels, etc. 

B. By Change of Connection. 

i. Anomalous articulations. 

2. Anomalous implantations, as teeth 

out of line. 

3. Anomalous attachments, as of mus- 

cles and ligaments. 

4. Anomalous branches, as of arteries 

and nerves. 

5. Anomalous openings, as of veins 

into the left auricle, of the ductus 
choledochus in an unusual situa- 
tion, of the vagina into the rectum, 
of the rectum into the male urethra, 
of the rectum at the umbilicus, 
etc. 

C. In Continuity. 

1. Anomalous imperf orations, as of 

rectum, vulva, vagina, mouth, 
esophagus. 

2. Anomalous union of organs, as of 

kidneys, testicles, digits, teeth, 
ribs ; adhesion of the tongue to the 
palate. 

D. By Closure, as in complete transverse 

septum in the vagina. 

E. By Disjunction. 

1. Anomalous perforations, as persist- 

ence of foramen ovale, ductus ar- 
teriosus, urachus. 

2. Anomalous divisions, as splits, fis- 

sures in various organs, hare-lip, 
hvpospadias, fissured tongue, cleft 
palate, fissured cheek. 

VI ANOMALIES OF NUMBER AND EXIST- 
ENCE. 

1. By numeric defect, as absence of 

muscles, vertebrae, ribs, digits, 
teeth, a lung, a kidney, the uterus, 
the bladder, etc. 

2. By numeric excess, as supernum- 

erary digits, ribs, teeth, breasts, a 
double uterus. 



HETEROTAXIS. 

I. Splanchnic Inversion. 
II. General Inversion. 

HERMAPHRODITES.* 

I. True Hermaphrodites. 

a. Bilateral hermaphrodites. 

b. Unilateral hermaphrodites. 

c. Lateral hermaphrodites. 

II. Pseudohermaphrodites, with double 
sexual formation of the external geni- 
tals, but with unisexual development 
of the reproductive glands (ovaries and 
testicles). 

a. Male pseudohermaphrodites (with tes- 

ticles). 

1. Internal pseudohermaphrodites. De- 

velopment of uterus masculinus. 

2. External pseudohermaphrodites. 

External genitals approach the 
female type; the monstrosity pre- 
sents a feminine appearance and 
build. 

3. Complete pseudohermaphrodites (in- 

ternal and external). Uterus mas- 
culinus with tubes ; separate effer- 
ent canals for bladder and uterus. 

b. Female pseudohermaphrodites (with 

ovaries). Persistence of male sexual 
parts. 

* According to Klebs. 



Internal hermaphrodites. Forma- 
tion of vas deferens and tubes. 

External hermaphrodites . Approach 
of the external genitals to the male 
type. 

Complete hermaphrodites (internal 
and external). Masculine forma- 
tion of the external genitals and 
of a part of the sexual tract. 

MONSTERS. 



CLASS I— SINGLE MONSTERS.- 



Order I. 



Genus I, 



Autositic Monsters. 

Phocomelus 
Hemimelus 
Micromelus 
Ectromelus 



Species 1. Ec- 
tromelus, . . 



Genus II, - 



Genus III, 



Genus IV, 



Species 2, 



Single species, 
Celosoma, . 



Species 1. Ex- 
encephalus, . 



Species i.Pseu- 
dencephalus, 

Species 3. An- 
encephalus, . 



Species 1. Cy- 
otocephalus, 



Species 2. Oto- 
cephalus, . . 



( Symelus 
< Uromelus 
( Sirenomelus 

Aspalasoma 
Agenosoma 
Cyllosoma 
Schistosoma 
Pleurosoma 
[ Celosoma 

Notencephalus 

Proencephalus 

Podencephalus 

Hyperencephalus 

Iniencephalus 

Exencephalus 

( Nosencephalus 
-< Thlipsencephalus 
( Pseudencephalus 

f Derencephalus 
( Anencephalus 

f Ethmocephalus 
I Cebocephalus 
■{ Rhinocephalus 
I Cyclocephalus 
L Stomocephalus 



Sphenocephalus 
Otocephalus 
Edocephalus 
Opococephalus 
[ Triocephalus 



Order II .— Omphalosite Monsters. 

Species 1 Par- ( Paracephalus 
acephalus, 



Genus I, 



Omacephalus 
Hemiacephalus 



Species 2. 
Acephalus, 



Acephalus 
Peracephalus 
Mylacephalus 
Species 3. Aso- 
mata, . . . 
Genus II, Single species, Anideus. 

CLASS II.-COMPOSITE MONSTERS. 
Order I.— Double Autositic Monsters. 

A. Terata katadidyma. 

Genus I, Diprosopus 
Genus H, Dicephalus 
Genus III, Ischiopagus 
Genus IV, Pygopagus 

B. Terata anadidyma. 

Genus I, Dipygus 
Genus II, Syncephalus 
Genus III, Craniopagus 



MONTGOMERY'S GLANDS 



401 



MORPHIN, MORPHINA 



C. Terata anakatadidyma. 

Genus I, Prosopothoracopagus 
Genus II, Omphalopagus 
Genus III, Rachipagus 

Order II. — Double Parasitic Monsters. 

Heteropagus 



Genus I, 



Genus II, 



Species i. He- 

terotypus, . 

Species 2. He- 
teralius, . . 

Species 1. 
Polygnathus, 



Species 2. 
Polymelus, 



Heterodelphus 
Heterodymus 
Heterotypus 
Heteromorphus 

Epicomus 

Epignathus 
Hypognathus 
Paragnathus 
Augnathus 

Pygomelus 

Gastromelus 

Notomelus 

Cepbalomelus 

Melomelus 

/ Dermocyma 
( Endocyma 



Genus III, -j Endocyma, 
Order III. — Triple Monsters. 

Montgomery's Glands. See Gland. 

Monthly Courses, M. Sickness, or 
Monthlies, the menses. M. Nurse, a 
nurse who attends after childbirth. 

Monticulus (man - tik'- u - lus) [ L. ]. A 
small elevation. M. cerebelli, the promi- 
nent central portion of the superior vermi- 
form process of the. cerebellum. 

Moore's Test. A test for glucose, consist- 
ing in the development of a black color when 
the solution is heated with potassium or so- 
dium hydroxid. 

Morbid {nior'-bid} [morbus, disease]. Per- 
taining to disease or diseased parts. M. 
Anatomy, the anatomy of organs or tissues 
in a state of disease. 

Morbidity {jnor-bid' -it-e) [morbus, disease]. 
I. The quality of disease or of being dis- 
eased. 2. The conditions inducing disease. 
3. The ratio of the number of sick individu- 
als to the total population of a place. 

Morbific {/nor - bif- ik) [morbus, disease ; 

facere, to make]. Producing disease. 

Morbilli (mor-bil'-i) [pi. : dim. of morbus, 
disease]. Measles. 

Morbus (mor'-bus) [L.]. Disease. M. ad- 
disonii, Addison's Disease. M. angli- 
cus, rachitis. M. basedowii. See Ex- 
ophthalmic Goiter. M. brightii. See 
Bright'' s Disease. M. caducus, epilepsy. 
M. celsi, catalepsy. M. ceruleus, con- 
genital cyanosis. M. coxarius, coxalgia. 
M. divinus, epilepsy. M. gallicus, syph- 
ilis. M. maculosus werlhofii, purpura 
hemorrhagica. M. magnus, epilepsy. M. 
medicorum, the mania of those who seek the 
advice of physicians for imaginary diseases. 
M. regius, jaundice. M. sacer, epilepsy. 

Morcellation [nior-sel-a' -shun) [Fr. morceler, 
to cut up or parcel out]. The art of reduc- 
26 



ing to fragments, as e. g. , the fetus in embry- 
otomy. 

Mordant {i?ior f -dant) [mordere, to bite]. A 
substance, such as alum, phenol anilin- 
oil, that fixes the dyes used in coloring 
textures or in staining tissues and bacteria. 

Morgagni {nior-gan'-ye). An Italian anat- 
omist of the eighteenth century. M., Cat- 
aract of. See Cataract. Hydatid of. See 
Hydatid. 

Morgue (morg) [Fr.]. A place where un- 
known dead are exposed for identification. 

Moria {i?io f -re-ah) [fiop'ta, folly]. A form 
of dementia characterized by talkativeness 
and silliness. 

Moribund (mor' - ib - und) [moribundus, 
from moriri, to die]. In a dying condition. 

Morioplasty {inor' -e-o-plas-te) Sjiopiov, a 
small piece ; irMaaeiv, to mold] . Plastic 
surgery. 

Morning-sickness. The nausea of preg- 
nant women, occurring chiefly in the early 
months of gestation ; also, the imitative or 
sympathetic nausea sometimes experienced 
by the husband during the wife's early preg- 
nancy. 

Morphea, Morphcea {inor-fe f -ah) [nopffj, a 
blotch]. A disease of the skin characterized 
by the presence of rounded or oval, pinkish, 
or ivory-white patches, due to an excess of 
fibrous tissue, with atrophy of the skin- 
structures proper. Morphea is believed to be 
a trophoneurosis, and is considered a circum- 
scribed form of scleroderma. It is also 
termed Addison's keloid, or circumscribed 
scleroderma. M., Acroteric, the form in 
which the beginning and the greatest inten- 
sity of the disease are at the extremities. M., 
Herpetiform, that in which the lesions fol- 
low those of herpes in their distribution. 

Morphia (mor-'-fe-ah). See Morphin. 

Morphin, Morphina {inor'-fin, mor-ji'-nah) 
[Morpheus, god of sleep], C n H ]9 N0 3 -f- 
H 2 0. A colorless or white crystalline alka- 
loid obtained from opium, to which the chief 
effects of the latter are due. It differs from 
opium in being less stimulant, less constipat- 
ing, and less likely to produce disagreeable 
after-effects. On account of its insolubility 
in water, morphin is used principally in the 
form of its salts. The dose of the salts of 
morphin is gr. Y%- l /z (0.008-0.032). M. 
acetate, morphine acetas, C 17 H 19 N0 3 C 2 - 
H 4 2 4- 3^2^- From it are prepared Liquor 
morphinae acetatis (B. P.) (gr. ss to the flui- 
dram), dose mjcx-xl ( 1. 3-2. 6), and Injectio 
morphinse hypodermica (gr. j in 10 minims). 
M. hydrochlorate, morphinae hydrochloras, 
C 17 H 19 N0 3 .HC1 -f 3H 2 0. From it are pre- 
pared Liquor morphinae hydrochloratis (B. 
P.) (gr. ss to the fluidram), dose n\xv-xxx 
(1.0-2.0) ; Suppositoria morphince (B. P.) 



OSCHEOPLASTY 



466 



OSTEOCHONDRITIS 



X^ov, scrotum ; vdup, water ; tci/Ay, tumor]. A 
hydrocele occupying the sac of a scrotal hernia 
after the return of the bowel to the peritoneal 
cavity and the shutting off of the sac from the 
latter. 

Oscheoplasty (os f -ke-o-plas-te) [bcx^ov, scro- 
tum ; nAacceiv, to form]. Plastic surgery of 
the scrotum. 

Oscitation (os - it - a' - shun) [oscitare, to 
yawn]. The act of yawning. 

Osculation (os-ku-la f -shun) [osculari, to 
kiss]. The union of vessels by their mouths. 

-ose (-oz) [-osus~\. A suffix denoting a mem- 
ber of the carbohydrate group. 

-osis (-o'-sis). A suffix signifying condition 
of, or state caused by. 

Osmate (oz f -mdt) [osmium~\. A salt of os- 
mic acid. 

Osmazome (oz' ' -??iaz-dm)[bciir], smell ; faiJ.6q, 
broth]. A brownish-yellow substance de- 
veloped by heat in muscular fibers, and for- 
merly supposed to give to cooked meats their 
peculiar flavor. 

Osmic (oz f -mik) [bciii], smell]. Pertaining 
to or containing osmium. O. Acid, strictly, 
a dibasic acid, H 2 0s0 4 ; as generally used, 
however, osmium tetroxid, Os0 4 , also called 
perosmic acid. It is a crystalline substance, 
freely soluble in water, and giving off irritant 
vapors ; locally, it acts as a caustic. It is 
employed in microscopy as a stain for fat and 
as a fixing agent. In medicine it has been 
used in neuralgia. 

Osmidrosis (oz-?nid-ro r -sis) [bcfiij, smell ; 
'iSpuccg, sweat] . The secretion of a malodo- 
rous perspiration ; bromidrosis. 

Osmium (oz' -me-um) [hour], smell]. A 
heavy metallic element belonging to the 
platinum-group. Symbol Os, specific gravity 
22.48, atomic weight 190. 3, quantivalence 
II, iv, vi, VIII. See Osmic Acid. 

Osmometer (oz-mom' -et-er) [bear], smell ; 
perpov, measure]. I. An instrument for 
testing the sense of smell. 2. An apparatus 
for measuring osmosis. 

Osmosis (oz-??io / -sis) [ucpog, impulse]. The 
passage of liquids and substances in solution 
through porous septa. See Endosmosis and 
Exosmosis. 

Osmotic (oz-mot' '-ik) [wcruoc, impulse]. Per- 
taining to osmosis. 

Ossa (os'-ah)[fL., pi. of os, a bone] . Bones. 
See Os. 

Ossein (os'-e-in) [os, a bone]. The organic 
base of osseous tissue. 

Osseoaponeurotic [os-e-o-ap-on-u-rof '-ik)[os, 
bone ; aponeurosis] . Bounded by bone and 
the aponeurosis of a muscle. 

Osseous (os / -e-us) [os, bone]. Bony; com- 
posed of or resembling bone. 

Ossicle (os'-ik-l) [ossiculum, dim. of os, a 
bone]. A small bone. O., Auditory, one 



of a chain of small bones found in the 
tympanic cavity of the ear. 

Ossiferous {os-if -er-us) [os, a bone ; ferre, 
to bear]. Containing or producing bone- 
tissue. 

Ossific (os-if'-ik)[os, bone ; facere, to make]. 
Producing bone. 

Ossification (os-ifik-a f -shun) [os, a bone ; 

facere, to make]. The formation of bone. 

Ossifying (os f -if-i-ing) \_os, bone ; facere, to 
make]. Changing into bone. O. Chon- 
droma, a chondroma that is undergoing ossi- 
fication. O. Myositis, inflammation of 
muscle, attended with, or followed by, de- 
position of bone-like masses. 

Ostalgia (os-taU -je-ah) [bcreov, bone; aAyoc, 
pain]. Pain in a bone. 

Osteectomy (os-te-ek f -to-me) [bcreov, bone ; 
iKToiii], excision]. Excision of a portion of 
a bone. 

Osteitis (os-te-i'-tis) [bcreov, bone ; triq, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of bone. O., 
Condensing. See Osteosclerosis. O. defor- 
mans, a rare form characterized by the 
production of deformity. O., Gummatous, 
a chronic form due to syphilis and character- 
ized by the formation of gummata in the 
cancellous tissue of the epiphysis or in the 
shaft of a bone, or in the periosteum. O., 
Rarefying. See Osteoporosis. O., Scleros- 
ing. See Osteosclerosis. 

Osteo- (os'-te-o-) [bcreov, bone]. A prefix 
signifying connection with or relation to bone. 

Osteoarthritis (os-te-o-ar-thri' '-tis) [bcreov, 
bone; apBpov, joint; itic, inflammation]. 
An inflammation of the bones forming a 
joint. 

Osteoarthropathy (os-te-o-ar-throp'-ath-e) 
[bareov, bone; apdpov, joint; rcddoq, dis- 
ease]. Any disease of bony articulations. 
O., Hypertrophic Pulmonary, a disease 
characterized by a bulbous enlargement of 
the terminal phalanges of the fingers and 
toes, a thickening of the articular ends of the 
bones, and a peculiar curvation of the nails. 
The condition is usually associated with 
disease of the lungs or pleura, hence the 
name osteoarthopathie p7ieumique hypertro- 
phiante given to it by Marie, and results from 
the absorption of toxic products from the dis- 
eased foci. 

Osteoblast (os f -te-o-blast) [bcreov, bone ; 
(3?.acroc, a germ]. Any one of the cells 
of mesoblastic origin concerned in the forma- 
tion of bony tissue. 

Osteocarcinoma [os-te-o-kar-sin-o f - mah) 
[bcreov, bone; carcinoma']. 1. Ossifying 
carcinoma. 2. Carcinoma of bone. 

Osteochondritis [os-te-o-kon-dri' '-tis) [bcre- 
ov, bone ; xovdpoc, cartilage ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation involving both bone 
and cartilage. 



OSTEOCHONDROMA 



467 



OTHEMATOMA 



Osteochondroma {os-te- o - kon - dro f - mah) 
[bareov, bone ; x° v dp°S> cartilage ; b/ua, 
tumor]. A tumor that is in part bony and in 
part cartilaginous. 

Osteoclasis (os-te-ok' '-la-sis) [bareov, bone ; 
kXclelv, to break]. I. Fracture of bones for 
purposes of remedying deformity. 2. The 
destruction of bony tissue by osteoclasts. 

Osteoclast (os' ' -te-o-klast) [barsov, bone ; 
ulaeiv, to break]. I. An instrument for per- 
forming osteoclasis. 2. One of the large 
multinuclear cells found against the surface 
of bone in little eroded depressions (How- 
ship's lacunae), and concerned in the removal 
of bone. 

Osteocope (os / ' -te-o-kop). See Osteocopic Pain. 

Osteocopic Pain (os-te-o-kop f -ik) [bareov, 
bone ; Koirog, a beating]. A severe pain in 
a bone, usually worse at night. It is a 
symptom of osteitis or periostitis, especially of 
syphilitic origin. 

Osteogenesis (os - te - o -jen f - es - is) [bareov, 
bone ; ysvvdv, to beget]. The development 
of bony tissue. 

Osteogenetic (os -te - o -jen - et f - ik) [bareov, 
bone; yevvav, to beget]. Pertaining to, or 
concerned in, osteogenesis. O. Cell, an 
osteoblast. O. Layer, the deep layer of 
periosteum from which bone is formed. 

Osteohalisteresis [os-te- o-hal-is-ter-e' '-sis) 
[bareov, bone ; aXg, salt ; arepeeiv, to deprive] . 
A loss of the mineral constituents of bone. 

Osteoid (os' -te-oid) [bareov, bone ; eldog, like]. 
Resembling bone. 

Osteology (os - te - oF- o - je) [bareov, bone ; 
Aoyog, science]. The science of the anatomy 
and structure of bones. 

Osteolysis (os-te - ol'- is - is) [bareov, bone ; 
Avacg, dissolution]. Absorption of bone. 

Osteoma (os,-te-o' -mah) [bareov, bone ; bfia, 
tumor]. A bony tumor. O. durum, a 
tumor consisting of hard bony tissue. O. 
eburneum. Synonym of O. durum. O. 
medullare, an O. containing marrow-spaces. 
O. spongiosum, an O. containing cancel- 
lated bony tissue. 

Osteomalacia (os-te-o-mal-a' '-se-ah) [bareov, 
bone ; [laAania, softness]. Softening of bone 
from loss of its earthy constituents. It occurs 
chiefly in adults, especially in women in the 
course of pregnancy. 

Osteomyelitis (os-te-o-mi-el-V '-tis) [bareov, 
bone; /nveAog, marrow ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the marrow of bone. 

Osteonecrosis (os-te-o-ne-krb' '-sis) [bareov, 
bone; venpog, corpse]. Necrosis of bone. 

Osteopathy (os-te-op' '-ath-e) [bareov, bone ; 
irddog, suffering]. Any disease of bone. 

Osteoperiostitis (os -te - o -per - e-os- ti r - tis) 
[bareov, bone ; irepl, around ; bareov, bone ; 
trig, inflammation]. Combined inflammation 
of the bone and periosteum. 



Osteophyte (os f -te-o-fit) [bareov, bone ; cpvrov, 
plant]. A bony outgrowth of dendritic 
character. 

Osteoplastic (os-te-oplas / -tik)[bareov, bone; 
TT/idaaeiv, to form]. I. Pertaining to the 
formation of bone. 2. Pertaining to plastic 
operations upon bone. O. Resection, an 
operation in which a portion of bone, cut 
loose from its attachments except at one 
point, is laid back, the underlying diseased 
structure removed, and the bone replaced. It 
is also known as the Wagner- Wolff method. 

Osteoplasty (os' -te-o-plas-te) [bareov, bone ; 
irAaaasiv, to form]. Plastic operations per- 
formed upon bone. 

Osteoporosis (os-te - o -por - </- sis) [bareov, 
bone; iropog, a pore]. An enlargement of 
the spaces of bone whereby a porous appear- 
ance is produced. 

Osteosarcoma (os-te-o-sar-ko' '-mah) [bareov, 
bone ; aapg, flesh ; bfia, tumor]. A sarcoma 
containing bone. 

Osteosclerosis (os-te-o-skle-ro' '-sis) [bareov, 
bone; anATjpog, hard], A condition in 
which the bone becomes hard and heavy ; 
it is seen in sclerosing or condensing osteitis. 

Osteotome (os f - te - o - torn) [bareov, bone; 
ropir], a cutting]. I. An instrument for cut- 
ting bone. 2. An instrument used in cutting 
the bones of the fetal head in embryotomy. 

Osteotomy (os-te-of '-o-me) [bareov, bone ; 
rofirj, a cutting]. The division of a bone. 
O., Cuneiform, an osteotomy in which a 
wedge of bone is removed. O., Linear, a 
simple division of a bone. O., Macewen's. 
See Operations, Table of. 

Osteotrite (os / -te-o-trlt)[bareov, bone ; rpi[3eiv, 
to rub]. An instrument for scraping away 
carious bone. 

Ostitis (os-ti'-tis). See Osteitis. 

Ostium (os r -te-um) [L.]. A mouth or aper- 
ture. O. abdominale, the orifice of the 
oviduct communicating with the peritoneal 
cavity. O. internum, the uterine opening 
of the oviduct. O. pharyngeum, the phar- 
yngeal opening of the Eustachian tube. O. 
tympanicum, the tympanic opening of the 
Eustachian tube. O. vaginae, the external 
orifice of the vagina. 

Otacoustic (o-ta-koos / -tik) [ovg, ear; timveiv, 
to hear] . I . Pertaining to , or aiding hearing. 
2. An ear-trumpet. 

Otalgia (o-taV -je-ah) [ovg, ear; a'Ayog, pain]. 
Earache. 

Otaphone (o'-taf-on^ovg, ear; (puvrj, sound]. 
A clamp for throwing the pinnae forward and 
outward, and thus assisting the hearing. 

Othematoma (ot-Jiem-at-o' '-mah) [ovg, ear ; 
al/ua, blood; bjia, tumor]. Hematoma of 
the external ear, usually the-pinna; hema- 
toma auris. From its comparative frequency 
in the insane, it is also called insane ear. 



OTIATRICS 



468 



OVIDUCT 



Otiatrics {o-te-aP '-riks) [ovg, ear ; larrjp, sur- 
geon]. The study of diseases of the ear 
and their treatment. 

Otic {o'-tik) [coriKog, from ovg, ear]. Per- 
taining to the ear. O. Ganglion. See 
Ganglia, Table of. 

Otitis (o-ti'-tis) [ovg, ear; nig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the ear. It may affect the 
external ear, O. externa ; the middle ear, 

0. media; or the internal ear, O. interna. 
When confined to the mastoid cells it is 
called O. mastoidea, or mastoid disease. 

Oto- (o'-to-) [ovg, ear]. A prefix signifying 
connection with, or relation to the ear. 

Otocephalus {p - to - sef - al - us) [ovg, ear; 
necpa/p, head] . A monster characterized by 
a union or close approach of the ears, by ab- 
sence of the lower jaw, and an ill-developed 
mouth. 

Otocleisis (o-to-kli'-sis) [ovg, ear ; K?.elaig, 
closure]. Occlusion of the ear. 

Otoconite {o-tok' '-o-nit) . See Otoconium. 

Otoconium (p - to - ko / - ne - um) [ovc;, ear ; 
novig, dust]. An otolith. 

Otocrane, Otocranium {o'-to-kran, o-to- 
kra'-ne-uni) [ovg, ear; upaviov, skull]. The 
cavity of the petrous portion of the skull 
holding the organ of hearing. 

Otodynia {p-to-din' '-e-ah) [ovc;, ear ; bdvvrj, 
pain]. Pain in the ear. 

Otography (o-tog'-ra-fe) [ore, ear; ypacpeiv, 
to write]. Descriptive anatomy of the ear. 

Otolith io / -to-lit/i) [ovg, ear; XWog, stone]. 
One of the calcareous concretions within the 
membranous labyrinth of the ear. 

Otology {p-tol'-o-je^ovg, ear; ?„6yog, science]. 
The science of the ear, its anatomy, func- 
tions, and diseases. 

Otomassage [p f - to - mas - ahzJi) [ovg, ear ; 
massage]. The application of passive mo- 
tion to the tympanic membrane and auditory 
ossicles. 

Otopathy [p-top' '- ath-e) [ovg, ear; iradog, dis- 
ease]. Any affection of the ear. 

Otopharyngeal (o- to-far- i^-Je- al) [ovg, 
ear; cpapvyt;, pharynx]. Pertaining to the 
ear and the pharynx. O. Tube, the Eus- 
tachian tube. 

Otophone {p f -to-foii) [ovg, ezx ; cpuvrj , voice]. 

1. An ear-trumpet, or other device for gath- 
ering and intensifying sound-waves. 2. An 
auscultating tube used in ear-diseases. 

Otorrhea (o-tor-e / -a/i) [ovg, ear ; poia, a flow]. 
A discharge from the external auditory meatus. 

Otoscope {p f -to-skop) [ovg, ear; okotteIv, to 
examine]. An instrument for examining the 
ear, especially a rubber tube, one extremity of 
which is inserted into the ear of the subject, 
and the other extremity into the ear of the 
examiner, a .current of air being passed by 
means of a Politzer bag and a Eustachian 
catheter through the middle ear. In case of 



tympanic perforation the rushing sound made 
by the passing air is audible to the examiner. 

Otoscopy [p-tos f -ko-pe) [ovg, ear : anorcdv, to 
examine]. Examination of the ear, espe- 
cially by means of the otoscope. 

Ototomy (o-tot'-o-me) [ovg, ear; ropirj, a cut- 
ting]. Dissection of the ear. 

Ouabain (po-a'-ba-hi), C 30 H 46 O 12 . A poi- 
sonous glucosid from the wood of Carissa 
schimperi. It is a depressant to the heart 
and the respiration, and has been used in 
whooping-cough. Dose gr. -r\-§ (0.00013). 

Oulitis (oo-li'-tis). See Ulitis. 

Ounce {owns) [uncia, a contraction of unde- 
cia, a twelfth part]. A unit of measure of 
weight. Avoirdupois O., the sixteenth part 
of the avoirdupois pound or 437.5 grains, 
equal to 31. 1 grams. Troy O., the twelfth 
part of the Troy pound or 480 grains. 

Ouro- (oo / -ro-). See Uro-. 

Oval {p f -val) [ovum, egg]. Egg-shaped. 

Ovalbumin {o-val-bu' -min) [ovum, egg; al- 
bumin]. The albumin of the egg. 

Ovarialgia (p-va-re-al f -je-ah) [ovarium, an 
ovary; aAyog, pain]. Neuralgic pain in the 
ovary. 

Ovarian {p-va f -re-an) [ovarium, an ovary]. 
Pertaining to the ovaries. 

Ovario- [p-va f -re-o-) [ovarium, ovary]. A 
prefix denoting relation to the ovary. 

Ovariocele (o-va' '-re-o-sel) [ovarium, ovary; 
kt]7iT], tumor]. Hernia of an ovary. 

Ovariocentesis [p-va-re-o-sen-te' -sis) [ovar- 
ium, ovary; nivrTjcjig, puncture]. Puncture 
of the ovary or of an ovarian cyst. 

Ovariotomist (p-va-re-of '-o-mist) [ovarium, 
ovary ; tojitj, a cutting] . One who performs 
ovariotomy. 

Ovariotomy (0 - va - re - ot r - - me) [ovarium, 
ovary; to/j.7/, a cutting]. Literally, incision 
of an ovary. As generally used, removal of 
an ovary; oophorectomy. O., Normal, 
Battey's operation, the removal of an ovary 
that is free from disease. 

Ovaritis {p-var-i' '-tis) [ovarium, ovary ; irtg, 
inflammation]. Oophoritis. 

Ovary (o'-var-e) [ovarium, an egg-holder, 
from ovum, egg]. One of a pair of glandular 
organs giving rise to ova. It consists of a 
fibrous framework or stroma, in which are 
imbedded the Graafian follicles, and is sur- 
rounded by a serous covering derived from 
the peritoneum. 

Overextension [AS., ofer, over ; extension]. 
Excessive extension ; extension beyond the 
normal point or line. 

Overtone [ AS. , ofer, over ; tone]. An har- 
monic tone heard above the fundamental tone. 

Oviduct {p'-vid-ukt) [ovum, egg; ductus, a 
canal]. The Fallopian tube; a small tube 
upon either side of the uterus through which 
the ovule passes to the uterus. 



OVIFEROUS 



469 



OXYHEMOGLOBIN 



Oviferous (o-vif'-er-us) [ovum, an egg ; ferre. 
to bear]. Producing or bearing ova. 

Ovification {o-vif-ik-a' 'shun) [ovum, egg ; 
facere, to make]. The production of ova. 

Ovigerm (o'-vij-erm) [ovum, an egg ; ger- 
men, sprout, bud]. A cell producing or 
developing into an ovum. 

Ovigerous [o-vif-er-us) [ovum, egg ; gerere, 
to carry]. Producing or carrying ova. 

Ovination (o-vin-a'-shun) [ovis, a sheep]. 
Inoculation with the virus of sheep-pox. 

Oviparous {o-vip' '-ar-us) [ovum, egg ; parere, 
to bring forth] . Laying eggs ; bringing forth 
young in the egg-stage of development. 

Ovisac {p' ' -vis-ak) [ovum, egg; saccus, sack]. 
The capsule of an ovum ; a Graafian follicle. 

Ovoid {o f -void) [ovum, egg; elSog, like]. 
Egg-shaped. O., Fetal, the fetal ellipse, or 
the ellipse formed by the bending of the fetal 
body in utero. 

Ovo viviparous {o-vo-vi-vip' '-ar-us) [ovum, 
egg ; viviparus, bringing forth alive] . Re- 
producing by means of eggs hatched within 
the body. 

Ovule {o f -vul) [ovum, egg]. I. The ovum 
before its escape from the Graafian vesicle. 
2. A small egg; especially a small egg-like 
body, as the O. of Naboth, one of the small 
cysts resulting from obstruction of the ducts 
of the glands of the cervix uteri. O., Mi- 
gration of, the transfer of the ovule from 
the ovary to the oviduct. 

Ovum [o'-vum) [ovum, an egg]. The re- 
productive cell of an animal or vegetable ; an 
egg. A human ovum is a cell consisting of 
a large amount of protoplasm (vitellus) and 
a large spheric nucleus, the germinal vesicle, 
within which is a bright spot, the nucleolus, 
or germinal spot. It is surrounded by an 
inner zone, the zona pellucida, and an outer, 
the vitelline membrane. O., Alecithal, 
one in which the food-yolk is entirely ab- 
sent, or present only in very small quantity. 
O., Blighted, an impregnated ovum the 
development of which has been arrested by 
disease or by hemorrhage into the chorion or 
amniotic cavity. O., Centrolecithal, one 
in which the formative yolk is arranged in a 
regular layer around the whole ovum, as well 
as in a mass at the center in which lies the 
germinal vesicle. O., Holoblastic, one in 
which the food-yolk is scant and more or less 
thoroughly intermingled with the formative 
yolk, and in which germination is accompan- 
ied by a practically uniform segmentation. 
O., Meroblastic, an ovum with a large 
amount of food-yolk that takes no active part 
in the development of the embryo. O., 
Telolecithal, one in which the food-yolk 
and the formative yolk divide the egg into 
two hemispheres, or in which the quantity 
of the nutritive yolk is greatly in excess. 



Oxalate {pks'-a-ldt) [btjalig, sorrel]. A salt 
of oxalic acid. 

Oxalic Acid {oks-al'-ik) [ofa/u'c, sorrel]. 
See Acid, Oxalic. 

Oxaluria {oks-a-lu' '-re-ah) [b^aXig, sorrel ; 
urina, urine]. The presence of an excessive 
amount of calcium oxalate in the urine. 

Oxalyl-urea {oks-a-lyl-u-re' ' -ah) [b^aXig, sor- 
rel ; urea\ Parabanic acid, a substance pro- 
duced by oxidizing uric acid or alloxan with 
nitric acid. 

Oxid {oks'-id) [b^vg, sharp]. A binary com- 
pound of oxygen and another element or 
radicle. 

Oxidation {oks-e-da' 'shun) [bgvg, sharp]. 
The act or process of combining with oxy- 
gen. 

Oxidize {oks f -e-diz) [b%vg, sharp]. To com- 
bine or to cause to combine with oxygen. 

Oxy- {pks'-e-) [b^vg, sour, sharp] . I . A pre- 
fix denoting sharp or acid. 2. A prefix denot- 
ing combined with oxygen. 

Oxyacid [oks f -e-as-id) [oxy-; acid~\. See 
Acid. 

Oxyakoia, Oxyacoa [oks-e-a-koi'-ah, oks-e- 
a-k'o'-ah) [bgvg, sharp ; anof], hearing]. In- 
creased acuteness of hearing. 

Oxysalt {pks'-esalt) [oxy-; salt\. A salt 
of an oxyacid. 

Oxybutyric Acid {oks-e-bu-ti* '-rik) [b%vg, 
acid; butyrtan, butter], C 4 H 8 3 . A fatty 
acid found in the urine in certain fevers and 
in diabetes. Its presence in the body in 
diabetes, simultaneously with that of diacetic 
acid, is supposed to be the cause of diabetic 
coma. 

Oxychlorid [oks-e-klo'-rid) [b^'vg, acid ; jAw- 
pog, green] . A compound of a basic element 
or radicle with both oxygen and chlorin. 

Oxydum {pks f -id-um) . See Oxid. 

Oxyecoia (oks-e-e-ko^-ah). Synonym of 
Oxyakoia. 

Oxygen (pks' '-e-jen) [b^'vg, acid ; yevvav, to 
produce]. A colorless, tasteless, odorless 
gas, one of the nonmetallic elements, having 
an atomic weight of 15.96 ; quantivalence II ; 
symbol O ; and constituting one-fifth of the 
atmosphere, eight-ninths of water, three- 
fourths of organized bodies, and about one- 
half the crust of the globe ; it supports com- 
bustion, and is essential to the respiration of 
animals and plants. It combines with most 
elements, its combination with the nonmetal- 
lic substances giving rise to acids (oxyacids) . 
In medicine it has been employed by inhala- 
tion in the treatment of pneumonia, pulmon- 
ary tuberculosis, grave anemias, asphyxia, and 
poisoning by opium. 

Oxygenated [pks' ' -e-jen-a-ted) [b!-vg, acid ; 
yevvav, to produce]. Containing or impreg- 
nated with oxygen. 

Oxyhemoglobin {pks-e-hem-o-glo' '-bin) [b^vg, 



OXYIODID 



470 



PACK 



acid; nl/xa, blood; globus, a round body]. 
Oxidized hemoglobin ; that found in ar- 
terial blood. 

Oxyiodid {oks-e-i f -o-did) [btjvg, acid; iudr/Q, 
like a violet]. A salt formed by the combi- 
nation of an element with both oxygen and 
iodin. 

Oxymel {oks ; -im-el) [o^vg, sharp ; fieTii, 
honey] . I . A mixture of honey and vinegar 
or dilute acetic acid. 2. Any preparation 
containing honey and vinegar (or acetic acid) 
as a vehicle, as O. of Squill. 

Oxyntic {oks-in' -tik) [o^vc, acid]. Secreting 
acid. O. Cells, cells of the fundus-glands 
of the stomach supposed to secrete hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Oxyopia [oks-e-o'-pe-aJi) [btjvg, sharp; hip, 
eye]. Increased acuity of vision. 

Oxytocic {oks-e-tos* -ik) [bijvg, sharp ; rdicog, 
labor]. I. Hastening parturition. 2. A 
drug that hastens parturition. 



Oxyuris {oks-e-u f -ris)\b^'vq, sharp ; ovpd, tail]. 
A genus of nematode worms, the pinworms. 
O. vermicularis, the common seat- worm or 
pinworm infesting the rectum of children. 

Ozena (o-ze'-nah) [oZ,v, a stench]. Chronic 
disease of the nose accompanied by a fetid 
discharge, and depending on atrophic rhinitis 
or syphilitic ulceration or caries. 

Ozocerite [o-zo-se' -rlt) [6^7. smell ; mypoc;, 
wax]. A solid paraffin found free in Galicia 
and Roumania, and used in diseases of the 
skin. 

Ozone (o'-zon) [b^etv, to smell]. An allo- 
tropic form of oxygen, the molecule of which 
consists of three atoms. It occurs free in the 
atmosphere, and is a powerful oxidizing 
agent. In medicine it is employed as a dis- 
infectant. 

Ozonized {o> '-zo-nlzd) [o^elv, to smell]. Con- 
taining ozone. 



P. 1. The symbol of phosphorus. 2. An 
abbreviation for (i) Position ; (2) Punctum 
proximum (near-point). 

p. Abbreviation for para-. 

Pabulum {pab> '-11-lum) [L.]. Food. 

Pacchionian {pak-e-o' -ne-an) . Described by 
Pacchioni, an Italian anatomist (1665- 
1726). P. Bodies, P. Glands, small 
fibrous outgrowths of the arachnoid which 
perforate the dura and by pressure produce 
depressions in the cranium (P. Depressions). 
The bodies are found along the superior 
longitudinal sinus. 

Pachy- {pak f -e) \jcaxvQ, thick]. A prefix 
meaning thick. 

Pachycephaly [pak - e- sef ; - al-e) \ttclx'vq, 
thick; neyaArj, head]. Abnormal thickness 
of the skull. 

Pachydermatocele {pak - e - der-mat'-o-sel ) 
\iraxvg, thick; dkpua, skin; Krfkrj, tumor]. 
A tumor due to thickening of the skin. 

Pachydermatous {pak-e-der' '-mat-us) \_ira- 
Xvg, thick ; depua, skin]. Thick-skinned. 

Pachyderma, Pachydermia {pak-e-der- 
mah, pak-e-der* ' -7ne-ah)[rcaxvq, thick ; deppia, 
skin]. I. Thickening of the skin. 2. Ele- 
phantiasis. P. laryngis, extensive thicken- 
ing of the mucous membrane of the larynx. 

Pachylosis {pak-e-lo' 'sis) [tzclxvs, thick]. 
A condition of the skin, especially of the 



legs, in which it is thick, dry, harsh, and 
scaly. 

Pachymeningitis {pak-e-men-in-ji' -tis) [71a- 
Xi'G, thick ; fiijviy!;, membrane ; mc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the dura of the 
brain (Cerebral P.) or the spinal cord (Spinal 
P.). P., External, that affecting the external 
layer of the dura. P., Hemorrhagic, P. 
haemorrhagica interna, an effusion of blood 
on the inner surface of the dura. P., Inter- 
nal, that involving the internal layer of the 
dura. P., Syphilitic, that due to syphilis. 

Pacini's Fluid (pah-tshe'-nez). A diluting 
fluid used in counting the red blood-corpus- 
cles. Its composition is : Mercuric chlorid 
2 grams ; sodium chlorid 4 grams ; glycerol 
26 c. c. ; distilled water 226 c. c. This is 
diluted with three parts of water before using. 

Pacinian [pa-sin' -e-an, pah-tshin'-e-ati). 
Described by Pacini, an Italian anatomist. 
P. Corpuscles, elliptic, semitransparent 
bodies, that represent one form of termina- 
tion of the sensory nerves of the skin, the 
peritoneum, and other parts. 

Pack {pak). A blanket, either dry or soaked 
in hot or cold water, and wrapped about the 
body. P., Cold, a blanket wrung out 
of cold water and wrapped about the body. 
P., Hot, a blanket wrung out of hot water 
and wrapped about the body. P., Wet, a 



PACKING 



471 



PALMITIC ACID 



blanket wrung out of warm or cold water, 
and wrapped about the body. 

Packing (pak'-ing). I. The act of filling a 
wound or cavity with gauze or other mate- 
rial. 2. The material used for filling the 
cavity. 

Pacquelin Cautery (pah'-kel-ang). See 
Cautery. 

Pagenstecher's Ointment [Pagenstecher, a 
German ophthalmologist]. An ointment of 
yellow oxid of mercury, used in ophthalmic 
practice. 

Paget's Abscess (paf-etz) [Sir J. Paget, an 
English surgeon]. A residual abscess. P. 
Disease of the Nipple. See Diseases, 
Table of. 

Pain [pan) [pozna, punishment, pain]. I. 
Bodily suffering due to irritation of a sensory 
nerve, or possibly in rare cases to changes in 
the central nervous system. 2. One of the 
rhythmic contractions of the uterus during 
labor. P., After-, that following labor, and 
caused by the uterus contracting to expel 
clots, etc. P., Bearing-down, pain with 
a sensation of dragging or bearing down of 
the pelvic organs, occurring in labor and in 
various inflammatory affections of the female 
pelvic organs. P., False, that occurring 
in the latter part of pregnancy and resem- 
bling labor-pain, although not followed by 
labor. P., Fulgurant, P., Fulgurating, 
the intense shooting pain affecting princi- 
pally the limbs of patients suffering from 
locomotor ataxia. P., Girdle-, a painful sen- 
sation as of a cord tied about the waist; it 
is a symptom of organic disease of the 
spinal cord. P., Growing, a popular term 
for the soreness about the joints in young 
persons at puberty. Some attribute it to 
increased vascularity of the epiphyses of 
long bones ; others, to rheumatism. P., 
Lancinating. See P., Fulgurant. P., 
Starting, pain caused by a spasmodic con- 
traction of the muscles just before the onset 
of sleep. It occurs in joint-diseases when 
the cartilages are ulcerated. 

Painters' Colic. Lead-colic. 

Palatal (paV-at-al) [palatum, palate]. Per- 
taining to the palate. 

Palate (pal' -at) [palatum, palate]. The 
roof of the mouth. It is composed of the 
hard palate, formed by the palatal processes 
of the superior maxillary bones and the pala- 
tal bones, and the soft palate, or velum 
palati, consisting of an aggregation of mus- 
cles, the tensor palati, azygos uvulae, pala- 
toglossus, and palatopharyngeus. P., Artifi- 
cial, a plate of hard material used as an 
obturator to close a fissure in the palate. P., 
Cleft, a congenital deformity characterized 
by incomplete closure of the lateral halves 
of the palate. 



Palatine (pa/'-a-tin) [palatum, palate]. I. 
Pertaining to the palate, as the P. arteries. 2. 
Conveying the palatine vessels or nerves. 

Palatoglossal (pal-a-to-glos'-al) [palatum, 
palate ; yXuaaa, tongue]. Pertaining to the 
palate and the tongue. 

Palatoglossus (pal-a-to-glos f -us). See Mus- 
cles, ladle of. 

Palatonasal (pal '- a - to - na' '- zal) [palatum, 
palate; nasus, nose]. Pertaining to the 
palate and the nose. 

Palatopharyngeal (pal- a - to -far- in'-je - al) 
[palatum., palate ; (papvyt;, pharynx]. Per- 
taining conjointly to the palate and the 
pharynx. 

Palatopharyngeus (pal-a-to-far-in f -je-us). 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Palatorrhaphy (pal-a-tor* '-a-fe). See Sta- 
phylo?-rhaphy. 

Palatosalpingeus ( pal- a -to- sal-pin f -je-us) . 
The tensor palati muscle. 

Palatoschisis (pal- a - tos r - kis - is) [ palatum, 
palate; cr^icrfc, cleft]. Cleft palate. 

Palatouvularis (pal-a-to-u-vu-la' '-ris) . The 
azygos uvulae muscle. 

Paleontology (pa-le-on-toV -o-je) [-na7.at6g, 
old ; cjv, being ; Xoyog, science]. The 
science of the early life-forms of the earth. 

Palingenesis (pal- in -jen ; - es - is) [iraXiv, 
again ; yeveatg, production]. The form of 
development of an individual germ in which 
the development of its ancestors is succinctly 
repeated. 

Palliative (paV -e-a-tiv) [palliare, to cloak]. 
I. Relieving or alleviating suffering. 2. A 
drug relieving or soothing the symptoms of 
a disease without curing it. 

Palm (pahm) [palma, palm] . I. The inner 
or flexor surface of the hand ; the hollow of 
the hand. 2. A palm-tree. P. -oil, oleum 
palmae, a fixed oil obtained from the fruit 
of Elais guineensis. It is employed in mak- 
ing soap. 

Palma (pal'-mak) [L.]. Palm. Palmae 
plicatse, the arborescent rugae of the interior 
of the vagina. 

Palmar (paV-mar) [palma >, palm]. Pertain- 
ing to the palm of the hand. P. Abscess, 
an abscess in the palm of the hand, usually 
situated beneath the palmar fascia. P. Arch, 
one of the two curved arches, superficial and 
deep, formed by the anastomosis of the radial 
and ulnar arteries in the hand. P. Fascia, 
the sheath investing the muscles of the hand. 

Palmaris (pal-ma' -ris). See Muscles, Table 
of 

Palmella (pal-meV-ah). .A genus of fresh- 
water algae. 

Palmellin (pal-meV-in). A red coloring- 
principle of a fresh-water alga, the Palmella 
cruenta, resembling hemoglobin. 

Palmitic Acid (pal-mit f -ik). See Acid. 



PALMITIX 



47Q 



PANGENESIS 



Palmitin {pal' -mit-in) [palma, palm-tree], 
C 3 H 5 (C 16 H 31 0,) 3 . Glyceryl tripalmitate, a 
solid crystallizable substance which, with 
stearin, constitutes the greater proportion of 
s:.:i :~a:s. 

Palmus {pal'-mus) \j—d?.uoc, a twitch]. 
Jumpers' disease, lata, or miryachit ; a form 
of convulsive tic. 

Palpate {pal' -pat) [palpare, to feel]. To 
examine by touch. 

Palpation {pal-pa' -shun) [palpare, to feel]. 
In physical diagnosis, the laying of the hand 
on a part of the body or the manipulation of a 
part with the hand for the purpose of ascertain- 
ing its condition or that of underlying organs. 
P.. Bimanual, the use of the two hands in 
examining an organ. 

Palpebral {pal' -pe-bral) [palpebra, eyelid]. 
Pertaining to the eyelid. P. Conjunctiva, 
the conjunctiva of the eyelid. P. Fissure, 
the opening between the upper and lower 
eyelids. 

Palpitation {pal-pit- a' -shun) [palpitare, to 
quiver]. A fluttering or throbbing, especi- 
ally of the heart, of which the person is con- 
scious. 

Palsy {pawl'-se) [from paralysis~\ . Paraly- 
: is. P.. Bell's. See Diseases, Table of. 
P.. Birth-. See Binh. P.. Crutch-, that 
due to pressure of the crutch in the axilla 
upon the nerves of the brachial plexus. P.. 
Erb 5. See ErFs Palsy. P.. Hammer-, 
that due to excessive use of the hammer. P.. 
Shaking. Synonym of Paralysis agitans. 
P.. Wasting, progressive muscular atrophy. 

Paludal {pal'-u-dal) [palus, marsh]. 
Pertaining to, or originating in marshes ; 
malarial. 

Paludism {pal'-u-dism) [palus, marsh]. 
Malarial poisoning. 

Pampiniform { pam-pin' -e-form)[pampinus , 
tendril; forma, form]. Having the form 
of a tendril. P. Plexus. ^ee P.. 
Spermatic. 

Pampinocele {pam-pin' -o-sel) \_pampinus, 
tendril; nrf/jj, tumor]. A varicocele of the 
veins of the pampiniform plexus. 

Panacea {pan-a-se'-ah) [t avdxeia, all-heal- 
ing, from ~ac. all; axoc, a cure]. A rem- 
edy curing all diseases ; a cure-all. 

Panama-fever. I. A pernicious form of 
malarial fever occurring on the isthmus of 
Panama. 2. Yellow fever. P. -paralysis. 
beriberi. 

Panaris {pan -a' - ris) \jpanaricium, a 
corruption of paronychium, paronychia] . See 
Paronychia. 

Panaritium {pan -or- ish' - e -um). See 
Paronychia. 

Panarthritis {pan-ar-thri'-tis) [Vac, all ; 
apdpov, joint; itic, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of all the structures of a joint. 



Panax (pa'-naks) [rrac, all; qkoc. cure]. 
Ginseng ; the root of P. quinquefolium, used 
in China as a remedy for many diseases. It 
is a demulcent and mild purgative. 

Pancreas {pan' -kre-as) [~ac, all; npeac, 
flesh]. A compound racemose gland, from 
six to eight inches in length, lying transversely 
across the posterior wall of the abdomen ; 
the sweetbread of animals ; the abdominal 
salivary gland of the Germans. Its right 
extremity, the head, lies in contact with the 
duodenum ;^ its left extremity, the tail, is in 
close proximity to the spleen. It secretes a 
limpid, colorless fluid that digests proteids, 
fats, and carbohydrates. The secretion is 
conveyed to the duodenum by the pancre- 
atic duct, or duct of TYirsung. P., Lesser, 
a small, partially detached portion of the 
gland, lying posteriorly to its head and hav- 
ing occasionally a separate duct that opens 
into the pancreatic duct proper. 

Pancreatic { pan-kre-at' -ik) [-or, all ; npiac, 
flesh]. Pertaining to the pancreas, as the 
P. duct ; depending upon disease of the pan- 
creas, as P. diabetes. P. Fluid or Juice. 
the secretion of the pancreas, a thick, trans- 
parent, colorless, odorless fluid, of a salty 
taste, and strongly alkaline. 

Pancreaticoduodenal {pan-kre-at-ik-o-du- 
od f -en-al) [rrac, all ; apeac, flesh ; duodenum, 
duodenum]. Pertaining to the pancreas and 
the duodenum, as the P. arteries. 

Pancreatin {pan-kre* '-al-in) [~ac, all ; Kpkac, 
flesh]. The active elements of the juice of 
the pancreas ; also the commercial extract of 
the pancreas, supposed to possess a fermenta- 
tive action similar to that of the pancreatic 
juice. 

Pancreatitis {pan-kre-at-i' -tis) \_~ac, all; 
upeaq, flesh; itic, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the pancreas. It may be hemorrhagic, 
suppurative, or gangrenous. The onset of 
P. is usually sudden, with severe abdominal 
pain, vomiting, tympanites, and tenderness 
of the abdomen. It is usually fatal. 

Pancreatotomy {pan-kre-at-of -o-me) [Vac, 
all; npeac, flesh; toutj, a cutting]. Incision 
of the pancreas. 

Pandemic pan-dem'-ik) [~ac, all; dquoc, 
people]. Epidemic over a wide area. 

Pandiculation {pan-dik-u-la' -shun) [pan- 
diculari, from pandere, to stretch out]. The 
act of stretching the limbs, especially on 
waking from sleep. 

Pang, Brow-. Hemicrania. 

Pangenesis {pan-jen' -es-is) [~ac, all ; yewav, 
to produce]. Darwin s theory of heredity, 
which supposes the existence of gemmui es 
minute particles separated from the body-cells 
and segregated from the circulation by the 
reproductive glands. These preformed con- 
stituents of all parts of the fully-formed ani- 



PANNEURITIS 



473 



PARABLASTOMA 



mal or plant become aggregated in the germ, 
and give rise by a process of evolution to the 
new organism. 

Panneuritis [pan-nu-ri / -Hs)[nag, all, every ; 
vevpov, nerve ; irig, inflammation]. Multiple 
neuritis. 

Panniculus (pan-ik'-u-lus) [dim. of pan- 
>i us, a piece of cloth]. A membrane or 
layer. P. adiposus, the layer of subcuta- 
neous fat. P. carnosus, the layer of mus- 
cles contained in the superficial fascia. It is 
well developed in the lower animals, but in 
man is represented mainly by the platysma. 

Pannus (pan' -us) [L., a cloth]. Vasculari- 
zation of the cornea, usually due to the irri- 
tation of trachoma-granulations. 

Panodic (pan-od'-ih). See Panthodic. 

Panophobia [pan - o -fo / - be - ah) [nag, all ; 
(pofiog, fear]. Morbid fear of everything; 
a symptom present in some cases of neuras- 
thenia. 

Panophthalmitis (pan-off-thal-mi r -tis) [nag, 
all ; bipda'Apdg , eye; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of all the tissues of the eyeball. 

Panosteitis [pan- os -te-i f -tis) [ nag, all; 
bareov, bone; trig, inflammation]. An in- 
flammation of all the structures of a bone. 

Panotitis (pan-o-ti f -tis) [nag, all ; ovg, ear; 
irig, inflammation]. An inflammation in- 
volving all the structures of the ear. 

Panspermatism (pan-sper' '-mat-izm) [nag, 
all ; cneppa, seed]. The theory that germs 
are omnipresent. 

Pansphygmograph (pan - sfig f - mo -graf) 
[nag, all ; a^vypog, pulse ; ypatpeiv, to write]. 
An instrument by means of which tracings 
can be taken simultaneously of the cardiac 
movements, the arterial pulse, and the respi- 
ration. 

Panthodic (pan-thcd f -ik) [nag, all; ofiog, 
way]. Of nervous impulses, radiating to all 
parts of the body. 

Pantophobia (pan-to-fo' -be-ah). See Pano- 
phobia. 

Pantoscopic ( pan-to-skop f -ik). See Bifocal. 

Papain (pa'-pa-in). See Papaya. 

Papaver (pa-pa' -ver). See Opium. 

Papaverin (pa-pa' -ver-in) [papaver, poppy], 
C 21 H 21 NO + . A crystalline alkaloid found in 
opium and thought to possess narcotic pro- 
perties. Dose gr. ^ (0.016). 

Papaya (pa-pa'-yah). Melon-tree; pawpaw 
— the Carica papaya, a tree of the order Pas- 
siflorae. The unripe fruit yields a milky 
juice containing an albuminous substance, 
papain or papayotin, capable of digesting 
fibrin and other proteid-bodies. Papain in 
commerce occurs as a grayish powder, and 
has been used as a digestant in dyspepsia, as 
an application to false membranes, warts, epi- 
theliomata, etc. Dose gr. v-x (0.32-0.65). 

Papayotin (pa-pa-yo'-tin). See Papaya. 



Papilla (pap-il'-ah) [L. , a nipple]. I. 
A small, nipple-like eminence. 2. Synonym 
of Optic Disc. P., Circumvallate, one of 
the large papilla at the root of the tongue, 
arranged like the letter V opening forward. 
P., Clavate. Synonym of P., Fungiform. 
P., Conical. See P. , Filiform. P., Den- 
tal. See Organ, Enamel-. P., Duodenal, 
the elevation at the point where the ductus 
communis choledochus enters the duode- 
num. P., Filiform, any one of the papillae 
occurring on all parts of the tongue, consist- 
ing of an elevation of connective tissue cov- 
ered by a layer of epithelium. P., Fungi- 
form, any one of the low, broad papillae 
found on the surface of the tongue, consisting 
of a connective-tissue elevation, covered by 
secondary papillae. P., Lacrimal, a small 
conic eminence on the eyelid at the inner 
canthus, pierced by the lacrimal punctum. P., 
Renal, the summit of any one of the renal 
pyramids projecting into the renal pelvis. 

Papillary (pap f -il-a-re) [papilla\ Com- 
posed of or containing papillae ; resembling a 
papilla. 

Papuliferous (pap-il-if '-er-us) [papilla, pa- 
pilla ; ferre, to bear]. Bearing or containing 
papillae, as a P. cyst. 

Papilliform (pap-iV -if-orm) [papilla, nipple ; 

forma, to form]. Shaped like a papilla. 

Papillitis (pap-il-i'-tis) [papilla, papilla; 
ircg, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
optic disc ; optic neuritis ; " choked disc." 

Papilloma (pap-il-o f -mah) [papilla, papilla; 
6/ua, tumor]. A growth on the skin or mu- 
cous membrane resembling hypertrophied 
papillae. It is a benign tumor, occumng in 
two forms, the hard P., one growing from 
squamous epithelium, and the soft P., one 
developed from columnar epithelium. 

Papule (pap f -ul) [papula, a pimple]. A 
small circumscribed, solid elevation of the 
skin. P., Moist, the syphilitic condyloma. 

Paquelin's Cautery. See Cautery. 

Par [L.]. A pair. P. vagum, the vagus 
nerves. 

Para.-(par / -ah-) [napd, beyond, beside]. I. 
A prefix signifying beyond, beside, near, the 
opposite of, etc. 2. In chemistry, prefixed 
to a derivative of the benzol ring, it indicates 
the substitution of two atoms of hydrogen 
situated opposite each other. 

Parabanic Acid (par-ah-ba' '-nik). SeeOxa- 
lyl-urea. 

Parablast (par f -ah-blast) [napd, beside; 
/3/\.aarog, germ]. One of the two main divis- 
ions of the embryonal tissues, from which the 
blood-vessels, lymphatic vessels, and other 
connective tissues are developed. 

Parablastic (par-ah-blas f -tik)[napa, beside ; 
fiAaoTog, germ] . Pertaining to the parablast. 

Parablastoma (par-ah-blas-to' '-mah ) [napd, 



PARACENTESIS 



474 



PARALYSIS 



beside ; /3Aaaroe, germ ; bfia, tumor] . A 
tumor composed of parablastic tissue. 

Paracentesis (par-ah-sen-te' 'sis) [irapd, be- 
side ; K£VT?/cig, puncture]. Puncture; especi- 
ally puncture of the wall of a cavity of the 
body, such as the thoracic wall, cornea, tym- 
panic membrane. 

Paracentral (par-ah-sen' -tral) [rcapd, beside ; 
Kkvrpov, center]. Situated near the center. 
P. Lobule, a convolution on the mesial sur- 
face of the cerebral hemisphere uniting the 
upper ends of the ascending frontal and 
ascending parietal convolutions. 

Paracephalus (par-ah-sef'-al-us) [rcapd, be- 
side ; ne(j)a?i7/ , head]. A monster character- 
ized by,a rudimentary, misshapen head, and 
defective trunk and limbs. 

Parachroma (par-ah-kro f -mah) [rcapd, be- 
side; xpufia, color]. Change in color, 
especially in the natural color of the skin. 

Paracolpitis (par-ah-kol-pi' -tis) [rcapd, by ; 
noXrcog, vagina ; trig, inflammation] . Inflam- 
mation of the connective tissue about the 
vagina. 

Paracoto (par-ah-ko' '-to) [rcapd, beside ; Sp. , 
cpto, a cubit]. A South American tree the 
bark of which contains a neutral substance, 
paracotoin, closely resembling cotoin. 

Paracresylol (par-ah-kres' ' -il-ol) [rcapd, be- 
side ; cresol\ A derivative of cresol. 

Paracusia, Paracusis (par-ah-ku f -ze- ah, 
par -ah- ku f - sis) [rcapd, beside ; anoveiv, to 
hear]. Perversion of the sense of hearing. 

Pa.Ta.cystitis(par-ah-sis-ti / -tis)[rcapd, beside ; 
icvarig, bladder; trig, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the connective tissue surround- 
ing the bladder. 

Paradidymis (par-ah-did' '-im-is) [rcapd, be- 
side ; dldvuog, testicle]. The organ of 
Giraldes, the atrophic remains of the tubules 
of the Wolffian body, lying among the con- 
volutions of the epididymis. 

Paradoxic Contraction. A slow tonic con- 
traction occurring in a muscle when suddenly 
relaxed or when its length is suddenly 
shortened. P. Pulse. See Pulse. 

Parsesthesia (pa7'-es-the / -ze-ah). See Par- 
esthesia. 

Paraffin (par' -af-hi) [parum, little ; affinis, 
affinity] . I . Any saturated hydrocarbon of 
the marsh-gas series, having the formula 
C n H 2n -i-2- 2. A white, odorless, translu- 
cent hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar or 
by the destructive distillation of wood. P. 
durum (B. P.), hard or solid paraffin, a 
mixture of several of the harder members of 
the paraffin-series of hydrocarbons. It is 
usually obtained by distillation from shale. 
P., Liquid, a liquid hydrocarbon of the 
paraffin- series. P. molle, soft paraffin; 
the Petrolatum molle of the (U. S. P.). 

PaLragammacismus(par-ah-gam-a-siz / -mus) 



[rcapd, beside ; ydjifia, the letter g]. Ina- 
bility to pronounce the hard g, and also k, 
other consonants being substituted, as d or t. 

Parageusia (par-ah-gu r -ze-ah) [rcapd, beside ; 
yevaig, taste]. Perversion of the sense of 
taste. 

Paraglobulin (par-ah-glob'-u-lin) [rcapd, be- 
side ; globulus, a little ball]. A globulin 
found in blood-serum and other fluids of the 
body. It is also called fibroplastic fibrino- 
plastin, and serum-globulin. 

Paraglobulinuria (par - ah -glob - u - tin - u f - 
re-ah) [rcapd, beside ; globuhts, a little ball ; 
urina, urine]. The presence of paraglobulin 
in the urine. 

Paragraphia (par - ah -graf- e - ah) [rcapd, 
aside ; ypdtyeiv, to write]. A form of aphasia 
in which the person writes the improper word 
or misplaces the words. 

Paralactic Acid(par-ah-lah / '-tik). See Acid, 
Sarcolactic \ 

Paralalia (par-ah-la f -le-ah) [rcapd, beside ; 
XaAcd, speech]. Disturbance of the faculty 
of speech. 

Paralbumin (par-al-bu' ' -miii) [rcapd, beside ; 
albumiri\. A proteid substance found in 
ovarian cysts. 

Paraldehyd (par-aP '-de-hid) [rcapd, beside ; 
aldehyd], C 6 H 12 3 . A polymeric form of 
aldehyd, occurring as a colorless liquid of re- 
pulsive odor and unpleasant taste, with power- 
ful hypnotic properties. It is used in delirium 
tremens, mania, tetanus, and other nervous 
affections. Dose, X\ 30-60 (2.0-4.0). 

Paralexia (par-ah-leks' -e-ah) [rcapd, beside; 
2.£^ig, speech] . Disturbance of the power of 
reading, consisting in the transposition or 
substitution of words or syllables. 

Paralgesia ( par-al-je' '-ze-ah) [rcapd, beside ; 
aXyog, pain]. An abnormal painful sensa- 
tion ; painful paresthesia. 

Parallax (par' '-al-aks) [rcapd, beside ; aX/iog, 
other]. The apparent displacement of an 
object due to a change in the position of the 
observer, or by looking at it alternately with 
one eye, then with the other. P., Crossed, 
P., Heteronymous, that in which the ob- 
ject moves away from the uncovered eye. 
P., Homonymous, that in which the ob- 
ject moves toward the uncovered eye. P., 
Vertical, that in which the object moves 
upward or downward. 

Paralogia (par- ah-lo f -j e-ah) [rcapd, beside ; 
loyog, reason]. Difficulty in thinking logi- 
cally. P., Thematic, a condition in which 
the thought is unduly concentrated on one 
subject. 

Paralysis (par-al'-is-is) [rcapd, beside; Tiveiv, 
to loosen]. A loss of motion or of sensa- 
tion in a part. P., Acute Ascending. See 
Landry's Paralysis, in Diseases, Table of. 
P., Acute Atrophic. See P., Infantile. 



PARALYSIS 



475 



PARALYSIS 



P., Acute Progressive. Synonym of P., 
Acute Ascending. P. agitans, shaking 
palsy, Parkinson's disease. P., Atrophic 
Spinal. See P., Infantile. P., Atrophos- 
pastic. Synonym of Amyotrophic Lateral 
Sclerosis. P., Bell's. See P., Facial. P., 
Brown-Sequard's, a motor paralysis of one 
side of the body with sensory paralysis of 
the other side. P., Bulbar, glossolabio- 
laryngeal paralysis. P., Central, a paralysis 
due to a lesion of the brain or spinal cord. 
P., Cerebral, a paralysis due to a brain- 
lesion. P., Crossed, a paralysis of the arm 
and leg of one side, associated with either a 
facial paralysis or a paralysis of the oculo- 
motor nerve of the opposite side. P., Crutch-. 
See Crutch-paralysis. P., Cruveilhier's, 
progressive muscular atrophy. P., Diph- 
theric, a motor paralysis due to the action 
of the diphtheria-poison on the nervous sys- 
tem, chiefly on the peripheral nerves. P., 
Duchenne's. See Duchenne 1 s Disease in 
Diseases, Table of. P., Erb's, a partial 
paralysis of the brachial plexus, involving 
the nerves supplying the deltoid, biceps, 
brachialis anticus, and supinator longus, often 
the supinator brevis, and occasionally the 
infraspinatus and subscapulars muscles. P., 
Facial, a paralysis of the muscles of the face, 
usually of one side only, due to central dis- 
ease or due to a lesion of the facial nerve. 
P., General [of the Insane), general pa- 
resis, paralytic dementia, paretic dementia, 
progressive paralysis of the insane ; an 
organic disease of the brain, characterized by 
progressive loss of power and by a deteriora- 
tion of the mental faculties, ending eventu- 
ally in dementia and death. The main 
symptoms may be divided into psychic, 
motor, and sensory. The psychic symptoms 
are principally a change of character and 
delusions of grandeur ; the motor are weak- 
ness, tremor, disturbance of speech, apoplec- 
tiform or epileptiform seizures, and finally 
motor paralysis ; there is often inequality of 
the pupils, with myosis or mydriasis ; sensory 
symptoms are slight and consist chiefly in 
paresthesias. The causes are obscure — 
syphilis and severe nervous strain are impor- 
tant factors. P., Infantile, acute anterior 
poliomyelitis, acute atrophic paralysis, atro- 
phic spinal paralysis, essential paralysis ; a 
disease peculiar to childhood, and character- 
ized by sudden paralysis of one or more limbs 
or of individual muscle-groups, and followed 
by rapid wasting of the affected parts, with 
reaction of degeneration and deformity. The 
paralysis is due to changes in the anterior 
cornua of the gray matter of the spinal cord, 
and is probably the result of infection. P., 
Ischemic, paralysis of a part due to stop- 
page of the circulation, e.g., paralysis of the 



lower limb following embolism or thrombo- 
sis of the femoral artery. P., Klumpke's, 
a paralysis involving the lower portion of the 
brachial plexus, the eighth cervical and first 
dorsal nerves, and characterized by paralysis 
of the small muscles of the hand, of some of 
the muscles of the forearm, with anesthesia 
in the distribution of the ulnar and median 
nerves. Pupillary changes may be present. 
P., Lead-, a paralysis due to lead, usually 
of the extensors of the wrist, causing wrist- 
drop. It is nearly always bilateral and is 
caused by a peripheral neuritis induced by 
the lead-poisoning. P., Little's, infantile 
cerebral spastic paraplegia. P., Motor, 
paralysis of the voluntary muscles. P., 
Musculospiral, paralysis of the extensors 
and supinators of the wrist, due to an injury 
or to inflammation of the musculospiral 
nerve. P., Nuclear, one due to a lesion 
of the nuclei of origin of a cranial nerve. 
P., Obstetric, any paralysis of the child 
resulting from injuries received during de- 
livery. P., Peripheral, loss of power due 
to a lesion of the nervous motor mechan- 
ism between the nuclei of origin and the 
peripheral termination. P., Postdiphther- 
ic. See P., Diphtheric. P., Pseudobul- 
bar, a symmetric lesion of the halves of the 
cerebrum producing paralysis of the lips, the 
tongue, and the larynx or the pharynx. P., 
Pseudohypertrophic Muscular, a chronic 
disease characterized by progressive muscular 
weakness, associated with an apparent hyper- 
trophy of the affected muscles. The disease 
usually begins in the muscles of the calf, and 
spreads over the body, the muscles of the 
hand almost always escaping. There is 
marked lordosis and a peculiar gait with 
wide separation of the legs and swaying of the 
body from side to side. The characteristic 
symptom is the manner in which the patient 
arises from the floor — he " climbs " upon his 
legs, on account of the weakened state of the 
extensor muscles of the back. It is most com- 
mon in young male children. The disease 
is entirely myopathic, no adequate nerve- 
lesion having as yet been discovered. The 
muscles are the seat of hypertrophy and 
atrophy of muscular fibers, hyperplasia of 
the connective tissue, and fatty infiltration. 
P., Reflex, the paralysis sometimes fol- 
lowing immediately upon a wound of a 
nerve, or the paraplegia sometimes due to 
irritation of an adherent prepuce. Other 
so-called reflex palsies, as that from renal 
calculus, are probably due to secondary 
changes in the spinal cord or nerves. P., 
Spastic, a paralysis associated with rigidity 
of the muscles and heightened tendon- 
reflexes. P., Spastic Spinal, lateral 
sclerosis. 



PARALYTIC 



476 



PARAPLEGIA 



Paralytic [par-ah-lit'-ik) [rcapaAvcic, paraly- 
sis]. I. Of the nature of paralysis ; affected 
with paralysis. 2. A person suffering from 
paralysis ; also, one suffering from general 
paralysis of the insane. 

Paralyzant {par-ah-W '-zant) [Trapd/.vcig, par- 
alysis]. I. Causing paralysis. 2. An agent 
or drug that induces paralysis. P., Motor, 
a drug paralyzing any part of the motor ap- 
paratus. 

Paralyzing Vertigo. See Gerlier''s Disease, 
Diseases, Table of. 

Paramagnetic {par-ah-mag-net' -ik) \irapd, 
beside; magnet\ Exhibiting a polarity in 
the same direction as the magnetizing force. 

Paramagnetism {par - ah - mag f - net - izm) 
[_-apa, beside; magnef\. The phenomena 
exhibited by paramagnetic substances. 

Paramastitis {par - ah - 7?ias-ti'- tis) \_~apd, 
near; /xaarog, mamma; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the connective tissue about 
the mamma. 

Paramenia (par-ah-me'-ne-ah) \_~apd, be- 
side; nfjvzg, menses]. Difficult or disordered 
menstruation. 

Parametric (par-ah-me^-rih) \_rzapd, beside ; 
fj-Tjrpa, uterus]. Pertaining to the tissues 
about the uterus. 

Parametritis {par - ah - me - tri'- lis) [rrapd, 
near; nvrpa, womb; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the cellular tissue about the 
uterus ; pelvic cellulitis. 

Parametrium [par - ah-me' '-tre-um) [irapa, 
near; /urjrpa, womb]. The connective tissue 
surrounding the uterus. 

Paramimia {par-ah-mim' -e-ali) [rrapd, be- 
side; fiiiiEiotlaL, to mirqic]. A form of 
aphasia characterized by the faulty use of 
gestures. 

Paramitome ( par-ah-??ii' '-to 771) [rrapd , beside ; 
pirog, thread]. The fluid portion of the cell- 
substance, contained in the meshes of the 
mitome. 

Paramnesia (par-am-ne' -ze-ah) [rrapd, be- 
side; pii/ivqanetv, to remind]. Illusion of 
memory, especially the illusion of feeling, as 
if one had already undergone the experience 
which may be passing. 

Paramorphin {par-ah-mor' -fin). See The- 
bain. 

Paramusia {par-ah-mu f -ze-ah) [rrapd. beside ; 
iiovgikt), music]. A form of aphasia in which 
there is perversion of the musical sense, re- 
sulting in the production of improper notes 
and intervals. 

Paramyoclonus multiplex ( par-ah-mi-ok' '- 
lo-nns 7mtl f -tip-leks). A neurosis marked by 
sudden, shock-like muscular contractions, 
which are bilateral and do not as a rule affect 
the hands or face. The etiology is unknown, 
and the disease is believed to be analogous to 
chronic adult chorea. 



Paramyosinogen ypar-ah-mi-o-sin' -o-jen) 
[rrapd, beside ; fivg, muscle ; yevvdv, to 
beget]. One of the proteids of muscle- 
plasma, coagulating at 47 C. 

Paramyotonia {par - ah - mi - - to f - ne - ah) 
[rrapa, aside ; /uvg, muscle ; rovog, tone]. A 
perversion of muscular tonicity, characterized 
by tonic spasms. It is usually congenital (P. 
congenita). See Thomseii's Disease, Dis- 
eases, Table of. 

Paranephritis {par-ah-nef-ri' -tis) \_-apa, be- 
side ; ve6pog, kidney; trig, inflammation]. 

1. Inflammation of the paranephros. 2. In- 
flammation of the connective tissue about the 
kidney. 

Paranephros {par-ah-nef '-ros) \_~apa , beside ; 
veppog, kidney] . The suprarenal capsule. 

Parangi {par-an'-je). See Frambesia. 

Parancea, Paranoia {par-ah-ne'-ah, par-ah- 
noi f -ah) \_~apd, beside ; voog, mind] . Mental 
aberration, especially a chronic disease char- 
acterized by systematized delusions. 

Paranoiac {par-ah-noi'-ak) \_~apd, beside; 
voog, mind]. I. Affected with paranoia. 2. 
A person who is affected with paranoia. 

Paranucleus ( par-ah-nu' -kle-as) \jzapd, be- 
side ; nucleus, kernel]. An irregular spheric 
body lying in the protoplasm of a cell near 
the nucleus and perhaps extruded by the 
latter. 

Parapeptone {par-ah-pep f -ton). See Pep- 
tone. 

Paraphasia ( pa?'-ah-fa / -ze-ah)[~apd, beside ; 
(bdaig, speech]. A form of aphasia in which 
there is inability to connect ideas with the 
proper words to express the ideas. 

Paraphimosis {par-ah-fi-mo' -sis) [jrapd, be- 
side ; (pifioeiv, to bridle]. Retraction and con- 
striction of the prepuce behind the glans 
penis. 

Paraphonia { par-ah-fo f -ne-ah) \_~apd, beside ; 
oui-r/, voice]. Any abnormal condition of 
the voice. 

Paraphrasia {par-ah-fra' -ze-ah) [rrapd, be- 
side ; (ppdaig, utterance]. A form of aphasia 
characterized by incoherence of speech. 

Paraplasm {par'-ah-plazm) \_~apd, beside ; 
77/.aGfj.a, a thing formed]. I. The fluid sub- 
stance in the meshes of the cell -protoplasm. 

2. A heteroplasm or false growth. 
Paraplegia ( par-ah-ple' ' -je-ah)\_~apd, beside; 

■a'Atp/i], stroke]. Paralysis of the lower half 
of the body, or of the lower extremities. P., 
Ataxic, a disease characterized clinically by 
a combination of ataxia and exaggerated 
tendon-reflexes, and anatomically by sclerosis 
of the posterior and lateral columns of the 
cord. P., Infantile Spasmodic, spastic 
cerebral paraplegia, spasmodic tabes dor- 
salis, birth-palsy ; a spastic paralysis coming 
on in early childhood, and usually dependent 
on a cerebral lesion with failure of proper de- 



PARAPLEGIC 



477 



PAREIRA 



velopment or secondary sclerosis of the 
motor tracts of the spinal cord. The causes 
are injuries during birth, intrauterine cerebral 
inflammation , or anomalies of brain-develop- 
ment. P., Spastic, lateral sclerosis. 

Paraplegic (par-ah-ple' '-jik) [irapd, beside ; 
ir'Krjy'f], a stroke]. Pertaining to, or affected 
with, paraplegia. 

Paraproctitis {par-ah-prok-ti' -tis) [rcapd, be- 
side ; rcponrog, anus; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the connective tissue about 
the rectum. 

Parareducin {par-ah-re-du' -sin) \jcapd, be- 
side ; redncere, to lead back]. A leukomain 
found in conjunction with reducin in the 
urine. 

Pararhotacism {par-ah-ro'-tas-izm). See 
Rhotacisin. 

Pararthria (par-ar f -thre-ah) [napd, beside ; 
apdpov, articulation]. A disorder of articu- 
late speech. 

Parasigmatism (par-ah-sig' '-mat-izm) [-rcapd, 
beside ; aiypia, the letter c]. The inability to 
pronounce s or sh, another letter, as f, being 
substituted. 

Parasinoidal (par-ah-sin-oi'-dal) [-rcapd, be- 
side ; sinus, sinus]. Lying near or along a 
cerebral sinus. P. Spaces, the expansion 
of the . cerebral veins just before emptying 
into the superior longitudinal sinus. 

Parasite {par' -ah- sit) [ rcapd, near; alrog, 
food]. I. An animal or vegetable living 
upon or within another organism, termed the 
host. The most important classes of animal 
parasites of man are the following : (A) Pro- 
tozoa, unicellular organisms, as the Plasmod- 
ium mal arise ; the Amoeba coli. (B) Metazoa, 
multicellular organisms, as (a) The Vermes, 
or worms, including the Trematodes, the most 
important of which are the Distomas ; the Ces- 
todes, Taeniae or tape-worms, including Taenia 
solium, Taenia mediocanellata or saginata, 
Taenia echinococcus, and Bothriocephalus 
latus ; the Nematodes, comprising Ascaris, 
Oxyuris, Anchylostomum, Filaria, Trichina, 
and Trichocephalus ; (b) the Arthropoda, 
including the itch-mite, louse, flea, etc. The 
vegetable parasites are the bacteria and fungi, 
q. v. 2. In teratology, a fetus or fetal parts 
attached to or included in another fetus. 

Parasitic { pai'-ah-sit f -ik)[Tcapd, beside; alrog, 
food]. I. Of the nature of a parasite ; liv- 
ing upon or in an animal or vegetable ; as 
P. bacteria, P. worms. 2. Caused by para- 
sites ; as P. skin-diseases. 

Parasiticide (par-aA-sit' -is-ld ) [rcapd, be- 
side ; alrog, food; cczdere, to kill]. I. De- 
structive to parasites. 2. An agent capable 
of destroying parasites ; especially one de- 
stroying the parasites living upon or in the 
skin. 

Parasitism [par' ' -ah-si-tizm) [-rcapd, beside; 



alrog, food]. The relation that a parasite 
bears to its host ; infestion by parasites. 

Parasitogenetic (par-ah-si-to-gen-ef- ik) 
[-rcapd, beside ; alrog, food ; yevvdv, to be- 
get]. Produced by parasites ; depending for 
its origin upon parasites. 

Parasitology {par-ah-si-tol' '-o-je) [rcapd, be- 
side ; alrog, food; Xoyog, science]. The 
study of parasites. 

Paraspadia (par-ak-spa' '-de-ah) [rcapd, be- 
side ; arcdsiv, to draw]. A condition in 
"which the urethra opens on one side of the 
penis. 

Parasternal ( par-ah-ster' '-tial) [rcapd, beside; 
arepvov, sternum]. Beside or near the ster- 
num. P. Line, the imaginary vertical line 
midway between the margin of the sternum 
and the line passing through the nipple. P. 
Region, the region between the sternal mar- 
gin and the parasternal line. 

Parathyroid \par-ah-thi f -roid) [-rcapd, beside; 
Ovpeog, a shield ; eldog, like] . I . Lying be- 
side the thyroid gland. 2. An accessory 
thyroid gland. 

Paratoloid (par-ah'-to-loid). Synonym of 
Tuberculin. 

Paratonia (par-a/i-to' -ne-a/i) [-rcapd. beside ; 
rovog, stretching]. Overextension ; exces- 
sive tension. 

Paratrichosis iypar-ah-trik-o' -sis) \_irapd, be- 
side ; QpiZ,, hair]. A condition in which the 
hair is either imperfect in growth or develops 
in abnormal places. 

Paratrimma (par-ah-trim'-ak^Tcapd, along ; 
rpifletv, to rub]. Intertrigo. 

Paratyphlitis {par-ah-iif-W '-tis) [-rcapd, be- 
yond; rixpliog, blind; irtg, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the connective tissue behind 
the cecum. 

Paraxanthin (par-ak-zan' '-thin) [rcapd, be- 
yond; Zavdog, yellow], C 7 H 8 N + 2 . Dimeth- 
ylxanthin, a crystalline leukomain occur- 
ring in normal urine, and isomeric with theo- 
bromin, which it resembles in its action upon 
the organism, producing muscular rigidity, 
dyspnea, and diminution in reflex excita- 
bility. 

Paraxial [par-aks'-e-al) [rcapd, beside; d^tg, 
axis]. Lying near the axis of the body. 

Paregoric {par-e-gor f -ik) [icap^yoptKog, con- 
soling]. I. Soothing, or assuaging. 2. A 
soothing remedy, as P. Elixir, or simply 
paregoric, the tinctura opii camphorata. 

Pareira {par-i f -rah). The root of Chondro- 
dendron tomentosum, of the natural order 
Menispermaceae. It was formerly called P. 
brava. It contains a resin, an alkaloid, 
pelosin, identical with berberin, a bitter 
principle, a nitrogenous substance, calcium 
malate, potassium nitrate, and other salts. 
P. is used as-a diuretic in calculous pyelitis ; 
in cystitis; and has also been employed in 



PARENCEPHALON 



478 



PAROTITIS 



leukorrhea, rheumatism, and dropsy, and in 

Brazil in the treatment of snake-bite. 
Decoctum pareira fiuidum (B. P.). Dose 

f^j-ij (32.0-64.0). Extractum pareirae 
(B. P.). Dose gr. x-xx (0.65-1.3). Ex- 
tractum pareirae fiuidum (U. S. P.). Dose 
f^ss-f^j (2.0-4.0). Extractum pareirae 
liquidum (B. P.). Dose f 3J (4.0). 

Parencephalon (par-en-sej "' '-al-on) [irapd, 
beside; h/Ke<pa?iog, brain] . The cerebellum. 

Parencephalus (par-en-sef f -al-us) [irapd, 
beside; b/ne<paAog, brain]. A congenital 
malformation of the brain . See Porenceph- 
alies. 

Parenchyma (par-eng' '-kim-ah) [irapd, be- 
side ; kyx^~ iV i to pour in]. The essential or 
specialized part of an organ, as distinguished 
from the supporting connective tissue. 

Parenchymatous (par-eng-kim' '-at-us , or 

par-eng-ki' ' -mat-tis) [irapd, beside ; eyxeiv, 
to pour in]. Pertaining to, or affecting the 
parenchyma. P. Degeneration, cloudy 
swelling. P. Inflammation, inflammation 
of the parenchyma, as distinguished from 
that of the interstitial tissue. 

Parepididymis (par-ep-e-did' -im-is). See 
Paradidymis. 

Paresis (par' -es-is) [irapd, from ; that, to 
let go]. A slight paralysis ; incomplete loss 
of muscular power. P., General. See 
Paralysis, General. 

Paresthesia (par-es-the' '-ze-ah) [irapd, be- 
side ; aladrjOLQ, sensation] . I . Morbid or 
perverted sensation, as numbness, formication, 
" pins-and-needles." 2. See Acroparesthesia. 

Paresthetic (par-es-thet'-ik) [irapd, beside ; 
alaBijatg, sensation]. Pertaining to, affected 
with, or characterized by paresthesia. 

Paretic (par-et r -ik) [irapd, beside ; ik vat, to 
let go]. Pertaining to, or affected with par- 
esis. P. Dement, a person suffering from 
paretic dementia. P. Dementia. See 
Paralysis, General. 

Pareunia (par-u'-ne-ah) [irapd, beside ; evvtj, 
bed]. Coitus. 

Paridrosis ( par-id-ro'-sis) [irapd, beside ; 
ifipur, sweat]. Any abnormal condition of 
the secretion of sweat. 

Parietal (par-i'-et-al) [ paries, wall]. I. 
Forming or situated on a wall, as the P. 
layer of the peritoneum. 2. Pertaining to, or 
in relation with the parietal bone of the skull, 
as the P. foramen, P. lobe of the brain. 
P. Cells, cells found in the periphery of 
the peptic glands of the stomach, immediately 
beneath the basement-membrane. Their 
function is supposed to be the secretion of 
hydrochloric acid. 

Parietooccipital (par-i-et - - ok - sip' '- it-al) 
[paries, a wall ; occiput, the back of the 
head]. Pertaining to the parietal and occi- 
pital bones or lobes. 



Parietosphenoid [par - i- et- - sfe f - noid ) 
[paries, wall ; ami/v, wedge ; eldog, like]. 
Pertaining to the parietal and sphenoid 
bones. 

Parietosquamosal (par - i- et-o- skwa - mo f - 
sal ) [paries, a wall ; squama, a scale]. Of or 
pertaining to the parietal bone and the squa- 
mous portion of the temporal bone. P. 
Suture, a suture between the squamous por- 
tion of the temporal bone and the parietal 
bone. 

Parietotemporal ( par -i-et-o- tem'-po - ral ) 
[paries, a wall ; tempora, the temples]. Per- 
taining to the parietal and temporal bones. 
P. Suture, the suture between the parietal 
and temporal bones. 

Paris Green, Cu(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 .3Cu(As0 2 ) 2 . 
Acetoarsenite of copper, a poisonous substance 
used in the arts and for the destruction of the 
potato-bug. 

Parkinson's Disease. See Paralysis agit- 
ans. 

Paronychia ( par-o-nik' -e-ah) [irapd, beside ; 
bvv!- nail]. An inflammation of the flexor 
tendons and tendinous sheaths of the fingers ; 
whitlow. 

Paroophoron (par-o'-off f -o-roii) [irapd, be- 
side ; cjov, an egg; yepeiv, to bear]. The 
persistent tubules of the posterior part of the 
Wolffian body in the female, corresponding 
to the organ of Giraldes in the male. 

Parosmia (par-oz / -t?ie-ah)[irapd, aside ; bapi], 
smell]. A perversion of the sense of smell. 

Parostitis (par-os-ti f -tis) [irapd, near ; bareov, 
bone; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the outer surface of periosteum. 

Parostosis (par- os-to f -sis) [irapd, beside ; 
barkov, bone]. The abnormal formation of 
bone outside of the periosteum, or in the con- 
nective tissue surrounding the periosteum. 

Parotid (par-ot / -id)[7rapd, near; ovg, ear]. 

1. Situated near the ear, as the P. Gland. 

2. Pertaining to or affecting the parotid gland. 
P. Abscess, an abscess of the parotid gland ; 
The term is sometimes also applied to abscess 
of the lymphatic gland lying upon the paro- 
tid. P. Gland, one of the salivary glands 
situated in front of and below the external 
ear. It is a compound racemose gland and 
secretes saliva containing ptyalin, a globulin- 
like body, potassium sulphocyanid, a trace 
of urea, and mineral salts. Its duct is 
known as Stensen's duct. 

Parotiditis (pa?'-ot-id-i ; -tis). See Parotitis. 

Parotitis (par-o-ti' '-tis) [irapd, beside ; ovg, 
ear ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
parotid gland, especially the specific infectious 
disease known as mumps ; the name is also 
given to inflammation of the lymphatic gland 
overlying the parotid (Parotid bubo). P., 
Metastatic, that secondary to disease else- 
where ; it occurs in infectious fevers, as 



PAROVARIAN 



479 



PASTEURIZATION 



typhoid fever, and usually goes on to suppu- 
ration. 

Parovarian (par-o-va' '-re-an) \jzapd, beside ; 
ovarium, ovary]. I. Situated near the 
ovary. 2. Pertaining to the parovarium. 

Parovarium {par-o-va f -re-um) [jrapd, be- 
side; ovarium, ovary]. The remnant of the 
Wolffian body of the female ; the organ of 
Rosenmiiller. 

Paroxysm (par f -oks-izm) [rrapd, beside ; 
b^vvtiv, to sharpen]. The periodic increase 
or crisis in the progress of a disease ; a sud- 
den attack, a sudden reappearance ol symp- 
toms, or a sudden increase in the intensity of 
existing symptoms. 

Paroxysmal (par-ohs-iz'-mal) [irapa, be- 
side ; bgvvEiv, to sharpen]. Of the nature 
of or resembling a paroxysm ; occurring in 
paroxysms. 

Parrot-beak Nails. Nails that are curved 
strongly anteroposteriorly, like the beak of 
the parrot. 

Parrot's Disease. Syphilitic pseudoparaly- 
sis. See Diseases, Table of. 

Parrot's No'des. See Signs and Symptoms, 
Table of. 

Parry's Disease. Exophthalmic goiter. 

Pars (parz) [L.]. A part. P. ciliaris 
retinae, the part of the retina in front of the 
ora serrata. 

Parsley ( pars / -le) [7rerpoc, rock ; aeTavov, a 
kind of parsley]. The Apium petroselinum, 
a plant of the order Umbelli ferae, containing 
a volatile oil. From the seed a peculiar oily 
liquid, termed apiol [a. v.), is obtained. The 
root is used in renal diseases and dropsy ; the 
juice of the fresh herbs and the seeds are 
employed as antiperiodics ; apiol is an em- 
menagogue. 

Parson's Disease. Exophthalmic goiter. 

Parthenium {par-the f -ne-um) [irapdevog, a 
virgin]. A genus of herbs of the order Com- 
posite. P. hysterophorus contains parthenic 
acid and several alkaloids, one of which, 
called parthenin, seems to be the active 
principle o# the plant and has been used as 
an antipyretic and antineuralgic. P. integ- 
rifolium, prairie dock, a perennial plant of 
the Southern U. S., is used as an antiperiodic. 

Parthenogenesis ( par - then - o -jen'- es - is) 
[irapOivog, a virgin ; ykviatq, a begetting] . The 
development of an organism from an unfer- 
tilized ovum. 

Partridge-berry. See Gaultheria procum- 
bens. 

Parturient (par-tu f -re-enf) [parturire, to 
bring forth]. I. Being in labor; giving 
birth ; as a P. woman. 2. Traversed during 
birth, as the P. canal. 

Parturiometer (par-tu-re-om r -et-er) [par- 
turire, to bring forth; /uerpov, measure]. An 
instrument for determining the progress of 



labor by measuring the expulsive force of the 
uterus. 

Parturition ( par - tu - risk'- uri) [parturitio, 
from parturire , to bring forth]. The act of 
giving birth to young. See Labor. 

Partus {par' ' -tus) [parere, to bring forth]. 
The bringing forth of offspring ; labor. P. 
csesarius, Cesarean section. P. difficilis, 
dystocia. P. immaturus, premature labor. 
P. maturus, labor at term. P. praecipita- 
tus, precipitate labor. P. siccus, dry labor. 

Parulis (par-u'-lis) \irapa, near ; ov?iov, the 
gum]. Abscess of the gum; gum-boil. 

Paruria (par-u' ' -re-ah) \jrapa, beside ; urina, 
urine]. Abnormality in the excretion of the 
urine. 

Parvolin (par'-vo-lin), C 9 H 13 N. I. A syn- 
thetic liquid base. 2. A ptomain isomeric 
with it, occurring in decomposing fish and 
horseflesh. 

Parvule (par'-vul) [parvus, small]. A 
small pill, or pellet. 

Passage (pas' -aj) [passare, to pass]. I. A 
channel. 2. The act of passing from one 
place to another. 3. The introduction of an 
instrument into a cavity or channel. 4. An 
evacuation of the bowels. P., False, a false 
channel, especially one made by the unskil- 
ful introduction of an instrument into the 
urethra. 

Passion (pash'-un) [passio, from pati, to 
suffer] . I . Pain ; suffering ; as iliac P. , a 
synonym of volvulus. 2. An intense emo- 
tion of the mind ; intense sexual excitement. 

Passive (pas'-iv) [pati, to suffer]. Not ac- 
tive ; not performed or produced by active 
efforts, but by causes coming from without. 
P. Congestion, congestion due to retention 
of blood in a part, and not to an active flow 
of blood toward the part. P. Immunity. 
See Immunity. P. Motion, the movement 
produced by external agency, and not by the 
person himself. 

Passula (pas'-u-lah) [L.]. A raisin. 

Paste (past) [pasta ; irdarrj, mess ; irdaoeiv, 
to sprinkle]. Any soft, sticky substance, es- 
pecially a mixture of starch or flour and 
water. P., Arsenical, a caustic paste con- 
taining arsenic. P., Canquoin's. See Can- 
quoinis Paste. P., London-, a mixture of 
equal parts of sodium hydrate and slaked lime, 
moistened with alcohol. P., Vienna-, a 
mixture of potassium hydrate and caustic 
lime moistened with water. 

Pasteur's Fluid or P.'s Liquid [Louis Pas- 
teur, a French scientist]. An artificial liquid 
for the cultivation of bacteria, composed of 
water 100 parts, crystallized sugar 10 parts, 
carbonate of ammonium and ashes of yeast, 
each 1 part. 

Pasteurization (pas-tur-i-za' '-shun) [Louis 
Pasteur, a French scientist]. The process 



PASTIL 



480 



PEARL 



of checking fermentation in milk, wine, and 
other organic fluids by heating them to 6o° 
or 70 C. 

Pastil, Pastille {pas' -til, pas-til' ) [dim. of 

pasta, paste]. I. A small mass composed of 
aromatic substances and employed in fumi- 
gation. 2. A troche. 

Patch [Low Ger. plakke, a spot] . An irregu- 
lar spot or area. P., Mucous. One of 
the characteristic lesions of syphilis, occur- 
ring in the so-called secondary stage, and 
appearing as a whitish papule or patch on 
mucous membranes and at mucocutaneous 
junctions. It is also called mucous papule 
and condyloma latum. P., Opaline. See 
Opaline. Peyer's Patches. See Glands, 
Peyer 's. 

Patella {pat-el' -ah) [dim. of patina, a shal- 
low dish]. The knee-pan, a small, round 
sesamoid bone in front of the knee, developed 
in the tendon of the quadriceps extensor 
femoris muscle. 

Patellar ( pat- e l> -ar)\_ patina, a shallow dish]. 
Pertaining to the patella. P. Reflex, or P. 
Tendon-reflex. See Knee-jerk and Re- 
flexes, Table of. 

Patency { pa'-ten-se)\_patere, to stand open]. 
The state of being open ; openness. 

Pathetic {path-ef -ik) \_irad??TiK6g ; Trddog, 
disease]. Arousing pity; indicating sad- 
ness or sorrow ; appealing ; that which ap- 
peals to or stirs the passions ; applied to the 
fourth cranial nerve (P. nerve), which inner- 
vates the P. muscle (Patheticus, superior 
oblique) of the eye, by which the eye is 
rolled outward and downward. 

Pathetism {path' -et-izm) [nddog, disease]. 
Hypnotism. 

Pathoanatomy {path-o-an-af -o-me) \jrddog, 
disease; dvarofir/, a cutting up]. Pathologic 
anatomy. 

Pathogenesis {path-o-jen' -es-is) [-rrddog, dis- 
ease ; yevvdv, to beget] . The origin or de- 
velopment of disease. 

Pathogenic, Pathogenetic {path-o-jen' -ik, 
path-o-jen-et' -ik) [irddog, disease ; yevvdv, to 
beget]. Producing disease. P. Microor- 
ganism, one that when introduced into the 
system causes disease. 

Pathognomonic {path-og-no-mon' -ik) \jrd- 
Oog, disease ; yva/iov, judge] . Characteristic 
of a disease, distinguishing it from other 
diseases. 

Pathologic {path-o-loj' -ik) [irddog, disease ; 
Tioyog, science]. Pertaining to pathology; 
pertaining to disease. P. Anatomy. See 
Anatomy. P. Histology, the microscopic 
study of diseased tissues. 

Pathologist {path-ol'-o-jist) [nddog, disease; 
Tioyog, science]. One versed in pathology. 

Pathology {path-ol' -o-je) [rrddog, disease ; 
?ioyog, science]. The branch of medical 



science that treats of the modifications of 
function and changes in structure caused by 
disease. P., Cellular, pathology that makes 
the cell the basis of all vital phenomena, 
and teaches that every cell is derived from a 
preexisting parent-cell. P., Comparative, 
a study of pathologic processes in lower 
animals, for purposes of tracing resemblances 
and differences among them and between 
them and those of the human body. P., 
Experimental, the study of pathologic pro- 
cesses artificially induced in lower animals. 
P., General, that department of pathology 
which takes cognizance of those morbid 
processes that may be observed in various 
diseases and in any organ, e. g., inflamma- 
tion, hypertrophy. P., Geographic, path- 
ology in its relation to climatic and geo- 
graphic conditions. P., Humoral, the old 
doctrine that disease is due to abnormal con- 
ditions of the blood. It has been revived 
in recent times in a modified form, and is 
now based on the theory that both immunity 
and susceptibility to disease reside in the 
juices of the body. P., Special, that treat- 
ing of changes in function and structure oc- 
curring in special organs, e. g., pneumonia. 
P., Surgical, the pathology of diseases 
treated by the surgeon. 

Pathophobia {path-o-fo' -be-ah) [rcddog, dis- 
ease ; (f)6j3og, fear]. Exaggerated dread of 
disease. 

Patient {pa'-shent) \_pati, to suffer]. A 
person under the care of a physician ; a sick 
person. 

Paullinia {paiv-lin' -e-ah). See Guarana. 

Paulocardia {paw-lo-kar'-de ah) [nav'Aa, 
pause ; itapdia, heart]. A subjective sensa- 
tion of intermission or momentary stoppage 
of the heart-beat. 

Pavement-epithelium. Epithelium consist- 
ing of flattened scale-like cells fitted to- 
gether by their edges like the tiles of a pave- 
ment. 

Pavilion {pa-vil' '-yon) [papilio, a butterfly ; 
a tent]. The expanded extremity of a canal 
or tube, as the P. of the ear — the auricle; 
the P. of the Fallopian tube — the fimbriated 
extremity of the Fallopian tube. 

Pavor {pa'-vor) [L.]. Fright; fear. P. 
nocturnus, night-terrors. 

Pavy's Disease. Intermitting or recurrent 
albuminuria. 

Pawpaw. See Papaya. 

Pearl {perl) [Fr. , perle, from L. , pirula, a 
little pearl]. In pharmacy, a small hollow 
glass body containing a dose of a volatile 
liquid medicine, as a P. of amyl nitrite. 
P. -disease, tuberculosis of serous mem- 
branes in the lower animals, especially 
cattle, so-called on account of the most 
manifest lesion, the pearly nodules or tumors, 



PEARLY BODY 



481 



PELARGONIC ACID 



which are often pendulous. P., Epider- 
mic, P., Epithelial, one of the spheroid 
concentric masses of epithelial cells often 
seen in hard papillomata, in squamous epi- 
theliomata, and in cholesteatomata ; they are 
also called pearly bodies. 

Pearly Body. See Pearl, Epithelial. 

Pebrine (peb'-rin) [Fr.]. An infectious epi- 
demic disease of silkworms. 

Pecquet, Cistern of, or Reservoir of. The 
receptaculum chyli. 

Pecten ipekf-ten) [pecten, a comb]. The os 
pubis. 

Pectin (pek'-tin) [tttjktoc, congealed]. A 
white amorphous carbohydrate contained 
in ripe fleshy fruits and in certain roots, 
and believed to be formed from the pectose 
found in unripe fruits by the action of acids. 
It is also called vegetable jelly. 

Pectinate (pek'-tin-dt) [pecten, a comb]. 
Arranged like the teeth of a comb. P. 
Ligament, fibers of connective tissue at the 
angle of the anterior chamber of the eye, be- 
tween the iris and the cornea. P. Muscles, 
the musculi pectinati, muscular ridges in the 
auricles of the heart. 

Pectineal (pek-ti?i-e'-al) \_pecten, a comb]. 

1. Comb-shaped. 2. Pertaining to the pec- 
ten or os pubis. P. Line, that part of the 
ileopectineal line found on the os pubis. 

Pectineus (pek-tin-e'-us). See Muscles, Table 

of. 
Pectiniform (pfk-tin'-iform) [pecten, a 

comb^ forma, a form]. Comb-shaped. 
Pectoral (pek'-lo-ral) [pectus, breast]. I. 

Pertaining to the chest, as the P. muscles. 

2. Useful in diseases of the chest. 3. A 
remedy useful in diseases of the chest. 

Pectoralis {pek - tor - a / - lis). See Muscles, 
Table of 

Pectoriloquy [pek - tor - il f - - kwe) [pectus, 
breast ; loqui, to speak]. The distinct trans- 
mission of articulate speech to the ear on 
auscultation. It may be heard over cavities 
in the lung, over areas of consolidation near 
a large bronchus, over a pneumothorax when 
the opening in the lung is patulous, and over 
some pleural effusions. P., Whispering, 
the transmission of the whispered words to 
the auscultating ear. The sounds seem to 
emanate directly from the spot auscultated. 

Pectose (pek'-tos) [tttjktoc;, congealed]. A 
compound occurring in unripe fruits, and 
giving rise to pectin. 

Pectus {pek' -tils') [ pectus, breast]. The 
chest, or breast. P. carinatum, keeled 
breast, pigeon-breast ; a narrow chest pro- 
jecting anteriorly in the region of the 
sternum. 

Pedal (pe'-dal) [pes, foot]. Pertaining to 
the foot. 

Pedatrophia, Pedatrophy (ped-at-ro'-fe-ah, 
31 



ped-at' -ro-fe) [7raZc, child; atrophy]. I. 
Any wasting disease of childhood. 2. Tabes 
mesenterica. 

Pederasty (ped'-er-as-te) [7ra2c, boy ; epdeiv, 
to love]. Sexual intercourse through the anus. 

Pediatrics, Pediatry (pe-de-at'-riks, pe'-de- 
at-re) [rraic, child ; tarpia, therapeutics]. 
The branch of medicine dealing with the 
diseases of children. 

Pedicle [ped'-ikl) [pediculus, dim. of pes, 
foot]. I. A slender process acting as a foot 
or stem, as the P. of a tumor. 2. Of a ver- 
tebra, the portion of bone projecting back- 
ward from each side of the body and con- 
necting the lamina with the body. 

Pediculation (pe-dik-u-la'-shun) [pedicu- 
lus, louse] . The state of one suffering from 
pediculosis. 

Pediculophobia {pe-dik-u-lo-fo'-be-ah) [pe- 
diculus, louse; <j)6(3og, fear]. Morbid dread 
of lice. 

Pediculosis [pe - dik - u - lo f - sis) \_pediculus, 
louse]. Lousiness; a skin-affection charac- 
terized by the presence of pediculi or lice. 

Pediculus (pe- dik' - u - lus) [pediculus, a 
louse]. A small parasitic hemipterous insect, 
the louse. P. capitis, the head-louse. P. 
corporis, the body-louse. P. vestimenti. 
Synonym of P. corporis. 

Pediluvium ( ped - il - u' - ve - tan) [pes, foot ; 
lavare, to wash]. A foot-bath. 

Peduncle (pe'-dung-kl) [pedunculus, dim. 
of pes, foot]. A narrow part acting as a 
support. P., Cerebral, the crus cerebri. P., 
Inferior Cerebellar, one of two bands of 
white matter passing up from the medulla 
oblongata, connecting the medulla with the 
cerebellum, and forming the lower lateral 
wall of the fourth ventricle. P., Middle 
Cerebellar, one of the bands of white matter 
joining the pons and the cerebellum. P. of 
the Pineal Gland, a delicate white band 
passing forward from each side of the pineal 
gland along the edge of the third ventricle. 
P., Posterior Cerebellar. Synonym of 
P., Inferior Cerebellar. P., Superior Cere- 
bellar, one of the two bands of white matter 
that pass from the cerebellum to the testes of 
the corpora quadrigemina. 

Peduncular (ped-ung'-ku-lar) [pedunculus, 
dim. of pes, foot]. Pertaining to a pedun- 
cle. 

Pedunculate, Pedunculated {ped-ung'-ku- 
lat, ped-ung' ' -ku-la-ted) [pedunculus, dim. 
of pes, foot]. Having a peduncle ; stalked. 

Pelada (pel'-a-dah) [Fr.]. Alopecia of the 
scalp. 

Pelargonic Acid (pel-ar-gon'-ik) [rrelapydg, 
a stork], C 9 H ]8 2 . A monobasic crystalline 
acid obtained from the essential oil of Pelar- 
gonium roseum and from other oils. It is 
employed in the flavoring of wines. 



PELIOSIS 



482 



PELVIS 



Peliosis (pel-e-o'-sis) \_7re?.i6g, livid]. Pur- 
pura. P. rheumatica, purpura rheumatica ; 
a disease characterized by a purpuric rash, 
with arthritis and fever. 

Pellagra (pel-a'-grah) [ireAAa, skin ; aypa, 
seizure]. A disease occurring in Italy, 
Southern France, and Spain, and attributed 
to the use of diseased maize. It is charac- 
terized in the early stages by debility, spinal 
pains, and digestive disturbances ; later ery- 
thema develops, with drying and exfoliation 
of the skin. In severe cases various nervous 
manifestations arise, such as spasms, ataxic 
paraplegia, and mental disturbances. In 
cases presenting ataxic paraplegia the spinal 
cord has shown combined posterior and 
lateral sclerosis. P. is also known as Lom- 
bardian leprosy. 

Pellet (pd'-et) [ pi la, haW\. A small pill. 

Pelletierin (pel-et'-e-er-in), C 8 H 13 NO. A 
liquid alkaloid obtained together with an iso- 
meric body, isopelletierin, also a liquid alka- 
loid, from pomegranate-bark. It is used as a 
teniafuge, chiefly in the form of the tannate. 
Dose y 2 to 2 gr. (0.032-0.13). 

Pellicle" {pel'- ikl) [pellis, skin]. A thin 
membrane, film, scum, or cuticle. 

Pellitory (pel' -it- or -e). See Pyrethram. 

Pelvic (pel'-vik) [pelvis, a basin]. Pertaining 
to the pelvis. P. Abscess, a suppurative 
inflammation of the connective tissue of the 
pelvic cavity, most common in women, and 
usually associated with puerperal or gonor- 
rheal infection. P. Arch. Same as P. Girdle. 
P. Cellulitis, inflammation of the connective 
tissue of the pelvis. P. Girdle, the arch 
formed by the ilium, ischium^ and pubis, or 
in the higher vertebrates by the two innomin- 
ate bones. P. Index, the relation of the 
anteroposterior to the transverse diameter of 
the pelvis. P. Inlet, the superior strait. P. 
Outlet, the inferior strait. P. Region, the 
region within the true pelvis. 

Pelvimeter [pel-vim' -et-er) [pelvis, pelvis ; 
uirpov, measure] . An instrument for measur- 
ing the pelvic dimensions. 

Pelvimetry (pel-vim' -et-re) [pelvis, pelvis ; 
idirpov, measure]. The measurement of the 
dimensions of the pelvis. 

Table of Measurements of the Female 
Pelvis Covered by the Soft Parts. 

Between iliac spines, 26 cm. 

Between iliac crests, 29 " 

External conjugate diameter, .... 2o}£ " 
Internal conjugate diagonal, .... 12% " 

True conjugate, estimated n " 

Right diagonal, 22 " 

Left diagonal, 22 '" 

Between trochanters, 31 " 

Circumference of pelvis 90 " 

Pelviperitonitis (pel-ve-per-e-ton-i' -tis) [pel- 
vis ; peritonitis']. Pelvic peritonitis. 
Pelvis (pel' -vis) [pelvis, a basin]. I. A 



basin or basin-shaped cavity, as the P. of the 
kidney. 2. The bony ring formed by the two 
innominate bones and the sacrum and coccyx. 
3. The cavity bounded by the bony pelvis. 
The pelvis consists of two parts, the true P. 
and the false P., which are separated by the 
ileopectineal line. The entrance of the true 
pelvis, corresponding to this line, is known 
as the inlet or superior strait ; the outlet or 
inferior strait, is bounded by the symphysis 
pubis, the tip of the coccyx, and the two 
ischia. In measuring the pelvis the car- 
dinal points of Capuron are used as land- 
marks. They are the two ileopectineal emi- 
nences and the two sacroiliac joints. P. 
sequabiliter justo major, one equally en- 
larged in all diameters. P. aequabiliter 
justo minor, a pelvis with all its diameters 
reduced below the normal. P., Axis of 
(of inlet or outlet), a perpendicular to the 
middle of the anteroposterior diameter. P., 
Beaked, one in which the pubic bones are 
compressed laterally so as to approach each 
other, and are pushed forward ; a condition 
seen in osteomalacia. P., Brim of, the en- 
trance to the pelvic cavity, called the inlet, 
superior strait, margin, or isthmus. P., Diam- 
eters of, imaginary lines drawn between 
certain bony points, (a) Of the inlet : the 
anteroposterior (sacropubic, or conjugate), 
from the upper edge of the promontory of 
the sacrum to a point an eighth of an inch be- 
low the upper border of the pubic symphysis ; 
it measures II cm. ; the transverse, from side 
to side at the widest point, measuring 13^ 
cm. ; the oblique (right and left), measuring 
12^ cm. (b) Of the outlet ; the antero- 
posterior, from the tip of the coccyx to the 
subpubic ligament, measuring 9^ cm.; the 
transverse, between the ischial tuberosities, 
measuring II cm. ; the oblique, from the 
under surface of the sciatic ligaments to the 
junction of the ischiopubic rami. P., Floor 
of, the mass of skin, connective tissue, mus- 
cles, and fascia forming the inferior bound- 
ary of the pelvis. P., Justo major. See 
P. (zqnabiliter justo major. P., Justo 
minor. See P. ceqaabiliter justo ??iinor. P., 
Kyphotic, one characterized by increase of 
the conjugate diameter of the inlet, but de- 
crease of the transverse diameter of the out- 
let, through approximation of the tuberosities 
of the ischium. P., Naegele's Oblique, a 
pelvic deformity with ankylosis of one sacro- 
iliac synchondrosis, lack of development of 
the associated lateral sacral mass, and other 
defects that distort the diameters and render 
the conjugate oblique in direction. P., 
Obliquity of, P., Inclination of, the angle 
between the axis of the pelvis and that of the 
body. P., Osteomalacic, a distorted pelvis 
characterized by a lessening of the transverse 



PEMPHIGOID 



183 



PEPPER 



and oblique diameters, with great increase 
of the anteroposterior diameter. P., Planes 
of, imaginary surfaces touching all points of 
the circumference. The plane of pelvic ex- 
pansion perforates the middle of the sym- 
physis, the tops of the acetabula, and the 
sacrum between the second and third verte- 
bne. Its anteroposterior diameter is 12^ 
cm., its transverse diameter is 12^ cm. 
The plane of pelvic contraction passes 
through the tip of the sacrum, the spines of 
the ischia and the under surface of the sym- 
physis. Its anteroposterior diameter is 1 1^2 
cm. ; its transverse diameter is lo^£ cm. 
P., Rachitic, one characterized by a sink- 
ing in and forward of the sacrovertebral 
angle, with a flaring outward of the iliac 
crests and increased separation of the iliac 
spines. P., Robert's, one in which there is 
an ankylosis of both sacroiliac joints, with a 
rudimentary sacrum, both lateral sacral masses 
being undeveloped, the oblique and trans- 
verse diameters being much narrowed. P., 
Simple Flat, one in which the only deformity 
consists in a shortening of the anteroposterior 
diameter. P. spinosa, a rachitic pelvis in 
which the crest of the pubis is very sharp, 
and presents a spine at the insertion of the 
psoas parvus. P., Split, a form in which 
there is congenital separation of the pubic 
bones at the symphysis. It is often asso- 
ciated with exstrophy of the bladder. 

Pemphigoid (pern' -Jig- oid) \jre[x<pi^, blister; 
eufog, like]. Resembling or having the 
nature of pemphigus. 

Pemphigus (pem'-fig-tts) [Trefupt!; , a blister]. 
An acute or chronic disease of the skin char- 
acterized by the appearance of bullae or blebs. 
Two principal varieties are described. P. 
vulgaris, and P. foliaceus. P. vulgaris is 
usually chronic, the blebs appearing in suc- 
cessive crops ; on healing they leave a pig- 
mented spot. Itching and pain may be pres- 
ent. P. foliaceus, is a rare form character- 
ized by crops of flaccid blebs containing a tur- 
bid fluid. The disease is usually of long 
duration but eventually ends fatally. The 
cause of P. is not definitely known. Other 
forms of P. are : P. neonatorum, an 
acute form of P. occurring in infants and 
supposed to be due to a microorganism. P. 
syphiliticus, a bullous eruption due to 
syphilis. P. vegetans, Neumann's dis- 
ease, an affection characterized by sore 
mouth, followed by some form of dermatitis 
attended by vesication and followed by pap- 
illary growths, gradual emaciation, and death. 

Pendjeh Sore. See Furuncuhis orientalis. 

Pendulous (pen'-du-his) \_pendere, to hang]. 
Hanging down loosely. 

Penetrating (pen'-e-tra-ting) \_penetrare, to 
pierce]. Entering beyond the surface. P. 



Wound, one that pierces the wall of a cavity 
or enters into an organ. 

Penetration ( pen-e-tra'-skun) \_penetrare,\.o 
pierce]. I. The act of penetrating or pier- 
cing into. 2. Of a microscope, the focal 
depth. 3. The entrance of the penis into the 
vagina. 

Penicillium (pen-is-il'-e-um) \_penicillus, a 
brush]. A genus of fungi, of which the P. 
glaucum, or common blue mold, is a familiar 
example. 

Penile (pe'-nil) \_penis\. Pertaining to the 
penis. 

Penis (pe'-nis) [L.]. The male organ of 
copulation. It consists of the corpus spongi- 
osum, enclosing the urethra, the two corpora 
cavernosa, largely composed of erectile tissue, 
and the glans. 

Penitis (pe-ni'-tis) \_penis, penis ; trig, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the penis. 

Penniform (pen'-if-orm) [penna, feather; 

forma, form]. Shaped like a feather; said 
of certain muscles. 

Pennyroyal (pen-e-roi'-al). See Hedeoma. 

Pennyweight (pen'-e-wdt) [AS., pening, 
penny; wegan, weigh]. A weight of 24 
grains. 

Pentad (pen' -tad) \izhre, five]. An ele- 
ment or radicle having a valence of five. 

Pentamethylendiamin (pen-tah-meth-il-en- 
di-am'-hi). See Cadaverin. 

Pentane \ pen' -tan) [newe, five], C.H 12 . 
The fifth member of the paraffin-series of hy- 
drocarbons. It is a liquid and occurs in 
naphtha. 

Pentavalent (pen-tav' -al-ent') \jcevre, five ; 
valens, having power]. Quinquivalent. 

Pentene (pen' -ten) [irevTe, five], C 5 H 10 . 
Amylene, one of the olefin-series of hydro- 
carbons. 

Pentose ( pen' '-tos) \jxh>~t, five]. Any one 
of a class of carbohydrates containing five 
atoms of carbon. The pentoses are not fer- 
mentable, and on boiling with dilute hydro- 
chloric acid yield furfurol, C 5 H 4 2 . 

Pentosuria (pen-to-su' '-re-ah) \_pentose ; ur- 
ina, urine]. The presence of pentose in the 
urine. Urine containing pentose reduces 
Fehling's solution, but does not ferment. 

Pepper [ piper, from Skt. pippala\ The 
fruit of various species of Piper, of the order 
Piperaceaa. P., Black, is the Piper of U. 
S. P. (Piper nigrum of B. P.). It contains 
a neutral principle piperin (Piperinum, U. S. 
P.), an acrid resin, and a volatile oil, and .is 
used as a condiment and as a carminative 
stimulant, and to a slight extent is antiperi- 
odic. Dose gr. v-xx (0.32-1.3). Oleo- 
resina piperis. Dose u\, }(-) (0.016-0.065). 
Piperinum. Dose gr. j-vj (0.065-0.4). P., 
White, resembles black pepper but is less 
active. 



PEPPERMINT 



484 



PERFLATION 



Peppermint. See Mentha. 

Pepsin [rreipic, digestion]. A ferment found 
in the gastric juice, and capable of digesting 
proteids in the presence of an acid. It splits 
albumin into antialbumose and hemialbumose, 
the former of which it separates into two mole- 
cules of antipeptone, while the latter is acted 
upon by trypsin and split into two molecules 
of hemipeptone. Pepsin is used in medicine 
to aid digestion. Pepsinum (U. S. P., B. 
P.) is obtained from the stomach of pigs. 
Dose gr. x-xv (0.65-1.0). Pepsinum 
saccharatum (U. S. P.), is pepsin mixed 
with sugar of milk. Dose gr. x— xxx (0.65- 
2.0). Vinum pepsini (Unof.), contains 
0.3 per cent, of hydrochloric acid. Dose 
f^ss-j (16.0-32.0). 

Pepsinogen (pep-sin / -o-jen) [~e\p/<;, diges- 
tion ; } evvav, to beget] . The antecedent 
substance or zymogen of pepsin, present in 
the cells of the gastric glands, and which 
during digestion is converted into pepsin. 

Peptic (pep'-tik) [-eipic, digestion] . I. Per- 
taining to pepsin. 2. Pertaining to diges- 
tion. P. Glands, the glands situated in the 
cardiac and middle thirds of the stomach, and 
secreting pepsin and hydrochloric acid. P. 
Ulcer, the round ulcer of the stomach, due 
to erosion of the mucous membrane by the 
gastric juice. 

Peptogenic (pep-to-jen' -ik) \_-£--eiv, to 
cook ; yewav, to produce] . Producing pep- 
sin or peptones. 

Peptone (pep' -ton) [-e~reiv, to cook]. A 
proteid-body formed by the action of ferments 
on albumins during gastric and pancreatic 
digestion. It may be considered a hydrated 
albumin. Before the final formation of pep- 
tone, several similar intermediate compounds 
are produced, as hemipeptone and antipep- 
tone. (See Pepsin.) Amphopeptone is a 
mixture of these two. Propeptone or hemi- 
albumose is a mixture of several intermediate 
products. Parapeptone is also an intermedi- 
ate product of digestion and is closely allied 
to syntonin. Gelatin-peptone is a peptone 
formed in the digestion of gelatin. Peptones 
are soluble, readily diffusible, are not pre- 
cipitated by boiling, by nitric acid, or by 
potassium ferrocyanid ; they are precipitated 
by mercuric chlorid, by tannic acid, and by 
phosphomolybdic acid ; they give Millon's 
test, and the xanthoproteic and biuret reac- 
tions ; they are levorotatory. 

Peptonemia (pep-to-ne f -me-ah) \_~k-xTZLv, to 
cook ; a<^m, blood]. The presence of pep- 
tone in the blood. 

Peptonization (pep-to-ni-za f -shun) [—£— rav, 
to cook]. The process of converting proteids 
into peptones. 

Peptonize [pep' '-to-nlz) \_~i~reiv, to digest]. 
To digest with pepsin ; to predigest. 



Peptonuria (pep-to-nu' '-re-aJi) [rrsirreiv, to 
cook ; urina , urine] . The presence of pep- 
tones in the urine. 

Peptotoxin (pep-to-toks'-iji) [7T£;rmv, to 
cook ; roiiKov, poison] . A poisonous ptomain 
found in peptones, and in putrefying albu- 
minous substances, such as fibrin, 'casein, 
brain, liver, and muscle. P., Cholera-, a 
toxic substance generated by the cholera- 
bacillus, and chemically allied to peptone. 

Peracute (per-ak-fd r ) [per, through; aculus, 
sharp]. Very acute. 

Perception (perse// -shun) [per, through; 
caper e, to receive]. I. The act of receiving 
impressions through the medium of the senses. 
2. The faculty receiving such impressions. 

Perchloric Acid (per -klo'-rik)\_per, through ; 
X'/iopoc, green], HC10 i . The highest oxy- 
acid of chlorin. It is a volatile liquid de- 
composing in contact with organic substances, 
and forming salts called Perchlorates. 

Percolate (per f -ko-lat\ \_percolare, to strain 
through]. I. To submit to the process of 
percolation. 2. The solution obtained by 
percolation. 

Percolation ( per-ko-la' -shun) [percolare, to 
strain through]. The process of extracting 
the soluble constituents of a substance by 
allowing the solvent to trickle through a pow- 
dered mass placed in a long conic vessel, the 
percolator. 

Percussion (per - kush' - tin) \_percutere, to 
strike through] . A method of physical diag- 
nosis applied by striking upon any part of the 
body, with a view of ascertaining the condi- 
tions of the underlying organs by the charac- 
ter of the sounds elicited. P., Auscultatory, 
percussion combined with auscultation. It is 
best performed by placing a double stethoscope 
at a fixed point and percussing gently all 
around. P., Immediate, percussion in which 
the surface is struck directly, without the inter- 
position of a pleximeter. P.. Instrumental, 
the use of a special hammer as a plexor, 
either alone or with a plate as a pleximeter. 
P., Mediate, the percussion in which a 
pleximeter is used. P. -wave, the term given 
to the chief ascending wave of the sphygmo- 
graphic tracing. 

Percutaneous ( per - ku - ta f - ne - tis) [per, 
through ; cutis, the skin]. Performed through 
the skin, as P. faradization. 

Pereirin (per-i'-rin). An amorphous alka- 
loid found in the bark of Geissospermum 
laeve. Its hydrochlorate and valerianate are 
used as antipyretics. 

Perflation (per-Jla' '-shun) \_peijiare, to blow 
through]. I. A method of ventilation by 
which a current of air blowing against a 
dwelling is made to force its way in. 2. The 
act of forcing air into a cavity for the purpose 
of evacuating: fluid. 



PERFORANS 



485 



PERICECAL 



Perforans (per'- for- anz) [/*r, through; 
forare, to bore]. Penetrating or perforating, 
a term applied to a muscle or nerve perforat- 
ing a part. 

Perforated (per'-for-a-ted) [per, through; 
forare, to bore]. Pierced through. P. 
Space, a part of the base of the brain pierced 
with many small holes for the passage of 
blood-vessels. The anterior P. space is situ- 
ated on the inner side of the fissure of Syl- 
vius, the posterior P. space between the cor- 
pora albicantia in front, the pons behind, and 
the crura cerebri on either side. 

Perforation ( per- for-a' -shun) \_per, through ; 
forare, to bore]. I. The act of piercing or 
boring into a part ; especially the piercing of 
the fetal head during labor. 2. A hole made 
through a part or the wall of a cavity. 

Perforating (per'-for-a-ting) [per, through ; 
forare, to bore]. Piercing. P. Ulcer. See 
Ulcer. 

Perforator (per'-for-a-tor) [per, through ; 
forare, to bore]. An instrument for boring 
through the fetal skull ; also for perforating 
other bones. 

Perforatus (per-for-a f -his) [per, through ; 
forare, to bore]. Perforated, applied to a 
muscle which is perforated by another muscle 
or by a nerve. 

Perfusion (per - fu' - shun) [per, through ; 
fundere, to pour]. A pouring of fluid into 
or through. 

Peri- (per'-e-) [irepi, around]. A prefix sig- 
nifying around, or surrounding. 

Perianal (per-e-a'-nal) [irepi, around ; anus, 
anus]. Situated or occurring around the 
anus. 

Periarteritis (per - e - ar-ter - i' - tis) [irepi, 
around ; dprrjpia, artery ; ltiq, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the external sheath of an 
artery. P. nodosa, a thickening of the 
arterial coats in localized areas, producing 
nodular swellings. 

Periarthritis ( per -e-ar - thri' - tis) [irepi, 
around; apBpov, joint; itic, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the tissues about a joint. 

Periarticular (per ■- e - ar - tik' '- u - lar) [irepi, 
around; articuhis, joint]. About a joint. 

Periaxial (per-e-aks'-e-al) [irepi, around; 
axis']. Surrounding an axis. P. Neuritis, 
inflammation of the myelin-sheath but not of 
the axis-cylinder of a nerve. 

Periblast (per f -e-blast) [irepi, around ; (Haa- 
roq, a germ]. The protoplasm surrounding 
the nucleus of a cell. 

Peribronchial (per -e - brong f - ke - al) [irepi, 
around ; fipoyxog, bronchus] . Surrounding 
a bronchus ; occurring about a bronchus. 

Peribronchitis (per-e-brong-ki' '-tis) [irepi, 
around ; f3poyxog, bronchus ; ltiq, inflamma- 
mation]. Inflammation of the tissue imme- 
diately surrounding the bronchi. 



Pericardiac, Pericardial (per-e-kar' -de-ak, 
per-e-kar' ' -de-al) [irepi, around ; Kapdia, 
heart]. Pertaining to the pericardium. 

Pericarditis (pc j r-e-kar-di'-tis)[irepi, around; 
Kapdia, heart ; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the pericardium. The symptoms 
are slight fever, precordial pain, and tender- 
ness, cough, dyspnea, and rapid pulse. The 
physical signs vary — in the early stage there 
is a distinct friction-sound on auscultation, 
and sometimes a fremitus on palpation. In 
the stage of effusion there is bulging of the 
precordia, a triangular area of dulness, the 
base of which is downward ; the heart's 
sounds are muffled. In chronic pericarditis 
with adhesions there is often systolic retrac- 
tion of the precordia. The causes of P. are 
rheumatism, the acute and chronic infectious 
diseases, Bright' s disease, and extension 
of inflammation from neighboring parts. P., 
Adhesive, P. in which the two layers of peri- 
cardium tend to adhere. P., Carcinomatous, 
P. due to carcinoma of the pericardium. P., 
Dry, P. without effusion. P., Fibrinous, a 
form in which the membrane is covered with 
a fibrinous exudate, first soft and buttery in 
consistence, but later organizing. P., 
Hemorrhagic, a form in which the fluid is 
hemorrhagic. This is the case most often in 
tuberculous pericarditis ; also in scorbutus 
and in cachectic conditions. P., Localized, 
a form giving rise to whitish areas, the so- 
called milk-spots. P., Purulent, P. in which 
the effused fluid becomes purulent. P., Sero- 
fibrinous, a form in which there is but little 
lymph or fibrin, but a considerable quantity 
of serous fluid. P., Tuberculous, P. due to 
tuberculous infection of the pericardium. 

Pericardium (per-e-kar' -de-uni)[izepi, around; 
Kapdia, hearj:]. The closed membranous sac 
enveloping the heart. Its base is attached 
to the central tendon of the diaphragm ; its 
apex surrounds for a short distance the great 
vessels arising from the base of the heart. 
It consists of an outer fibrous coat, derived 
from the cervical fascia, and an inner serous 
coat. The sac normally contains from 5— 2 ° 
grams of clear serous liquid. The part in 
contact with the heart (visceral P.) is termed 
the epicardium, the other is the parietal P. 
P., Bread-and-butter, a peculiar appear- 
ance produced in fibrinous pericarditis, by 
the rubbing of the two surfaces of the mem- 
brane over each other. P., Shaggy, a 
pericardium upon which, as the result of 
fibrinous pericarditis, thick, loose, shaggy 
layers of fibrin are deposited. 

Pericardotomy (per-e-kar dot'-o-me) [peri- 
cardium ; roprj, a cutting]. The operation 
of opening the pericardium. 

Pericecal (per- e- se' - kal) [irepi, around; 
ccecus, blind]. Surrounding the cecum. 



PERICHONDRITIS 



486 



PERINEURIUM 



Perichondritis {per-e-kon-dri' -tis) \_~epi, 
around ; x° y dp°Si a cartilage ; trig, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of the perichon- 
drium. 

Perichondrium {per-e-kon' '-dre-tim) \_~epi, 
around; ^oyJpoc, gristle; cartilage]. The 
fibrous connective tissue covering the surface 
of cartilage. 

Pericorneal ( per-e-kor' '-?ie-al) \_~epi, around; 
cornens, horny]. Surrounding the cornea. 

Pericranial {per-e-kra' '-ne-al) \_~ epi, around ; 
upaviov, skull]. Pertaining to the pericran- 
ium. 

Pericranium {per- e - kra f - ne - um) [irepi, 
around; upaviov, skull]. The periosteum 
of the skull. 

Peridectomy {per-e-dek' -to-me). Synonym 
of Peritomy. 

Peridiastole {per-e-di-as' '-to-le) [-epi, around; 
diastole'] . The pause between the systole and 
diastole. 

Perididymitis [per- e -did - im - i f - tis)[7zepi, 
around ; didvuog, testicle ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the tunica albuginea 
testis. 

Periencephalitis {per-e-en-sef-al-i' '-tis) [-epi, 
around ; b, Ke&aiov, brain ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the pia mater. 

Perihepatitis ( per - e - hep - at - i' - tis) [~epi, 
around; rj-ap, liver; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the peritoneum surrounding 
the liver. 

Perilymph (per' - e - limf) [~epi, around ; 
"ki'fioa, lymph]. The fluid separating the 
membranous from the osseous labyrinth of the 
ear. 

Perilymphatic ( per - e - Km -fat f - ik) [rrepi, 
around; Avixoa, lymph]. I. Pertaining to the 
perilymph. 2. Situated or occurring about 
a lymphatic vessel, as P. space. . 

Perimeningitis {per-e-men-in-ji' -tis) [^epi, 
around ; /irjviy^, membrane ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the dura mater. 

Perimeter {per - im'- et- er) [irepi, around ; 
fiETpov. measure]. An instrument for meas- 
uring the extent of the field of vision. It 
consists ordinarily of a flat, narrow metal 
plate, bent in a semicircle, graduated in de- 
grees, and fixed to an upright at its center 
by a pivot, on which it is movable. Variously 
colored discs are moved along the metal 
plate and the point noted at which the per- 
son, looking directly in front of him, distin- 
guishes the color. 
« Perimetritis {per-e-met-ri' '-tis)[7zepi, around ; 
fj-Tjrpa, womb ; irtg, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the peritoneal covering of the 
uterus. 

Perimetrium {per - e - me' - tre - um) [rcepi, 
around ; iirrrpa, womb]. The serous cover- 
ing of the uterus. 

Perimetry {per- im ' - et- re) [Kepi, around ; 



fikrpov, measure]. The measuring of the 
field of vision. 

Perimyelitis {per-e-mi-el-i f -tis) [Kepi, around ; 
fiveXog, marrow; ircg, inflammation] . Inflam- 
mation of the pia mater of the spinal cord. 

Perimysium {per - e - mis' - e - um) [trepi, 
around; /llvc, muscle]. The connective tissue 
enveloping the primary bundles of muscle- 
fibers. 

Perineal {per-e-ne / -al) [rrepivaiov, perine- 
um]. Pertaining to the perineum. P. 
Body, the mass of tissue composed of skin, 
muscle, and fascia, occupying the interval 
between the vagina and the rectum of the 
woman. P. Cystotomy, cystotomy per- 
formed through aperineal incision. P. Fossa, 
the ischiorectal fossa. P. Hernia, a hernia 
perforating the perineum by the side of the 
rectum or between the rectum and the bladder 
or the vagina. P. Section, incision through 
the perineum for the relief of urethral stric- 
ture, the removal of calculi from the bladder, 
or the relief of other morbid conditions. 

Perineocele {per-e-ne'-o-sel) [rrepivaiov, peri- 
neum; Ki]'/.r], tumor]. Perineal hernia. 

Perineoplasty {per-e-ne f -o-plas-te) [trepivaiov, 
perineum ; irTUtooear, to form] . Plastic oper- 
ation upon the perineum. 

Perineorrhapy { per-e-ne-or' -a-fe) [-epivaiov, 
perineum ; 'paorj, suture]. Suture of the 
perineum, usually for the repair of a lacera- 
tion caused during childbirth. 

Perineotomy {per-e-ne-ot' -o-me) [rrepivaiov, 
perineum ; tout], a cutting]. Incision through 
the perineum. 

Perinephric {per-e-nef f -rik) [-epi, around ; 
vetipog, kidney]. Situated, or , occurring 
around the kidney, as P. Abscess. 

Perinephritic {per-e-nef-rit f -ik) [-epi, 
around; vedpog, kidney ; trig, inflammation]. 
I. Pertaining to perinephritis. 2. Improp- 
erly used instead of perinephric. 

Perinephritis {per - e - nef- ri f - tis) \j?epi, 
around; veopog. the kidney; ing, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the tissues surround- 
ing the kidney. 

Perineum {per-e-ne* -um) \/xepivaiov\. That 
portion of the body included in the outlet of 
the pelvis, bounded in front by the pubic 
arch, behind by the coccyx and great sacro- 
sciatic ligaments, and at the sides by the 
tuberosities of the ischium. It is occupied 
by the terminations of the rectum, the urethra, 
and the root of the penis, together with their 
muscles, fasciae, vessels, and nerves. 

Perineuritis {per - e - nu- ri' - tis) [irepi, 
around; vevpov, nerve ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the perineurium. 

Perineurium {per - e - nu f - re - um) \jrepi, 
around; vevpov, nerve]. The connective- 
tissue sheath investing a funiculus or primary 
bundle of nerve-fibers. 



PERINUCLEAR 



487 



PERIPORTAL 



Perinuclear [per-e-7iu , -kle-ar) \_~epi, around ; 
nucleus]. Surrounding the nucleus. 

Period [pe' '- re - od) [irepiodog, period, from 
wept, around; cxSdc, way]. The space of 
time during which anything is in progress or 
an event takes place. P., Incubation-. 
See Incubation. P., Menstrual, P., 
Monthly, the menses. 

Periodic [pe-re-od f -ik) [_~epio6og, period]. 
Recurring at more or less regular intervals. 

Periodicity [pe - re - o ■ dis f - it-e ) [ ■Kzp'io&og, 
period, from Kepi, around; 666g, way]. 
Recurrence at regular intervals. 

Periodontal [per-e-o-doi'-tal^Tvepi, around ; 
bdoi'Q , tooth]. Surrounding a tooth, as the P. 
membrane, that lining the cement of a tooth. 

Periodontitis [per - e - o - don - ti> ' - tis) \_Trepl, 
around; bdovg, tooth; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the periodontal membrane. 

Periodontium [per-e-o-don' -shettm) \_rcepi, 
around; bdovg, tooth]. The membrane sur- 
rounding a tooth ; the periodontal membrane. 

Periodoscope [per-e-od f -o-skop) [irepiodog, 
period; okotteIv, to inspect]. A calendar in 
the form of a movable dial, used in deter- 
mining the probable date of confinement. 

Perioophoritis [per-e-o-off-or-i' '-tis ) [ wept, 
around; cpov, egg; <f>opog, bearing; trig, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the perito- 
neum and connective tissue covering the 
ovary. 

Perioptometry [per-e-op-tom' -el-re) [ irepi, 
around; brrrdg, visible; pirpov, measure]. 
The measurement of the limits of the visual 
field. 

Periorbita { per-e-or' -bit-ah) [rrepl, around; 
orbita, orbit]. The periosteum of the eye- 
socket. 

Periorbital [per-e-or f -bit-al ) \_Trepi, around ; 
orbita, orbit]. I. Surrounding the orbit. 
2. Pertaining to the periorbita. 

Periosteal [per-e-os r -te-al) \izepi, around; 
bariov, bone]. Pertaining to the periosteum. 

Periosteitis [per-e-os-te-i' '-tis). See Perios- 
titis. 

Periosteotome [per-e-os' '-te-o-tom ) [ Tvepi, 
around ; bariov, bone ; rourj, a cutting] . An 
instrument for incising the periosteum, and 
scraping it from the bone. 

Periosteotomy [per-e-os-te-of '-o-me ) [irepi, 
around ; bariov, bone ; rop.fi, a cutting]. The 
operation of incising the periosteum. 

Periosteum ( per-e-os' '-te-um) \jrepi, around ; 
bariov, bone]. A fibrous membrane invest- 
ing the surfaces of bones, except at the points 
of tendinous and ligamentous attachment 
and on the articular surfaces, where cartilage 
is substituted. 

Periostitis [per-e-os-ti' -tis) \irepi around ; 
bariov, bone ; trig, inflammation] . Inflam- 
mation of the periosteum. It may be acute 
or chronic, the latter being the more frequent 



form. Acute P. is either traumatic or the 
result of infection ; the chronic is due to trau- 
matism, syphilis, tuberculosis, or actinomy- 
cosis. In the acute there is swelling and dif- 
fuse suppuration with fever and other constitu- 
tional symptoms ; in the chronic, pain, which 
is usually worse at night, swelling, and ten- 
derness. P. albuminosa, a mild form 
of inflammation characterized by the forma- 
tion of a clear, ropy, albuminous liquid re- 
sembling synovia. It is most common in the 
young and is unaccompanied by fever. P., 
Hemorrhagic, P. accompanied by bleeding 
between the periosteum and the bone. 

Periostosis [per-e-os-to f -sis) \_7repi, around ; 
bariov, bone]. An osseous formation on the 
exterior of a bone. 

Periotic [per-e-o' '-tik) \_~epi, around ; oig, 
ear]. I. Situated about the ear. 2. Of or 
pertaining to the parts immediately about the 
internal ear. 3. The petrous and mastoid 
parts of the temporal bone. 

Peripachymeningitis [per-e - pak-e-men-in- 

ji'-tis) \jrepl, around ; Traxvg, thick ; pijvcy^, 
membrane; ircg, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the connective tissue between the dura 
mater and the bone. 

Peripancreatitis [per - e -pan - kre - at-i f -tis) 
[rcepi, around ; izdyKpeag, pancreas ; ircg, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the tissues 
about the pancreas. 

Peripheral [per-if f -erad) [ycepi, around; 
(pipeiv, to carry; ad, toward]. Toward the 
periphery. 

Peripheral, Peripheric [per-if 7 -er-al, per- 
e-fer'-ik) \_ periphery]. Pertaining to or 
placed near the periphery. 

Peripheraphose [per - if- er - a -fos) . See 
under Phose. 

Peripherophose [per - if- er-o -fos). See 
under Phose. 

Periphery [per - if - er - e) \_7rep1, around ; 
(pipeiv, to carry]. Circumference; the ex- 
ternal surface. 

Periphlebitis [per-e-feb-i'-tis) \jzepi, around ; 
(pMip, vein ; trig, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the tissues about a vein. 

Periplast [per f -e-plast) [wepi, around ; Trldo- 
azw, to mold, form]. The protoplasm of a 
cell surrounding the nucleus ; cell-proto- 
plasm. 

Peripleuritis [per-e •-plu-ri' '-tis) \_Trepi, around ; 
ir?ievpd, rib; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the tissues surrounding the pleura. 

Peripneumonia [per-e-nu-mo f -ne-ah) \irepi, 
around; rrvevpov, lung]. I. Pneumonia. 
2. Pleuropneumonia. 

Peripolar [per-e-po' '-lar) \jrepi, around; Ttolog, 
pivot]. Surrounding a pole or the poles. 

Periportal [per-e-por' '-tat) \jrepi, around ; 
porta, door]. Surrounding the portal vein. 
P. Carcinoma, a primary carcinoma devel- 



PERIPROCTITIS 



488 



PERITYPHLITIS 



oping around the portal vein, beginning at its 
entrance into the liver, thence extending 
along the portal vessels to the remotest 
branches. 

Periproctitis {per- e - prok - ti ; - tis) {irepi, 
around; Trpunrog, anus; irig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the areolar tissue about the 
rectum or anus. 

Perirectal {per-e-rek' -tal) [7rep*, around ; 
rectum, rectum]. About the rectum. 

Perirenal {per-e-re' '-nal) \nepi, around ; ren, 
kidney]. Around the kidney. 

Perisalpingitis {per-e-sal-pin-ji' '-tis) \_^tpi, 
around; oak-Key}- , tube ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the peritoneal covering of 
the Fallopian tube. 

Periscopic {per-e-skop' -ik) [irepi, around ; 
(TicotteIv, to see]. Designed for looking 
around, as a P. lens. See Lens. 

Perisplenitis {per - e - splen - i / - tis) [_Trepi, 
around; GTt7Jjv, spleen ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the peritoneal coat of the 
spleen. 

Perissad {per' -is-ad) \jrtpiGGog, odd]. I. 
Having an odd quantivalence, as, e. g., nitro- 
gen, the quantivalence of which is three or 
five. 2. An element having such a quanti- 
valence. 

Peristalsis {per-e-stal' '-sis) {jrep'i, around ; 
crdTiGig, constriction]. A peculiar wave-like 
movement seen in tubes provided with longi- 
tudinal and transverse muscular fibers. It 
consists in a narrowing and shortening of a 
portion of the tube, which then relaxes while 
a lower portion becomes shortened and 
narrowed. By means of this movement the 
contents of the tube are forced toward the 
opening. P., Reversed, peristaltic move- 
ment opposite to the normal direction. 

Peristaltic { per-e-stal' -tik) \jrtp'i y around ; 
orakoig, constriction]. Pertaining to or re- 
sembling peristalsis. P. Unrest, a common 
symptom of neurasthenia, consisting in in- 
creased peristaltic movements of the stomach 
coming on shortly after eating, with bor- 
borygmus and gurgling. 

Perisystole {per-e-sis f -to-le) [ycepi, around ; 
gvotoXtj, contraction]. The slight interval 
between the diastole and systole. 

Perithelium {per-e-the' '-le-ttm)\_irepL, around; 
0jf?L7j, nipple]. The layer of cells surround- 
ing the capillaries and smaller vessels. 

Peritomy {per-it / -o-me)[7repi, around; tojut/, 
a cutting]. I. The removal of a strip of 
conjunctival and subconjunctival tissue from 
about the cornea for the relief of pannus. 2. 
Circumcision. 

Peritoneal {per-e-ton-e f -al) \_peritoneuin\. 
Pertaining to the peritoneum. 

Peritoneum {per-e-ton-e' '-um) [rcepi, around; 
Tsivetv, to stretch]. The serous membrane 
lining the interior of the abdominal cavity 



and surrounding the contained viscera. In 
tracing its extension we may begin at the 
diaphragm and take two layers. From the 
diaphragm two layers of peritoneum proceed 
to the liver ; they separate to enclose that 
organ, meet again on its under aspect, and 
pass on, as the gastrohepatic omentum, to the 
lesser curvature of the stomach. They em- 
brace the stomach, and, meeting again at its 
greater curvature, pass down in front of the 
small intestine, forming the great omentum. 
They are then reflected upward as far as the 
transverse colon, which they enclose, meeting 
again at the back of the colon, and proceed- 
ing to the spine as the transverse mesocolon. 
Here the two layers diverge ; the upper as- 
cends in front of the pancreas to the -under 
surface of the diaphragm, the starting-point. 
The lower layer is reflected from the spine, 
over the small intestines, as the mesentery. 
From the root of the mesentery it passes into 
the pelvis, invests the upper part of the rec- 
tum, and is thence reflected on the bladder, 
forming between the two the rectovesical 
pouch. In the woman it is reflected from 
the rectum to the upper part of the vagina, 
and thence over the uterus, from which it 
proceeds to the bladder. From the bladder 
it passes up the anterior wall of the abdomen 
to the diaphragm. The following structures 
are completely invested by peritoneum : — 
The stomach, liver, spleen, first portion of 
the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, transverse 
colon, sigmoid flexure, the upper part of the 
rectum and of the uterus, and the ovaries. 

Peritonitis {per - e - ton - i f - tis) [rcepiTdvaiov, 
peritoneum; trig, inflammation] . Inflamma- 
tion of the peritoneum. It may be acute or 
chronic. Acute P. may be due to exposure 
to cold and wet (Idiopathic P.), trauma- 
tism, perforation of an abdominal viscus, 
extension from neighboring parts, rheu- 
matism, or to Bright's disease. The symp- 
toms are moderate fever, a wiry pulse, ab- 
dominal pain, tenderness, and distention ; 
the patient lies on his back with the thighs 
flexed ; there is vomiting and constipation. 
Chronic P. is due to tuberculosis, syphilis, 
carcinoma, nephritis, or it may be the 
sequel of an acute attack. P., Adhesive, 
peritonitis with adhesion between the parietal 
and visceral layers. P., Diffuse, that affect- 
ing the entire peritoneum. P., Puerperal, 
that following labor, and usually due to septic 
infection. P., Septic, peritonitis due to the 
microorganisms of suppuration. 

PeTitonsil\ar{per-e-ton / -si/-ar)[7repi, around ; 
tonsilla, tonsil]. About the tonsil. 

Perityphlitis {per-e-tif-li f -tis) \jvzpi, around ; 
rv^og, blind ; trig, inflammation] . Inflam- 
mation of the peritoneum surrounding the 
cecum. 



PERIURETHRITIS 



489 



PESTILENCE 



Periurethritis [per-e-u-re-thri'-tis) [vtp'i, 
around; ovpr'/(f>pa, urethra; iriq, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the connective tis- 
sue about the urethra. 

Periuterine [per-e-u f -ter-in) [irepl, around ; 
uterus, uterus]. About the uterus. 

Perivascular [per - e - vas / - kit - lar) [peri, 
around ; vascular\. About a vessel. 

Perkinsism (pert -kins-ism). A method of 
empiric treatment devised by Elisha Perkins, 
a Connecticut physician. It consisted in 
drawing over the affected part the extremities 
of two rods (metallic tractors) of different 
metals ; tractoration. 

Perleche (la) {Ink par-lash) [Fr.]. A pecu- 
liar contagious disease of the mouth occurring 
in children. It consists in a thickening and 
desquamation of the epithelium at the angles 
of the mouth, with occasionally the formation 
of small fissures, giving rise to a smarting 
sensation in the lips. The disease is proba- 
bly microbic in origin. 

Perles'Anemia-bodies. Small, club-shaped, 
actively motile bodies, from 3 to 4 p. in length, 
found by Perles in the blood in three cases 
of pernicious anemia. 

Perles or Pearls, Lsennec's, the rounded 
gelatinous masses of sputum seen in the early 
stage of an attack of bronchial asthma. 

Perlsucht [G.]. See Pearl-disease. 

Permanent [per' -man-ent) [per, through; 
manere, to remain]. Lasting; fixed; endur- 
ing, as P. teeth. 

Permanganate [per-man'-gan-at). A salt 
of permanganic acid. See Manganese. 

Permanganic Acid [per - man -gan' - ik), 
HMn0 4 . A monobasic acid known chiefly 
in its salts. 

Permeable [per'-me-a-bl) [per, through; 
meare, to pass]. Capable of affording pas- 
sage. P. Stricture, a stricture that permits 
the passage of an instrument. 

Pernicious [per-nish' '-us) [pomiciosus, de- 
structive]. Highly destructive ; of intense se- 
verity; deadly; fatal. P. Anemia, adiseaseof 
the blood characterized by a great diminution 
in the number of red corpuscles, and a rela- 
tivelysmaller diminution of the hemoglobin, by 
the presence in the blood of poikilocytes, raa- 
crocytes, microcytes, and nucleated red cor- 
puscles. A symptomatic pernicious anemia 
may be produced by parasites in the intestinal 
canal, by atrophy of the gastric mucous mem- 
brane, and by hemorrhage. The nature of pri- 
mary pernicious anemia is still obscure. Most 
writers believe that the disease is dependent 
upon increased hemolysis, i.e., blood-destruc- 
tion. The disease most common in middle 
life is usually fatal, although recoveries are 
reported in several instances. P. Malaria. 
See Malaria. P. Vomiting, persistent, un- 
controllable vomiting, occurring in pregnancy. 



Pernio [per'-ne-o) [L.]. Synonym of Chil- 
blain. 

Peroneal [pcr-o-ne f -al) [nepdvr), pin]. Per- 
taining to the fibula. 

Peroneus [per-o-ne' '-us) [irepovrj, pin]. Per- 
taining to the fibula. P. Muscle. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Peronospora [per-o-nos* -po-rah) [irepdv?], 
point; crcopor, spore]. A genus of fungi 
producing mildew. P. ferrani, P. barcin- 
onae, a species that was supposed to cause 
cholera. P. lutea, a species that has been 
held to be the cause of yellow fever. 

Per os [L.]. By the mouth. 

Perosomus [pe-ro-so' -mus) [ivr/pSr, maimed ; 
ocjpa, body]. A monster presenting mal- 
formation of the entire body. 

Peroxid [per-oks'-id) [per, through; btjvr, 
sharp]. That oxid of any base which con- 
tains the most oxygen. 

Perplication ( per-plik - a' - shun) [ per, 
through ; plicare, to fold] . The operation 
of turning an incised vessel upon itself by 
drawing its end through an incision in its 
own wall. 

Per rectum [L.]. By the rectum. 

Personal [per'-son-al) [persona, a person]. 
Pertaining to a person. P. Equation, the 
peculiar difference of individuals in their 
reaction to various orders of stimuli. 

Perspiration [per-spir-a' -shun) [perspiratio ; 
perspirare, to perspire]. I. The secretion 
of sweat. 2. The sweat. P., Insensible, 
that which takes place constantly, the fluid 
being evaporated as fast as secreted. P., 
Sensible, that accumulating in visible drops 
or beads ; the sweat. 

Perspire [per-splr') [ perspirare] . To sweat. 

Pertussis [per-tus f -is). See Whooping-cough. 

Peruvian [pe-ru' '-ve-an) [Peru\. Pertain- 
ing to Peru. P. Bark. See Cinchona. 

Pervious (per'-ve-us) [per, through ; via, 
way]. Open ; permeable. 

Pes (pez) [L.]. A foot, or foot-like struc- 
ture. P. accessorius, the eminentia colla- 
teralis, a smooth white eminence in the 
brain, situated at the junction of the poste- 
rior and descending cornua of the lateral 
ventricle. P. anserinus, goose's foot ; 
the radiate branching of the facial nerve 
after its exit at the side of the face. P. 
hippocampi major, the lower portion of 
the hippocampus major. P. hippocampi 
minor. The same as Hippocampus minor. 

Pessary [pes f -ar-e) [ireaooc;, an oval-shaped 
stone]. An instrument placed in the vagina 
to hold the uterus in position. 

Pestiferous [pes-tif'-er-ous) [pestis, pest; 

ferre, to bear]. Causing pestilence. 

Pestilence [pes r - til - ens) [pestis, plague]. 
Any deadly epidemic disease, especially the 
plague. 



PESTILENTIAL 



490 



PHAGOCYTE 



Pestilential (pes-til-en' 'shal ) \_pestis, plague] . 
Having the nature of or producing a pesti- 
lence. 

Pestle. (pes / -l) \_pistillum~\. The instrument 
with which substances are rubbed in a mortar. 

Petechia {pet-e' '- ke-ah) [It. , peteche, a flea- 
bite]. A small spot beneath the epidermis, 
due to an effusion of blood. 

Petechial (pet-e'-ke-al) [It., peteche, flea- 
bite]. Characterized by or of the nature of 
petechiae. P. Fever, typhus fever. 

Petit, Canal of (pet-e'). See Canal. 

Petit Mai {pet-e mahl) [Fr., little illness]. 
A slight epileptic seizure characterized by a 
momentary, scarcely recognizable loss of con- 
sciousness, often with an upward staring of 
the eyes and fibrillary movements of the facial 
muscles. See Epilepsy. 

Petit's Triangle. See Triangles, Table of. 

Petri's Dishes. Shallow, double glass-dishes, 
for use in cultivating bacteria. 

Petrifaction {pet-rif-ak'-shun) \jikrpa, a 
stone ; facere, to make] . Conversion into 
stone, as P. of the fetus, the formation of a 
lithopedion. 

Petrolatum { pet - ro - la' - tu?n) [rrerpa, rock; 
oleum, oil]. A jelly-like preparation obtained 
from the residuum of petroleum, soluble in 
ether, insoluble in water and alcohol, and 
known commercially as vaselin or cosmolin. 
It is used as a basis for ointments and as an 
emollient. P. liquidum (U. S. P.), liquid 
petrolatum. P. molle (U. S. P., B. P.), soft 
petroleum-ointment. P. spissum (U. S. P.), 
hard petroleum. 

Petroleum (pet-ro'-le-um) \_~irpa, rock; 
oleum, oil]. An oily liquid issuing from the 
earth in various places, and consisting of a 
mixture of hydrocarbons with small amounts 
of oxidation-products. The hydrocarbons 
belong chiefly to the paraffin-series. 

Petromastoid ( pet - ro - mas f - toid ) [irerpa, 
stone; mastoid']. Pertaining to the petrous 
and mastoid portions of the temporal bone. 
P. Canal, a short passage connecting the 
mastoid sinuses and the tympanic cavity. P. 
Foramen, the tympanic orifice of the petro- 
mastoid canal. 

Petrooccipital (pet-ro-ok-sip'-it-al) \_irsTpa, 
stone ; occiput, occiput]. Pertaining to the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone and to 
the occipital bone. 

Petrosal (pet-ro'-zal) \jzkrpa, rock]. I. 
Pertaining to the petrous portion of the tem- 
poral bone, as the P. sinus (superior and 
inferior), P. nerves. 2. The petrous portion 
of the temporal bone itself. 

Petroselinum (pet-ro-se-li'-mtm) [rrerpa, 
rock ; aOavov, parsley] . See Parsley. 

Petrosomastoid (pet-ro-so-mas / -toid). Syno- 
nym of Petromastoid. 

Petrosphenoid (pet-ro-sfe'-noid) \jtkrpa, 



rock; cotjv, wedge; elSog, like]. Pertain- 
ing to the petrous portion of the temporal 
bone and the sphenoid bone. P. Suture, 
the suture between the temporal bone and 
the great wing of the sphenoid bone. 

Petrosquamosal, Petrosquamous (pet-ro- 
skwa -mo'-, sal, pet -ro- skwa f - mus) [jzeTpa, 
rock; squama, scale]. Pertaining to the pe- 
trous and squamous portions of the temporal 
bone. P. Fissure, P. Suture, the line of 
juncture of the squamous and petrous por- 
tions of the temporal bone. P. Sinus, a 
venous passage formed in the dura mater at 
the junction of the petrous and squamous por- 
tions of the temporal bone. It opens into 
the lateral sinus. 

Petrous (pe'-trus) [nt-pa, rock]. I. Stony, 
of the hardness of stone, as the P. portion of 
the temporal bone. 2. See Petrosal. 

Pettenkoffer's Test. A test for the presence 
of biliary acids. A few drops of the sus- 
pected liquid are dropped into a fresh solu- 
tion of sugar and dilute sulphuric acid. If 
biliary acids be present a purplish- crimson 
color is produced. 

Peyer's Glands or Patches. Aggregations 
of lymph-follicles situated in the mucous 
membrane of the lower part of the small in- 
testine, opposite the mesenteric attachment. 

Pfeiffer's Phenomenon. When a mixture 
of cholera-germs and cholera antitoxic serum 
is injected into the peritoneal cavity of a 
guinea-pig, the microorganisms are quickly 
destroyed and dissolved. This does not occur 
when normal or other serum is employed, nor 

, are other organisms destroyed when injected 
together with cholera-serum. The same phe- 
nomenon has been observed in the case of 
the typhoid-bacillus and typhoid antitoxic 
serum, and is a valuable differential sign. 

Pfliiger's Law. The law that a nerve-trunk 
is stimulated by the appearance of catelectrot- 
onus and the disappearance of anelectrotonus, 
but not under the reverse condition. 

Phacoidoscope [fa-koid'-o-scop). Synonym 
of Pnacoscope. 

Phacosclerosis (fa-ko-skle-ro f -sis) [tyanoi, 
lens; aaArjpoQ, hard]. Hardening of the 
crystalline lens. 

Phacoscope (fa'-ko-skop) \_<pa.K6g, lens; 
CKOTrelv, to inspect]. An instrurhent for ob- 
serving the accommodative changes of the lens. 

Phagedena (faj-ed-e'-na/i) \_(paya6dtva, from 
(payelv, to eat]. A rapidly spreading destruc- 
tive ulceration of soft parts. 

Phagedenic ( faj - ed - en f - ik) [ <payedaiva ; 
(payelv, to eat]. Of the nature of phagedena. 
P. Chancroid, a chancroid that spreads 
rapidly and destroys a large amount of tissue. 

Phagocyte [fag-o-sit') \_tyayeiv, to eat; kvtoc, 
cell]. A cell having the property of englob- 
ing and digesting foreign or other particles 



PHAGOCYTIC 



491 



PHARYNGOCELE 



harmful to the body. Phagocytes are either 
fixed — endothelial cells, fixed connective- 
tissue cells — or free — the wandering cells or 
leukocytes. A large phagocyte is termed a 
macrophage ; a small one, a microphage. 

Phagocytic {fag-o-sit' -ik) [yayeiv, to eat ; 
Kirog, cell]. Of, pertaining to, or caused by 
phagocytes. 

Phagocytosis (fag-o-si-fo'-sis) [tyayeiv, to 
eat; nvrog, cell]. The ingestion of foreign 
or other particles, principally bacteria, by 
certain cells. P. has been claimed to be the 
cause of immunity against infectious diseases. 

Phakitis {fa-ki'-tis) [cpciKog, lens ; mc, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the crystal- 
line lens of the eye ; a condition that has, 
however, not been observed. 

Phako-. See Phaco-. 

Phalacrosis {fal-ak-ro f -sis) [jpaTianpoc; , bald] . 
Baldness. 

Phalangeal {fa-tan' - je-al) \jpa7iay!;, pha- 
lanx]. Pertaining to a phalanx. 

Phalanges {fa-lan'-jez) [jpaTiay^, phalanx]. 
Plural of Phalanx. 

Phalanx {fa' -tanks) \_§akay%, phalanx]. I. 
One of the bones of the fingers or toes. 2. 
One of the delicate processes of the head- 
plate of the outer rod of Corti projecting be- 
yond the inner rod. 

Phallic {fal r -ik) [jpallog, penis]. Pertaining 
to the penis. 

Phallus {faV-us) \_^>a7Ji6q, penis]. Penis. 

Phaneroscope {fan' - er - o - skop) [tyavepoq, 
visible ; ckotteIv, to see]. An instrument for 
rendering the skin transparent ; it is used in 
examining for diseases of the skin, such as 
lupus. 

Phantasm {fan f -tazm) [fyavTa&iv, to render 
visible]. An illusive perception of an object 
that does not exist ; an optic illusion ; an 
apparition. 

Phantom {fanf-tuni) [(pav-a&iv, to make visi- 
ble]. I. An apparition. 2. A model of a 
part or the whole of the human body used in 
practising various operations and procedures. 
P. -tumor, a tumor-like swelling produced 
artificially by the contraction of a muscle or 
by other causes. 

Pharmaceutic {far-ma-sn ; -tik) \jpapjianeveiv, 
to administer a drug]. Pertaining to phar- 
macy. 

Pharmaceutics {far-ma-sn' '-tiks) \^app.aKzv- 
elv, to administer a drug]. See Pharmacy 
(istdef.). 

Pharmacist {far f - ma - sisf) \J>apjj.aKov, a 
drug]. An apothecary. 

Pharmaco- {far-ma-ko-) \J>apjj,aKOv, drug]. 
A prefix meaning pertaining to drugs. 

Pharmacodynamics {far - ma - ko-di-nam f - 
iks) \jpdpuaKov, drug ; dvvafiig, force]. The 
science of the action of drugs. 

Pharmacognosis, Pharmacognosy {far- 



ma-kog / -no-sis, far-7na-kog f -no-se) \_tydp\ia.Kov y 
drug; } uuacg, knowledge]. The science of 
crude drugs. 

Pharmacography {far-ma-kog' '-ra-fe). See 
Ph a rmacognosy. 

Pharmacologist {far-ma-koV -o-jist) [(papfia- 
kov, drug; /\6yog, science]. One versed in 
pharmacology. 

Pharmacology {far-ma-kol* -o-je) [jpapfianov, 
drug; Tioyoq, science]. The science of the 
nature and properties of drugs. 

Pharmacopeia {far-ma-ko-pe / -ah) \fyapiia- 
kov, drug ; woielv, to make] . A collection 
of formulas and methods for the preparation 
of drugs, especially a book of such formulas 
recognized as a standard, as the United States 
or British P. The former is issued every ten 
years, under the supervision of a national 
committee. 

Pharmacopeial {far-ma-ko-pe' '-at) [Qapjua- 
kov, drug; iroislv, to make]. Contained in 
or sanctioned by the pharmacopeia. 

Pharmacy {far' -ma-se) \jpapixaKeia, the use 
of drugs]. I. The art of preparing, com- 
pounding, and dispensing medicines. 2. A 
drug-store. 

Pharyngeal {fa r - in f -j ' e - at) [jpapvy^, 
pharynx]. Pertaining to the pharynx. P. 
Tonsil. See Luschkd 1 s Tonsil. P. Tu- 
bercle, a small elevation near the middle of 
the inferior surface of the basilar process of the 
occipital bone, for the attachment of the 
pharynx. 

Pharyngectomy {far-in-jek' '-to-me) [tpapvyt;, 
pharynx; ekto/lltj, excision]. Excision of 
the pharynx. 

Pharyngismus {far-in-jiz / -mns) \j>apvy!;, 
pharynx]. Spasm of the pharynx. 

Pharyngitis^ {far-in-ji f -tis) [tpapvyt;, phar- 
ynx ; irtg, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the pharynx. P., Acute, P., Catarrhal, is 
due to exposure to cold, to the action of irri- 
tant substances, or to certain infectious 
causes, and is characterized by pain on swal- 
lowing, by dryness, later by moisture, and by 
congestion of the mucous membrane. P., 
Chronic, this is generally the result of re- 
peated acute attacks, and is associated either 
with hypertrophy of the mucous membrane 
(P., Hypertrophic), or with atrophy (P., 
Atrophic). P., Croupous, P., Diphther- 
ic, is characterized by the presence of a 
false membrane, the product of the action 
of the diphtheria-bacillus. P., Granular, a 
form of chronic pharyngitis in which the mu- 
cous membrane has a granular appearance. 

Pharyngo- {far-in* -go-) \_§apvy\, pharynx] . 
A prefix signifying pertaining to the pharynx. 

Pharyngocele {far-in' '-go-set ) [fyapvyi;, 
pharynx ; KrjTirj, tumor] . A hernia or pouch 
of the pharynx projecting through the pharyn- 
geal wall. 



PHARYNGOLARYNGEAL 



492 



PHLEBITIS 



Pharyngolaryngeal [far-in-go-lar-in'-je-al) 

[oapiy;, pharynx; 7Apvy^, larynx]. Per- 
taining both to the pharynx and the larynx. 

Pharyngolaryng itis (far-in -go - lar - i?i -ji'- 
tis) [yapvyt; , pharynx ; 7£pvyf-, larynx ; trig, 
inflammation]. Simultaneous inflammation 
of the larynx and pharynx. 

Pharyngomycosis (far - in - go - 7ni - ho' -sis) 
[pdpir/^, pharynx ; jivurjc, fungus]. Disease 
of the pharynx due to the action of fungi. 

Pharyngoplegia {far - in -go -pie' - je - ah) 
[oapvyt, pharynx ; rrArjyr}, a stroke]. Paral- 
ysis of the muscles of the pharynx. 

Pharyngoscope (far-in' -go-skop) \jbapvyi-, 
pharynx ; ckotteIv, to inspect]. An instru- 
ment for use in examining the pharynx. 

Pharyngoscopy (far-in-gos' -ko-pe) [oapvyi-, 
pharynx ; cko-e'lv, to examine]. Examina- 
tion of the pharynx with the pharyngoscope. 

Pharyngospasm (far-in' ' -go-spazm) \6apvyl-, 
pharynx ; c-aojiog, spasm] . Spasmodic con- 
traction of the pharyngeal muscles. 

Pharyngotome (far-in' -go-tom) [dapvyg, 
pharynx ; tout], a cutting]. An instrument 
for incising the pharynx. 

Pharyngotomy ( far-in-got' '-o-me) [<j>apvy$, 
pharynx; rojii], a cutting]. Incision into 
the pharynx. P., Inferior, one in which 
the tissues between the hyoid bone and the 
cricoid cartilage are divided. P., Lateral, 
incision into one side of the pharynx. P., 
Subhyoidean, that through the thyrohyoid 
membrane. 

Pharyngotonsillitis (far-in-go-ton-sil-i'-tis) 
[dapir/t; , pharynx ; tonsillitis]. Inflamma- 
tion of the pharynx and the tonsil. 

Pharynx (far'-inx) [(pdpvy^, throat]. The 
musculomembranous pouch situated back of 
the nose, mouth, and larynx, and extending 
from the base of the skull to a point opposite 
the sixth cervical vertebra, where it becomes 
continuous with the esophagus. It is lined 
by mucous membrane, covered in its upper 
part with columnar ciliated epithelium, in its 
lower part with stratified epithelium. On 
the outside of this is a layer of fibrous tissue, 
the pharyngeal aponeurosis. This in turn is 
surrounded by the muscular coat. The 
upper portion of the pharynx communicates 
with the nose through the posterior nares, is 
known as the nasopharynx, and functionally 
belongs to the respiratory tract ; the lower 
portion is divided into the oropharynx and 
laryngopharynx, and is a part of the digestive 
tract. The pharynx communicates with the 
middle ear by means of the Eustachian tube. 

Phenacetin (fe-nas' -et-in) [ phenol ' ; acetum, 
vinegar] , C 10 H 13 NO 2 . Acetphenetidin, a com- 
pound derived from phenol, having antipyretic 
and antineuralgic properties. It is crystalline, 
tasteless, and almost insoluble in water. Dose 
gr. iv-xxx (0.26-2.0). 



Phenate (fe-nat) [phenol]. A compound of 
phenol and a base ; a carbolate. 

Phenetidin (fe - net' - id- in) [phenol] , 
C 8 H n NO. The base from which phenacetin 
is prepared by substitution. 

Phenic Acid [phenol]. See Acid, Carbolic. 

Phenocoll (fe'-no-kol) [phenol], C 10 H U - 
N 2 2 . Amidophenacetin, a substance re- 
sembling phenacetin, and the hydrochlorate 
of which is used as an antipyretic. Dose 
gr. x-xv (0.65-1.0). 

Phenol {fe'-nol) [doivifj, purple -red]. 1. Car- 
bolic acid. 2. Any derivative of benzene 
homologous with phenol. 

Phenolphthalein (fe-nol-tha' -le-in) [<polvi^, 
purple-red ; phthalic]. A substance produced 
by the action of phenol on phthalic acid and 
used generally in a I per cent, solution in 50 
per cent, alcohol, as a delicate test for acids 
and alkalies. It is turned red by alkalies and 
decolorized by acids. 

Phenolsulphonic Acid (fe-nol-stilfon'-ik). 
Sulphocarbolic Acid. 

Phenyl (fe'-nil) [dolvig, purple-red ; v/jj, 
matter]. The univalent radicle, C 6 H 5 , of 
phenol. 

Phenyl-glucosazone {fe-nil-ghi-ko'-saz-on), 
C 18 H 22 N 4 4 . A yellow crystalline compound 
produced in the phenyl-hydrazin test for glu- 
cose. 

Phenyl-glycuronic Acid {-glik-u-ron' -ik) . 
A crystalline body, a compound of phenol 
and glycuronic acid, occurring in the urine 
after the ingestion of phenol. 

Phenyl-hydrazin (fe-nil-hi' -dra-zin) , C 6 H 8 - 
N 2 . A liquid base, crystallizing in plates, the 
hydrochlorate of which is used as a test for 
sugar (Phenyl-hydrazin test). 

Phenylic (fe-nil'-ih) [(polvig, purple-red]. 
Pertaining to or containing phenyl. 

Phenyl-urethane {fe-nil-u' '-reth-aii) , C 9 H 1X - 
N0 2 . See Euphorin. 

Phial (f'-al) [ftd/.r], a saucer]. A small 
glass bottle ; a vial. 

Phimosis (f-mo'-sis) [Qifior, a muzzle]. 
Elongation and constriction of the prepuce, 
so that the latter cannot be retracted over the 
glans penis. 

Phlebectasia, Phlebectasis {fleb-ek-ta' -ze- 
ah,feb-ek'-tas-is) [o'/Iip, vein ; inracng, dila- 
tation]. Dilatation of a vein ; varicosity. 

Phlebectomy {fleb-ek'-to-vie) [faeip, vein ; 
eKTOjif), excision]. Excision of a vein. 

Phlebitis (Jleb-i'-tis) [dAeip, vein ; trig, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of a vein. This 
is generally suppurative (suppurative P.), 
and is the result of the extension of suppura- 
tion from adjacent tissues. It leads to the 
formation of a thrombus within the vein 
(Thrombophlebitis!, which may break down 
and cause the distribution of septic emboli to 
various parts of the body. When not due to 



PHLEBO 



493 



PHOROMETER 



a suppurative process the P., called plastic, 
adhesive, or proliferative, may give rise to 
obliteration of the vein. The symptoms of 
P. are pain and edema of the affected part, 
redness along the course of the vein, the latter 
appearing as a hard, tender cord. P., Sinus-, 
phlebitis of the sinuses of the dura mater. 

Phlebo- (Jleb'-o-) [<pfaip, vein]. A prefix 
denoting pertaining to a vein. 

Phlebogram {JUb f -o-gram) \_<pll^>, vein ; 
ypcKpeiv, to write]. A tracing of the move- 
ments of a vein by the sphygmograph. 

Phlebolite, Phlebolith {fleb' -o-llt, jleb'-o- 
lith) \jpM\l>, vein ; Aidog, stone]. Vein -stone, 
a hard concretion sometimes found in veins, 
and produced by calcareous infiltration of a 
thrombus. 

Phlebosclerosis (Jleb-o-skle-ro' -sis) [(ple-ip, 
a vein ; GK?jjp6g, hard] . Sclerosis of a vein. 

Phlebotomy {fleb-ot' '-o-me) [(pAeip, vein ; 
roil?], a cutting]. Opening of a vein for the 
purpose of blood-letting. The vein most 
often selected is the median cephalic at the 
bend of the elbow. 

Phlegm (jlem) [(pAey/ia, phlegm]. I. A 
viscid, stringy mucus, secreted by the mucosa 
of the upper air-passages. 2. One of the 
four humors of the old writers. 

Phlegmasia {fleg-ma' -ze-ah) [<f>Aeyeiv, to 
burn]. Inflammation. P. alba dolens, 
milk-leg, a painful swelling of the leg, be- 
ginning either at the ankle and ascending, 
or at the groin and extending down the 
thigh, its usual cause being septic infection 
after labor. 

Phlegmatic (Jleg-i?iat' '-ik) [<f>Aey/ua, phlegm]. 
Full of phlegm; hence, indifferent, apa- 
thetic. 

Phlegmon {fleg' '-mon) [<p?iey /uovij , inflamma- 
tion]. An inflammation characterized by the 
spreading of a purulent or fibrinopurulent 
exudate within the tissues. 

Phlegmonous {Jleg / -mon-us) \jpArjyfxovrj, in- 
flammation]. Of the nature of or pertaining 
to phlegmon. 

Phlogogenic {Jlog-o-jen f -ik) [$16!;, flame ; 
yevvav, to produce]. Causing inflammation. 

Phlogosin (J?og / -o-sin) [(pAoytoatg, inflamma- 
tion, from 0/.6f, flame]. A crystalline body 
isolated from cultures of pyogenic staphylo- 
cocci, and causing suppuration when injected 
beneath the skin or introduced into the eye. 

Phloridzin, Phlorizin (Jlor-id'-zin, flor- 
i f -zin) [<p/iOiog, bark ; 'pi(,a, root], C 21 H 24 O 10 - 
.2H 2 0. A bitter crystalline glucosid occur- 
ring in the root and trunk of the apple, pear, 
and other fruit-trees. It is said to possess anti- 
pyretic properties. Dose gr. v-x (0.32-0.65). 
Given to lower animals it produces glycosuria. 
P. -diabetes, the glycosuria induced in lower 
animals, especially dogs, by the administra- 
tion of phloridzin. 



Phloroglucin {Jlo-ro-glu'-sin) [(pAoiog, bark ; 
yXvKvg, sweet], C 6 H 6 3 — C g Hj(OH) 8 . A 
crystalline substance found in the bark of the 
cherry, pear, apple, and other trees, and used 
as a test for woody tissue (lignin) and hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Phlyctena (Jlik-le' '-nah) [tyAvnTatva, blister]. 
A vesicle. 

Phlyctenoid {flik f -ten-oid) \J>AvKTaiva, blis- 
ter; eldog, like]. See Phlyctenular. 

Phlyctenula, Phlyctenule {flik-ten'-ii-lah, 

Jlik-ten'-zil) [(pAvuraivG, blister]. A little 
vesicle or blister. 

Phlyctenular (Jlik-ten'-u-lar) [(plvuraiva, 
blister]. Resembling a phlyctenule; char- 
acterized by the formation of phlyctenules, as 
P. conjunctivitis. 

Phlyzacion, Phlyzacium (jli-za'-se-on, fli- 
za f -se-um) \_§av(,£lv, to inflame]. A pustular 
vesicle on an indurated base. P. acutum. 
See Ecthy?na. 

Phocomelus ^fo-kom' '-el-us) [<2>y/C7, a seal ; 
jieAog, limb]. A monster with rudimentary 
limbs, the hands and feet being attached al- 
most directly to the trunk. 

Phonation [fo-na' '-shun) [(puvr?, voice]. 
The production of vocal sound or articulate 
speech. 

Phonatory (fon'-a-tor-e) [tyovrj, voice]. 
Pertaining to phonation. 

Phonautograph [fo-naiv' '-to-graf) [tyuvi] , 
voice ; aWoq, self ; ypacbeiv, to write] . An 
apparatus for recording automatically the vi- 
brations of the air produced by the voice. 

Phonetic (fo-net'-ik) \jpavf], voice]. I. Per- 
taining to or representing sounds. 2. Per- 
taining to the voice. 

Phonetics (fo-net' -iks) [<povr/, voice]. The 
science dealing with the mode of production 
of sounds. 

Phonic (fon'-ik) [tyuvrj, voice]. Pertaining 
to the voice. P. Spasm, a spasm of the 
laryngeal muscles occurring on attempting to 
speak. 

Phonograph (fo'-no-graf) [jpcovrj, sound ; 
ypa<peiv, to record]. An instrument consist- 
ing of a wax-coated cylinder revolving under 
a stylus attached to a diaphragm. The vi- 
brations of the diaphragm, set in motion by 
the voice, cause the cylinder to be indented 
by the stylus. When the cylinder is again 
revolved the movement of the stylus upon 
the cylinder throws the diaphragm into vibra- 
tion and reproduces the original sounds of the 
voice. 

Phonology {fo-nol' -o-je) \jpovr], voice ; Aoyoq, 
science]. The science of vocal sounds; 
phonetics. 

Phonometer (fo-nom'-et-er) \§uvrj, voice ; 
jxerpov, measure]. An instrument for meas- 
uring the intensity of the voice. 

Phorometer (fo-rom'-et-er)[([>opEEiv, to tend; 



PHOSE 



494 



PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID 



fierpov, measure] . An instrument for meas- 
uring the relative strength of the ocular 
muscles. 

Phose (fos) [0wc, light] . A subjective sen- 
sation of light or color, as, e.g., scotoma 
scintillans. Aphose, a subjective sensation 
of shadow or darkness, as, e. g., muscae voli- 
tantes. Centraphoses, aphoses originating 
in the optic centers. Centrophoses, phoses 
originating in the optic centers. Chromo- 
phose, a subjective sensation of color. Peri- 
pheraphoses, peripheral aphoses. Peripher- 
ophoses, phoses originating in the peripheral 
organs of vision (the optic nerve or eyeball). 

Phosphate {fos' -fat) [cptoofopoc;, phosphorus]. 
A salt of phosphoric acid. Normal P., one 
in which the three hydrogen-atoms, or the 
six of two molecules, are substituted by 
metals, e. g., NagP0 4 , Cag(P0 4 ) 2 . Acid P., 
one in which one or two of the hydrogen- 
atoms only have been replaced by metals. 
P., Ammoniomagnesium, a double salt 
of ammonium and magnesium and phos- 
phoric acid. P., Earthy, a phosphate of 
one of the alkaline earths. P., Triple, 
ammoniomagnesium phosphate. The phos- 
phates are used in medicine as tonics and 
alteratives in conditions associated with mal- 
nutrition of the bones (rickets, scrofula). 
Sodium phosphate is employed as a chola- 
gogue and laxative. 

Phosphatic (fos-fat'-ik) [</>cj<7popoc, phos- 
phorus]. Containing phosphates ; charac- 
terized by the excretion of large amounts of 
phosphates, as P. diathesis. 

Phosphatid (fos'-fa-tid) [(puodopoc, phos- 
phorus]. Any one of a large group of 
phosphorus-compounds, found in brain-sub- 
stance, and resembling the phosphates. 

Phosphaturia (fos-fa-tu' '-re-ah) [pcjaodpoc, 
phosphorus; urina, urine]. A condition in 
which an excess of phosphates is passed in 
the urine. 

Phosphene (fos' -fen) [owe, light; (paivetv, 
to show]. A subjective luminous sensation 
caused by pressure upon the eyeball. 

Phosphid (fos' -fid) \jpo)a6opog, phosphorus]. 
A compound of phosphorus and another 
element or radicle acting as a base. The 
phosphids are used in medicine as substitutes 
for phosphorus. 

Phosphin (fos' -fin) \jpua<popoq, phosphorus]. 
I. Hydrogen phosphid, PH 3 , a poisonous 
gas of alliaceous odor. 2. A substitution- 
compound of PH 3 , bearing the same relation 
to it that an amin does to ammonia. 

Phosphite (fos' -fit)\jpua<p6pog , phosphorus]. 
A salt of phosphorous acid. 

Phosphoglyceric Acid (fos-fo-glis-e'-rik) 
\_<puG<p6po<; , phosphorus ; yXvuvg, sweet] , C 3 - 
HqPOg. A liquid body obtained from leci- 
thin. 



Phosphomolybdic Acid (fos-fo-mol' -ib-dik) 
[ phosphorus ; inolybdemini\. A compound 
of phosphoric acid and molybdenum trioxid, 
used as a test for alkaloids. 

Phosphonium (fos-fo' -ne-um) [<pQo<p6pog, 
phosphorus]. The hypothetic univalent rad- 
icle PH 4 ; it is analogous to ammonium, KH t . 

Phosphorated (fos'for-a-ted) [<puG<popog, 
phosphorus] . Containing phosphorus. 

Phosphorescence (fos-for-es'-ens) [(poaipo- 
pog, phosphorus]. The spontaneous lumin- 
osity of phosphorus and other substances in 
the dark. 

Phosphorescent (fos-for-es'-ent) \jptdo<t>6 pog , 
phosphorus]. Possessing the quality of 
phosphorescence. 

Phosphoreted (fos' -for - et- ed) [(puodopoc, 
phosphorus]. Combined with phosphorus. 

Phosphoric Acid (fos -for' -ik). See Acids, 
Table of 

Phosphoridrosis (fos-for-id-ro' -sis) [phos- 
phorus ; id pug, sweat]. The secretion of 
phosphorescent sweat. 

Phosphorism (fos'-for-izm) \_phosphorus~\ . 
Chronic phosphorus-poisoning. 

Phosphorized (fos'-for-lzd) \_phosphorus~\ . 
Containing phosphorus. 

Phosphorous Acid (fos-for'-us). See Acids, 
Table of 

Phosphorus (fos'-for-tis) [0wc, light; Qopetv, 
to bear]. A nonmetallic element, having a 
quantivalence of 3 or 5, and an atomic 
weight of 31. Symbol P. In commerce it 
is prepared from bone-ash or from sombrer- 
ite, an impure calcium phosphate found in 
West Indian guano. P. may be obtained in 
several allotropic forms. Ordinary P. is a 
yellowish-white, wax) r solid, of a specific 
gravity of 1. 837. Red or amorphozis P. is a 
dark-red powder, having a specific gravity of 
2. II, insoluble in carbon disulphid, nonin- 
flammable, nonluminous, nonpoisonous. Me- 
tallic rhombohedral P. is an allotropic form 
produced by heating phosphorus in a sealed 
tube w r ith melted lead. Its specific gravity 
is 2.34. Medicinally, P. is used as an altera- 
tive in osteomalacia and in rickets, in sexual 
impotence, threatened cerebral degeneration, 
neuralgia, chronic alcoholism, morphino- 
mania, furunculosis, etc. Dose yi-g to -fa 
gr. (0.00065-0.0013). Ordinary P. is ex- 
ceedingly poisonous ; it causes a widespread 
fatty degeneration, most marked in the liver. 
Preparations: Elixir phosphori (U. S. P.). 
Dose rr^xv-f % j (1.0—4.0). Oleum phosphor- 
atum CU. S. P., B. P.) and Spiritus phosphori 
(U. S. V P.). Dose TTy-v (0.065-0.32). Pil- 
ube phosphori (U. S. P.) contain each gr. yi^. 

Phosphotungstic Acid (fos-fo-tung'-stik ) 
H u P\V 10 O 38 -f- H 2 0. A crystalline com- 
pound of phosphoric and tungstic acids, used 
as a test for alkaloids and peptones. 



PHOSPHURET 



495 



PHTHISIS 



Phosphuret {fos'-fu-ret) \j>uo$6pog, .phos- 
phorus]. A phosphid. 

Phosphureted (fos'-fu-ret-ed). Synonym 
of Phosphoreted. 

Photo- (fo'-to-) [dog, light]. A prefix de- 
noting relation to light. 

Photobiotic (fo-to-bi-ot'-ik) [0£>c, light ; 
; 3iog, life]. Living habitually in the light. 

Photochemic {fo-to-kem'-ik ) [owe, light ; 
XV (xela, chemistry]. Pertaining to the 
chemic action of light. 

Photochemistry {fo-lo-kem f -is-tre)\^>a)g,\\^\t; 
Xi?ueia, chemistry]. That branch of chemis- 
try treating of the chemic action of light. 

Photoelectricity [fo-to-e-lek-tris' '-it-e) [<j>o)g, 
light; electricity]. Electricity produced under 
the influence of light. 

Photogene (fo' -to-jen) [0wc, light ; yevvdv, 
to produce]. I. A retinal impression ; an 
after-image. 2. A liquid derived from bitu- 
minous shale 

Photogenic {fo-to-jen' '-ik) [</>£>c, light; yevvav,, 
to produce]. Light-producing. 

Photography (fo-tog / -ra-/e) [</><yc, light; 
ypatyeiv, to write]. The art of producing 
an image of an object (Photograph) by 
throwing the rays of light reflected from it 
upon a surface coated with a film of a sub- 
stance, such as a silver-salt, that is readily de- 
composed by light, subsequently treating the 
film with certain agents (developers) that 
bring out the image, and then dissolving the 
salt unacted upon by the light. 

Photohemotachometer (fo-to-hem-o-tak- 
om'-et-er) [0gjc, light; al/ua, blood; rdxog, 
swiftness; juerpov, measure], A hemotach- 
ometer in which the changes in level of the 
column of blood are photographed. 

Photokinetic {fo-to-kin-et'-ik) [0cJe, light; 
KcvrjriKog, causing movement ] . Causing 
movement by means of light. 

Photolyte (ft' -to-lit) [0wc, light ; Xveiv, to 
loosen]. A substance that is decomposed by 
the action of light. 

Photomagnetism {fo-to-mag* '-net-izm) [0£>c, 
light ; magnet] . Magnetism produced by 
the action of light. 

Photometer (fo-tom'-et-er) [0<yf, light ; /xer- 
pov, measure]. An instrument for measur- 
ing the intensity of light. 

Photometry {fo-toi7i r -et-re ) [ <pug, light ; 
fierpov, measure]. The measurement of the 
intensity of light. 

Photomicrograph (fo-to-mi' '-kro-graf) [0o>c, 
light; fwcpog, small ; ypdtyetv, to write]. A 
photograph of a small or microscopic object, 
usually made with the aid of a microscope, 
and of sufficient size for observation with the 
naked eye. Compare Microphotograph. 

Photomicrography (fo - to - mi-krog'- ra -fe) 
[0cic, light ; fiinpog, small ; ypd<j>etv, to write]. 
The art of producing photomicrographs. 



Photophobia {fo-to-fo' -be-ah) [</>«<;, light ; 
&6f3og, fear]. Intolerance of light. 

Photophone (fo'-to-fdn) [<£wc, light ; 0uvt/, 
sound]. An apparatus for the graphic repre- 
sentation of the character of sound-waves by 
means of flames. 

Photopsia (fo-top' 'se-aJi) [<iwc, light ; dipig, 
sight]. Subjective sensations of sparks or 
flashes of light occurring in certain morbid 
conditions of the optic nerve, the retina, or 
the brain. 

Photoxylin, Photoxylon (fo-toks'-il-in, fo- 
toks f -il-on) [06)Cj light; %v2.ov, wood]. A 
substance produced from wood-pulp by the 
action of sulphuric acid and potassium ni- 
trate. It serves as a substitute for collodion 
in minor surgery, and as a medium for mount- 
ing microscopic specimens. 

Photuria (fo-tzi'-re-ah) [</><5c, light; urina, 
urine]. The passage of phosphorescent 
urine. 

Phren (freti) [typrjv]. I. Diaphragm. 2. 
Mind. 

Phrenetic (fren-et' -ik) [<j>pi/v, mind]. Mani- 
acal ; delirious. 

Phrenic (fren'-ik) [typijv, diaphragm, mind]. 
I. Pertaining to the diaphragm, as P. nerve, 
P. artery. 2. Pertaining to the mind. 

Phrenitis (fj-en-i'-tis) \jppi]v, 1, mind; 2, 
diaphragm; trig, inflammation] . I. Inflam- 
mation of the brain. 2. Inflammation of 
the diaphragm. 

Phrenograph {f?-en f -~o-graf) [typrjv, dia- 
phragm ; ypd(petv, to write] . An instrument 
for registering the movements of the dia- 
phragm. 

Phrenology (fren - oV- -je) \j>pyv, mind ; 
?i6yog, science]. The theory that the various 
faculties of the mind occupy distinct and 
separate areas in the brain-cortex, and that 
the predominance of certain faculties can be 
predicted from modifications of the parts 
of the skull overlying the areas where these 
faculties are located. 

Phrenopathy (fren-op'-ath-e) [ypyv, mind ; 
irddog, disease]. Mental disease. 

Phrenosin {f?-en f -o-sin) \jpprjv, mind]. A 
nitrogenous body obtained from brain-tissue. 

Phthalate {thai' -at). A salt of phthalic acid. 

Phthalic Acid {thaV-ik) [from naphthalene], 
C 8 H 6 4 . A crystalline substance derived 
from naphthalene. 

Phtheiriasis, Phthiriasis {thi - ri ; - as - is) 
[cpBeip, louse]. See Pediailosis. 

Phthisic (tiz'-ik) [(pdicig, a wasting]. I. 
Affected with phthisis. 2. A person affected 
with phthisis. 

Phthisical {tiz'-ik-al) [Qdiaig, a wasting]. 
Pertaining to or affected with phthisis. 

Phthisis {ti f -sis or te / -sis) [tyOiveiv, to waste] . 
I. A wasting away or consumption, as 
P. bulbi, shrinking of the eye -ball. 2. 



PHYLAXIN 



496 



PHYSOSTIGMIN 



Any disease characterized by emaciation 
and loss of strength, especially pulmonary 
tuberculosis. P., Fibroid. I. Interstitial 
pneumonia. 2. Chronic tuberculosis of the 
lungs attended with the formation of fibrous 
tissue, which contracts, causes shrinking of 
the affected part, and sometimes bronchiec- 
tasis by traction on the bronchi. P. florida, 
an acute, rapidly fatal pulmonary 7 tuberculosis ; 
galloping consumption. P., Laryngeal, 
tuberculosis of the larynx. P., Pulmonary. 
I. Tuberculosis of the lung. 2. Any one of 
a variety of interstitial pneumonias, such as 
Grinders' P., Miners' P., Stone-cutters' P., 
etc. P. ventriculi, atrophy of the mucous 
membrane and thinning of the coats of the 
stomach. 

Phylaxin (fi-laks f -hi) [or/af, a guardian]. 
A defensive proteid found in animals that 
have acquired an artificial immunity to a 
given infectious disease. The phyllaxins are 
of two varieties ; one having the power to 
destroy pathogenic microorganisms, called 
mycophyllaxin ; one that counteracts the 
poisons of the microorganisms, called toxo- 
phyllaxiii. 

Phyletic [fi-let r -ik) \qv7av, a tribe]. Per- 
taining to phylogeny. 

Phylogenesis, Phylogeny {fi-lo-gen f -es-is, 
fi-loj' -en-e) [oiv,or, a tribe ; ) evvav, to be- 
get]. The evolution of a group or species 
of animals or plants^from the simplest form ; 
the evolution of the species, as distinguished 
from ontogeny, the evolution of the individual. 

Phylogenetic (Ji - lo - gen - et f - ik) [of/ov, a 
tribe; yewap, to beget]. Pertaining to 
phylogeny. 

Phyma (fi f -mah) \_ovua, a growth]. I. 
Formerly, any one of a variety of swellings 
of the skin. 2. A localized plastic exudate 
larger than a tubercle ; a circumscribed swel- 
ling of the skin. 

Phymatosis ( fi-ma-to f -sis) \_phyma~]. Any 
disease characterized by the formation of 
phymata. 

Physalis (Jis'-al-is) [ovoaM.ig, bladder]. A 
large giant epithelial cell of giant-cell carci- 
noma. 

Physic (fiz'-ik) [ofaic, nature]. I. The 
science of medicine. 2. A medicine, espe- 
cially a cathartic. 3. To administer medi- 
cines ; also to purge. 

Physical {fiz r -ik-al) \6voik6c, physical]. I. 
Pertaining to nature ; also pertaining to the 
body or material things. P. Diagnosis, 
the investigation of disease by direct aid of 
the senses, sight, touch, and hearing. P. 
Examination, examination of the patient's 
body to determine the condition of the vari- 
ous organs and parts. P. Signs, the phe- 
nomena observed on inspection, palpation, 
percussion, auscultation, mensuration, or com- 



binations of these methods. 2. Pertaining 
to physics. 

Physician (Jiz-is'. :'--■■: ":. aic, nature] . One 
who practises medicine. 

Physicochemic [Jiz-ik-o-kem'-ik] [pi'mc, 
nature; ;pg/ieta, chemistry]. Pertaining to 
both physics and chemistry. 

Physics (fiz r -iks) [prove, nature]. The sci- 
ence of nature, especially that treating of the 
properties of matter and of the forces gov- 
erning it. 

Physiognomy ( fiz - e - :~' - '>:: - me) [oic/r, 
nature ; yvuurf, knowledge]. I. The science 
treating of the methods of determining charac- 
ter by a study of the face. 2. The counte- 
nance. 

Physiologic {fiz-e-o-loj f -ik) [prove, nature ; 
hi) oc, science] . I. Pertaining to physiology. 
2. Pertaining to natural or normal processes, 
as opposed to those that are pathologic. P. 
Antidote, an antidote that neutralizes a 
poison by effects on the system that are 
antagonistic to those of the poison. P. Unit. 
See Unit. 

Physiologist (jiz-e-oZ'-o-Jist) [ofa/c, nature; 
/id)oc, science]. One versed in physiology. 

Physiology {fiz-c-ol r -o-je) [prove, nature; 
/o; oc, science]. The science that treats of 
the functions of organic beings. P., Morbid, 
the study of diseased functions or of functions 
modified by disease. 

Physique [fiZ-ek') [Fr.]. Physical structure 
or organization. 

Physocele (ji'-so-sel) [pre/a, air; kjjIjj, 
tumor]. I. A swelling containing air or 
gas. 2. Emphysema of the scrotum ; a 
hernia filled with flatus. 

Physometra {Ji - so - me' '- trail) [orr/a, air; 
-?a. uterus]. A distention of the uterus 
with gas, produced by the decomposition of 
its contents. 

Physostigma {fi-so-stig f -mali) [proa, air; 
arn/u.a, stigma]. Calabar bean; ordeal- 
nut. The seed of Physostigma veneno- 
sum, of the natural order Legurninosese, 
which is used by the natives of Africa as an 
ordeal-poison. It contains two alkaloids — 
eserin or physostigmin, and calabarin. It 
acts as a general depressant, producing motor 
paralysis and in poisonous doses causing 
death by paralysis of the respiration. It is a 
miotic, and in small doses stimulates the 
heart and intestinal peristalsis. In medicine 
it is employed as a motor depressant in teta- 
nus and other spasms : as a stimulant in 
intestinal atony and dilatation, in asthma 
and emphysema. Preparations : Extractum 
physostigmatis (U. S. P., B. P.). Dose gr. 
yi-% (0.00S-0.016). Tinctura physostig- 
matis (U. S. P.). Dose rr^v-xx (0.32-1.3). 

Physostigmin (fi-so-stig'-min) [fftysostig- 
ma ~\i C 15 H 21 N 3 2 . An alkaloid found in 



PHYTALBUMOSE 



497 



PIGMENT 



the seed of Physostigma venenosum, or Cal- 
abar bean. It is also termed eserin. Phy- 
sostigminae salicylas, eserin salicylate, is 
used internally in doses of gr. fa (0.0008) ; 
but its chief use is for instillation into the eye 
as a miotic in conditions of mydriasis, and to 
lessen intraocular tension in glaucoma. It 
is used in these conditions in solution of the 
strength of from one to two grains to the fluid- 
ounce. Physostigminae sulphas, eserin 
sulphate, is used in the same manner as the 
preceding. 

Phytalbumose (fi-tal'-bu-mos) [<pv~6v, plant ; 
albumose']. A vegetable albumose. 

Phyto- (fi'-lo-) [$vt6v, plant]. A prefix 
signifying relation to plants. 

Phytogenesis (fi-to-jen' -es-is) \$vt6v, plant ; 
■yiveoig, origin]. The science of the origin 
and development of plants. 

Phytogenous (fi-toj f -en-us) \jj>vt6v, plant ; 
yevvav, to produce] . Produced by plants. 

Phytolacca (fi-to-lak' '-ah) [tyvrov, plant; 
/acca, lac]. The poke, P. decandra, a plant 
of the natural order Phytolaccaceoe, the fruit 
(Phytolacca fructus, or poke-berry) and root 
of which (Phytolacca radix, or poke-root) are 
official in the U. S. P. Poke is emetocathar- 
tic and slightly narcotic. It has been used 
in rheumatism, and locally in granular con- 
junctivitis and parasitic skin-diseases. Dose 
of the powdered root gr. x-xxx (0.65-2.0). 
Extractum phytolaccse radicis fluidum (U. S. 
P.). Dose rr^v-xxx (0.32-2.0). 

Phytoparasite (fi-to-par'-as-lt) [(pvrdv, a 
plant ; Trapacnrog, a parasite], A vegetable 
parasite. 

Phytopathology (fi-to-path-oV -o-je) [<pvr6v, 
plant; ttclOoq, disease; Tidyog, science], I. 
The science of diseases of plants. 2. The 
science of diseases due to vegetable organisms. 

Phytoplasm (fi'-to-plazm) \$vtov, plant ; 
Trhaoua, plasma]. Vegetable protoplasm. 

Phytosis {fi-to f -sis) \_§vtov, plant]. Any dis- 
ease due to vegetable organisms. 

Phytosterin (fi-tos' -ter-in) \J>vt6v, plant ; 
oreap, fat], A fat-like substance, similar to 
cholesterin, present in plant-seeds and sprouts. 

Pia, Pia Mater (pi-a mah'-ter) [L., kind 
or tender mother]. The vascular membrane 
enveloping the surface of the brain and spinal 
cord, and consisting of a plexus of blood-ves- 
sels held in a fine areolar tissue. 

Pia-arachnitis (pi-ah-ar-ak-ni' '-lis) [pia,-pia.; 
apaxvr], spider's web; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the pia-arachnoid ; lepto- 
meningitis. 

Pia-arachnoid (pi-ah-ar-ak' -noid)\_pia, pia ; 
ap&xv?/, a spider's web; eldog, like]. The 
pia and arachnoid considered as one struc- 
ture. 

Pial (pi' -at) [pia, pia]. Pertaining to the 
pia mater. 
32 



Pian (pi' -an). See Prambesia. 

Piano-players' Cramp. A painful spasm of 
the muscles occurring in piano-players as the 
result of overuse of the muscles in playing ; 
a form of occupation-neurosis. 

Pica (pi'-kah) [L. , magpie]. A craving for 
unnatural and strange articles of food ; a 
symptom present in certain forms of insanity, 
hysteria, and chlorosis, and during pregnancy. 

Picea (pis'-e-ali) [L., the pitch-pine]. A 
genus of coniferous trees. P. alba, the 
white spruce. P. excelsa, the common fir 
or pitch-pine. It yields resin and turpentine. 
P. nigra, the black spruce. P. vulgaris. 
Synonym of P. excelsa. 

Piceous (pis'-e-us) \_pix, pitch]. Resem- 
bling pitch. 

Picolin (pik'-o-lhi) [ picea, the pitch-pine ; 
oleum, oil],C 6 H 7 N. Methyl-pyridin, aliquid 
obtained by distillation from coal-tar. 

Picramic Acid (pik-ram f -ik) [lUKpdg, bitter; 
amin~], C H 5 N 3 O 5 . Picric acid in which 
one N0 2 radicle has been replaced by NH 2 . 

Picrate (pik f -rdt) [irkpdg, bitter]. A salt 
of picric acid. 

Picric Acid [pik'-rik) [irtupog, bitter]. See 
Acid, Picric. 

Picrocarmin (pik-ro-kar 1 '-min) \tukp6q, bit- 
ter ; carmin~\ . A preparation for staining 
microscopic specimens. Its composition is 
as follows: carmin 1.0; ammonia 5.0; dis- 
tilled water 50.0 parts. After solution, 50 
parts of a saturated watery solution of picric 
acid are added, and the mixture allowed to 
stand in a wide-mouthed bottle until the am- 
monia has evaporated. It is then filtered. 

Picrotoxin (pik-ro-toks'-in). {junpoq, bitter; 
to^lkov, poison]. A bitter neutral principle 
prepared from Anamirta paniculata (Cocculus 
indicus). Picrotoxin stimulates the motor 
and inhibitory centers in the medulla, espec- 
ially the respiratory and vagus centers ; it 
causes epileptiform spasms by irritation of 
the motor centers of the cerebrum or cord. 
Its action is much like that of strychnin. It 
has been used in an ointment (gr. x to ^j) 
in tinea capitis and in pediculosis. It is 
useful for the night-sweats of phthisis and 
in the complex of symptoms known as vaso- 
motor ataxia. Dose gr. fa to -fa (0.001- 
0.003). 

Piebald Skin. See Leukoderma and Vitil- 
igo. 

Piedra (pe-a'-dra/i) [S. Am.]. A disease of 
the hair marked by the formation of hard, pin- 
head-sized nodules on the shaft of the hair ; 
it is thought to be due to a micrococcus. 

Piezometer (pi-e-zom' '-ei-er ) [-ruegeiv, to 
press; fxerpov, measure]. An apparatus for 
measuring the degree of compression of 
gases. 

Pigment (pig'-ment) \_pingere, to paint]. A 



PIGMENTARY 



498 



FINK-EYE 



dye-stuff ; a coloring matter. Pigments may 
be in solution or in the form of granules or 
crystals. P., Hematogenous, any pigment 
derived from the blood. Hematogenous pig- 
ments are hemoglobin, hematoidin, hemosid- 
erin, and the bile-pigments, which are indi- 
rectly derived from the blood-pigment. P., 
Metabolic, a pigment formed by the meta- 
bolic action of cells. Melanin is the type 
of metabolic pigments. 

Pigmentary (pig' -men-ta-re) [pingere, to 
paint]. Pertaining to or containing pigment ; 
characterized by the formation of pigment. 

Pigmentation ( pig-men-ta' -shun) [pingere, 
to paint] . Deposition of or discoloration by 
pigment. 

Pilary { pi'-lar-e) [pilus, hair]. Pertaining 
to the hair. 

Pilastered (pi-las'-terd) [pila, pillar]. 
Flanged so as to have a fluted appearance ; 
arranged in pilasters or columns. P. Femur, 
a condition of the femur in which the back- 
ward concavity of the shaft is exaggerated 
and the linea aspera prominent. 

Piles (pilz) [pila, ball]. See Hemorrhoids. 

Pill [pilula, dim. of pila, ball]. A small, 
round mass containing one or more medicinal 
substances and used for internal administra- 
tion. P., Blaud's. See Ferrum. P., Blue. 
See Mercury. P., Compound Cathartic. 
See Colocynthis. P., Griffith's. Synonym 
of P., Blaud's. P., Lady Webster's, pill 
of aloes and mastic. P. -mass, a cohesive 
mass used to hold together the ingredients 
of a pill. 

Pillar ( pil'-ar) [pila, a pillar]. A columnar 
structure acting as a support. P. of the 
Abdominal Ring, one of the columns on 
either side of the abdominal ring. P. of the 
Fauces, one of the folds of mucous mem- 
brane on either side of the fauces. 

Pilocarpin (pri-lo-kar'-pin). See Pilocarpus. 

Pilocarpus (pi-lo-kar* -pus) [pilus, hair ; 
Kap-roc, fruit]. Jaborandi; a South Ameri- 
can shrub of the natural order Rutaceae, the 
leaves of which yield two alkaloids, pilocarpin, 
CjjHjgNgOj, and jaborin, C.^H^N^O^, which 
resembles atropin in action. Jaborandi and 
the alkaloid pilocarpin taken internally pro- 
duce salivation, perspiration, and contraction 
of the pupil. They are employed as dia- 
phoretics in dropsy. Bright" s disease, uremia, 
in rheumatism, and in the early stage of cold. 
Pilocarpin is used locally as a miotic. Dose 
of jaborandi gr. xx-lx (1.3-4.0). Extrac- 
tum jaborandi (B. P. 1 gr. ij-x (0.13-0.65). 
Extractum pilocarpi fluidum U. S. P. ) n^xl- 
lx (2.6-4.0). Infusum jaborandi (B. P.). 
Dose f 3J— ij (32.0—64.0). Pilocarpin hydro- 
chlorate (Pilocarpinaehydrochloras U. S. P.). 
Dose gr. i (0.008). Pilocarpin nitrate (Pilo- 
carpinae nitras B. P.). Dose gr. |- (0.008). 



Pilomotor (pi-lo-mo' -tor) [pilus, hair; mo- 
ver e, to move]. Causing movement of the 
hair. P. Nerves, nerves causing contraction 
of the erectores pilorum. P. Reflex, the 
appearance of "goose-skin" when the skin 
is irritated. 

Pilonidal (pi-lo-ni'-dal) \_pilus, hair; 
nidus, nest]. Containing an accumulation 
of hairs in a cyst. P. Fistula, a fistula in the 
neighborhood of the rectum depending upon 
the presence of a tuft of hair in the tissues. 

Pilose, Pilous (pi'-los, pi'-lus) [pilosus, 
hain.-]. Hairy. 

Pilosis { pi-lo'-sis) [pilus, hair]. The ab- 
normal or excessive development of hair. 

Pilula (pil'-ulah) [L.]. A pill. 

Pilular (pil'-ti-lar) [pilula, dim. of pila, 
ball]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to pills. 

Pilule (pil ; -ul) [pilula, a small pill]. A 
small pill. 

Pimenta (pi-men' -tah) [Sp., pimiento']. All- 
spice, the nearly ripe fruit of P. officinalis, a 
tree of the natural order Myrtaceas. It has 
a fragrant aromatic odor, due to the presence 
of a volatile oil, Oleum piment?e. P. is used 
as an aromatic carminative in flatulence and 
locally in chilblains. Dose gr. x-xl (0.65- 
2.6). Oleum pimentse. Dose TT\jj-v. 
(0.13-0.32). 

Pimpinella (pim-pin-el'-ah). A genus of 
umbelliferous plants. P. anisum, yields 
anise. P. saxifraga, is said to be diaphor- 
etic, diuretic, and stomachic, and has been 
employed in asthma, dropsy, amenorrhea, 
etc. Dose £ss (2.0). 

Pimple (pim r -pl) [AS., pipel, a pimple]. 
A small pustule or papule. 

Pincet, Pincette (pin-set') [Fr.]. A small 
forceps. 

Pine (pin) [pinus"]. A genus of trees of the 
order Coniferae, yielding turpentine, pitch, 
tar, and other substances. 

Pineal (pi'-ne-al) [pinus, a pine-cone]. Be- 
longing to or shaped like a pine-cone. P. 
Body, P. Gland, a small, reddish-gray, 
vascular body situated behind the third ven- 
tricle, which is embraced by its two pedun- 
cles ; it is also called the conarium, from its 
conic shape. P. Eye, a rudimentary third, 
median, or unpaired eye of certain lizards, 
with which the pineal body of the mammalia 
is homologous. 

Pinguecula, Pinguicula ( pin-gzcek'-u-lah, 
pin-gzcik'-u-lah) [dim. of pinguis, fat]. A 
small, yellowish- white patch situated on the 
conjunctiva, between the cornea and the 
canthus of the eye ; it is composed of con- 
nective tissue. 

Piniform (pi'-nif-orm) [pinus, pine ; forma, 
form] . Shaped like a pine-cone. 

Pink-eye. A contagious mucopurulent con- 
junctivitis occurring especially in horses. 



PINK-ROOT 



499 



PITYRIASIS 



Pink-root. See Spigelia. 

Pinna (pin'-a/i) [L.J. The projecting part 
of the external ear; the auricle. 

Pint (pint) [Sp. ,pinta, a spot, from L., pin- 
gere, to paint]. The eighth part of a gallon; 
octarius. Symbol O. 

Pinta Disease [Sp. , spot]. Spotted sick- 
ness ; a tropical contagious disease character- 
ized by scaly spots variable in color, shape, 
and size. The disease usually begins on the 
face and extremities, and is probably due to a 
parasite. 

Pinus (pi' -mis). See Pine. 

Pip. A contagious disease of fowls charac- 
terized by a secretion of thick mucus in the 
throat and mouth. 

Piper (pi' -per) [L.]. See Pepper. 

Pin-worm. See Oxyuris. 

Piperazin (pi-per-a'-zin), C 4 H 10 N 2 . Diethyl- 
endiamin, a crystalline substance produced by 
the action of ammonia on ethylene bromid or 
chlorid. It is readily soluble in water. In 
watery solutions it acts as an excellent solvent 
of uric acid. It is used internally in cases 
of gout, lithemia, diabetes, and as a sol- 
vent for uric acid calculi. Dose gr. xv a 
day ; for hypodermic use it is best employed 
in a two per cent, solution. 

Piperic (pi-per'-ik) [ piper, pepper]. Per- 
taining to or containing pepper. P. Acid, 
C 12 H 10 O 4 , a monobasic acid obtained by de- 
composing piperin. 

Piperidin (pi-per' -id-in) [piper, pepper], C 5 - 
H U N. A liquid base produced in the de- 
composition of piperin. 

Piperin (pi'-per-in). See Pepper. 

Pipet, Pipette (pip-ef) [Fr., dim. of pipe"]. 
A glass tube open at both ends, but usually 
drawn out to a smaller size at one end. 
It is used for transferring small portions of a 
liquid from one vessel to another. 

Pipsissewa (pip-sis' -e-wak). See Ckima- 

phila. 

PirogofPs Operation. A method of ampu- 
tation at the ankle, in which the greater part 
of the calcaneum is retained to give length 
and surface to the stump. See Operations, 
Table of. 

Piscidia erythrina (pis-id' -e-ak er-e-thri'- 
nah) \_piscis, fish; ccedere,\.o]i.\\Y\. Jamaica 
dogwood, a tree of the order Leguminosae, 
the bark of which has been used for stupefy- 
ing fish. It contains a neutral principle, pis- 
cidin. P. has been used as an anodyne in 
neuralgia, whooping-cough, and in insomnia. 
Dose of the fluid extract f 3 j (4.0). 

Piscidin (pis-id' -in). See Piscidia eryth- 
rina. 

Pisiform ( pis' -if- or m) \_pisum, a pea ; forma, 
form]. Pea-shaped. P. Bone, a small 

bone on the inner and anterior aspect of the 
carpus. 



Pit [AS., pyt, from putns, a well or pit]. I. 
A depression, as the pit of the stomach, the 
armpit. 2. To indent by pressing ; to be- 
come indented on pressure. 

Pitch [ME. , picchen, to throw] . The height 
of a sound ; that quality which depends upon 
the relative rapidity of the vibrations that 
produce the sound. 

Pitch [AS., pic, from pix, pitch]. A hard, 
but viscous, shining substance, breaking with 
a conchoidal fracture, obtained from various 
species of pine and from tar. P., Burgundy, 
Pix burgundica (U. S. P., B. P.) is the pre- 
pared resinous exudation of Abies excelsa, and 
is used in the form of plaster as a counterirri- 
tant in chronic rheumatism. Preparations : 
Emplastrum picis burgundicae (U. S. P.) and 
Emplastrum picis (B. P.) ; Emplastrum picis 
cantharidatum (U. S. P. ) ; Emplastrum cal- 
efaciens (B. P.), warming plaster. P., 
Canada (Pix canadensis), is obtained from 
Abies canadense, and was formerly used for 
making plasters. P., Liquid, Pix liquida 
(U. S. P., B. P.). See Tar. 

Pith [AS., pifta, pith]. I. The soft cellular 
tissue found in the center of the stalks of 
plants. 2. To cut off all connection of the 
brain-centers of an animal with the periphery 
by piercing the brain and spinal cord. 

Pituita (pit-u' -it-ah) [L.]. Phlegm; mucus. 

Pituitary (pit-u' -it-a-re) \_pituita, phlegm] . 
Secreting or containing mucus. P. Body, 
a small, reddish-gray, vascular body, weigh- 
ing about ten grains, contained within the 
sella turcica of the skull. It consists of two 
portions, the large anterior or oral, and the 
small posterior or cerebral division. The ante- 
rior lobe is derived as a diverticulum from 
the primitive oral cavity ; the posterior lobe 
descends as an outgrowth from the brain, 
communicating in fetal life with the third 
ventricle. The stalk of this outgrowth re- 
mains as the infundibulum. The pituitary 
body has attracted much attention on account 
of pathologic changes in its structure in cer- 
tain obscure diseases, such as acromegaly, 
myxedema, and others. In some cases of 
the affection first named, it has been much 
enlarged. It is also called hypophysis cere- 
bri. P. Membrane, the Schneiderian mem- 
brane. 

Pituitous (pit-u' -it-us) [pituita, phlegm]. 
Containing or resembling mucus. 

Pityriasis (pit-ir-i' -as-is) \jtirvpov, bran]. 

1. A term applied to various skin-affections 
characterized by fine, branny desquamation. 

2. Seborrhcea sicca. P. capillitii, P. capitis, 
alopecia furfuracea. P. circinata et mar- 
ginata, a disease characterized by an erup- 
tion of rose-colored spots on the trunk, the 
limbs, and in the axillae, associated with slight 
fever and itching. P. pilaris. See Kerato- 



PITYROID 



500 



PLASMODIUM 



sis pilaris. P. rosea. See P. maculata et 
circinata. P. rubra, dermatitis exfoliativa, 
a chronic inflammatory skin-disease, begin- 
ning in one or more localized patches, which 
coalesce and gradually invade the whole 
body. The skin is deep-red in color, and 
covered by whitish vesicles that constantly 
reform. The disease lasts months or years, 
and generally ends fatally. P. versicolor. 
See Tinea versicolor. 

Pityroid [pit' '-ir-oid) \7zlrvp0v, bran; eldog, 
like]. Branny. 

Pix {piks) [L.]. Pitch. P. liquida. See 
Tar. 

Placebo (pla-se'-bo) [L., I will please, from 
placer e, to please]. A medicine given for 
the purpose of pleasing or humoring the pa- 
tient, rather than for its therapeutic effect. 

Placenta (pla-sen'-tah) \jrAanovQ, a cake]. 
The organ on the wall of the uterus, to which 
the embryo is attached by means of the um- 
bilical cord and from which it receives its 
nourishment. It is developed about the 
third month of gestation, from the chorion of 
the embryo and the decidua serotina of the 
uterus. The villi of the chorion enlarge and 
are received into depressions of the decidua, 
and around them blood-sinuses form, into 
which, by diffusion, the waste-materials 
brought from the fetus by the umbilical ar- 
teries pass, and from which the blood receives 
oxygen and food-material, being returned to 
the fetus by the umbilical vein. At term 
the placenta weighs one pound, is one inch 
thick at its center, and seven inches in diam- 
eter. P., Adherent, one that is abnormally 
adherent to the uterine wall after child- 
birth. P., Battledore, one in which the 
insertion of the cord is at the margin of the 
placenta. P. praevia, a placenta that is 
fixed to that part of the uterine wall that be- 
comes stretched as labor advances, so that it 
precedes the advance of the presenting part 
of the fetus. Being detached before the 
birth of the child, it generally causes grave 
hemorrhage. P., Retained, one not ex- 
pelled by the uterus after labor. P. succen- 
turiata, an accessory placenta. 

Placental (pla-sen'-tal) [placenta]. Per- 
taining to the placenta. P. Murmur, P. 
Souffle, a sound attributed to the circulation 
of blood in the placenta. 

Placentation (pla-sen-ta'-shun) [placenta]. 
The formation and mode of attachment of 
the placenta. 

Placentitis ( pla-sen-ti' -tis) \_ placenta ; mo, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the placenta. 

Plagiocephalic (pla-je-o-sefal' -ik) [-Aayioc, 
oblique, twisted; Ke<pa?j, head]. Having 
a skull exhibiting plagiocephaly. 

Plagiocephaly {pla-je-o-sef f -al-e) [T/.ayioc, 
oblique; necpa?.?/, head]. A malformation of 



the head, produced by the closing of half 
of the coronal suture, giving an oblique 
growth to the cranial roof. 

Plague {plag) [nATjyT], a stroke]. A con- 
tagious disease at present endemic in East- 
ern Asia, but in former times occurring epi- 
demically in Europe and Asia Minor. After a 
period of incubation of from three to eight 
days, the disease begins with fever, pain, and 
swelling of the lymphatic glands, chiefly the 
femoral, inguinal, axillary, and cervical. 
Headache, delirium, vomiting, and diarrhea 
may be present. In cases that are going on 
to recovery the temperature usually falls in 
about a week. The cause of the disease is 
believed to be a bacillus found by Kitasato in 
the blood, buboes, and internal organs of the 
victims of the plague. 

Planta {plan'-tah) [L.]. The sole of the 
foot. 

Plantar (plan'-ta?-) [planta, sole of the 
foot] . Pertaining to the sole of the foot. P. 
Arch. ^0.0. Arch. P. Fascia, the dense trian- 
gular shaped aponeurosis occupying the mid- 
dle and sides of the sole of the foot beneath 
the integument. P. Reflex. See Reflexes, 
Table of. 

Plantaris (plan-ta'-ris) [planta, sole of the 
foot] . See Muscles, Table of. 

Plantigrade {plan f -te-grdd) [planta, sole ; 
gradi, to walk]. Bringing the entire length 
of the sole of the foot to the ground in walk- 
ing, as is seen in the bear. 

Plaque (plak) [Fr.]. A patch. P., Blood-. 
See Blood-plaque. 

Plasma (plaz / - maJi) [-/.acr/ia, a thing 
molded, from ir/.aoo£tv, to mold]. I. The 
fluid part of the blood and the lymph. See 
Blood-plasma. P. -cells, large, granular cells 
found in the connective tissue. P., Lymph-, 
the fluid part of the lymph. P., Muscle-. 
See Muscle. 2. Glycerite of starch. 

Plasmatic (plaz-maf ' -ik)[plasma\ Pertain 
ing to plasma. P. Layer, the layer of 
plasma next to the wall of a capillary. 

PI asm in (plaz / -min) [plasma]. A name 
given to the precipitate obtained from blood 
by treating it with a saturated solution of so- 
dium sulphate, allowing the corpuscles to 
subside, then precipitating the plasma with 
sodium chlorid, and washing the precipitate 
with a saturated solution of sodium chlorid. 

Plasmodium {plaz-mo f -de-uni) [ir/idajua, a 
thing molded; eldog, form]. The mass of 
protoplasm formed by the fusion of two or 
more amebiform bodies. P. malariae, a 
protozoon parasite found in the blood of 
persons suffering from malaria. Many differ- 
ent forms have been observed, which by 
some are held to be stages in the life-history 
of the same organism, by others to be differ- 
ent species. The development and multipli- 



PLASMOGEN 



501 



PLATINUM 



cation of the organism take place within the 
red corpuscles. In intermittent fever the 
small intracorpuscular body enlarges and 
gradually fills the entire cell, becoming pig- 
mented at the same time. The pigment- 
granules are formed from the hemoglobin of 
the blood corpuscle. When the plasmodfa 
have acquired a certain size, the pigment- 
granules begin to aggregate at the center of 
the body. At this time, in the quartan form, 
the organism becomes radially striate, or 
roset-shaped. The further step consists in the 
breaking up of the organisms into a number 
of small spheric bodies, the young plasmodia. 
The blood-corpuscle is destroyed, and the 
small, free elements enter other red cells. 
Peculiar crescentic bodies, intraglobular and 
extraglobular, have also been described. 
They may occur in acute forms, but are most 
constant in malarial cachexia. The signifi- 
cance of certain flagellate bodies has not 
been fully determined. 

Plasmogen (plaz' -mo-jeii) [irlaofia, a thing 
molded ; yevvav, to produce] . Formative 
protoplasm, germ-plasm, bioplasm. 

Plasson (plas'-son \_rrldaaeiv, to form or 
mold]. Primitive or undifferentiated proto- 
plasm ; the protoplasm of the cell in the non- 
nucleated or cytode stage. 

Plaster (plas'-ter) \emplastrum, from ev, in ; 
7r?ida<yecv, to mold]. I. An adhesive, semi- 
solid substance spread upon cloth or other 
flexible material for application to the sur- 
face of the body. P., Adhesive, resin-plas- 
ter. P., Court-, a plaster prepared by 
spreading a mixture of isinglass upon silk. 
P., Diachylon-. See Plumbum. P. -mull, 
a plaster made by incorporating with mull or 
thin muslin a mixture of gutta-percha and 
some medicament dissolved in benzin. It is 
used in skin-diseases. P., Mustard-, one 
made by spreading upon muslin powdered 
mustard, or a mixture of mustard and flour 
reduced to the consistency of paste by the 
addition of water. P., Spice-,' a plaster 
composed of yellow wax, suet, turpentine, 
oil of nutmeg, olibanum, benzoin, oil of pep- 
permint, and oil of cloves, and used to relieve 
abdominal pain in children. P., Warming, 
a plaster of pitch and cantharides, the Em- 
plastrum picis cum cantharide. 2. Plaster of 
Paris, a mixture of calcium sulphate (gypsum) 
and water, having the property of becoming 
hard during drying. It is used for surround- 
ing parts, such as joints, fractured limbs, etc., 
with a stiff casing, to prevent mobility. 

Plastic (plas'-tik) [irlacoEiv, to mold] . I . 
Formative ; building up tissues ; repairing 
defects, as P. surgery, P. operation. 2. 
Capable of being molded. P. Lymph, the 
inflammatory exudate that covers wounds or 
inflamed serous surfaces, and which becomes 



organized by the development in it of blood- 
vessels and connective tissues. 

Plasticity (plas-tis'-it-e) [irMooeiv, to mold]. 
I. Plastic force. 2. The quality of being 
plastic. 

Plastid [plas / '-(id) [TtTidaceiv, to mold]. An 
elementary organism ; a cell or cytode. 

Plastidule (plas'-tid-ul) [dim of plastid, 
from 7rXdacetv, to mold]. A protoplasmic 
molecule ; one of the physical units of which 
living matter is composed. 

Plastin {plas'-tin) [ttMgceiv, to mold]. A 
phosphorized proteid, constituting the chief 
proteid of protoplasm. 

Plate (plat) [TrlciTvq, broad]. A flattened 
part, especially a flattened process of bone, 
as the cribriform P. of the ethmoid bone, 
the orbital P. of the frontal bone, the tym- 
panic P. of the temporal bone. P., Approxi- 
mation-, one of the plates of decalcified 
bone or other material that are used in en- 
terectomy to bring the resected ends of in- 
testine together. P. -culture, a method of 
obtaining pure cultures of bacteria by pour- 
ing the inoculated culture-medium upon 
sterile glass-plates and allowing it to solidify. 
P., Dorsal, one of the two longitudinal 
ridges on the dorsal surface of the embryo 
which subsequently join to form the neural 
canal. P., Frontal, in the fetus, a cartilag- 
inous plate interposed between the lateral 
parts of the ethmoid cartilage and the lesser 
wings and anterior portion of the sphenoid 
bone. P., Frontonasal, the middle of the 
facial plates, which subsequently forms the 
external nose. P., Lateral Mesoblastic, 
the thick portion of the mesoblast situated 
one on each side of the notochord. Each 
plate splits into two portions, the outer divi- 
sions coalescing to form the body-wall, or 
somatopleure, the inner, to form the splanch- 
nopleure, or visceral covering. 

Platinic (plat-in f -ik) [platinum - ]. Contain- 
ing platinum as a quadrivalent element. 

Platinode (plat f -in-od) [ platinum ; uSog, 
way]. The collecting plate of an electric 
battery, so called because formerly often 
made of platinum. 

Platinous (plat' -in-tis) [platinum]. Con- 
taining platinum as a bivalent element. 

Platinum (platf -in-um) [Sp., platina, dim. 
of plata, silver]. A silver- white metal oc- 
curring native or alloyed with other metals; 
atomic weight 195 ; sp. gr. 21.5; quantivalence 
II and IV ; symbol Pt. It is fusible only at 
very high temperatures, and is insoluble in 
all acids except aqua regia. On account 
of these properties it is extensively used for 
chemic apparatus — crucibles, foils, wire, etc. ; 
it is also employed as a reagent. P. occurs, 
aside from its ordinary metallic form, as 
a spongy mass (spongy P.) and as a fine 



PLATY- 



502 



PLEURITIC 



metallic powder (P. -black), which is capable 
of condensing a great deal of oxygen, and 
hence acts as a powerful oxidizing agent. 
P. forms two sets of compounds, a platinous 
series, in which it acts as a dyad, and a 
platinic series, in which it acts as a tetrad. 
Platinic chlorid, PtCl 4 , is used as a reagent 
to detect potassium and ammonium ; also in 
syphilis, in doses of gr. |— ^ (0.008-0.03). 

Platy- (plat'-e) [ttAcitvc, broad]. A prefix 
signifying broad. 

Platycephalic, Platycephalus [plat-is-ef- 
aV-ik, plat-is-ef f -al-us) \j:\arvc, wide ; ke- 
yaAi], head]. Having a broad skull with a 
vertical index of less than 70. 

Platycnemia {plat-e-kne' '-me-ah) [tzAcltvc, 
broad ; Kvrjpr}, leg] . The state of being 
platycnemic. 

Platycnemic (plat-e-kne' '-mik) [ttAcitvc, 
broad; nvrjpr], leg]. Having a tibia which 
is exaggerated in breadth ; broad-legged. 

Platyhieric (plat-e-hi-er'-ic) [tt?mtvc, broad ; 
hpoc, holy ; sacrum]. Having a broad sac- 
rum ; having a sacral index of more than 100. 

Platypellic {plat-e-pel'-ik) [ivTiarvc, wide ; 
itDJm, basin]. Having a broad pelvis. 

Platypodia {plat-e-po* -de-aJi) [TrAarvc, broad ; 
itovq, foot]. Flat-footedness. 

Platyrrhine (plat'-ir-in) [ TrAarvc, broad ; 
pic, nose]. Having a broad and flat nose; 
having a nasal index above 53. 

Platysma myoides [plat-iz' '-mah mi-oi'-dez) 
[ttAcitvc, broad]. See Muscles, Table of. 

Playfair's Treatment. See Rest-cure. 

Pledget (plej v -et) [origin obscure, perhaps 
dim. of plug]. A small flattened compress. 

Pleochroic {ple-o-kro'-ik). See Pleochro- 
matic. 

Pleochroism [ple-ok' '-ro-izni) [ttaeqv, more ; 
Xpoia, color]. The property possessed by 
some bodies, especially crystals, of present- 
ing different colors when viewed in the 
direction of different axes. 

Pleochromatic {ple-o-kro-mat'-ik) [ttAeuv, 
more ; ^pay/a, color]. Pertaining to or ex- 
hibiting pleochroism. 

Pleomorphic (ple-o-mor'-fik) [ttMcov, more ; 
pop§i], form]. Having more than one form. 

Pleomorphism [pie - - mor'-fizi?i) [ttAecov, 
more; pop<pT/, form]. The state of being 
pleomorphic, i. e., of existing in widely dif- 
ferent forms. 

Plesiomorphous (ple-se-o-mor'-fus) [ttA^ct/oc, 
near; poptyy, form]. Crystallizing in simi- 
lar forms but differing in chemic composi- 
tion. 

Plessimeter {ples-im'-et-er). See Plexi- 
meter. 

Plessor (ples'-or). See Plexor. 

Plethora {pleth f - o - rah) [rrATjdcdpr], TrAfjdoc, 
fulness]. A state characterized by an excess 
of blood in the vessels, and marked by 



reddish color of the face, a full pulse, a feel- 
ing of fulness and tension in the head, 
drowsiness, and a tendency to nose-bleed. 

Plethoric \pleth' '- 0- rik) [irAf/doc, fulness]. 
Pertaining to or characterized by plethora. 

Plethysmograph {pleth-iz' -mo-graf) [tt2//0- 
vGfioc, increase; ypdtpeiv, to write]. An 
instrument for ascertaining changes in the 
volume of an organ or part, dependent upon 
changes in the quantity of the blood. 

Pleura (plu'-rah) [7r?i£vpa, rib]. The 
serous membrane enveloping the lung (pul- 
monary P., visceral P.), and which, being 
reflected back, lines the inner surface of 
the thorax (costal P., parietal P.). P., 
Diaphragmatic, the reflection of the pleura 
upon the upper surface of the diaphragm. 

Pleural (plu'-ral) [rrTisvpd, rib]. Pertain- 
ing to the pleura. 

Pleuralgia {plu-raV -je-ah) [Trlevpa, rib; 
aAyoc, pain]. Intercostal neuralgia. 

Pleurapophysis {plu-rap-off f -is-is) \jr\Evpa, 
rib ; aird/pvcic, process] . One of the lateral 
processes of a vertebra, having the morpho- 
logic valence of a rib. 

Pleurisy (phi'-ris-e) \jrlevpd, rib]. Pleuri- 
tis ; inflammation of the pleura. It may be 
acute or chronic. Three chief varieties are 
usually described, depending upon the char- 
acter of the exudate : (a) Fibrinous or plas- 
tic ; (b) Serofibrinous ; (c) Purulent. In 
fibrinous P., the pleura is covered with a 
layer of lymph of variable thickness, which, 
in the acute form, can be readily stripped off. 
Serofibrinous P., is characterized by the pres- 
ence of a considerable quantity of fluid con- 
taining flocculi of lymph, and the deposit of 
some fibrin on the pleural surface. Purulent 
P., or empyema, is characterized by the pres- 
ence of a purulent exudate. Acute pleurisy 
is marked by sharp and stabbing pain 
(stitch) in the side, increased by breathing and 
coughing; by fever, and by a friction-fremi- 
tus felt on palpation and a to-and-fro fric- 
tion-sound heard on auscultation. In the 
serofibrinous variety a liquid effusion takes 
place, the signs of which are : bulging of the 
intercostal spaces and chest-wall, absence of 
vocal fremitus, displacement of the heart, 
movable dulness with a curved upper line, 
and a tympanitic percussion-note (Skodaic 
resonance) beneath the clavicle and above 
the level of the effusion. Chronic P. may be 
dry or serofibrinous. P., Encysted, pleurisy 
in which the effusion is circumscribed by 
adhesions. P., Hemorrhagic, a variety in 
which the exudate contains blood. P., Medi- 
astinal, inflammation of the pleural layers 
about the mediastinum. P., Metapneu- 
monic, pleurisy dependent upon a pneu- 
monia. 

Pleuritic [plu-rit' -ik) [nAevpa, rib ; itic, in- 



PLEURITIS 



503 



PLUMBUM 



fiammation]. Pertaining to, affected with, 
or of the nature of pleurisy. 

Pleuritis (plu-ri'-lis) \jzAevpd, rib ; trig, in- 
flammation]. See Pleurisy. 

Pleuro- (plu'-ro-) [rrAevpd, rib]. A prefix 
denoting connection with the pleura or with 
a side. 

Pleurodynia {plu-ro-din'-e-ali) [irlevpa, rib ; 
bdvvtj, pain]. A sharp pain in the intercostal 
muscles, of rheumatic origin. 

Pleurogenic, Pleurogenous (plu-ro-jen'-ik, 
plu-roj' -en-us) \_KAevpd, rib ; yevvdv, to pro- 
duce]. Originating in the pleura. 

Pleuroperitoneal [phi - ro -per - e-ton-e / -al) 
[ttas vpd, rib ; iteptTovaiov, peritoneum] . Per- 
taining to the pleura and the peritoneum. 

Pleuropneumonia (plu - ro - nu - mo'- ne-a/i) 
\jT~Asvpd, rib; irvevpiuv, lung]. Combined 
inflammation of the pleura and the lung, 
especially a contagious variety occurring in 
cattle. 

Pleurosoma (plu-ro-so' -ma/i) [wAevpa, rib ; 
cup-a, a body]. A variety of monsters of the 
species celosoma, in which there is a lateral 
eventration with atrophy or imperfect devel- 
opment of the upper extremity on the side of 
the eventration. 

Pleurosthotonos {plu-ros-thot r -o-nos). See 
Pleuroth oton os. 

Pleurothotonos (plu-ro-thot' -o-nos) [tcaev- 
podev, from the side; reiveiv, to bend]. A 
form of tetanic spasm of the muscles in which 
the body is bent to one side. 

Pleurotomy (plu-rot'-o-me) \jvAevpd, rib ; 
to fir], a cutting]. Incision into the pleura. 

Plexiform ^pleks'-if-orm) [plexus; forma, 
form]. Resembling a network or plexus. 

Pleximeter (plefis-im'-et-er) \jz\r)E,ig, a stroke; 
fifrpov, measure]. A disc placed on the 
body to receive the stroke in mediate percus- 
sion. 

Pleximetric (pleks -e- met'-rik) \jzAr)$;iq, a 
stroke ; fihpov, measure]. Pertaining to or 
performed with a_pleximeter. 

Plexor {pleks'-or) [irAr/gig, stroke]. A ham- 
mer used for performing percussion. 

Plexus [pleks'-us) \_plectere, to knit]. A 
network, especially an aggregation of vessels 
or nerves forming an intricate network. P., 
Brachial, a plexus formed in the neck by 
the union of the anterior branches of the 
lower four cervical and the greater part of 
the first dorsal nerves. Its branches are the 
rhomboid, subclavian, suprascapular, exter- 
nal anterior thoracic, musculocutaneous, sub- 
scapular, median, musculospiral, posterior 
thoracic, internal anterior thoracic, internal 
cutaneous, lesser internal cutaneous, and 
ulnar nerves. P., Cervical, a plexus in the 
neck formed by the anterior branches of the 
upper four cervical nerves. Its branches are 
the superficial, to skin of the head and neck ; 



and the deep, the phrenic, communicans noni, 
two muscular, and two communicating 
branches. P., Choroid. See Choroid. P., 
Pampiniform, the spermatic plexus, a plexus 
of veins collecting the blood from the testicle. 

Plica (pli'-kah) [L.]. A fold. Plicae pal- 
matae, radiating folds in the mucous mem- 
brane of the cervix. P. polonica, Polish 
plait ; a matted, entangled condition of the 
hair, due to want of cleanliness in certain 
diseases of the scalp. P. semilunaris, a 
conjunctival fold in the inner canthus of the 
eye, the rudiment of the membrana nictitans 
of birds. 

Plicate (pli'-kat) \_plicare, to fold] . Folded, 
plaited. 

Plumbic (plum'-b/k) [plumbum, lead]. Per- 
taining to or containing lead. 

Plumbism (plum'-bizm) [plumbum, lead]. 
Lead-poisoning. 

Plumbum (plum' -bum) [L.]. Lead, a blu- 
ish-white metal occurring in nature chiefly 
as the sulphid, PbS, known as galena ; atomic 
weight 207; sp. gr. II.38; quantivalence 
II and IV ; symbol Pb. The salts of lead 
are poisonous, producing, in sufficient doses, 
gastroenteritis ; ingested in small quantities 
over a long period of time chronic lead-poison- 
ing is produced. See Lead-poisoning. Plum- 
bi acetas, lead acetate, Pb(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 .3H 2 ; 
sugar of lead. It is used as an- astringent 
in diarrhea and dysentery, as a hemostatic, 
and as an astringent and sedative in gonor- 
rhea, leukorrhea, conjunctivitis, etc. Dose 
gr. j— iij (0.065—O.20). From it are prepared : 
Liquor plumbi subacetatis (U. S. P.) (see 
Plumbi subacetas) ; Unguentum plumbi ace- 
tatis (B. P.) ; Suppositoria plumbi composita 
(B. P.); Pilula plumbi cum opio (B. P.). 
Plumbi carbonas, lead carbonate, white 
lead, (PbC0 3 ) 2 .Pb(OH) 2 , is used as a local 
sedative in ointments and in face-powders. 
The prolonged use of the latter has caused 
poisoning. From it is prepared Unguentum 
plumbi carbonatis(U. S. P.). Plumbi chlori- 
dum, lead chlorid, PbCl 2 , is used like the 
carbonate. Plumbi iodidum, lead iodid, 
Pbl 2 , is used as a local astringent and ab- 
sorbent in Unguentum plumbi iodidi (U. S. 
P., B. P.) and Emplastrum plumbi iodidi 
(B. P.). Plumbi nitras, lead nitrate, Pb- 
(N0 3 ) 2 , is used locally as a sedative to ex- 
coriated surfaces, as sore nipples, chapped 
hands ; in gonorrhea, leukorrhea ; in onychia 
maligna, etc. Ledoyen's disinfecting fluid 
is a solution of lead nitrate of the strength of 
one dram to the ounce. Plumbi oxidum , lead 
oxid, litharge, PbO, is used for making lead 
plaster (Emplastrum plumbi), as an external 
application to irritated surfaces, and in the 
arts, for glazing pottery, and as an ingredient 
of fluid glass. Lead Plaster with olive oil 



PLUMMER'S PILLS 



504 



PNEUMOMETER 



constitutes Unguentum diachylon (U. S. P.). 
Plumbi oxidum rubrum, red lead, minium, 
is used extensively in the arts as a paint and 
in the manufacture of glass. Plumbi sub- 
acetas, lead subacetate, a basic salt, is used 
in the form of Liquor plumbi subacetatis (U. 
S. P., B. P.), Goulard's extract, and Liquor 
plumbi subacetatis dilutus (U. S. P., B. P.), 
lead- water, as a sedative and astringent in in- 
flammations and burns. It is also a constit- 
uent of Ceratum plumbi subacetatis. Plumbi 
tannas, lead tannate, is used as a sedative 
astringent. 

Plummer's Pills. See Antimonium. 

Plutomania {plu-to-ma' '-ne-ah) [tt^ovtoq, 
wealth ; fiavia, madness]. An insane belief 
that one is the possessor of great wealth. 

Pneograph [ne f -o-graf) [tcveIv, to breathe ; 
ypcupELv, to write]. An instrument for re- 
cording the force and character of the current 
of air during respiration. 

Pneometer [ne - om / - et - er). Synonym of 
Spirometer. 

Pneoscope (ne'-o-skop) [kveIv, to breathe; 
GKOTtelv, to examine]. An instrument for 
measuring respiratory movements. 

Pneumarthrosis {nu-mar-thro' 'sis) [rrvEvfia, 
air; apdpov, a joint]. A collection of air or 
gas in a joint. 

Pneumathemia {nu-ma-the' '-me-ah) [irvEVfia, 
air; alfia, blood]. The presence of gas in 
the blood-vessels. 

Pneumatic {nu-mat'-ik) [tzvevlki, air]. I. 
Pertaining to air or gas. 2. Pertaining to 
respiration. 3. Pertaining to compressed or 
rarefied air. P. Speculum. See Siegles 
Speculum. P. Trough, a trough partly filled 
with water for facilitating the collection of 
gases. 

Pneumatics {nu-maf -iks) \TTVEVfxa, air]. 
The branch of physics treating of the physi- 
cal properties of air and gases. 

Pneumsito- (nu-ma^-o^^TTVEVfia, air, breath]. 
A prefix denoting pertaining to air, gas, or 
breath. 

Pneumatocele {iiu f -?nat-o-seV) [ttvevjicl, air ; 
KrjTirj, tumor]. I. A swelling containing air 
or gas. 2. A hernia of the lung. 3. A 
swelling of the scrotum produced by the 
presence of gas. 

Pneumatogram {nu' '-mat-o-gram) \nvEVfia, 
breath; ypa/n/ia, inscription]. A tracing 
showing the frequency, duration, and depth 
of the respiratory movements. 

Pneumatology {nu-mat-oV -o-je) \kvevjicl, 
breath; \6yoq, knowledge]. I. The science 
of respiration. 2. The science of gases ; also 
their use as therapeutic agents. 

Pneumatometer {nu-mat-om'-et-er). See 
Spirometer. 

Pneumatometry {nu-mat-om' '-et-re) [irvEv^a, 
air ; fiirpov, measure] . I . The measurement 



of the force of respiration. 2. The treatment 
of pulmonary and circulatory diseases by 
means of a pneumatic apparatus. 

Pneumatosis {nu-mat-o' 'sis) [ttvevuo,, air]. 
The presence of gas or air in abnormal 
places, or in an excessive quantity where a 
little exists normally. 

Pneumatotherapy (nu - mat - - ther f - ap - e) 
{jrvEVjia, air; dEpairEia, treatment]. The 
treatment of diseases by means of com- 
pressed or rarefied air. 

Pneumatothorax (nu-mat-o-tho / -raks). Syn- 
onym of Pnewnothorax. 

Pneumaturia {nu-mat-u' ' -re-ah)\jrvEVjxa, air; 
urina, urine]. The evacuation of urine con- 
taining free gas. 

Pneumectomy {nu-mek f -to-me). See Pneu- 
monectomy. 

Pneumo- {nu f -mo-) [rcvEvfia, air. or ttvevjuov, 
lung]. A prefix denoting pertaining to the 
lung. See Pneumono-. 

Pneumobacillus {iiu-mo-bas-il f -us) . See 
Bacteria, Table of. 

Pneumocele {nu'-mosel). Synonym of 
Pneumatocele. 

Pneumocentesis {nu-mosen-te' sis) \ttvev- 
jiuv, lung ; K£VTT]OLq, puncture] . Paracen- 
tesis of the lung, especially for the purpose 
of evacuating a cavity. 

Pneumococcus {nu-mo-kok' '-us) . See Bac- 
teria, Table of. 

Pneumoconiosis [nu-mo-kon-e-o' 'sis). See 
Ptteumonokoniosis \ 

Pneumogastric {nu-mo-gas' -trik) [ttvevjiuv, 
lung; yacrr^p, stomach]. I. Pertaining con- 
jointly to the lungs and the stomach. 2. 
Pertaining to the pneumogastric or vagus 
nerve. P. Nerve. See Nerves, Table of. 

Pneumograph (nu ; -mo-graf) [ttvev/jluv, 
lung; ypd(j)£iv, to write]. An instrument 
for recording the movements of the chest in 
respiration. 

Pneumography {iiu-mog' '-ra-fe) [ttvev^uv, 
lung ; -ypa^ELV, to write] . A description of 
the lungs. 

Pneumohemothorax {nu - mo - hem - 0- tho f - 
raks) \_7TV£vfia, air ; alfia, blood ; 66pat;, tho- 
rax]. A collection of air or gas, and blood, 
in the pleural cavity. 

Pneumohydropericardium (mi-mo-hi-dro- 
per-e-kar'-de-ufn^TTVEvfJia., air; vdup, water; 
pericardiuvi\. An accumulation of air and 
fluid in the pericardial cavity. 

Pneumohydrothorax [nu - mo - hi- dro-tho' ' - 
raks) [TTVEVfxa, air ; vSup, water ; 6upa^, tho- 
rax]. A collection of air or gas, and fluid, 
in the pleural cavity. 

Pneumokoniosis. See Pneumonokoniosis . 

Pneumolith {iiu f -mo-lith) [tcvev/jluv, lung ; 
Xtdog, a stone]. A calculus of the lung. 

Pneumometer {nu-mom / -et-er). Synonym 
of Spirometer. 



PNEUMOMETRV 



505 



PNEUMONOKONIOSIS 



Pneumometry (nu-mom'-et-re). Same as 
Spirometry. 

Pneumonectasia, Pneumonectasis [nu- 
nion-ek-ta* '-ze-ah, nu-mo)i-ek' -tas-is) \kvev- 
/Liuv, lung ; EKTaoig, distention]. Emphy- 
sema of the lung. 

Pneumonectomy [)iuvion-ek / -to-me) [ttvev- 
fiuv, lung ; ektoj.lt], excision] . Excision of a 
portion of a lung. 

Pneumonia {iiu-mo'-ne-ali) [iive'v/iov, lung]. 
Inflammation of the lung, pneumonitis. Used 
without qualification, the term implies lobar 
pneumonia, q. v. P., Alcoholic, the crou- 
pous pneumonia of drunkards, often asso- 
ciated with delirium, and very fatal. P., 
Apex-, P., Apical, croupous pneumonia of 
the apex of a lung. P., Aspiration-, a bron- 
chopneumonia due to the inspiration of food- 
particles or other irritant substances into the 
lung. P., Catarrhal. Synonym of Bron- 
chopneumonia. P., Central, a croupous 
pneumonia beginning in the interior of a 
lobe of the lung. The physical signs are 
obscure until the inflammation reaches the 
surface. P., Croupous. See P. , Lobar. 
P., Deglutition-. Synonym of P., Aspira- 
tion-. P., Desquamative, a form charac- 
terized chiefly by an intense desquamation 
of the cells lining the air- vesicles, a prolifera- 
tion of the connective-tissue cells of the septa 
between the vesicles, and the exudation of a 
scanty albuminous fluid. The exudate gen- 
erally undergoes caseous degeneration. P., 
Embolic, pneumonia due to embolism of the 
vessels of the lung. P., Fibrinous. See 
P., Lobar. P., Fibroid, P., Fibrous. 
Synonym of P. , Lnterstitial. P., Hyposta- 
tic, a lobular P. occurring in the dependent 
portions of the lungs of persons debilitated 
by age or disease, and depending on the 
weakened circulation and respiration and the 
dorsal decubitus. P., Insular. Synonym 
of P. , Lobular. P., Interstitial, fibroid P., 
cirrhosis of the lung ; a chronic inflammation 
of the lung, characterized by an increase of 
the connective tissue. It may be due to the 
inhalation of excessive quantities of coal-dust 
or other irritant particles (pneumonokoniosis); 
it may be a termination of lobar pneumonia 
or bronchopneumonia ; it may be due to tu- 
berculosis, or to extension of a chronic inflam- 
mation from the pleura. P., Lobar, crou- 
pous P. , lung-fever ; an acute infectious dis- 
ease oharacterized by an inflammation of one 
or more lobes of the lung, the affected parts 
becoming consolidated, owing to the exuda- 
tion of cells and fibrin into the air-vesicles. 
The exciting cause is usually the diplococcus 
pneumoniae of Frankel, but other microorgan- 
isms may produce it. The disease sets in 
with a chill, which is followed by a rapid 
rise of the temperature, hurried respiration, 



cough, and the expectoration of a peculiar 
rust-colored sputum. The fever remains high 
until about the ninth day, when it falls by 
crisis. The disease generally involves the 
lower lobe of the right lung and is accom- 
panied by a fibrinous pleurisy. In the 
early stage the lung is intensely congested 
(stage of congestion) ; soon there is an exu- 
dation into the vesicles causing solidification 
of the lobe (stage of consolidation). The 
lung in the beginning of this stage is dark- 
red and resembles liver-tissue (stage of red 
hepatization), later it becomes gray (stage of 
gray hepatization). In favorable cases 
the exudate is absorbed and expectorated 
(stage of resolution). P., Lobular. Syn- 
onym of Bronchopneumonia and P., Catar- 
rhal. P., Massive, lobar P. in which not 
only the air-cells, but the bronchi of an entire 
lobe, or even of a lung, are filled with the 
fibrinous exudate. P., Pleurogenic, P., 
Pleurogenous, P. secondary to disease of 
the pleura. P., Purulent, one characterized 
by the formation of pus ; it appears under 
three forms : suppuration of the minute 
bronchi and air- vesicles — purulent catarrh ; 
true abscess of the lung ; suppurative lymphan- 
gitis and perilymphangitis. P., Septic, lobular 
P. due to the inspiration of septic material or to 
septic emboli. P., Syphilitic, inflammation of 
the lung due to syphilis and manifesting itself 
as the white pneumonia of the fetus ; as gum- 
mata of the lung ; as interstitial pneumonia, 
taking its origin at the root of the lung and 
passing along the bronchi and vessels ; and as 
acute syphilitic phthisis, analogous to acute 
pneumonic phthisis. P., Tubular. Synonym 
of Bronchopneumonia. P., White, a catar- 
rhal form of pneumonia occurring in a syph- 
ilitic fetus and resulting in death. By an 
overgrowth of epithelium in the air-vesicles 
the cells die, and fatty degeneration follows, 
giving the lungs a white appearance, with 
the imprint of the ribs on their surface. 

Pneumonic (nu-mon'-ih) [ttvev/uuv, lung]. 
Pertaining to the lungs or to pneumonia. 
P. Phthisis, tuberculosis affecting a whole 
lobe of the lung. 

Pneumonitis {nu-mon-i' -tis) [nvevfxov, lung; 
ltlq, inflammation]. Pneumonia. 

Pneumono- (nu-mon'-o-) [ttvev^iov, lung]. 
A prefix denoting pertaining to the lungs. 

Pneumonocele (nu-mon'-o-sel) [ttveviuov, 
lung; KTjkrj, tumor, hernia]. Hernia of the 
lung. 

Pneumonokoniosis (nu-mon-o-hon-e-o'-sis) 
[ttvev/lcov , lung ; Kovla, dust]. A general term 
applied to chronic induration or fibrous in- 
flammation of the lungs due to the inhalation 
of dust. Various names are given to it 
according to the kind of dust causing the in- 
flammation : anthracosis, that due to the in- 



PNEUMONOMETER 



506 



POINT 



halation of coal-dust ; siderosis, that due to 
inhalation of metallic dust; chalicosis, that 
due to the inhalation of mineral dust. 

Pneumonometer [nu-mon-om/ -et^er). Syn- 
onym of Spironieter. 

Pneumonomycosis (mi-mon-o-mi-ko'-sis) 
\jcve vpuv, lung ; jivKr/q, fungus]. Any disease 
of the lung due to fungi. 

Pneumopericardium (nu - mo -per -e- kar f - 
de-um) [rzve vpia, air ; Trepl, about ; napdia, 
heart]. The presence of air in the pericar- 
dial sac. It is due to traumatism, or to com- 
munication between the pericardium and 
the esophagus, stomach, or lungs, and is 
marked by tympany over the precordial re- 
gion, and peculiar metallic heart-sounds. 

Pneumopyopericardium (nu - 7)io-pi-o-per- 
e-kar' '-de-u?)i) [rivevjia, air; ttvov, pus; Trepi, 
about ; napdia, heart]. The presence of air 
or gas and pus in the pericardial sac. 

Pneumopyothorax (nu - mo-pi-o-tho' '-raks) 
[rcvevfia, air ; ttvov, pus ; dupat;, chest]. The 
presence of air and pus in the pleural cavity. 

Pneumorrhagia {nu-mor- a f -je-ah). See 
Hemoptysis. 

Pneumotherapy (nu-mo-ther' '-ap-e) \jrvevpa, 
air, or ttvev/hcov, lung ; depaireia, treatment]. 
I. The treatment of diseases of the lung. 2. 
See Pneumat other apy . 

Pneumothorax (nu-mo-tho' -raks) [rrvev/ua, 
air ; dcopa^, chest] . The presence of air or 
gas in the pleural cavity. It is produced by 
perforating wounds of the chest, by the rup- 
ture of an abscess or tuberculous cavity of the 
lung, by the rupture of an emphysematous 
vesicle, or the evacuation of an empyema 
into the lung or through the chest-wall. It 
is marked by dyspnea, shock, pain, a tym- 
panitic (sometimes a dull) percussion-note 
over the affected side, displacement of the 
heart, bell-tympany, and diminished respira- 
tory murmur. 

Pneumotomy (nu-mot' '-o-me) \rrvEvpuv, 
lung; rofifj, a cutting]. Incision of the 
lung. 

Pneumotoxin (nu-mo-toks' '-in) [ttvevuuv, 
lung; to^lkov, a poison]. A poisonous al- 
buminoid body produced by the pneumococ- 
cus, and believed to be the cause of many of 
the symptoms of lobar pneumonia. Anti- 
pneumotoxin is the name given to the anti- 
toxin supposed to exist in the blood of per- 
sons convalescent from lobar pneumonia. 

Pneumotyphus (7iii-?no-ti f -fus) [ttvev/uov, 
lung; Tvcpog, typhus]. I. Typhoid fever 
beginning with pneumonia dependent upon 
the typhoid bacillus. 2. Pneumonia occur- 
ring in the course of typhoid fever. 

Pock (pok) [AS. , poc, a pustule] . A pustule 
of an eruptive fever, especially of smallpox. 
P. -marked, marked with the cicatrices of 
the smallpox pustule. 



Podagra (pod-a'-grah) [ttovq, foot; aypa, 
seizure]. Gout, especially of the great toe 
or the joints of the foot. 

Podalgia (pod-al' '-je-ah) [ttovq, foot ; ahyoq, 
pain]. Pain in the foot. 

Podalic (pod-al' -ik) [ttovq, foot]. Pertaining 
to the feet. P. Version, the operation of 
changing the position of the fetus in utero so 
as to bring the feet to the outlet. 

Podelcoma (pod-el-ko' -ma/i). See Fungus- 
foot. 

Podencephalus (pod-en-sef '-al-us) [ttovq, 
foot ; kynE(j>a?„0Q, brain] . A variety of mon- 
ster of the species exencephalus, in which 
there is a protrusion of the cranial contents 
from the top of the head. 

Pododynia (pod-o-din' -e-ah) [ttovq, foot ; 
oSvvt], pain]. Pain in the foot, especially a 
neuralgic pain in the heel unattended by swell- 
ing or redness. 

Podophyllin (pod-o-fiV-in). See Podophyl- 
lum. 

Podophyllotoxin (pod-o-fil-o-toks' -in). See 
Podophyllu m . 

Podophyllum (pod-o-fil' -um) [ttovq, foot ; 
<pi>/\/\ov, leaf ]. The May-apple or mandrake, 
P. peltatum, of the natural order Berberidese. • 
The rhizome and roots (P., U. S. P., B. P.) 
contain an active resin, podophyllin (Resina 
podophylli, U. S. P.), podophyllotoxin (C 23 - 
H 24 9 + 2H 2 0), having properties similar to 
those of the resin ; picropodophyllin, a deri- 
vative of podophyllotoxin ; and podophyllo- 
quercetin. P. is used in medicine as a laxa- 
tive in chronic constipation and as a cathartic 
in hepatic congestion and bilious fever. Dose 
of the resin (Podophylli resina, B. P.), gr. %- 
^(0.008—0.03); of podophyllotoxin, gr. %— 
Yi (0.016-0.03). Extractum podophylli (U. 
S. P.), dose gr. j-v (0.065-0.32). Extractum 
podophylli fluidum (U. S. P.),TT\ / ij-xx (o. 13- 
1.3). Tinctura podophylli (B. P.),n\xv-f3J 
(1.0-4.0). 

Poikilocyte (poi'-kil-o-slf) \ttolkD,oq, varied ; 
kvtoq, cell]. A large red blood-corpuscle of 
irregular shape. Poikilocytes are most 
abundant in the blood in pernicious anemia, 
but also occur in other forms of anemia. 

Poikilocytosis (poi-kil-o-si-to' '-sis) [ttolki/.oq, 
varied; kvtoq, cell]. A condition of the 
blood characterized by the presence of poiki- 
locytes. 

Poikilothermic (poi-kil-o-ther'-mik) [ttoiki- 
Aog, varied ; Bepp.7], heat]. Varying in tem- 
perature according to the surroundings ; 
cold-blooded. 

Point \_punctu7Ji, point, from pungere, to 
prick]. I. The sharp end of an object, 
especially one used to pierce anything. 2. 
The limit at which anything occurs, as the 
melting-P.,freezing-P. 3. Amarkmadebya 
sharp object; a minute spot or area. P., 



POINT 



507 



POISONS 



Craniometric. See Craniotneiric Points. P., 

Critical, of gases, a temperature at or above 
which a gas cannot be liquefied by pressure 
alone ; of liquids, that temperature at which a 
liquid, regardless of the pressure to which it is 
subjected, assumes a gaseous form. P., Dew-, 
the temperature at which the atmospheric 
moisture is deposited as dew. P. of Election, 
in surgery, that point at which a certain oper- 
ation is done by preference. P., Far, the re- 
motest point of distinct vision. P., Hystero- 
epileptogenous, P., Hysterogenic. See 
Zone. P., McBurney's. See McBurney. 
P., Motor. See Motor Point. P., Near, 
the nearest point at which the eyes can accom- 
modate to see distinctly. P., Principal, one 
of the two points in the optic axis of a lens 
that are so related that lines drawn from these 
points to the corresponding points in the ob- 
ject and its image are parallel. P., Valleix's 



(Pointe douloureux), any one of the points of 
tenderness at the exit or in the course of a 
nerve the seat of neuralgia. 

Point \_pnngere, to prick] . Of an abscess, to 
come to the surface. 

Poison (poi'-zn) [Fr. , {rovn. potto, a draught]. 
A substance that when introduced into the 
body either destroys life or impairs seriously 
the functions of one or more of its organs. 
P., Irritant, one that causes irritation at the 
point of entrance or at the point of elimination. 
P., Muscle-. I. A substance that impairs or 
destroys the proper functions of muscles. 2. 
A poisonous albumin developed during mus- 
cular activity. P., Narcotic, one affecting 
the cerebral centers, producing stupor. P., 
Ordeal, any one of the vegetable poisons, 
such as physostigma, used by savages in the 
trial of accused persons to determine their 
guilt or innocence. 



TABLE OF POISONS. 



Name. 


Symptoms of Poisoning. 


Treatment and Antidotes. 
(Antidotes in Italics.) 


Acid, Carbolic {Phe- 
nol). 


Immediate burning pain from mouth to 
stomach ; giddiness, loss of conscious- 
ness, collapse ; partial suppression of 
urine, which is smoky in color ; charac- 
teristic odor ; white, corrugated patches 
in mouth. 


Stomach-pump ; magnesium sulphate 
or sodium sulphate, atropin. 


Acid, Chromic. 


Dark yellow stains ; abdominal pain ; 
vomiting and purging; collapse. 


Evacuate stomach ; chalk, milk, or 
albumin ; demulcent drinks. 


Acid, Hydrochloric 
{Muriatic). 


Pain throughout digestive tract ; vomit- 
ing, feeble pulse, clammy skin, collapse ; 
eschars externally ; yellow stains on 
clothing, but none on skin. 


Alkalies; demulcent drinks; oil; 
stimulants (intravenous injection). 


Acid, Hydrocyanic 
{Pntssic). 


Sudden unconsciousness, slow, labored 
respirations, slow pulse, staring eyes, 
purple face, general convulsions then 
relaxation and collapse ; odor of peach- 
kernels. Death may be almost instan- 
taneous. 


Stomach-pump if possible ; dilute 
ammonia ; alternate cold and warm 
affusions ; atropin and cardiac stim- 
ulants ; artificial respiration. 


Acid, Nitric. 


Yellow stains on skin ; otherwise similar 
to Acid, Sulphuric. 


Alkalies; soap; demulcents; stim- 
ulants. 


Acid, Oxalic. 


Hot, acrid taste ; burning, vomiting, col- 
lapse ; sometimes general paralysis, 
numbness, and stupor. 


Lime or chalk. 


Acid, Salicylic. 


Mydriasis ; quick and deep respiration ; 
delirium ; dyspnea ; lessened arterial 
pressure ; deafness ; olive-green urine. 




Acid, Sulphuric. 


Black stains ; pain throughout digestive 
tract, vomiting, often of tarry matter, 
feeble pulse, clammy skin, profuse and 
bloodv salivation. 


Chalk; magnesia; soap; demulcent 
drinks. 


Aconitum nap ell us 
{Monkshood ). 
Aconite. 


Sudden collapse, slow, feeble and irregular 
pulse and respirations, tingling in the 
mouth and extremities, giddiness, great 
muscular weakness, sometimes pain in 
the abdomen; pupils generally dilated, 
but may be contracted ; marked anes- 
thesia of skin ; mind clear, convulsions 
at times. 


Tannic acid solution for wash- 
ing out stomach ; digitalis, atro- 
pin, and stimulants; artificial res- 
piration ; warmth and friction ; ab- 
solute quiet in recumbent position. 



POISONS 508 POISONS 

TABLE OF POISONS.— Contin ued. 



Name. 



Symptoms of Poisoning. 



Treatment and Antidotes. 
(Antidotes in Italics.) 



Alcohol. 



Confusion of thought, giddiness, totter- 
ing gait, slight cyanosis, narcosis from 
which patient can be aroused ; full 
pulse ; deep, stertorous breathing ; injec- 
tion of eyes, dilatation of pupils, low 
temperature. Convulsions may occur. 



Evacuate stomach ; coffee ; battery ; 
amyl nitrite ; hot and cold douches. 



Ammonium and its 
compounds. * 



Intense gastroenteritis often with bloody 
vomiting and purging; lips and tongue 
swollen and covered with detached epi- 
thelium ; violent dyspnea ; characteristic 
odor. 



Vegetable acids ; demulcents. 



Antimony and its com- 
pounds. 



Metallic taste, violent vomiting, becoming 
bloody; feeble pulse ; pain and burning 
in the stomach ; violent serous purging, 
becoming bloody ; cramps in extremi- 
ties, thirst, great debility ; sometimes 
prostration, collapse, unconsciousness 
and convulsions without vomiting or 
purging. 



Tannic acid; demulcent drinks 
opium ; alcohol ; external heat. 



Antipyrin(Phenazone) . 



Headache, nausea, vomiting, a rash like i Recumbent position; warmth 
that of measles, vertigo, drowsiness,! strychnin; stimulants; oxygen 
deafness, confusion of ideas, cyanosis, artificial respiration, 
collapse. 



Apomorphin. 



Violent vomiting, paralysis of motor and 
sensory nerves, delirium, depression of 
respiration and of heart. 



Cardiac and respiratory stimulants. 



Arsenic and its com- 
pounds. 



Violent burning pain in the stomach, 
retching, thirst, purging of blood and 
mucus with flakes of epithelium, tenes- 
mus, suppression of urine; sense of con- 
striction in throat; pulse small and fre- 
quent. 



Hydrated sesquioxid of iron ; pre- 
cipitated carbonate of iron; emet- 
ics ; castor oil ; demulcents. 



Atropa belladonna 
(Deadly Nightshade). 
Atropin. 
Belladonna. 
Homatropin. 



Caffein. 



Heat and drvness of the mouth and Evacuate stomach; tannic acid; 
»i 4.. :i_ ._:j.i.. j.-i„t„j „_i„«. „..: ..i .„ . «■„„ . „:v — „—„;... „^»: 



throat; pupils widely dilated, scarlet 
rash, noisy delirium; quick pulse, at 
first corded, later feeble; rapid respir- 
ations, early strong, late shallow and 
feeble ; retention of urine ; sometimes 
convulsions, collapse, and paralysis. 



stimulants ; coffee ; pilocarpin ; arti- 
ficial respiration; physostigmin may 
be of benefit ; evacuation of blad- 
der. 



Burning pain in the throat, giddiness, 
faintness, nausea, numbness, abdominal 
pain, great thirst, dry tongue, tremor of 
extremities, diuresis, weak pulse, cold 
skin, collapse. 



Emetics ; stimulants ; warmth ; mor- 
phin and atropin. 



Calabar Bean. See 



Physostigma. 



Camphor. 



Characteristic odor; languor, giddiness, 
disturbance of vision, delirium, convul- 
sions, clammy skin, smarting in the 
urinary organs ; pulse quick and weak ; 
no pain, no vomiting, no purging. 



Cannabis indica 
dian Hemp). 



(In- 



Cantharis vesicatoria 
(Spanish Fly\. 
Cantharides. 



Pleasurable intoxication, sense of pro- 
longation of time, anesthesia with loss 
of strength, especially in legs; pupils 
dilated ; rapid pulse ; heavy sleep. 



Evacuate stomach; stimulants 
warmth ; hot and cold douches. 



Burning in mouth and stomach ; vomiting 
and purging soon becoming bloody; 
tenesmus, salivation, aching pains in 
back, strangury, priapism ; uncon- 
sciousness only very late ; convulsions 
at times. 



Evacuate stomach ; stimulants. 



Evacuate stomach; demulcent 
drinks ; morphin ; hot bath for the 
strangury; anesthetics may be 
necessary for the pain. 



Carbolic Acid. See j Acid, Carbolic. 



POISONS 509 POISONS 

TABLE OF POISONS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Symptoms of Poisoning. 


Treatment and Antidotes. 
(Antidotes in Italics.) 


Chloral Hydrate. 


Deep sleep, loss of muscular power, livid- 
ity; reflexes diminished, pulse weak, re- 
spirations slowed, pupils contracted dur- 
ing sleep, but dilated on waking, tem- 
perature low. 


Evacuate stomach ; heat to the ex- 
tremities ; massage; coffee per 
rectum; strychnin; amyl nitrite; 
artificial respiration. 


Chloroform. 


Excitement and intoxication followed by 
anesthesia and unconsciousness, later 
profound narcosis. Pulse and respira- 
tions fail progressively or suddenly. 


Draw tongue forward; artificial 
respiration; faradic current; hot 
and cold douches; amyl nitrite; 
ammonia injected into a vein; 
evacuation of the stomach if chloro- 
form has been taken by mouth. 


Coal-gas. 


Headache, giddiness, loss of muscular 
power, unconsciousness, pupils dilated, 
breathing labored, coma; odor of the gas. 


Fresh air: artificial respiration ; am- 
monia ; stimulants ; oxygen ; coffee ; 
hot and cold douches. 


Cocain. 


Faintness, giddiness, nausea ; pulse small, 
rapid, intermittent; dilated pupils, severe 
prostration, respiration slow and feeble. 


Stimulants; amyl nitrite; artificial 
respiration. 


Colchicum autumnale 
{Meadow-saffron) . 


Not unlike those of malignant cholera; 
griping pain in the stomach, vomiting 
and continuous purging of seromucous 
material; intense thirst, muscular 
cramps, great prostration, collapse, 
dilated pupils, pain in the extremities. 


Evacuate stomach ; tannic or gallic 
acid; demulcent drinks; stimu- 
lants ; morphin. 


Conium maeulatum 
{Hemlock). 


Weakness of the legs, gradual loss of all 
voluntary power, nausea, ptosis, dilata- 
tion of pupils, inability to speak or 
swallow. 


Evacuate stomach ; tannic or gallic 
acid; stimulants; warmth; artifi- 
cial respiration ; atropin. 


Croton t\g\ium(Crolon- 
oil). 


Intense pain in abdomen, vomiting, purg- 
ing, watery stools, pinched face, small 
and thready pulse, moist skin, collapse. 


Evacuate stomach; demulcent 
drinks ; camphor ; stimulants ; mor- 
phin ; poultices to abdomen. 


Cyanogen and its com- 
pounds. 


Similar to Acid, Hydrocyanic, q. v. 




Datura stramonium 
( Thorn-apple, James- 
town Weed). 


Symptoms and treatment similar to those 
of Atropin, q. v. 




Digitalis purpurea 
{Foxglove). 


Purging, with severe pain, violent vomit- 
ing, vertigo, feeble pulse, although 
heart's action is tumultuous, eyes promi- 
nent, pupils dilated, sclera blue; deli- 
rium and convulsions. 


Evacuate stomach ; tannic and gallic 
acids ; stimulants ; aconite ; recum- 
bent position. 


Erythroxylon coca. 


See Cocain. 




Fly, Spanish. See Caw 


tharis. 




Gelsemium sempervi- 
rens ( Yellow Jessa- 
mine). 


Symptoms appear in about twenty min- 
utes; great muscular weakness; diplo- 
pia, ptosis, internal squint, widely di- 
lated pupils, dimness of vision, labored 
respiration, weak pulse. 


Evacuate stomach ; atropin ; stimu- 
lants ; artificial respiration ; hot and 
cold douches. 


Hellebore, Green and 


White. See Veratrum. 




Hemlock. See Conium. 






Iodin and its com- 
pounds. 


Pain in throat and stomach ; vomiting, 
purging, vomit yellow from iodin, or 
blue if starch present in stomach ; giddi- 
ness, faintness, convulsive movements. 


Evacuate stomach; starch; amyl 
nitrite ; morphin. 


Iodoform. 


Slight delirium, drowsiness, high tempera- 
ture, rapid pulse. Symptoms resemble 
meningitis. 




Jaborandi. 
Pilocarpin. 


Copious sweating, dizziness, salivation, 
vomiting, diarrhea, tearing pain in eye- 
balls, myopia, pupils much contracted. 


Evacuate stomach; stimulants; 
atropin. 



POISONS 510 POISONS 

TABLE OF POISONS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Symptoms of Poisoning. 


Treatment and Antidotes. 
(Antidotes in Italics.) 


Lead acetate. 


Sweet metallic taste, vomiting of white 
matter, great thirst, pain in abdomen, 
abdominal muscles usually rigid, con- 
stipation or diarrhea with black stools, 
cramps in the legs, paralysis of the 
extremities, convulsions ; in the chronic 
forms, a blue line at margin of the gums. 


Evacuate stomach ; dilute sulphuric 
acid; Epsom or Glauber'' s salts ; 
milk; morphin; potassium iodid to 
eliminate the poison. 


Lobelia inflata {Indian 
Tobacco). 


Severe vomiting, with intense depression 
and prostration, giddiness, tremors, con- 
vulsions, collapse. 


Evacuate stomach ; tannic or gallic 
acid; stimulants; strychnin; 
warmth ; recumbent position. 


Mercuric chlorid. 


Acrid metallic taste, burning heat in 
throat and stomach, vomiting, diarrhea, 
with bloody stools, lips and tongue white 
and shriveled, pulse small and frequent, 
death in coma or convulsions ; pain may 
be absent. Secondary symptoms : hectic 
fever, coppery taste, fetid breath, gums 
swollen, salivation. 


Albumin in some form; raw white 
of egg or flour ; evacuate stomach ; 
opium; potassium iodid. 


Morphin. See Opium. 






Nitric Acid. See Acid, 


Nitric. 




Nitroglycerin. 


Throbbing headache, pulsation over en- 
tire body, dicrotic pulse, flushed face, 
mental confusion, anxiety, sudden col- 
lapse. 


Recumbent position; cold to head; 
ergot ; atropin. 


Nux vomica. See 


Strychnos. 




Opium. 

Morphin. 
Narcein. 
Codein. 
Laudanum. 


Preliminary mental excitement, accelera- 
tion of heart; soon weariness, sensation 
of weight in the limbs, sleepiness, dimin- 
ished sensibility, pin-point pupils ; pulse 
and respiration slow and strong; patient 
can be roused with difficulty; later this 
becomes impossible; reflexes abolished, 
respiration slow, irregular, and ster- 
torous, pulse rapid and feeble. 


i. Evacuate stomach by mustard or 
stomach-pump. 2. Arouse patient 
to maintain respiration by exercise, 
flagellation with wet towels, cold 
and hot douches alternately. 3. 
Stimulate by atropin, coffee, alcohol 
if pulse fails ; external heat. In- 
halations of oxygen ; injection of 
dilute solution of potassium per- 
manganate. 


Oxalic Acid. See Acid, 


Oxalic. 




Paris Green. See A rse 


nic. 




Phosphorus. 


Vomiting and pain ; vomit may be lumin- 
ous in the dark; characteristic odor. 
After several days deep jaundice, coffee- 
colored vomit, hepatic tenderness, albu- 
minuria, marked fall in temperature, 
coma, failure of pulse and respiration. 


Sulphate of copper as an emetic, then 
as an antidote in small doses with 
opium ; purgation. 


Physostigma veneno- 
sum {Calabar Bean). 


Giddiness, prostration, loss of power in 
the lower limbs, muscular twitching, 
contracted pupils, mind clear. 


Evacuate stomach ; atropin: strych- 
nin; stimulants; artificial respira- 
tion. 


Prussic Acid. See 


Acid, Hydrocyanic. 




Santonin. 


Disturbance of color-vision — objects first 
assume a bluish tinge, then yellow ; tinni- 
tus, dizziness, pain in the abdomen, fail- 
ure of respiration, convulsions, stupor. 


Evacuate stomach ; stimulants ; 
chloral. 


Savin. 


Pain, vomiting, bloody stools and tenes- 
mus ; disordered respirations, coma, 
convulsions, and collapse. 


Evacuate stomach ; castor-oil in 
large dose; morphin; poultices 
to the abdomen. 


Silver-salts. 


Pain, vomiting, and purging; vomit white 
and cheesy, rapidly turning black in the 
sunlight; vertigo, coma, convulsions, 
paralysis, and marked disturbance of 
respiration. 


Salt and water; evacuate stomach; 
a large amount of milk. 



POKE-ROOT 511 POLIOMYELITIS 

TABLE OF POISONS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Symptoms of Poisoning. 


Treatment and Antidotes. 
(Antidotes in Italics.) 


St. Ignatius Bean. 
Strychnos ignatii. 
Strychnos mix vomica 

Nux vomica. 

Strychnin. 

Brucin. 


Tetanic convulsions in paroxysms at 
varying intervals of from five minutes to 
half an hour; opisthotonos during par- 
oxysm ; eyeballs prominent, pupils 
dilated, respiration impeded, pulse feeble 
and rapid ; anxiety. 


Evacuate stomach ; tannic acid fol- 
lowed by an emetic ; catheterize ; 
keep patient quiet ; bromids and 
chloral ; amyl nitrite or chloroform 
to control convulsions ; artificial 
respiration if indicated. 


Tobacco. 
Nicotin. 


Nausea, vomiting, weakness, weak pulse, 
cold and clammy skin, collapse, pupils 
contracted, then dilated. 


Evacuate stomach; tannic acid; 
strychnin; stimulants; warmth; 
recumbent position. 


Veratrum album 
{White Hellebore). 

Veratrum viride 
{Green Hellebore). 


Pain and burning in alimentary tract ; 
vomiting and diarrhea ; slow, weak 
pulse ; labored respiration ; pupils usu- 
ally dilated ; there may be convulsions. 


Evacuate stomach; ether hypoder- 
matically; opium; stimulants; cof- 
fee ; warmth ; recumbent position. 



Poke-root. See Phytolacca. 

Polar (flo'-far) [polus, a pole]. Pertaining to 
or situated near a pole. P. Bodies, P. Cells, 
or P. Globules, two minute cells thrown 
off by the unfecundated ovum during matura- 
tion. P. Method, a method of applying 
electricity, in which the pole the distinctive 
effect of which is wanted is placed over the 
part to be treated, and the other pole over 
some indifferent part. 

Polarimeter {po-lar-im f -et-er) [polus, a 
pole ; iierpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for determining the degree to which an op- 
tically active substance changes the plane of 
polarization to the right or to the left. 

Polariscope [po-lar'-is-kdp) [polus, pole ; 
GKoirelv, to view]. An instrument for study- 
ing the polarization of light ; a polarimeter. 

Polarity (po-lar'-it-e) [polus, pole]. The 
state of having poles or points of intensity 
presenting opposite qualities. 

Polarization (po-lar-i-za'-shun) \_polus, 
pole], i. The act of polarizing, or the 
state of being polarized. 2. A condition 
produced in a ray of light by absorption, re- 
flection, or refraction, by means of which the 
vibrations are restricted and take place in 
one plane only (plane P.), or in curves (cir- 
cular or elliptic P.). The plane of P. is 
altered or rotated when the light is passed 
through a quartz-crystal or solutions of cer- 
tain substances (rotatory P.). 3. The de- 
posit of gas-bubbles (hydrogen) on the elec- 
tronegative plate of a galvanic battery, 
whereby the flow of the current is impeded, 
and owing to the negative plate covered with 
hydrogen being more electropositive than the 
zinc-plate, the difference in potential between 
the two plates is reduced. 

Polarize (po'-Zar-lz) [polus, pole]. To en- 
dow with polarity ; to place in a state of 
polarization. 



Polarizer (po'-lar-i-zer) \_pohts, pole]. An 
object, such as a Nicol-prism, by means of 
which light is polarized. 

Pole (pol) [tto/Ioc, polus, a pole]. 1. Either 
extremity of the axis of a body, as of the fetus, 
the crystalline lens, etc. 2. One of two points 
at which opposite physical qualities, <?. £\, 
electricity or magnetism, are concentrated ; 
specifically, the electrode of a galvanic bat- 
tery, which is positive (positive P.) when 
connected with the electronegative plate of 
the battery (carbon, copper, platinum), or 
negative (negative P.) when connected with 
the electropositive plate (zinc). P. -changer, 
a switch or key for changing or reversing the 
direction of a current produced by an electric 
battery. 

Poliencephalitis (poZ-e-en-sef-al-i' -tis) [tto- 
?Lt6g, gray ; h/Ke^akog, brain ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the gray matter of 
the brain. P. acuta, an acute inflammation 
of the cerebral cortex, which when occurring 
in children, gives rise to infantile cerebral 
palsy. P., Anterior Superior, an inflam- 
matory disease of the gray matter of the third 
ventricle, of the anterior portion of the fourth, 
and of that about the Sylvian aqueduct. It 
is characterized by ophthalmoplegia, chiefly 
external, and a peculiar somnolent state. 

Poliomyelitis ( pol-e-o-mi-el-i' '-tis) [ttoTiioc, 
gray; /uvsTidg, marrow; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal 
cord. P., Acute Anterior, infantile paraly- 
sis, an acute inflammation of the anterior 
horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord. 
It is most common in children, coming on 
during the period of the first dentition and 
producing a paralysis of certain muscle-groups 
or of an entire limb. The onset is sudden, 
and the paralysis is usually most extensive in 
the beginning, a certain amount of improve- 
ment taking place subsequently. The affected 



POLIOMYELOPATHY 



512 



POLYMERIDE 



muscles atrophy rapidly, the reflexes in them 
are lost, and reaction of degeneration develops. 
From contraction of antagonistic muscles de- 
formities occur later in life. P., Chronic 
Anterior. Synonym of Progressive Muscular 
Atrophy. 

Poliomyelopathy {pol- e-o- mi - el-op' -ath-e) 
\_~o7.ioc, gray; /nve/.oc, marrow; Trddog, dis- 
ease]. Disease of the gray matter of the 
spinal cord and medulla oblongata. 

Poliosis (pol-e-o'-zis) \_7zo7u6g, hoary or gray]. 
A condition characterized by absence of pig- 
ment in the hair. 

Politzerization ( pol-its-er-i-za' -shun) [after 
Adam Politzer, an Austrian otologist]. The 
inflation of the middle ear by means of a 
rubber-bag. 

Politzer's Bag. A pear-shaped rubber bag 
with a conical tip, used for inflating the 
middle ear. The tip is introduced into the 
nostril, and the bag compressed while the other 
nostril is closed and the patient performs the 
act of swallowing. The latter opens the 
Eustachian tube and allows the air to enter. 

Pollakiuria (pol-ak-e-u' '-re-ah ) [tto/./mkic, 
often ; urina, urine] . Abnormally frequent 
micturition. 

Pollex (pol'-eks) [L.]. I. The thumb. 2. 
The great toe. 

Pollution (pol-u'-shun) \_polluere, to defile]. 
I. The act of defiling or rendering impure, 
as P. of drinking-water. 2. 1'he production 
of the sexual orgasm by means other than 
sexual intercourse. 

Poly- (pol'-e-) [tto/i'C, many]. A prefix de- 
noting many. 

Polyarthritis (pol-e - ar - thri f - lis) \_TTo7Ag, 
many ; apdpov, joint ; trig, inflammation] . 
Inflammation of many joints. P. rheumatica 
acuta. See Rheumatism, Acute Articular . 

Polyarticular (pol-e- ar-tik' -u-lar) \tzo7.vc, 
many; articulus, joint]. Affecting many 
joints ; the term multiarticular is preferable. 

Polyatomic (pol-e-at-om'-ik) [rro/Uc, many ; 
atomic]. I. Containing several atoms. 2. 
Having several hydrogen-atoms replaceable 
by bases. 

Polybasic (pol-e-oa'-zik) [— oXvg, many ; !3daig, 
base]. I. Of acids, having several hydrogen- 
atoms replaceable by bases. 2. Formed from 
a polybasic acid by the replacement of more 
than one hydrogen-atom by a base. 

Polycholia (pol-e-ko' -le-ah ) [tto/i'C, much ; 
XOArj, bile]. Excessive secretion of bile. 

Polychromatic (pol-e-kro-maf '-ik) [tto/IC'C, 
many; xpuu-a, color]. Many-colored. 

Polyclinic (pol-e-klin'-ik) \_~o7.vg, many; 
n7iv7], a bed]. A hospital in which many 
diseases are treated. 

Polycoria (pol-e-ko' -re-ah) \_no7d'g, many; 
kootj, pupil]. The existence of more than 
one pupil in the iris. 



Polycrotic ( pol-e- krot'-ik) \_-o7Jvg, many ; 
uporog, pulse]. Of the pulse, presenting sev- 
eral waves for each cardiac systole. 

Polycystic ( pol-e-sis' '-tik) [-rro/ic, many; 
Kiartg, a sac]. Containing many cysts. 

Polycythemia ( pol-e-si-the' -me-ah) [tto?.vc, 
many; kvtoq, cell ; aifia, blood]. A state of 
the blood characterized by an excess of red 
corpuscles. 

Polydactylism (pol-e-dak f -til-izni) \jro7.ig, 
many ; danrvTiog, a finger] . The existence 
of supernumerary fingers or toes. 

Polydipsia (pol-e-dip'-se-ah) [Tzolvg, much ; 
diil>a, thirst]. Excessive thirst. 

Polyemia ( pol-e-e' '-me-ah) \jzo\vg, much ; 
dlua; blood]. Abnormal increase of the 
total mass of the blood ; plethora. P. hyper- 
albuminosa, an excess of albumin in the 
blood-plasma. P. polycythaemica, an in- 
crease of the red corpuscles. P. serosa, 
a condition in which the amount of blood- 
serum is increased. 

Polyesthesia (pol- e- es- the'-ze-ah) [nolivg, 
many; aladr^ig, sensation]. An abnormality 
of sensation in which a single touch is felt in 
two or more places at the same time. 

Polygalactia (pol '- e-gal-ak f -te-ah) \jzo7.vg, 
much; yaka, milk]. Excessive secretion of 
milk. 

Polygalin (pol-ig'-al-iri). See Senega. 

Polyganglionic (pol- e - gang - gle - on'- ik) 
[tto'/.vs, many; yayy?uov, ganglion]. I. 
Having several ganglia. 2. Affecting sev- 
eral lymphatic glands at once. 

Polygnathus ( pol-ig / - na - thus) [tto^ic, 
many; yvadog, jaw]. A form of monster 
in which the parasite is attached to the jaws 
of the host. 

Polygyria (pol-e-jir'-e-ah) [ttoAI'c, many; 
yipoc, gyre] . The existence of an excessive 
number of convolutions in the brain. 

Polyhydramnios (pol - e- hi- dram'-ne - os) 
[tto/.lc, many; vdop, water; auviov, amnion]. 
An excessive production of liquor amnii. 

Polyidrosis (pol- e -id- ro' - sis) [jroJ.ic, 
much; Idpuaic, sweating] . Excessive sweat- 
ing. 

Polymastia (pol-e-mas' -te-ah) [7roA('c,many ; 
jiacroq, breast]. The presence of more than 
two breasts or nipples. The supernumerary 
organs may be below the breast proper, in 
the axilla, or elsewhere on the body. 

Polymelia (j>ol-e-7ne f -le-ah) \jzo\vq, many; 
/ui/.og, limb] . A malformation consisting in 
the presence of more than the normal num- 
ber of limbs. 

Polymelus (pol-im f -el-us) [tto/U'C, many : 
fj.i7.oc, a limb]. A monster having more 
than the normal number of limbs. 

Polymeric (pol-e-mer' '-ik) [Vo/ir, many ; 
fiepog, part] . Exhibiting polymerism. 

Polymeride (pol-im / -er-id) [7ro/if, many; 



POLYMERISM 



513 



POMATUM 



//fpoc, a part]. In chemistry, a compound 
having the property of polymerism. 

Polymerism ( pol-im'-cr-izm) [Vo/i'c, many ; 
pepog, a part]. I. The existence of more 
than a normal number of parts. 2. A variety 
of isomerism. See Isomeric and Polymeri- 
zation. 

Polymerization {pol ' - e - mer - i - za'- shun) 
[TO/Ur, much ; p-zpoq, a part]. The appar- 
ent fusion or union of two or more molecules 
of a compound, forming a more complex 
molecule, with a higher molecular weight 
and somewhat different physical and chemic 
properties. 

Polymorphic, Polymorphous {pol-e-mor f - 

Jik, pol-e- trior' -f us) [Vo/li'C, many ; p-opfyi], 
form]. Having or occurring in several forms ; 
of a crystal, crystallizing in several forms. 

Polymorphism {pol- e - mor'-fizm) \ttoAvq, 
many ; fiopof/, form]. The state of being 
polymorphous. 

Polyneuritis {pol-e-nu-ri'-tis). See Neuritis, 
Multiple. 

Polynuclear {pol-e-nu'-kle-ar^iroAvg, many ; 
nucleus, nucleus]. See Multinuclear, the 
preferable term. 

Polyopia, Polyopsia {pol-e-o'-pe-ah, pol-e- 
op f -se-ah) [rro/i'c, many; bipig, sight]. A 
condition in which more than one image of 
an object is formed upon the retina. 

Poly orchis {pol-e-or' -kis) [tvoXvq, many; 
opxis, a testicle]. One who has more than 
two testicles. 

Polyotia {pol-e-o' '-she-ah) [tto/Xvc, many ; ovg, 
ear]. A condition in which there is more 
than one auricle on a side. 

Polyp (pol'-ip) [tto/Ivc, many; ttovq, foot]. 
A tumor having a distinct pedicle. See 
Polypus. 

Polypapilloma tropicum {pol-e-pap-il-o'- 
mah) [7ro?ii'c, many; papilla, papilla; bfia, 
tumor]. Frambesia. 

Polyparesis ( pol-e-par' '-es-is) [ttoA£'C, much ; 
■Kapzatc;, weakness]. General paresis. 

Polyphagia {pol-e-fa'-je-ah) \ito/\vq, much; 
(pdyetv, to eat]. Bulimia. 

Polypharmacy (pol-e -far'- mas - e) \jrokvq, 
many; <pdp/Ltanov, a drug] . The prescription 
of many drugs at one time ; the excessive use 
of drugs. 

Polyphrasia {pol-e-fra ; -ze-ah)\jzokvq, much ; 
(ppaatc, speech]. A morbid state character- 
ized by excessive speaking ; morbid loquacity ; 
verbigeration. 

Polyplastic {pol-e-plas'-tik) \iroAvg, much; 
ttMccelv, to mold]. I. Of cells, having 
many substances in their composition. 2. 
Undergoing many modifications during de- 
velopment. 

Polypnea {pol-ip-ne f -ah) [ttoAvc, many ; 
Trvoia, breathing] . Great rapidity of respira- 
tion ; panting respiration. 
33 



Polypoid {pol' -e-poid) [ polypus; dSoc, like]. 
Resembling a polyp. 

Polypus {pol'-e-pus) [ttoAvc, many ; ttovc, 
foot ; //. , polypi] . A tumor having a pedicle, 
found especially on mucous membranes, as 
in the nose, bladder, rectum, uterus, etc. 
P., Blood-. Synonym of P. , Placental. P. 
carnosus. Synonym of Sarcoma. P., 
Fibrinous, a polypoid mass on the uterine 
wall, resulting from the deposition of fibrin 
from retained blood. The mass may be 
attached to portions of an ovum or to thrombi 
at the placental site. P., Fibrous, a poly- 
pus composed chiefly of fibrous tissue. P., 
Mucous, a soft P. resulting either from a local- 
ized inflammatory hyperplasia of a mucous 
membrane or from the formation of a true 
myxoma. P., Placental, a fibrinous polyp 
resulting from the deposit of fibrin upon a 
portion of retained placenta. P., Soft, Syn- 
onym of P. , Mucous. P., Vascular, a 
polypoid angioma. 

Polyrrhea {pol-e-re'-ah) \jroAvc, much; poia, 
flow]. An excessive secretion of fluid. 

Polysarcia {pol-e-sar'-se-ah) [tvoavq, much ; 
oops, flesh]. Excessive corpulency; obe- 
sity. 

Polysarcous {pol-e-sar'-kus) [tto/Mc, much ; 
adp^, flesh]. Corpulent; exhibiting poly- 
sarcia. 

Polyscelia {pol-e-ske'-le-ah) [iroAvg, many; 
gkeAoq, leg]. Excess in the number of legs. 

Polyscelus {pol-is'-kel-tis) [ttoa'v<;, many ; 
CKE?ioc, leg] . A monster having supernum- 
erary legs. 

Polyscope {pol'-is-kop) \jroAvq, much ; ano- 
tteIv, to observe]. An instrument provided 
with an electric light which is introduced 
into a cavity in order to illuminate its inter- 
nal surfaces. 

Polysomia {pol-e-so'-me-ah) \noAvq, many ; 
ao)/na, body]. A monster having more than 
a single body or trunk. 

Polyspermism {pol- e - sper'- mizm) [tcoavc;, 
much ; oirepjua, seed]. An excessive quantity 
of seminal fluid. 

Polytrichia, Polytrichosis {pol-e-trik'-e-ah, 
fiol-e-trik-o* '-sis) [ttoAvq, many; dpit;, hair]. 
Excessive development of hair. 

Polyuria {pol- e-u f -re- ah) [iroAvg, much ; 
urina, urine]. The passage of an excessive 
quantity of urine. The causes of temporary 
P. are excessive ingestion of fluids, cold, 
suppression of perspiration, the use of diure- 
tics ; it occurs in the crisis of fevers, in 
hysteria, and nervous excitement. A per- 
manent P. is met with in diabetes mellitus, 
diabetes insipidus, chronic interstitial nephri- 
tis, and in amyloid disease of the kidneys. 

Pomade {po-mad') \_pomum, apple]. A per- 
fumed ointment for applying to the scalp. 

Pomatum {po-tua'-tum). See Pomade. 



POMEGRANATE 



514 



PORTA 



Pomegranate (pum-gran'-et). See Grana- 
tum. 

Pompholyx [pom' '-fo-liks) [Tro/n(p6?iv^, bub- 
ble] . Cheiropompholyx ; dysidrosis ; a rare 
disease characterized by bullous eruptions 
on the palms of the hands and between the 
fingers. It occurs in depressed states of 
the nervous system, and is more common in 
women than in men. 

Pomphus {pom' -fits) [no/LKpog , blister]. See 
Wheal. 

Pomum (po / - muni) [L.]. Apple. P. 
adami, Adam's apple, the prominence in the 
front of the neck caused by the projection of 
the thyroid cartilage. 

Pons [pons, bridge]. A process or bridge 
of tissue connecting two parts of an organ. 
P. cerebelli. Same as P. Varolii. P. 
Tarini, the posterior perforated space. P. 
Varolii, or simply Pons, a convex white 
eminence situated at the base of the brain, 
and serving to connect the various divi- 
sions with each other. It is placed in front 
of the medulla oblongata, behind the cere- 
brum, and beneath the cerebellum, and rests 
upon the sphenobasilar groove. In struc- 
ture the pons consists chiefly of nerve-fibers, 
but contains also areas of gray matter, the 
pontine nuclei. On section two portions, a 
superior and an inferior, are distinguishable. 
The latter contains transverse commissural 
fibers and is traversed by the pyramidal 
tracts. The superior or dorsal portion of the 
pons consists largely of gray matter which is 
continued up from below, especially the for- 
matio reticularis and the dorsal tracts of gray 
substance. In places the gray matter is 
grouped to form the nuclei of the fifth, sixth, 
seventh, and eighth nerves. In the lower 
part of the pons there is a small, folded gray 
mass, the superior olivary nucleus. It is en- 
closed by some transverse fibers known as the 
trapezium. The P. is connected with the 
medulla, with the cerebellum (by the middle 
peduncles), and with the cerebrum (by the 
crura cerebri). 

Pontile, Pontine (pon'-til, pon'-ten) [pons, 
bridge]. Pertaining to the pons Varolii. P. 
Hemiplegia, a hemiplegia due to a lesion 
of the pons. When the lesion is situated low 
down in the pons, below the decussation of 
the fibers of the facial nerve, and above that 
of the pyramidal tracts, the hemiplegia is. 
alternate, i.e., the arm and leg on one side, 
and the face on the other, are paralyzed. 

Poplar (pop'-lar) . See Popuhis. 

Popliteal (pop-lit-e r -al) [poples, ham, hock, 
or knee]. Pertaining to or situated in the 
ham, as P. artery, P. nerve, P. space. P. 
Aneurysm, aneurysm of the popliteal artery. 
P. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. 

Poppy (pop f -e) [ AS., popig, poppy]. Papaver 



somniferum, a plant of the order Papavera- 
ceae. P. -capsules (Papaveris capsular, B. 
P.) possess effects similar to those of opium, 
but far milder in degree. Decoctum papa- 
veris (B. P.) is used chiefly as an anodyne 
application. Extractum papaveris (B. P.). 
Dose gr. v-x (0.32-0.65). Syrupus papa- 
veris (B. P.). Dose f^ss-f^j (2.0-4.0). 
Red poppy is used in making the Syrupus 
rhceados of the B. P. Dose f gj (4.0). 

Populin (pop'-ti-lin). See Populus. 

Populus (pop'-u-lus) [L.]. Poplar, a genus of 
trees of the order Salicinese, several species of 
which contain salicin, C 13 H 16 T , and populin 
or benzoyl-salicin, C 20 H 22 O 8 . Poplar-buds 
have been used in rheumatism and Bright' s 
disease. The leaves and buds are also em- 
ployed for anodyne ointments. 

Porcupine-disease. See Ichthyosis. 

Pore (por) [-ndpoq, a pore]. A minute cir- 
cular opening on a surface, as a P. of the 
skin, the opening of the duct of a sudori- 
parous gland. 

Porencephalia, Porencephalus (por-en-sef- 
a'-le-ah, por-en-sef ' -al-us) [~6poq, cavity ; 
eyiiecpa/.og, brain]. A condition character- 
ized by the presence of depressions on the 
surface of the brain, due to a congenital arrest 
of development or to an acquired defect. 

Porencephalous (por-en-sef f -al-us) [iropoc, 
cavity; ey Keoa/.og , brain]. Affected with 
porencephalia. 

Pornography (por - nog' - ra -fe) [izopvn, a 
prostitute ; ypa<p£Lv, to write]. I. A treatise 
on prostitution. 2. Obscene writing. 

Porocele (po f -ro-sel) [rcapoc, callus ; k^7.t], 
tumor]. A scrotal hernia in which the cov- 
erings are indurated and thickened. 

Poroplastic (por-o-plas'-tik) [~6pog, pore ; 
tt/Acoeiv, to mold] . Parous and plastic. P. 
Felt, a porous felt which is readily molded ; 
it is used in the preparation of splints and 
jackets. 

Porosity (por-os'-it-e) \jzopoq, cavity]. The 
condition of being porous. 

Porous (po'-rus) [rropog, cavity, pore]. 
Having pores. 

Porphyrization (por fir-i-za f -shun) [por- 
phyry, a kind of rock]. Pulverization, so- 
called because generally performed on a 
tablet of porphyry. 

Porrigo (por-i'-go) [L.]. An old term 
applied to several diseases of the scalp. P. 
decalvans, alopecia areata. P. favosa, 
favus. P. larvalis, impetigo of the scalp 
conjoined with eczema. 

Porro's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Porta (por'-tah) [L. , gate]. The hilus of 
an organ through which the vessels enter. 
P. hepatis, P. jecoris, the transverse fissure 
of the liver, through which the portal vein 
enters the organ. 



PORTAL 



515 



POSTEROINTERNAL 



Portal {por'-tal) \_ porta, gate]. Pertaining 
to the porta or hilus of an organ, especially to 
the porta hepatis, or to the vein entering at the 
porta hepatis (P. vein). P. Circulation, 
the passage of blood from the stomach, spleen, 
and intestines through the portal vein and the 
liver. P. Fissure. See Fissure. P. 
Vein, the large vein entering the liver at the 
transverse fissure, and bringing to it the blood 
from the digestive tract and the spleen. 

Porte-caustique {port-hos-teh'). A holder 
for the stick of caustic. 

Porter {por'-ter). See Malt-liquors. 

Portio {por'-she-d) [L.]. A part. P. dura, 
the hard part of the seventh pair of nerves of 
Willis, the facial nerve. P. inter duram et 
mollem, a small funiculus between the portio 
dura and the portio mollis of the seventh 
cranial nerve. P. intermedia Wrisbergii. 
Synonym of P. inter duram et mollem. P. 
mollis, the soft part of the seventh cranial 
nerve, the auditory nerve. 

Port-wine Stains. See Nevus. 

Porus (po'-rus) [L.]. A pore. P. acusticus 
externus, the opening of the external audi- 
tory canal. P. acusticus internus, the 
opening of the internal auditory canal into 
the cranial cavity. P. opticus, the opening 
in the center of the lamina cribrosa of the 
sclerotic transmitting the central artery of the 
retina. 

Position (po-zish'-un) \_ponere, to place]. 
Place ; location ; attitude ; posture. P., 
Dorsal, one in which the patient lies on the 
back. P.„ Edebohl's. See P., Simon's. 
P., English. See P., Left Lateral Recum- 
bent. P., Knee-chest, P., Genupectoral ; 
one in which the patient rests upon the knees 
and chest, the arms being crossed above the 
head. P., Knee-elbow, P., Genucubital ; 
one in which the patient lies upon the knees 
and elbows, the head resting upon the hands. 
P., Left Lateral Recumbent, P., Eng- 
lish, P., Obstetric ; one in which the pa- 
tient lies on the left side with the right thigh 
and knee drawn up. P., Lithotomy-, P., 
Dorsosacral ; one in which the patient lies 
on the back with the legs flexed on the thighs, 
and the thighs flexed on the abdomen and 
abducted. P. of the Fetus, the relation of 
the presenting part of the fetus to the pelvis 
of the mother. See Table of Fetal Positions, 
under Fetus. P., Sim's, P., Semiprone ; one 
in which the patient lies on the left side, with 
the right knee and thigh drawn up and the left 
arm placed along the back ; the chest is inclined 
forward so that the patient rests upon it. P., 
Simon's, one in which the patient lies on 
the back, with the legs flexed on the thighs 
and the thighs on the abdomen, the hips be- 
ing elevated and the thighs strongly ab- 
ducted. P., Trendelenburg's, one in which 



the patient lies on the back on a plane in- 
clined about 45°, the feet and legs hanging 
over the end of the table. 

Positive {poz / -it-iv) \_positivus, from ponere, 
to place]. Real, existing, actual. In mathe- 
matics and physiology, denoting one of two 
quantities or conditions assumed as primary or 
fundamental ; opposed to one assumed as 
negative; denoting a quantity greater than 
zero ; to be added, additive. P. Elec- 
tricity, the kind of electricity developed by 
rubbing glass with silk. P. Electrode, P. 
Pole ; the electrode or pole connected with 
the negative plate of a battery. P., Element, 
P., Plate ; that plate of a battery which is 
acted upon by the fluid, e. g., the zinc-plate in 
the zinc-carbon battery. 

Posology ( pos-ol 1 -oj-e) [yroaoc, how much ; 
/dyoc, science]. That branch of medical 
science dealing with the dosage of medicines. 

Post- (post-) [L.]. A prefix denoting after. 

Postanal (post-a / -nal) \_post, after; anus, 
anus]. Situated behind the anus. 

Postaxial {post-aks f -e-aL) \_post, after ; axis, 
axis]. Situated behind the axis ; in the arm, 
behind the ulnar aspect ; in the leg, behind 
the fibular aspect. 

Postcentral (pdst-sen'-tral) \_post, behind; 
centrum, center]. I. Situated behind a cen- 
ter. 2. Situated behind the central fissure of 
the brain, as the P. convolution. 

Postclavicular {post - kla-vik' '-u-lar) \_post, 
after; clavicula, clavicle]. Situated behind 
the clavicle. 

Postconvulsive ( pdst-kon-vuV -siv) [post, 
after ; convellere, to tear away] . Coming on 
after a convulsion. 

Postdiastolic (post-di-as-tol'-ik) [/Rafter; 
6iaaro?J/, diastole]. Occurring after the dias- 
tole. 

Postdicrotic {post-di-krof-ik) [/Rafter; 
dicrotic] . Occurring after the dicrotic wave 
of the pulse, as the P. wave in the sphygmo- 
graphic tracing. 

Postdiphtheric {post - dif- ther' - ik) \_post, 
after; diphtheric]. Occurring after an attack 
of diphtheria, as P. paralysis. 

Postembryonic {post-etn-bre-on'-ik) \_post, 
after; e/uf3pvov, embryo]. Occurring after 
the embryonic stage. 

Postepileptic {post-ep-e-lep' '-tik) [ /w/, after ; 
ETCLA-rjTpLQ, epilepsy]. Occurring after an epi- 
leptic attack. 

Posterior {pos-te' '-re-or) [comparative of pos- 
terus, after, behind] . Placed behind or to the 
back of a part. 

Posteroexternal {pos - ter - o - eks - tur'-nal) 
\_posterus, behind; external]. Occupying 
the outer side of a back part, as the P. column 
of the spinal cord. 

Posterointernal {pos - ter - o - in- tur f - nal ) 
[post, behind; internal]. Occupying the 



POSTEROLATERAL 



516 



POTASSIUM 



inner side of a back part, as the P. column 

of the spinal cord. 
Posterolateral (pos-te-ro-lat'-er-al) [pos- 

terus, behind ; latus, side] . Situated behind 

and at the side of a part. 
Posteroparietal (pos - te - ro -par - i f - et-al) 

[posterus, behind ; paries, wall]. Situated 

at or opposite the posterior part of the parietal 

bone. 
Posterosuperior (pos -te -ro - su - pe f - re-or) 

[posterus, hinder; superior, superior]. 

Situated behind and above a part. 
Posterotemporal (pos -te - ro - tern/ -por-al) 

[posterns, behind; tempns, temple] . Situ- 
ated at or opposite the posterior part of the 

temporal bone. 
Postfebrile (post-feb' '-ril)\_post, after ; febris, 

a fever]. Occurring after a fever. 
Postglenoid (post gle'-noid) [post, behind ; 

y?irjvrj, socket ; eldog, like] . Situated be- 
hind the glenoid fossa, as the P. tubercle, also 

called simply P. 
Posthemiplegic (post-hem- e-ple f -jik) [post, 

after; rjjxt, half ; ir:lrjyr], stroke]. Occurring 

after or following an attack of hemiplegia. 

P. Chorea, choreiform movements in para- 
lyzed limbs. 
Posthetomy (pos-thet'-o-me) [ivoodrj, penis ; 

TOfj.i], a cutting]. Circumcision. 
Posthitis (pos-thi' ' -tis) [noodr], prepuce ; mq, 

inflammation]. Inflammation of the prepuce. 
Postholith ( pos' '-tho-lith) [TroaOrj, prepuce ; 

Aidoq, stone]. A preputial calculus. 
Posthumous (pos f -tu-mus) [post, after; 

humus, the ground]. Occurring after death. 

P. Child, one born after the death of the 

father, or taken by the Cesarean operation 

from the body of its mother after death. 
Posthyoid (post - hi' - oid) [post, behind; 

voetdi/g, hyoid]. Posterior to the hyoid bone. 
Posthypnotic (post hip-not' '-ik) [post, after; 

vizvoQ, sleep]. Succeeding the hypnotic 

state ; acting after the hypnotic state has 

passed off, as P. suggestion. 
Posticus (pos-ti f -kus) [L. ]. Posterior. 
Postmortem (post- mor / - tern) [post, after; 

mors, death]. I. Occurring after death. 

2. An examination of the body after death ; 

an autopsy. 
Postnasal (post - na f -sal) [post, behind ; 

nasus, nose]. Situated behind the nose. 

P. Catarrh, catarrhal inflammation of the 

nasopharynx. 
Postparalytic (post-par-ah-lit / -ik) [post, 

after; Trapalvaig, paralysis]. Following an 

attack of paralysis. 
Postpartum (post-par' '-turn) [post, after ; 

partus, birth]. Following childbirth; as P. 

hemorrhage. 
Postpharyngeal (post-far-in'-je-al) [post, 

behind ; (pdpvy^, pharynx] . Situated behind 

the pharynx. 



Postpone (post-pon') [post, after ; ponere, to 
place]. Of a paroxysm, to occur after the 
regular time. 

Postpyramidal (post-pe-ram'-id-al*) [post, 
behind; pyramis, pyramid]. Situated be- 
hind the pyramidal tract. P. Nucleus, the 
nucleus funiculi gracilis. 

Postural (pos / -tur-al) [ponere, to place]. 
Pertaining to posture or position ; performed 
by means of a special posture, as P. treat- 
ment. 

Postuterine (post-ti' '-ter-in) [post, behind; 
uterus, uterus]. Situated behind the uterus. 

Potable (po'-ta-bl) [potare, to drink]. 
Drinkable; fit to drink. 

Potash (pot f -ash) [from Irish, pota, a pot, 
and ash~\. I. Potassium hydroxid, caustic 
potash. 2. Potassium carbonate. 

Potassa (po-tas f -ah) [L.]. Potash. P. 
cum calce, Vienna-paste, a caustic paste 
made by rubbing together equal parts of 
potassium hydroxid and quick-lime. P. sul- 
phurata, a mixture of salts of potassium, 
consisting chiefly of the sulphid. It is used 
in chronic rheumatism, gout, and locally in 
diseases of the skin. Dose gr. ij-x (0.13- 
0.65). 

Potassium (po - tas / - e - urn) [potash, from 
Irish, pota, a pot, and ash~\. A silver- 
white, soft, very ductile metal, belonging 
to the alkali-group, and having a sp. gr. of 
0.865 ; its valence is one, atomic weight 39, 
symbol K (from the Latin kal'uwi). It 
forms compounds with nearly all nonmetals. 
The most important compounds are : P. 
acetate (Potassii acetas, U. S. P., B. P.), 
KC 2 H 3 0. 2 , used in rheumatism, as a diuretic 
in dropsies, and in cutaneous diseases. Dose 
gr. xx- gj (1.3-4.0). P. bicarbonate (Po- 
tassii bicarbonas, U. S. P., B. P.), KHC0 3 , 
used as an antacid. Dose gr. xx-^j (1.3- 
4.0). P. dichromate, P. bichromate 
(Potassii bichromas, U. S. P., B. P.), K 2 Cr 2 - 
7 , used as a caustic, and for the prepara- 
tion of battery-fluids and of preserving fluids 
for tissues ; it was formerly employed as 
an alterative. P. bitartrate (Potassii bi- 
tartras, U. S. P., B. P.), cream of tartar, 
KHC 4 H 4 6 , used as a mild cathartic and as 
a hydragogue diuretic in dropsies, and for 
making refrigerant drinks in febrile affec- 
tions. It is an ingredient of Pulvis jalapae 
compositus. Dose 3J-^ss (4.0-16.0). P. 
bromid. See Bromin. P. carbonate 
(Potassii carbonas, U. S. P., B. P.), used as 
an antacid in dyspepsia and as an antilithic. 
P. chlorate (Potassii chloras, U. S. P., B. 
P.), KCIO3, used locally and internally in 
various forms of stomatitis, in mercurial pty- 
alism, in pharyngitis. Dose gr. x-xx (0.65- 
1.3). In over-doses it is an irritant poison. 
From it are prepared Trochisci potassii chlo- 



POTASSIUM 



517 



POUPART'S LIGAMENT 



ratis. P. citrate (Potassii citrus, U. S. P., 
B. P.), K 3 C 6 H 5 7 .H 2 0, used as a diaphoret- 
ic in fevers, in bronchitis, and in rheumat- 
ism, the uric acid diathesis, etc. Dose gr. 
xx-xxx (1.3-2.0). Potassii citras effervescens 
(U. S. P.) is used like the preceding. Dose 
3J-ij (4.0-8.0). P. cyanid (Potassii cy- 
anidum, U. S. P., B. P.), KCN, is similar 
in properties to hydrocyanic acid. Dose gr. 
y$ (0.008). It is also used locally in neural- 
gia. P. ferrocyanid (Potassii ferrocyani- 
dum, U. S. P.,B. P.), K 4 Fe(CN) 6 .3H 2 0, 
yellow prussiate of potash, has been used in 
the night-sweats of phthisis. Dose gr. x-xv 
(0.65-1.0). It is extensively employed in 
the arts, as a reagent, and in pharmacy to 
prepare diluted hydrocyanic acid. P. hy- 
droxid, KOH (Potassa, U. S. P., B. P.), 
caustic potash. This is a white solid, usually 
occurring in the form of pencils, and having 
powerful escharotic properties. From it are 
prepared, Liquor potassce and Potassa cum 
calce. The former is an antacid, diuretic, 
and antilithic. Dose m^x-xxx (0.65-2.0). 
P. hypophosphite (Potassii hypophosphis, 
U. S. P.), KH 2 P0 2 . Dose gr. x-xxx (0.65- 
2.0). See Hypophosphite. P. iodid (Po- 
tassii iodidum, U. S. P., B. P), KI, is used 
as an alterative in syphilis ; in chronic pois- 
oning by lead and mercury ; as an absorbent 
of inflammatory exudates ; in chronic rheu- 
matism, etc. Dose gr. ij-x (o. 1 3-0. 65)"; in 
syphilis several drams may be administered 
daily. From it are prepared Unguentum iodi 
and Unguentum potassii iodidi. P. nitrate 
(Potassii riitras, U. S. P., B. P.), KN0 3 , salt- 
peter, is used as a refrigerant diuretic and 
diaphoretic ; in asthma the inhalation of 
fumes produced by burning niter-paper 
(paper dipped in a solution of the nitrate and 
dried) is useful. Dose gr. x-xx (0.65-I.3). 
From it are prepared Argenti nitras dilutus 
and Charta potassii nitratis. P. permang- 
anate (Potassii permanganas, U. S. P., B. 
P.), KMn0 4 , is used as an antiseptic and de- 
odorant, in amenorrhea, and as an antidote 
to opium-poisoning and poisoning by snake- 
bites. Dose as an emmenagogue gr. j-ij 
(0.065-0.13). It is also employed as are- 
agent. Condy's fluid is an aqueous solution 
of P. permanganate (2 parts in 100). P. and 
sodium tartrate (Potassii et sodii tartras, 
U. S. P., B. P.), KNaC 4 H 4 6 .4H 2 0, Ro- 
chelle salt, is used as a saline cathartic ; it 
is an ingredient of Seidlitz powder. Dose 
^ss-j (16.0-32.0). P. sulphate (Potassii 
sulphas, U. S. P., B. P.), K 2 S0 4 , is used as 
a laxative and purgative. Dose ^ss-^iv 
(2.0-16.0). P. tartrate (Potassii tartras, 
B. P.), K 2 C 4 H 4 G .H 2 0, is used as a mild 
purgative in febrile affections. Dose 3J-,^j 
(4.0-32.0). Other compounds are : P. bin- 



oxalate, salt of sorrel, a constituent of 
wood -sorrel. P. bisulphate, KHS0 4 , 
has been used as a laxative and refrigerant. 
Dose 3J-ij (4.0-8.0). P. cobaltinitrate 
has been employed in asthma, nephritis, and 
valvular heart-disease. Dose gr. X - /^ 
(0.016-0.032). P. ferricyanid, K 6 Fe 2 - 
(CN) ]2 , is used in the arts and as a reagent. 
P. iodate is used in stomatitis and pharyngi- 
tis as a substitute for P. chlorate. Dose gr. 
iv-viij (0.26-0.52). P. nitrite, KN0 2 , is 
used like the other nitrites. Dose gr. iij 
(0.2). P. phosphate, K 2 HP0 4 , has been 
used as an alterative in scrofula and pulmo- 
nary tuberculosis. Dose gr. x-xxx (0.65- 
2.0). P. silicate, soluble glass, is used in- 
stead of plaster of Paris for making fixed dress- 
ings. P. sulphocyanate, KCNS, is a con 
stituent of saliva. 

Potato-culture. A culture of microorganisms 
on potato. 

Potential (po-ten'-shal) [potens, able]. I. 
Capable of acting or doing work, as P. en- 
ergy. 2. In electricity, a state of tension or 
of P. energy capable of doing work. If 
two bodies of different P. are brought 
together, a current is established between 
them that is capable of doing work. 

Potio, Potion {po f -she-o , po f -sJiuji) \_potio, a 
drink]. A drink or draught. 

Potomania (po-to-ma' -ne-ah) [kotoc;, drink ; 
juavla, madness]. Delirium tremens. 

Pott's Disease [Percival Pott, an English 
surgeon]. Caries of the vertebrae, generally 
of tuberculous origin. The symptoms are 
stiffness of the spinal column, pain on mo- 
tion, tenderness on pressure, undue promi- 
nence of one or more of the spines ; in 
certain cases spasmodic pain in the abdomen ; 
formation of abscess; occasionally, in late 
stages, paralysis. P.'s Fracture. See 
Fracture. 

Pouch [Fr. , poche, a pocket]. A sac 
or pocket. P. of Douglas, P., Recto- 
uterine, cul-de-sac of Douglas, a pouch 
formed by a fold of the peritoneum between 
the uterus and the rectum. 

Poultice (pol'-tis) [puis, porridge]. A soft, 
semiliquid mass made of some cohesive sub- 
stance mixed with water, and used for appli- 
cation to the skin, for the purpose of supply- 
ing heat and moisture or acting as a local 
stimulant. Synonym, Cataplasma. 

Pound [AS., pund, pound]. A unit of 
measure of weight. The Troy P. contains 
12 oz. or 5760 grains; the avoirdupois P. 
contains 16 oz. or 7000 grains. Symbol 
lb. See Weights and Measures. P., Foot-, 
the force necessary to raise one pound through 
the height of one foot. 

Poupart's Ligament. See Ligaments, Table 
of. 



POWDER 



518 



PREGLOBULIN 



Powder [Fr., poudre, from pulvis, powder]. 

1. A collection of fine particles. 2. In 
pharmacy, a collection of fine particles of 
one or more substances capable of passing 
through a sieve having meshes of a certain 
fineness ; also a single dose of such a sub- 
stance. P., Aromatic. See Cinnamon. 
P., Dover's, Pulvis ipecacuanha et opii. 
See under Opium. P., James'. See Anti- 
mony. P., Seidlitz-. See Potassium and 
sodium tartrate. P., Tully's, a powder 
composed of camphor, prepared chalk, and 
licorice, and morphin sulphate, I part. It is 
used as a substitute for Dover's powder. 

Pox [pocks, pi. of pock, a vesicle or 
pustule]. I. A term applied to any disease 
possessing a vesicular or pustular eruption. 

2. Vulgarly, syphilis. P., Chicken-. See 
Varicella. P., Cow-. See Cow-pox. P., 
Small-. See Variola. 

Practice (prak'-tis) [practicare, to practice]. 
The practice of medicine ; the application of 
the principles of medicine to the diagnosis 
and treatment of disease. 

Practitioner (prak-tisk' ' -tin-er) \_practicare, 
to practice]. One who practices medicine. 
(This is a badly-formed word.) 

Prae- (pre-) [L.]. See Pre-. 

Praeputium (pre-pu'-she-um). See Prepuce. 

Prae via (pre f -ve-ah) [fern, of prcevius, from 
prcz, before ; via, a way]. Coming before, 
standing before. P., Placenta. See Pla- 
centa. 

Prairie-itch. A name applied to various 
forms of skin-diseases associated with pruri- 
tus, occurring in men engaged in work on 
prairies, among lumbermen, and others, and 
either due to scabies or pruritus hiemalis. 

PTea.lbum'muric(pre-al-bu-min-u / -rik)[pra?, 
before; albumen, albumin; urina, urine]. 
Occurring before the appearance of albumin- 
uria. 

Preataxic (pre-at-aks'-ik) [pro?, before ; a 
priv. ; ragig, order]. Occurring before 
ataxia. 

Preaxial (pre-aks'-e-al) [pra, before ; axis, 
axis]. Situated in front of the axis; in a 
limb, situated on the internal or anterior 
aspect — in the arm, on the radial, in the 
leg, on the tibial side. 

Prebacillary (pre-bas / -il-a-re) [prce, before ; 
bacillus, bacillus]. Occurring before the in- 
vasion of the system by bacilli. 

Precancerous (pre-kan' -ser-us)[ prc?,be(ore ; 
cancer]. Occurring before the development 
of a carcinoma. 

Precardiac (pre-kar f -de-ak) [pro?, before ; 
napdia, heart]. Anterior to the heart. 

Precentral (pre-sen'-tral) [pro 1 , before ; 
centrum, center]. Situated in front of the 
central fissure of the brain. P. Convolu- 
tion, a convolution in front of the central 



fissure of the brain ; the ascending frontal 
convolution. 

Precipitant {pre-sip / -it-ant). See under 
Precipitation. 

Precipitate [pre - sip / - it - at ) [ precipitare , 
from prcz, before ; caput, head]. The solid 
substance thrown down from a solution of a 
substance on the addition of a reagent which 
deprives it of its solubility. Abbreviation : 
Ppt. P., Red, Hydrargyrum oxidum rubrum. 
See Mercury. P., White, N 2 (Hg 2 ) 3 Cl 2 , 
Hydrargyrum ammoniatum. See Mercury. 

Precipitate (pre-sip / '-it-dt) [ precipitare, from 
pr&, before ; caput, head]. To throw down 
in an insoluble form. 

Precipitate (pre-sip' ' -it-at)[ precipitare, from 
pr&, before ; caput, head]. Headlong ; 
hasty. P. Labor. See Labor. 

Precipitation {pre-sip-it-a / -shun) [precipi- 
tate']. The process of throwing down solids 
from the liquids which hold them in solution. 
Precipitates are crystalline, amorphous, curdy, 
flocculent, granular, or gelatinous, according 
to the form assumed. The agent causing 
precipitation is the precipitant, the solid 
thrown down, the precipitate. 

Precordia {pre-kor f -de-ah) [pro*, before ; 
cor, the heart]. I. A name applied by the 
ancients to the diaphragm, the thoracic vis- 
cera, or the epigastric region. 2. The area 
of the chest overlying the heart. 

Precordial (pre-kor' ' -de-al) [prcz, before ; 
cor, heart]. Pertaining to the precordia. 

Precordiu'm (pre-kor'-de-um). Singular of 
Precordia. 

Precuneus [pre - ku - ne r - us) [prce, before ; 
cuneus, wedge]. The quadrate lobule of the 
parietal lobe situated in front of the cuneus 
of the occipital lobe. 

Prediastolic {pre-di-as-toV -ik) [prce, before ; 
Aiao-o/.T], diastole]. Occurring before the 
diastole. 

Predicrotic {pre-di-krot f -ik) [pro?, before ; 
dicrotic~\. Preceding the dicrotic wave or 
elevation of the sphygmographic tracing. 

Predigest (pre-di-jesf) [p?-&, before; di- 
gerere, to digest]. To digest by artificial 
means before introducing into the body. 

Predisposing (pre-dis-po' -zing) [prce, be- 
fore; disponere, to dispose]. Rendering sus- 
ceptible or liable to attack. 

Predisposition {pre-dis-po-zish' -un) [pr&, 
before ; disponere, to dispose] . The state 
of having a susceptibility to disease. 

Prefrontal {pre-frun f -tal ) \_prce, before; frons, 
forehead]. Situated in the anterior part of 
the frontal lobe of the brain. 

Preglobulin {pre-glob' '-u-lin) [pra>, before ; 
globulin]. An albuminous body found in 
cell-protoplasm, insoluble in water, soluble 
in a ten per cent, sodium chlorid solution 
and in dilute alkaline solutions. 




PREGNANCY 



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PREMALIGNANT 

Pregnancy ( preg'- nan - se ) 
[pregnatiSy from prce, before ; 
gignere, to beget]. The state 
of being pregnant, or with 
child ; the state of the woman 
from conception to the expul- 
sion of the ovum. The normal 
duration of P. is 280 days, or 
ten lunar months, or nine calen- 
dar months. P., Extrauter- 
ine, ectopic gestation ; the de- 
velopment of the ovum outside 
of the cavity of the uterus. 
Pregnancy may take place 
within the Fallopian tube (Tu- 
bal P.) , in the ovary (Ovarian 
P.), in the part of the tube that 
traverses the uterine wall (In- 
terstitial P.), or in the abdom- 
inal cavity (Abdominal P.). 
P., False, any condition in the 
abdomen that simulates preg- 
nancy. P., Molar, pregnancy 
in which the ovum is converted 
into a mole. P., Multiple, 
that form in which the uterus 
contains two or more develop- 
ing ova. P., Mural, a variety 
of extrauterine P. in which the 
ovum develops in the wall of 
the uterus. P., Signs of, 
those clinical manifestations by 
which the existence of preg- 
nancy may be demonstrated. 
There are three so-called abso- 
lute signs : Ballottement, fetal 
movements, and the fetal heart - 
sounds. 

Pregnant (preg'-nant) \_pr<zg- 
nans, from prce, before ; gig- 
ne?-e, to beget]. With child; 
gravid. 

Prehemiplegic ( pre - hem - e - 
ple'-jifc) [prce, before; r)ni y 
half; Tclrjyrj, stroke]. Occur- 
ring before an attack of hemi- 
plegia, as P. chorea. 

Prehensile [p?'e-hen / -sil) \_pre- 
hendere, to lay hold of]. 
Adapted for grasping. 

Prehension (pre - hen' '- shun) 
\_prehendere, to lay hold of]. 
The act of grasping or seizing. 

Prelum (pre f -luni)\\-..\ Press. 
P. abdominale, the squeezing 
of the abdominal viscera be- 
tween the diaphragm and the 
rigid abdominal wall, as in the 
processes of defecation, mictu- 
rition, and parturition. 

Premalignant (pre - mal- ig f - 
nant) \_prce, before; malig- 



PREMATURE 



520 



PRIMARY 



nanf\. Occurring before the development 
of malignancy. 

Premature [pre'-mat-ur) \_p7'ce, before ; 
maturare, to ripen]. Occurring before the 
proper time, as P. labor. 

Premaxilla {pre-maks-W '-ah) \_prce, before ; 
maxilla, jaw]. The intermaxillary bone. 

Premenstrual [pre-men' -stru-al) [prce, be- 
fore ; menstrual ]. Preceding menstruation. 

Premolar (pre-mo' '-lar) \_pr<z, before ; mola, 
millstone]. I. Situated in front of the molar 
teeth. 2. One of the two anterior perman- 
ent molars. 

Premonitory {pre-mon 1 '-it-o-re) \_prce, be- 
fore ; monere, to warn] . Forewarning ; 
foreboding, as P. symptoms, those which 
forebode the onset of an attack of a disease. 

Prenatal (pre-na'-tal) \_prce, before ; natus, 
born]. Existing or occurring before birth. 

Preoccupation {pre-ok-u - pa' -shun) \prce, 
before; ocmpare, to occupy]. The condi- 
tion of being so engrossed in one's own 
thoughts as not to answer or hear when 
accosted. 

Preparation {prep-ar-a' '-shun) \_prceparare, 
to make ready]. I. The act of making 
ready. 2. Anything made ready, especially, 
in anatomy, any part of the body prepared 
or preserved for illustrative or other uses. 

Prepatellar [pre-pal-el'-ar) \_pr&, before ; 
patella, patella]. Situated in front of the 
patella, as P. bursa. 

Prepuce {pre' -pus) [prceputmm, prepuce]. 
The foreskin of the penis, a fold of skin lined 
by mucous membrane, and covering the glans 
penis. 

Preputial {pre-pu'-she-al) [prceputium, pre- 
puce]. Pertaining to the prepuce. 

Presbycusis, Presbykousis {prez-be-koo'- 
sis) [irpeGfivc;, old; anoveiv, to hear]. The 
lessening of the acuteness of hearing that 
occurs in old age. 

Presbyope {prez' -be-op) \TrpecfivQ, old ; uip, 
eye]. One who is presbyopic. 

Presbyopia {prez-be-o'-pe-ak) [npEoftvg, old ; 
hip, eye]. The condition of vision in the 
aged, due to diminished power of accom- 
modation from impaired elasticity of the crys- 
talline lens, whereby the near point of distinct 
vision is removed farther from the eye. 

Presbyopic {prez-be-op'-ik) [TrpeoSvs, old ; 
on/;, eye]. Affected with presbyopia. 

Prescription {pre-skrip'-shun) \_prce, before ; 
scribere, to write]. A formula written by the 
physician to the apothecary, designating the 
substances to be administered. A P. consists 
of the heading, usually the symbol & (stand- 
ing for the Latin word recipe, imperative of 
recipere, to take) , the names and quantities 
of the ingredients, the directions to the 
apothecary, the directions to the patient, the 
date, and the signature. 



Present {pre-zent') \_prcesentare , to place be- 
fore]. Of a part of the fetus, to appear first 
at the os uteri. 

Presentation {pre-zen-ta f -shun) [p?-cesentare, 
to place before]. In obstetrics, that part of 
the fetal body which presents itself to the 
examining finger at the os uteri. 

Presphenoid {pre-sfe'-noid) \_prce, before ; 
o(j>7]v, wedge; sldog, like]. The anterior 
*part of the body of the sphenoid bone. 

Pressor {pres'-or) \_premere, to press]. 
Stimulating. P. Nerve. See Nerve. 

Pressure-sense. The sense by which 
knowledge is obtained of the amount of 
weight or pressure which is exerted upon a 
part of the body. 

Presternum {pre-ster' '-num) \_prce, before ; 
sternum, the breast-bone]. The manubrium 
or superior segment of the sternum. 

Presystolic {pre-sis-tol'-ik) [pr&, before: 
Gvo~o7J], systole]. Preceding the systole of 
the heart, as the P. murmur, P. thrill. 

Pretibial {pre-tib' -e-al) \_prce, before; tibia, 
tibia]. Situated in front of the tibia. 

Pretuberculous {pre-tu-ber' -ku-his) \_prce, 
before; tuberculum, tubercle]. Preceding 
the development of tuberculosis. 

Preventive {pre-ven'-tiv) \_prevenire, to an- 
ticipate, to prevent]. Warding off. P. 
Medicine, the department of medicine deal- 
ing with the means and methods of prevent- 
ing disease. 

Prevertebral {pre-ver? -te-bral) \_prce, be- 
fore ; vertebra, vertebra]. Situated in front 
of the vertebrae. 

Priapism {pri' '-ap-izni) [TrpiaTucjudc; ] . Per- 
sistent erection of the penis, usually unaccom- 
panied by sexual desire. It is caused by 
injuries to the spinal cord, or to the penis, 
and by vesical calculus. 

Prickle-cell. A cell possessing delicate 
rod-shaped processes by which it is connected 
with neighboring cells. Such cells are found 
in the middle strata of the skin (Prickle- 
layer). 

Prickly Heat. See Miliaria. 

Prim ae viae {pri' -me vi' -e) [L. , "the pri- 
mary passages "]. The alimentary canal. 

Primary {pri' -ma-re) \_ primus, first]. First 
in time or in importance. P. Amputation, 
one that is done before the development of in- 
flammation, usually within the first twenty- 
four hours. P. Bubo, a simple adenitis of 
an inguinal lymphatic gland, resulting from 
mechanical irritation. It is also known as 
bubon d ' emblee. P. Dementia, a form of in- 
sanity occurring in young adults, and charac- 
terized by an extreme degree of apathy, the 
patient lying motionless, absolutely listless, 
without wants and seemingly without percep- 
tion of his surroundings. P. Lesion, the 
original lesion which forms the starting-point 



PR1MIGRAVIDA 



521 



PROCESS 



for secondary lesions. P. Sore, the initial 
sclerosis or chancre of syphilis. 

Primigravida (pri-me-grav' '-id-ah) [primus, 
first; gravidas, pregnant]. A woman preg- 
nant for the first time. 

Primipara (pri-mip'-ar-ak) [primus, first ; 
pa re re, to bear]. A woman bearing or giv- 
ing birth to her first child. 

Primiparous (pri-wip / -ar-us)[ primus, first ; 
parere, to bear]. Bearing a child or being 
in labor for the first time. 

Primitive (prim'- it - in) [primus, first]. 
First-formed ; original. P. Groove, the en- 
largement and deepening of the primitive 
streak. See P. Streak. P. Streak, P. 
Trace, a streak appearing at the end of the 
germinal disc, and indicating the first trace 
of the embryo. 

Primordial (pri-mor'-de-al) [primus, first ; 
ordiri, to arise]. Existing in the beginning, 
first-formed, primitive, original, of the sim- 
plest character. P. Kidney, the Wolffian 
body. P. Ova, cells lying among the germ- 
epithelium of the surface of the embryonic 
ovary. 

Princeps (prin'-seps) [primus, first ; caput, 
head]. First, original. P. cervicis, a 
branch of the occipital artery supplying the 
trapezius muscle. P. pollicis, a branch of 
the radial artery, going to the palmar surface 
of the thumb. 

Principle (prin f -si-pl) [principium, from 

princeps~\. A constituent of a compound 
having a definite composition and represent- 
ing its essential or characteristic properties. 
P., Proximate. See Proximate. 

Prinos (pri f -nos) [L.]. Black alder, a shrub 
of the order Aquifoliaceae. The bark and the 
berries of P. verticillatus have been em- 
ployed as tonics and astringents in diarrhea, 
and locally, as an application to ulcers. Dose 
gss-j (2.0-4.3); of a decoction f^j-ij (32.0- 
64.0). Unof. 

Prism (prizm) [rrpiaua, fromirpigeiv, to saw]. 
A solid whose bases or ends are similar plane 
figures and whose sides are parallelograms. 
In optics, a transparent solid with trian- 
gular ends and two converging sides. It 
breaks up white light into its component 
colors and bends the rays of light toward the 
side opposite the angle (the base of the P.), 
and is used to measure or correct imbalance 
of the ocular muscles. P. -diopter, P.- 
dioptry, a unit of prismatic refractive power : 
the refractive power of a prism that deflects a 
ray of light one centimeter on a tangent plane 
situated at a distance of one meter. P., 
Enamel-, one of the prismatic columns of 
from four to six sides composing the enamel 
of teeth, closely packed together and gener- 
ally vertical to the surface of the underlying 
dentine. P., Nicol-. See Nicol-prism. 



Prismatic (priz-mat f -ik) [it plana, a prism]. 
Prism-shaped ; produced by the action of a 
prism, as P. colors. 

Prismoptometer (priz-??iop-tom f -et-er) [Trpia- 
fia, prism; hip, eye ; jihpov, measure]. An 
instrument for estimating refractive defects of 
the eye by means of two prisms placed base 
to base. 

Pro- [L.]. A prefix meaning before. 

Probang (pro / -ba?ig) [probare, to test]. A 
rod of whalebone or other flexible material 
used for making local applications to the 
esophagus or larynx, or removing foreign 
bodies. P., Ball-, a probang having an 
ivory bulb attached to one end. P., Horse- 
hair-, P., Bristle-, one having on the end a 
sheath of horsehair or bristles that can be 
made to spread like an umbrella as the in- 
strument is drawn out. P., Sponge-, one 
provided with a small sponge at one end. 

Probe (prob) [probare, to test]. A slender, 
flexible rod for exploring a channel. P., 
Anel's, a delicate probe for exploring or 
dilating the lacrimal puncta and lacrimal 
canals. P., Blunt, one with a blunt extrem- 
ity. P., Bowman's, one of a series of grad- 
uated probes used for dilating the nasal duct. 
P., Drum-, one provided with a drum or re- 
verberator to enable the ear to detect contact 
with foreign bodies. P., Electric, one having 
two insulated wires, so that contact with a bul- 
let or metal completes the circuit, and thus in- 
dicates the presence of such a foreign body. 
P., Eyed, a probe having a slit at one end 
through which a tape or ligature can be 
passed. P., Lacrimal, one used for dilating 
the lacrimal passages. P., Meerschaum-, 
a probe, the end of which is tipped with 
meerschaum, which becomes streaked with 
the lead by contact with a bullet. P., 
Nelaton's, one that is capped with un- 
glazed porcelain upon which a leaden ball 
makes a metallic streak. P., Vertebrated, 
one made of small links so jointed together 
that it is very flexible. 

Process (pros' -es) [processus, from procedere, 
to go] . I . A course of action ; a group of 
phenomena, as the inflammatory P. 2. A 
prominence or outgrowth, as the spinous P. of 
a vertebra, the axis-cylinder P. of a nerve. 
P., Alveolar. See Alveolar. P., Auditory, 
the curved plate of bone surrounding the ex- 
ternal auditory meatus for the greater part of 
its circumference, and serving for the attach- 
ment of the cartilage of the external ear. P., 
Basilar. See Basilar. P., Ciliary. See 
Ciliary. P., Conoid. See Conoid Tubercle. 
P., Coracoid. See Coracoid. P. Coro- 
noid. 1. A thin, flattened process project- 
ing from the anterior portion of the upper 
border of the ramus of the lower jaw, and 
serving for the attachment of the temporal 



PROCESS 



522 



PROCESS 



muscle. 2. A triangular projection from the 
upper end of the ulna, forming the lower part 
of the greater sigmoid cavity. P., Deiters', 
the axis- cylinder process of a nerve-cell. 
P., Dendritic. See P., Protoplasmic. P., 
Ensiform, the cartilaginous tip at the lower 
end of the sternum. P., Ethmoid, one of 
the projections from the superior border of 
the inferior turbinated bone. P., External 
Angular, the projection on the outer extrem- 
ity of the supraorbital arch of the frontal 
bone. P., Falciform : I. A process of the 
fascia lata of the thigh, forming the outer 
and upper margin of the saphenous opening. 
It is known also as the Falciform P. of 
Burns. 2. The falx cerebri. P., Ham- 
ular: I. A hook-like process of bone on the 
lower extremity of the internal pterygoid 
plate, around which the tendon of the tensor 
palati turns. 2. Of the lacrimal bone, the 
hook-like termination of the lacrimal crest. 
P., Internal Angular, the inner extremity 
of the supraorbital arch of the frontal bone. 
P., Jugular. See Jugular. P., Lacrimal, 
a short process of the inferior turbinated bone 
that articulates with the lacrimal bone. P., 
Long [of the Incus), a slender process that 
descends vertically from the body of the incus 
and articulates, by the lenticular process, with 
the head of the stapes. P., Long (of the 
Malleus), a. long delicate process that passes 
from the neck of the malleus outward to the 
Glaserian fissure, to which it is connected by 
cartilaginous and ligamentous fibers. P., 
Malar, a triangular eminence of the superior 
maxilla b} T which it articulates with the malar 
bone. P., Mammillary, one of the tubercles 
on the posterior part of the superior articular 
processes of the lumbar vertebrae. P., Mas- 
toid. See Mastoid. P., Maxillary, a thin 
plate of bone descending from the ethmoid 
process of the inferior turbinated bone, and 
hooking over the lower edge of the orifice of 
the antrum. P., Nasal (of the Superior 
Maxilla), a thick, triangular process of bone 
that proiects upward, inward, and backward 
by the side of the nose, forming a part of its 
lateral wall. P., Odontoid, the tooth-like 
process of the axis which ascends and ar- 
ticulates with the atlas. P., Olecranon-, 
the olecranon. P., Olivary, a small oval 
eminence situated behind the optic groove 
of the sphenoid bone. P., Orbital (of the 
Palate Bone), a process directed upward 
and outward from the upper portion of the 
palate bone. P., Orbital (of the Superior 
Maxilla), a process projecting from the 
orbital margin of the superior maxilla. P., 
Palate, a thick process projecting hori- 
zontally inward from the inner surface of 
the superior maxillary bone, and forming 
part of the floor of the nostril and the 



roof of the mouth. P., Postglenoid, a 
small tubercle separating the glenoid fossa 
from the auditory process. P., Protoplas- 
mic. I. Any one of the processes of nerve- 
cells that are not continued as axis-cylinders. 
2. A pseudopod of an ameboid cell. P., 
Pterygoid (of the Palate Bone), a pjTamidal 
process projecting from the posterior border 
of the palate bone and articulating with the 
sphenoid bone. P., Pterygoid (of the Sphe- 
noid Bone), one descending perpendicularly 
from the point of junction of the body with 
the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, and 
consisting of an external and internal plate. P. 
of Rau. Synonym of P. , Long (of the Mal- 
leus). P., Short (of the Incus), a conic pro- 
cess projecting almost horizontally backward 
from the body of the incus and attached by lig- 
amentous fibers to the margin of the opening 
leading into the mastoid cells. P., Short 
(of the Malleus), a slight projection from the 
root of the manubrium of the malleus, lying 
in contact with the tympanic membrane. P., 
Sphenoidal, a thin plate of bone directed 
upward and inward from the vertical plate 
of the palate bone. P., Spinous (of the 
Ilium), a prominent eminence on the ante- 
rior or posterior border of the ilium. The 
upper process on the anterior border is the 
anterior superior spinous process ; below it is 
the anterior inferior spinous process. On the 
posterior border there are also two processes 
— a posterior superior and a posterior inferior. 
P.-, Spinous (of the Sphenoid Bone), a rough 
prominence descending from the posterior 
part of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. 
It receives the attachment of the internal 
lateral ligament of the jaw and the tensor 
palati muscle. P., Spinous (of the 77. 
an eminence of bone on the upper surface of 
the tibia, between the two articular surfaces, 
and nearer to the posterior than the anterior 
border. P., Spinous (of a Vertebra), the 
prominent backward projection from the 
middle of the posterior portion of the arch 
of a vertebra. P., Styloid (of the Fib: 
a pointed eminence projecting upward from 
the posterior portion of the head of the fibula. 
P., Styloid (of the Radius), a projection 
from the external border of the lower ex- 
tremity of the radius. P., Styloid (of the 
Temporal Bone), a sharp spine about an inch 
in length descending downward, forward, 
and inward from the inferior surface of the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone. P., 
Styloid {of the Ulna), a projection from the 
inner and posterior portion of the lower ex- 
tremity of the ulna. P., Superior Maxil- 
lary, an eminence on the face of the embryo 
which gives rise to the superior maxilla and 
the malar bone. P., Superior Vermiform, 
the upper part of the median lobe of the cere- 



PROCESSUS 



523 



PROFESSIONAL 



bellum, connecting the two lateral hemi- 
spheres. P., Temporal, the posterior angle 
of the malar bone by which it articu- 
lates with the zygomatic process of the tem- 
poral bone. P., Transverse, a process pro- 
jecting outward from the side of a vertebra, 
at the junction of the pedicle and the lamina. 
P., Unbranched. Synonym of P. , Axis- 
cylinder. P., Unciform (of the Ethmoid 
Bone), a hook-like projection from the inferior 
portion of each lateral mass of the ethmoid 
bone. It articulates with the ethmoidal pro- 
cess of the inferior turbinated bone. P., 
Unciform (of the Hippocampal Gyrus), a 
hook-like projection from the anterior end of 
the gyrus hippocampi. P., Unciform (of .the 
Unciform Bone), a hook-like projection from 
the palmar surface of the unciform bone. 
P., Vaginal (of Peritoneum}, the process 
of peritoneum which the testicle in its descent 
carries in advance, and which in the scrotum 
forms the tunica vaginalis testis. P., Va- 
ginal (of the Sphenoid Bone), a projection 
from the inferior surface of the body of the 
sphenoid bone, running horizontally inward 
from near the base of the pterygoid process. 
P., Vaginal (of the Temporal Bone), a 
sheath-like plate of bone which extends from 
the carotid canal to the mastoid process. It 
separates behind into two laminae that en- 
close the styloid process. P., Xiphoid, the 
ensiform cartilage. P., Zygomatic (of the 
Malar Bone), a long, serrated process which 
articulates with the zygomatic process of -the 
temporal bone. P., Zygomatic (of the 
Te?7iporal Bone), a long projection from the 
lower part of the squamous portion of the tem- 
poral bone, articulating with the malar bone. 

Processus (proses' -us) [L.]. A process. 
P. ad cerebrum, the superior cerebellar ped- 
uncle. P. ad medullam, the inferior ped- 
uncle of the cerebellum. P. ad pontem, the 
middle peduncle of the cerebellum. P. ad 
testes, the superior cerebellar peduncles. P. 
clavatus, a thickening on the posterior 
pyramid of the medulla near the apex of 
the fourth ventricle. P. cochleariformis, 
a thin plate of bone separating the canal 
for the Eustachian tube from that for the 
tensor tympani muscle. P. e cerebello ad 
cerebrum, the superior cerebellar peduncle. 
P. e cerebello ad medullam, the inferior 
cerebellar peduncle. P. e cerebello ad 
pontem, the middle cerebellar peduncle. 
P. e cerebello ad testes, the superior 
peduncles of the cerebellum. P. gracilis, 
a long delicate process passing from below 
the neck of the malleus to the Glaserian 
fissure. P. hamatus. Synonym of Process, 
Unciform. 

Procidentia (pro-se-den f -she-ah) [pro, be- 
fore ; cadere, to fall] . Prolapse. 



Procreation (pro-kre-a f -shun) [procreare, 
to bring forth]. The act of begetting off- 
spring. 

Proctalgia (prok-tal' ' -je-ah) [irponTdg, anus ; 
akyoq, pain]. Neuralgic pain in the rectum. 

Proctectomy (prok - tek' - to - me) [npuaroq, 
anus; eKrofir/, excision]. Excision of the 
rectum. 

Proctitis (prok-ti' '-tis) [rrpUKToc , anus ; LTtq, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the anus or 
rectum. 

Procto- (prok f -to-) [7rpw/croc, anus]. A pre- 
fix signifying anus or rectum. 

Proctocele (prok f -to-sel) [ttpukt6q, anus ; 
nij'Ar], hernia]. Prolapse of the rectum. 

Proctodeum, or Proctodaeum (prok-to-de f - 
um) [rcptdKroc, the anus; daietv, to divide]. 
An invagination of the ectoderm in the em- 
bryo that grows inward toward the cloaca until 
the ectoderm and entoderm come into con- 
tact ; the membrane formed between the two 
finally breaks through, the gut then opening 
externally. 

Proctodynia (prok-to-din f -e-ah) [irpuK-Sc, 
anus ; bovvrj, pain]. Pain about the anus or 
in the rectum. 

Proctoplasty (proW -to- plas - te) [irponrog, 
anus; TrXdaaetv, to form]. Plastic surgery 
of the anus. 

Proctoptosis (prok - top - to' - sis) [irpuiiToq, 
anus; Trrucug, a falling]. Prolapse of the 
rectum. 

Proctorrhaphy (prok - tor' - a -fe) [wpuKTog, 
anus; pacpr/, suture]. Suture of the rectum 
or anus. 

Proctotomy (prok-tot'-o-me) [irponToc, anus ; 
TOfir], a cutting]. Incision into the rectum, 
especially for stricture. 

Procursive (pro-kur' '-siv) [pro, forward; 
currere, to run]. Running forward, as P. 
epilepsy, a form in which the patient runs 
during the epileptic attack. 

Prodromal (pro-dro'-mal) \jrpo, before ; 
dpdjuog, sl running]. Precursory; of the 
nature of a prodrome. 

Prodrome (pro'-drom) [irpo, before; dpo/iog, 
a running] . A forerunner of a disease ; a 
symptom indicating the approach of a dis- 
ease. 

Productive (pro - duk f - tiv) [pro, before; 
ducere, to lead]. Forming, especially form- 
ing new tissue, as a P. inflammation. 

Proencephalus (pro-en-sef '-al-tcs) [rcpo, be- 
fore; kyuecpalog, brain]. A monster charac- 
terized by a protrusion of the brain through 
a fissure in the frontal region. 

Professional (pro-fesh' '-un-al) [profiteri, to 
profess]. I. Pertaining to a profession, 
especially to the medical profession ; in keep- 
ing with medical ethics. 2. Produced by 
the practice of a profession, as P. neurosis 
(writer's cramp, telegrapher's cramp, etc.). 



PROFUNDUS 



524 



PRONUCLEUS 



Profundus (pro-fun' -dus)[ profundus, deep]. 
Deep-seated ; applied to certain muscles, and 
in the feminine, profunda, to certain arteries. 
See Arteries, Table of 

Progenitor (pro -Jen' - it- or) [pro, before ; 
gignere, to beget]. Ancestor, or forefather. 

Progeny (proj'-en-e) [fro, before; gignere, 
to beget] . Offspring ; descendants. 

Proglottis (pro-glot'-is) [jrpo, before ; y'/.uc- 
aa, tongue: pi. , Proglottides^. A mature 
segment of a tapeworm. 

Prognathous ( prog' '-na-thus) [rrpo, before ; 
yvddoq, jaw]. Having a projecting lower 
jaw. 

Prognosis (prog-no' -sis) [~po, before ; yvu- 
glc, knowledge]. A judgment in advance 
concerning the duration, course, and termina- 
tion of a disease. 

Prognostic (prog-nos'-tik) \jrpo, before ; 
} vtoGig, knowledge] . Pertaining to prognosis. 

Prognosticate (prog-nos' -tik-dt) [jrpo, be- 
fore; yvuacQ, knowledge]. To give a prog- 
nosis. 

Progression (pro-gresh'-un) [progredi, to 
advance]. The act of advancing or moving 
forward. P., Backward, a backward walk- 
ing, a rare symptom of certain nervous lesions. 
P., Cross-legged, walking with the legs 
almost crossing, a condition sometimes ob- 
served in bilateral hip-disease and in cerebral 
spastic palsy. 

Progressive (pro-gres'-iv) [progredi, to go 
forward]. Gradually extending. P. Mus- 
cular Atrophy, chronic anterior poliomyeli- 
tis in which the large ganglion-cells of the 
anterior horns are gradually destroyed, which 
leads to atrophy of the muscles. P. Ossi- 
fying Myositis, a chronic inflammation of 
muscles, associated with a tendency to bony 
deposits in them. 

Projectile (pro-jek' -til) [pro, before ; jacere, 
to throw]. Throwing forward. P. Vomit- 
ing, a form of vomiting sometimes observed 
in diseases of the brain, in which the ma- 
terial is suddenly projected out of the mouth 
to some distance, generally without nausea. 

Projection (pro-jek' -shun) [pro, before; 

jacere, to throw] . I . The act of throwing for- 
ward. 2. A part extending beyond the level 
of the surrounding surface. 3. The refer- 
ring of impressions made on the organs of 
sense to the position of the object producing 
them. P. -systems, the name given to the 
pathways connecting the cerebral cortex with 
the periphery. The first P. -system corres- 
ponds to the fibers passing through the corona 
radiata; the second, to the tracts proceeding 
downward to the gray matter from the third 
ventricle to the end of the spinal cord ; the 
third, to the peripheral nerves. 

Prolapse (pro-laps') [prolabi. to slip down]. 
The falling forward or downward of a part. 



P. of the Cord, premature expulsion of the 
umbilical cord during parturition. P. of 
the Iris, protrusion of the iris through a 
corneal wound. 

Proliferate (pro-lif -er-dl)[proles , offspring ; 

ferre, to bear]. To multiply ; to generate. 

Proliferation (pro-lif -er-a' -shun) [proles, 
offspring ; ferre, to bear]. The act of pro- 
liferating or multiplying, as P. of cells. P., 
Atrophic, the multiplication of cells in atro- 
phic tissues. 

Proliferative, Proliferous (pro-lif '-er-a-tiv, 
pro-lif ' -er-us) [proles, offspring ; ferre, to 
bear]. Multiplying; characterized by the 
formation of new tissues or by cell-proli- 
feration. P. Cyst, a cyst in which the lining 
epithelium proliferates and produces pro- 
jections from the inner surface of the cyst. 

Prolific (pro-lif '-ik) [proles, offspring; fa- 
cere, to make]. Fruitful. 

Proligerous (pro-lij ' -er-us) [proles, off- 
spring; gerere, to bear]. Germinating; 
producing offspring. P. Disc. See Discus 
proligerus. 

Prominence (prom' -in-ens) [pro, before ; 
mimre, to jut]. I. A projection on the sur- 
face of a part, especially on a bone. 2. The 
state of being prominent. P., Genital, an 
accumulation of cells on the ventral aspect 
of the embryonic cloaca, from which the 
generative organs are developed. 

Promontory (prom'-on-to-re) [pro, before ; 
mons, mountain]. A projecting prominence. 
P. of the Sacrum, the prominence formed 
by the angle between the upper extremity of 
the sacrum and the last lumbar vertebra. 

Pronation (pro-na'-shun) [pronare, to bend 
forward]. I. The condition of being prone ; 
the act of placing in the prone position. 2. 
Of the hand, the turning of the palm down- 
ward. 

Pronator (pro-na' -tor) [pronare, to bend 
forward]. That which pronates, a term ap- 
plied to several muscles. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Prone (prdn) [promts, prone]. Lying with 
the face downward ; of the arm, having the 
palm directed downward ; the opposite of 
supine. 

Pronephron, Pronephros (pro-nef'-ron, 
pro-nef'-ros) [irpo, before ; veopog, a kid- 
ney]. The anterior of the three segments 
of the Wolffian body opening by means of the 
Miillerian duct into the cloaca. It is the first 
part of the urogenital system to be differen- 
tiated in the vertebrate embryo. 

Pronucleus (pro-mi'-kle-us) [pro, before ; 
nucleus, nucleus]. One of the two nuclear 
bodies of a newly fecundated ovum, the male 
P. and the female P., the fusion of which re- 
sults in the formation of the first embryonic 
nucleus. 



PROOF-SPIRIT 



525 



PROSTATOTOMY 



Proof-spirit. See Spirit. 

Prootic (pio-o'-tik) [rrpd , before ; ovc, ear]. 
In front of the ear. 

Propane (pro' -pan) [propionic] C 3 H 8 . A 
hydrocarbon, the third member of the marsh- 
gas series, occurring in petroleum. 

Prop-cells. Columnar or fusiform cells placed 
in the intervals of the rods and hair-cells of 
the organ of Corti. They are also known as 
supporting cells and cells of Deiter. 

Propenyl (pro'-pen-il). See Glyceryl. 

Propepsin (pro-pep' -sin) [-rrpo , before ; ttstt- 
teiv, to cook]. The zymogen of pepsin, 
found in the cells of the gastric glands. 

Propeptone (pro-pep' -ton). See under Pep- 
tone. 

Propeptonuria (pro-pep-ton-u'-re-ak) [irpd, 
before ; peptone ; nrina, urine]. The appear- 
ance of propeptone in the urine. It is said 
to occur in fevers, diphtheria, osteomalacia, 
and during the administration of storax or 
phosphorus. 

Preperitoneal (pro-pere-ton-e'-al) [tt^o, be- 
fore ; Trepirovatov, peritoneum] . Situated in 
front of the peritoneum. P. Hernia, a 
hernia the sac of which extends in various 
directions within the abdominal walls. 

Prophylactic ( pro-fil-ak' '-tik) [irpocpvTiMaaeiv, 
to keep guard before]. I. Pertaining to pro- 
phylaxis. 2. A remedy or agent that pre- 
vents the development of disease. 

Prophylaxis ( pro-fil-aks' -is) [rcpo^vXXdaaeiv , 
to keep guard before] . Prevention of disease ; 
measures preventing the development or 
spread of disease. 

Propionic Acid (pro-pe-on' '-ik)[TzpciToc, first; 
tt'hjv, fat], C 3 H 6 2 , a monobasic acid of the 
fatty acid series, occurring in sweat, chyme, 
and occasionally in diabetic urine. 

Proprius (pro'-pre-us) [L.]. Individual ; 
special, as Flexor proprius pollicis, the 
special flexor of the thumb. 

Proptosis (prop - to'- sis) [npd, forward ; 
irrcxjig, a falling]. A falling downward; 
prolapse. 

Propulsion (pro-pul'-skun) [pro, before ; 
pellere, to push] . I . The act of pushing or 
driving forward. 2. A falling forward in 
walking, a condition seen in paralysis agitans. 
See Festination. 

Propyl (pro' -pit) [propionic'], C 3 H r The 
radicle of propane. 

Propylamin ( pro-pil' -am-in) [propyl, from 
propionic ; amin]. A liquid basic compound 
having the formula C 3 H 9 N, and existing in 
two forms, a normal P., boiling at 47°C. , 
and isopropylamin, boiling at 3I.5°C. 
Normal P. has been obtained from cultures 
of bacteria of feces ; isopropylamin has been 
found among the distillation-products of beet- 
root molasses. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Propylene (pro' '-pil-en) [propyl, from pro- 



pionic], C 3 II 6 . A gaseous hydrocarbon be- 
longing to the series of the olefins. 

Pro re nata (pro re na'-ta/i) [L.]. A phrase 
signifying according to the circumstances of 
the case. 

Proscolex (pro - sko f - leks) [ irpd, before ; 
GKu/iqf;, a worm ; pi. , Proscolices] . The 
embryo of a cestode worm immediately after 
leaving the egg. 

Prosector (pro-sek'-tor) [pro, for; sector, 
cutter]. An officer of a medical college who 
prepares subjects for anatomic dissection, or 
to illustrate didactic lectures. 

Prosencephalon (pros-en-sef '-al-on) [irpdc, 
before; kyu'e^aXoq, brain]. The forebrain ; 
that part of the anterior cerebral vesicle from 
which are developed the hemispheres, the 
corpus callosum, the anterior commissure, 
the fornix, the septum lucidum, the anterior 
perforated space, the olfactory lobes, and the 
corpus striatum. 

Prosopalgia (pros-o-pal f -je-ah) [irpoaoTrov, 
face; aXyoc, pain]. Face-ache; neuralgic 
pain in the distribution of the trigeminal 
nerve ; tic douloureux. 

Prostatalgia (pros-ta-tal' '-je-ah) [ttpogt&ttjc, 
prostate; akyoq, pain]. Pain in the pros- 
tate gland. 

Prostate, or Prostate Gland (pros' -tat) 
[irpoardTrig, prostate ; 7rpd, before ; lardvai, 
to stand]. The organ surrounding the neck 
of the bladder and beginning of the urethra 
(prostatic urethra). It consists of two lateral 
lobes and a middle lobe, and is composed of 
muscular and glandular tissue, the prostatic 
glands. The prostate often becomes enlarged 
in advanced life, and may then interfere with 
the emptying of the bladder. 

Prostatectomy (pros-ta-tek'-to-me) [irpoa- 
rarrjc, prostate; enropf}, excision]. Excision 
of the prostate. 

Prostatic (pros-tat' -ik) [irpooTaTTjc, prostate] . 
Relating to the prostate. P. Calculus, a 
stone lodged in the prostate gland. P. 
Plexus. I. A collection of veins surround- 
ing the neck and base of the bladder and the 
prostate gland. 2. A plexus of nerves de- 
rived from the pelvic plexus, and distributed 
to the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and 
erectile tissue of the penis. P. Urethra, 
that portion of the urethra surrounded by the 
prostate gland. 

Prostatitis (pros-ta-li'-tis) [-jrpoardrrjg, pros- 
tate ; itlq, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the prostate gland. 

Prostatorrhea (pros-ta-tor-e' -ah) [Trpoardrrjc, 
prostate ; poia, flow] . A thin urethral dis- 
charge coming from the prostate gland in 
cases of prostatitis or masturbation. 

Prostatotomy (pros-ta-tot' -o-me) [TrpoardTT/g, 
prostate; tout/, a cutting]. Incision into 
the prostate gland. 



PROSTHESIS 



526 



PROTOPLASM 



Prosthesis (pros' -thes-is) \_~poc, to ; deoic, a 
placing]. Replacement of a missing part 
by an artificial substitute. 

Prosthetic (pros-thet'-ik) [frpoc, to ; decie, a 
placing]. Pertaining to prosthesis. 

Prosthetics (pros-thef -iks) \_~poc, to ; decig, 
a placing]. The branch of surgery that 
deals with prosthesis. 

Prostrate (pros' -trdt) [pro, before; ster- 
nere, to spread]. Lying at full length. 

Prostration (pros-tra'-shun) [pro, before ; 
sterne re, to spread]. I. The condition of 
being prostrate. 2. Extreme exhaustion of 
nervous or muscular force. P., Nervous, 
general exhaustion from excessive expendit- 
ure of nervous energy. 

Protagon (pro' -tag-on) [rrparoc, first; ayetv, 
to lead], C 160 H 308 N 5 PO 35 . A crystalline 
glucosid found in nervous tissue, and yield- 
ing when boiled with baryta the decomposi- 
tion-products of lecithin. 

Protalbumose (prot-al'-bu-mos). Same as 
Protoalbumose. 

Protamin (pro'-ta-min ) [ Tzparog, first ; 
aniin~\, C ]6 H 32 X 9 2 . Anorganic base found 
with nuclein in the spawn of salmon. 

Protean (pro'-te-an) [Proteus, a. Grecian sea- 
god who had the power of changing his 
shape]. Taking on many shapes; as a P. 
disease, P. eruption. 

Protective (pro-tek'-tiv') [pro, before; 
tegere, to cover]. Covering so as to shield 
against harm ; guarding against harm, as a P. 
dressing. P. Proteids. See Pi-oteids, De- 
fensive. 

Proteid (pro'-te-id) [ttp&toq, first]. Any 
one of the important and essential nitrogen- 
ous constituents of animal (animal P.) and 
vegetable (vegetable P.) tissues. They are 
colloid, noncrystallizable, and levorotary, are 
precipitated from solutions by alcohol and 
various metallic salts, and coagulated by heat 
and mineral acids. Proteids are divided 
by Landois into : (a) native albumins : serum- 
albumin, egg-albumin, metalbumin, and par- 
albumin ; (b) derived 'albumins, or albuminates : 
acid-albumin, syntonin, alkali-albumin, and 
casein; (c) globulins: crystallin, vitellin, 
paraglobulin, or serum-globulin, fibrinogen, 
myosin, globin ; (d) fibrins ; (e) coagu- 
lated proteids ; (f ) albumoses and peptones ; 
(g) lardacein. P., Bacterial, one formed 
by the action of a microorganism. P., 
Bacterial Cellular, any proteid found in 
the bodies of bacteria. P., Defensive, 
one of the proteids existing in the blood 
and rendering the system immune to in- 
fectious diseases. 

Protein (pro'-te-in) [rrpejroc, first] . A sub- 
stance formerly regarded as a proteid de- 
prived of its sulphur, and looked upon as an 
alkali- albumin. 



Proteolysis (pro-te-ol' -is-is) [-purog, first; 
/.iaig, solution]. The change produced in 
proteids by ferments that convert them into 
diffusible bodies. 

Proteolytic (pro-te-o-lit'-ik) [izpurog, first; 
/-iaig, solution]. Pertaining to, character- 
ized by, or effecting, proteolysis. 

Proteose (pro'-te-os) [-rrpuroc, first]. Any- 
one of a group of bodies formed in gastric di- 
gestion, intermediate between the food-pro- 
teids and the peptones, called antipeptone, 
hemipeptone, etc. 

Proteus (pro'-te-us) [L.]. A genus of bac- 
teria. See Bacteria, Table of. 

Prothesis ( proth' -es-is) . See Prosthesis. 

Prothetic (pro-thet'-ik). See Prosthetic. 

Protiodid ( prd-ti' -o-did )[7rpcjToc , first ; ludr/c, 
like a violet], A salt containing the least 
amount of iodin of the iodids of the same 
base. See Proto-. 

Proto- (pro' -to-) [-puzoc, first] . I. A pre- 
fix signifying first. 2. In chemistry, a prefix 
signifying the lowest of a series of com- 
pounds of the same elements, as protoiodid, 
protochlorid, protoxid. 

Protoalbumose (pro-to-aV '-bu-mos). See 
Albumose. 

Protoblast (pro'-to-blast)[7Tpuroc. first ; ; 3/.acr- 
rog, germ]. A cell without a cell- wall. 

Protocatechuic Acid {pro-to-kat-e-chu'-ik) 
[-pcjroc, first; catechu], C 7 H 6 4 . Dioxy- 
benzoic acid, an acid sometimes occurring in 
the urine. 

Protochlorid ( pro-to-klcZ-rid). See Proto- 
(second definition). 

Protogaster (pro-to-gas' -ter) [-p&Tog, first ; 
-jaar^p, stomach]. The primitive intestinal 
cavity of a gastrula. 

Protoglobulose (pro-to-glob' -u-los) [rrpuroc, 
first ; globulus, a ball]. One of the primary 
products of the digestion of globulin. 

Protoiodid (pro-to-i'-o-did). Synonym of 
Protiodid. 

Protoleukocyte (pro-to-lu' - ko-slf) \_7rporoc, 
first; /.evKoc, white; nirog, cell]. One of 
the minute lymphoid cells found in the red 
bone-marrow and also in the spleen. 

Protomyosinose (pro-to-mi-o' -sin-os) [~pu- 
rog, first; five, muscle]. A product of the 
primary digestion of myosin. 

Protonephron (pro- to-ne/'-ron) [-p&roc, 
first; veopoc, kidney]. The pronephron, 
metanephron, and mesonephron taken to- 
gether ; the primitive kidney. 

Protopathic (pro-to-path' -ik) [Trpurog, first ; 
-ddoc, disease]. Primary ; relating to the 
first lesion ; idiopathic ; opposed to deutero- 
pathic. 

Protoplasm (pro'-to-plazni) [irpcbrog, first ; 
-}.aaativ, to mold]. The viscid material 
constituting the essential substance of living 
cells, upon which all the vital functions of 



PROTOPLASMIC 



527 



PSEUDENCEPIIALUS 



nutrition, secretion, growth, reproduction, 
irritability, motility, depend. When highly 
magnified the protoplasm of most cells ap- 
pears as a network (spongioplasm) , contain- 
ing a more fluid substance (hyaloplasm) in 
its meshes. 

Protoplasmic (pro-to-plaz'-mik) [npuTog, 
first; TT/doaeiv, to mold]. I. Pertaining to 
protoplasm. 2. Composed of protoplasm. 
P. Process. See Process. 

Protospasm ( pro' -to-spazvi) [-rrpurog, first ; 
oxapfiog, spasm]. A spasm beginning in one 
part and extending to others. 

Protosulphate (pro-to-sul'-fdt'). See Proto- 
(2ddef.). 

Prototype (pro' -to-tip) [rrpuTog, first ; tvtzoq, 
type]. An original type ; a type after which 
others are copied. 

Protoxid (pro - toks'- id). See Proto- (2d 
def.). 

Protozoon ( pro-to-zo' '-on) [rrpwroc, first ; £tiov, 
animal] . One of the lowest class of the animal 
kingdom, comprising organisms which con- 
sist of simple cells or colonies of cells, and 
which possess no nervous system and no cir- 
culatory organs. 

Protyl (pro' -til) [jrp&Tog, first]. The sup- 
posed primitive universal element. 

Proud Flesh. Exuberant granulation-tissue. 

Provisional (pro-vizh' '-un-al) \_pro, before ; 
videre, to see]. For temporary use, as P. 
callus. 

Proximad (proks' '-im-ad) \_proximns, near- 
est ; ad, toward] . Toward the proximal end. 

Proximal (proks' -im-al) \_prgxi?nus, nearest]. 
Nearest to the body or the median line 
of the body, or some other point considered 
as the center of a system. 

Proximate (proks' -im-af) [proximns , near- 
est]. Nearest; immediate, as P. cause. 
P. Principle, a substance existing under its 
own form in the animal solids or fluids, and 
that can be extracted by means not altering 
or destroying its chemic properties. 

Prune - juice Expectoration. A peculiar 
bloody sputum, of a dark purple color, re- 
sembling prune-juice. It occurs in low 
forms of croupous pneumonia, in gangrene 
and carcinoma of the lung. 

Prunum (pru'-nuni) [L.] Prune, the fruit 
of Prunus domestica, of the order Rosaceae. 
Prunes are laxative. 

Prunus (pru'-nus) [L.]. A genus of trees 
of the order Rosaceae. P. domestica, is 
the source of the prune. P. serotina, 
yields wild-cherry bark (Prunus Vir- 
giniana, U. S. P.), which contains a vol- 
atile oil, hydrocyanic acid, tannic acid, a 
resin, and other substances. It is used as a 
tonic and sedative in gastric debility and 
general irritation of the system, and is a com- 
mon ingredient of cough-mixtures. Prepara- 



tions : Extractum pruni virginianae fluidum. 
Dose f 3 j (4.0). Infusum pruni virginian.c. 
Dose fSjij-fjfiij (64.0-96.0). Syrupus 
pruni virginianae. Dose f^ss (16.0). 

Pruriginous (pru-rij'-in-us) \_prurire, to 
itch]. Pertaining to or resembling prurigo. 

Prurigo (pru-ri'-gd) \_prnrire, to itch]. 1. 
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, 
characterized by small pale papules and 
severe itching. The papules are deeply 
seated, and are most prominent on the ex- 
tensor surfaces of the limbs. The disease 
begins in early life and is usually incurable. 
2. Pruritus. 

Pruritic (pru - rit' - ik) \_priirire, to itch]. 
Pertaining to pruritus ; itching. 

Pruritus (pru-ri' -tus) \_prurire, to itch]. 
Itching, a peculiar, uncomfortable sensation 
due to irritation of the peripheral sensory 
nerve, and leading to scratching. It may be 
a symptom of other diseases of the skin, or 
an independent neurosis. The latter receives 
its name from the part affected, as P. ani, P. 
vaginae. P. hiemalis, a form affecting cer- 
tain persons only in winter, especially in dry 
climates. P. senilis, the P. of the aged, 
at times due to degenerative changes in 
the skin. 

Prussian Blue. The ferrocyanid of iron, 
used in the arts as a dye ; it was formerly 
employed in medicine as a febrifuge, tonic, 
and alterative. Dose gr. iij-v (0.2-0.32). 

Prussiate (prus'-e-dt). A salt of prussic, or 
hydrocyanic acid. 

Prussic Acid. See Acid, Hydrocyanic. 

Psalterium (sal-te' -re-um) \j\)o!krrjpi,ov, a 
lute]. The third compartment of the stomach 
of ruminants. It is also called manyplies. 

Psammocarcinoma (sam-o-kar-sin-o' -maJi) 
[ipa/uiuog, sand; carcinoma]. A carcinoma 
containing calcareous deposits. 

Psammoma (sam-o'-mah) [i/>a////oc, sand ; 
6/xa, tumor]. A firm tumor found in the 
membranes of the brain, the choroid plexus, 
and in other parts, and characterized by the 
presence of peculiar mineral concretions. 
The tumor is generally a fibrosarcoma. 

Psammous (sam'-us) \_tpd l u l uog, sand]. 
Sandy ; sabulous. 

Pseud-, Pseudo-, (sud-, sn'-do-) [_ip£v6?]g, 
false] . A prefix meaning false. 

Pseudaconitin (su-dak-on'-it-in) \_^ev5t]q, 
false; aconite"], C 36 H 49 N0 12 . An extremely 
poisonous alkaloid from Aconitum ferox. 

Pseudacousma, Pseudacusis (sic-dak-ooz'- 
mah, su-dak-u'-sis, [ipsvdqc, false ; anoveiv, 
to hear]. A disturbance of hearing in which 
the person's own voice sounds strange or 
peculiar. 

Pseudarthrosis (su-dar-thro' -sis) [ypevdijQ, 
false; apftpov, a joint] . A false joint. 

Pseudencephalus (su-den-sef -al-us) [ipev- 



PSEUDESTHESIA 



528 



PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS 



6r)g , false ; kyK£(pa?.og, brain] . A species of 
monster characterized by a partial develop- 
ment of the frontal, parietal, and occipital 
bones, while the brain is represented by a 
bunch of membranes, blood-vessels, connec- 
tive, and possibly nervous tissue, at the base 
of the skull. 

Pseudesthesia (su-des-the' '-ze-ah) [ipevdyg, 
false; aio&joig, feeling]. An imaginary sen- 
sation for which there is no corresponding 
object ; a sensation in parts of the body that 
have been removed by accident or surgical 
operation. 

Pseudo- (su'-do-). See Pseud-. 

Pseudoactinomycosis,Pseudactinomyco- 
sis (su-do-ak-tin-o-mi-ko' '-sis , stt- dak-tin- o- 
mi-ko f -sis) \j\>Ev5r)g, false ; hung, ray ; p-VKTjg, 
fungus]. A form of pulmonary tuberculosis 
in which the sputum contains granular bodies 
resembling the grains of actinomycosis. They 
consist of a crystalline substance similar to 
leucin. 

Pseudoangina (su-do-an-ji' ' -nah) [ipevdrig, 
false; angere, to strangle]. False angina; 
hysteric angina ; an attack of cardiac pain 
somewhat resembling angina pectoris but less 
grave in character, longer in duration, and 
usually not associated with organic heart- 
disease. It occurs in neurotic women, and 
is generally brought on by emotional excite- 
ment. 

Pseudoarthrosis (su- do-ar-thro f -sis). See 
Pseuda rth rosis . 

Pseudobacterium (sti - do - bak - te / - re-um) 
\jbev6r]g, false ; ftanTqpcov, a little rod or 
staff]. Any object resembling a bacterium. 

Pseudobulbar ( su-do-bul f -bar) [tpsvdr/g, 
false; (3o!p6g, bulb] . Not really bulbar. P. 
Paralysis, symmetric disease of both cere- 
bral hemispheres involving the centers or 
paths of the nerves of speech, and thus re- 
sembling disease of the medulla oblongata. 

Pseudocele ( su f -do-sel) [ipevdrjg, false; 
KolXog, hollow]. The fifth ventricle of the 
brain. 

Pseudocrisis (su-do-kri f -sis) [ipevdi/g, false; 
tcpicig, separating] . A false crisis ; a sudden 
fall of temperature resembling the crisis of a 
disease, but subsequently followed by a rise 
of temperature and a continuation of the 
disease. P. is common in pneumonia. 

Pseudocroup ( su' -do-krup) \jptv6fjg, false ; 
A.S., hropan, to cry aloud]. False croup; 
laryngismus stridulus. 

Pseudocyesis (su-do-si-e f -sis) [ipevdi/g, false; 
KVTjocg, pregnancy]. False pregnancy; the 
belief in the existence of pregnancy on the 
part of a woman when none exists. 

Pseudodiphtheria [su- do- dif- the'- re - ah) 
[ipevdi/g, false; diphtheria]. An inflamma- 
tion characterized by the presence of a false 
membrane not due to the Klebs-Loffler ba- 



cillus. P. -bacillus, a nonpathogenic ba- 
cillus resembling in form and growth the 
true diphtheria-bacillus. It is now consid- 
ered an attenuated form of the true bacillus. 

Pseudoephedrin (su-do-ef'-ed-rin), C ]0 H 15 - 
NO. An alkaloid found in Ephedra vulgaris 
and isomeric with ephedrin. 

Pseudoerysipelas (su- do- er -e- sip f - el - as) 
[TpevMjg, false; erysipelas~\. Inflammation 
of the subcutaneous cellular tissue resem- 
bling erysipelas. 

Pseudoglioma ( su-do-gli-o' '-mah) [ipevdr/g, 
false; yMa, glia; bjia, tumor]. A name 
given to inflammatory changes of the vitreous 
humor, due to iridochoroiditis, and resem- 
bling glioma of the retina. 

Pseudogonococcus (su - do -gon - o - kok f - tis) 
\_ipevdijg, false ; gonococcus]. A diplococcus 
found in the normal urethra, resembling the 
gonococcus. 

Pseudogonorrhea (su-do-gon-or-e'-ah) [tpsv- 
df/g, false; gonorrhea]. A simple nonspecific 
urethritis. 

Pseudohermaphrodism ( su-do-her-ma' '-fro- 
dizm) [ipevdi/g, false ; hermaphrodisni\ . A 
condition simulating hermaphrodism. 

Pseudohydrophobia (su - do - hi -dro-fo' '-be- 
ak) [ipevdrjg, false; vdup, water; <p6/3og t 
fear]. A condition resembling hydrophobia, 
at times produced by dread of the disease ; 
lyssophobia. 

Pseudohypertrophic (su-do-hi-per-tro' - jik) 
\jp£v5i]g, false ; i'Ttep, over ; rpocp?/, nutrition]. 
Pertaining to or characterized by pseudohy- 
pertrophy. P. Muscular Paralysis. See 
Paralysis, Pseudoliypertrophic. 

Pseudohypertrophy (su- do- hi-per' -tro-fe) 
[ipevdi/g, false ; i>7T£p, above ; Tpo0?'/, nutri- 
tion]. False hypertrophy; increase in the 
size of an organ or part on account of over- 
growth of an unimportant tissue. It is ac- 
companied by diminution in function. 

Pseudoleukemia (su-do-lu-ke f -me-ah) [ipev- 
6r)g % false ; leukemia]. See Hodgkizz's Dis- 
ease. P., Infantile, Von Jaksch's disease, 
a form of anemia occurring in young children, 
usually dependent on a rachitic diathesis, and 
not associated with much leukocytosis. 

Pseudoleukocythemia (su-do-lu-ko-si-the' '- 
me-ah) [Tpevdrjg, false ; /.eivcoc, white ; niirog, 
cell; al/j.a, blood]. Synonym of Pseudoleu- 
kemia. 

Pseudolipoma (su-do-lip-o f -mah) [ipevdqg, 
false ; ?u7tog, fat; ojua, tumor]. A localized 
edema resembling an accumulation of fat, 
occurring above the clavicle and about the 
knee, especially in cases of rheumatism. 

Pseudomembrane (su- do- mem / - bran ) 
[Tpevdrjg, false ; metnbrana, membrane]. A 
false membrane, such as is seen in diphtheria. 

Pseudomembranous (su-do-mem' -bra-nus) 
\jl>ev8rjg, false; ?nembrana, membrane]. 



PSEUDONEUROMA 



529 



PSYCHIC 



Characterized by, or pertaining to false mem- 
branes. P. Inflammation, any inflamma- 
tion characterized by the formation of a false 
membrane. 

Pseudoneuroma (su-do-nu-ro'-mah^ipevdr/s, 
false ; vevpov, nerve ; bfia, tumor]. A false 
neuroma. See Neuroma. 

Pseudoparalysis (su - do -par - al f -is - is) 
[rpsvih'/g, false; TrapaAvcng, paralysis]. Par- 
alysis of motion, apparently but not really 
due to a lesion of the nervous system. P. 
of Rickets, the inability to walk in severe 
cases of rickets, due to distortion of the 
bones. P., Syphilitic, an inflammatory 
condition of the epiphyses of the bones in 
syphilis causing a marked impairment of 
motion. 

Pseudoparasite (su-do-par'-a-stt) [ipevdfc, 
false; Trapd, beside ; clroq, food]. Any ob- 
ject resembling a parasite. 

Pseudopod, Pseudopodium (std-do-pod, 
su-do-po' -de-um) [i//£i>d//c, false ; tcovq, foot] . 
A protrusion of a portion of the substance of 
an ameboid cell. 

Pseudoscarlatina (su-do-skar-la-te f -nah) 
\jpevdrjq, false; scarlatina, scarlet fever]. A 
febrile disease associated with a rash like that 
of scarlet fever, occurring as a result of gon- 
orrhea, or after puerperal infection. 

Pseudosclerosis (stt-do-skle-ro' '-sis) [ipev&fjg, 
false; anX?jp6g, hard]. An affection similar 
in symptoms to multiple sclerosis of the 
nervous system, but without the anatomic 
lesions. 

Pseudosmia (su-doz f -me-ah) [ipevdi/g, false ; 
boiirj, smell]. Perversion of the sense of 
smell ; an olfactory hallucination. 

Pseudostoma (su - dos f - to - mah) \_tpev6rjg y 
false; croiia, mouth]. An apparent aper- 
ture between endothelial cells that have been 
stained with silver nitrate. 

Pseudotabes (su-do-ta'-bez) \jpevdrjg, false ; 
tabes, a wasting]. A disease simulating or 
resembling tabes dorsalis or tabes mesenterica. 

Pseudotuberculosis (su-do-tu-ber-ku-lo' -sis) 
[ipevdr/g, false ; tuberculosis]. A disease re- 
sembling tuberculosis, but not caused by the 
tubercle-bacillus. 

Pseudotyphoid (su-do-ti'-phoid) [ipevdrjg, 
false ; typhoid']. Spurious typhoid, a disease 
simulating typhoid fever, but in which the true 
lesions of this disease as well as the typhoid 
bacilli are absent. 

Pseudoxanthin (su-do-zan'-tkhi) [ipevdr/g, 
false; tjdvdog, yellow]. I. C 4 H 5 N 5 0, a leu- 
komain isolated from fresh beef. 2. A 
body isomeric with xanthin, obtained by 
action of sulphuric acid upon uric acid. 

Psilosis (si-lo'-sis) [ipiAog, bare]. I. The 
removal of the hair from a part ; depilation. 
2. A certain form of tropical diarrhea. 

Psoas (so f -as) [ipoa, loin]. Oneoftwomus- 
34 



cles, P. magnus and P. parvus. See Mus- 
cles, Table of. P. -abscess, an abscess, usu- 
ally dependent upon tuberculous disease of 
the vertebra, making its way along the sheath 
of the psoas muscle and pointing at the front 
of the thigh, below Poupart's ligament, to 
the outer side of the spine of the pubis. 

Psodymus (sod f -im-us) [i/>da, loin ; didvjuog, 
double]. A monster with two heads and 
chests, and conjoined abdominal and pelvic 
cavities. 

Psora (so' -rah) [ipupa, from ipoetv, to scratch]. 
Scabies. 

Psoriasic (so-re-as'-ik). See Psoriatic. 

Psoriasis (so-ri' '-as-is) [ipupa, the itch]. A 
chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, 
characterized by the development of reddish 
patches covered with whitish scales. The 
disease affects especially the extensor sur- 
faces of the body. P. annularis. Synonym 
of P. circinata. P., Buccal, P. buccalis. 
Synonym of Leukoplakia buccalis. P. cir- 
cinata, P. in which the central part of the 
lesions has disappeared, leaving ring-shaped 
patches. P. diffusa, a form in which there 
is coalescence of large contiguous lesions. 
P. guttata. See P. punctata. P. gyrata, 
P. with a serpentine arrangement of the 
patches. P. punctata, a form in which the 
lesions consist of minute red papules which 
rapidly become surmounted by pearly scales. 
P. universalis, a form in which the lesions 
are all over the body. 

Psoriatic (so-re-at* '-ik) [jpupa, itch]. Per- 
taining to, or affected with psoriasis. 

Psorophthalmia (so-rojf -thai' -me-ah) [i/xjpa, 
itch; bcpdaA/xog, eye]. Marginal blepharitis. 

Psorosperm (so f -ro- sperm) \j\>upa, the itch ; 
airipp.a, seed]. A unicellular organism be- 
longing to the Protozoa ; a coccidium. 

Psorospermial, Psorospermic (so-ro-sperm' '- 
e-aly so-ro-sperm' -ik) \ip6)pa, itch ; cnepfia, 
seed]. Pertaining to, or affected with psoro- 
sperms. 

Psorospermiasis (so-ro-sperm-i' '-as-is) \_ip6pa, 
itch ; Girepjua, seed] . A state characterized 
by the presence of psorosperms. 

Psorospermosis (so-ro-sperm-o'-sis) [ip6pa, 
itch; atrip/Ha, seed]. A diseased condition 
associated with the presence of psorosperms. 
P., Proliferative Follicular. Synonym of 
Keratosis follicularis and Darter 's Disease. 

Psychiatric (si-ke-at'-rik) [^pvxv, mind; 
larpeia, healing art]. Pertaining to psychi- 
atry. 

Psychiatry (si-ki f -at-re) \j\>vxh-, mind ; lar- 
peia, healing art]. The science and treat- 
ment of the diseases of the mind. 

Psychic, Psychical (si'-kik, si'-fak-al) 
[ipvxv, mind]. Pertaining to the mind. P. 
Blindness. See Word- blindness. P. 
Deafness. See Deafness. P. Infection, 



PSYCHO- 



530 



PTYALAGOGUE 



mental infection ; the development of a men- 
tal condition or disease through an influence 
acting upon the mind. 

Psycho- (si'-ko-) \_^mxVi mind]. A prefix 
denoting connection wirh the mind. 

Psychoauditory, Psychauditory (si-ko-aw'- 
dit-o-re, si-kaw' ' -dit-o-re) \$vxht mind ; aitdire, 
to hear]. Pertaining to the psychic percep- 
tion of sound. P. Area, the cortical area 
concerned in the conscious perception of 
sound. 

Psychocortical (si-ko-kor'-tik-al) \jbvxv, 
mind ; cortex, cortex]. Pertaining to that 
part of the cerebral cortex concerned in the 
conscious perception of sensations. 

Psychology (si- kol' - o -je) [ipvxfl, mind; 
/.6; nc, science]. The science having for its 
object the investigation of the mind or con- 
sciousness. 

Psychometry (si-kom' '-et-re) \jbvxrj, mind ; 
fierpov, measure]. The measurement of the 
duration of psychic processes. 

Psychomotor (si-ko-mo' '-tor) \y\rvxy, mind ; 
movere, to move]. Pertaining to voluntary 
movement, as the P. area, disposed chiefly 
along each side of the central fissure. 

Psychoneurosis (si-ko-nu-ro'-sis) [ipvx*?, 
mind; velpov, nerve]. Mental disease not 
dependent on any organic lesion. 

Psychopathia (si-ko-pa' -the-ah) . Psycho- 
pathy. P. Sexualis, P. characterized by 
perversion of the sexual functions. 

Psychopathy (si-kop' -ath-e) [ibvxVt mind ; 
-nddoc, disease]. Any disease of the mind. 

Psychophysical (si - ko -fiz'-ik - al ) \jbvxh, 
mind; ovaiKog, physical]. Pertaining to 
psychophysics. P. Law. See Law, Fech- 
ner's. 

Psychophysics (si-ko-fiz f -iks) [ipvxfii rnind ; 
(bvGinoc, physical]. The study of mental pro- 
cesses by physical methods ; the study of 
the relation of stimuli to the sensations which 
they produce, especially the determination of 
the differences of stimulus required to pro- 
duce recognizable differences of sensation ; 
experimental psychology. 

Psychosensory (si - ko - sen' - so-re) [ipvxv* 
mind; sensus, sense]. Pertaining to or con- 
cerned in the conscious perception of sen- 
sory impulses. 

Psychosis (si-ko'-sis) [ipvxv, mind]. A dis- 
ease of the mind, especially one without 
demonstrable organic lesions. 

Psychotherapy! si-ko-ther' '-ap-e) \}\nxh, mind; 
depa—sia, treatment]. The treatment of dis- 
ease by mental influence, or by suggestion. 

Psychrometer (si-krom'-et-er) [fvxpog, cold; 
fierpov, measure]. An instrument for deter- 
mining the atmospheric moisture by estimat- 
ing the amount of cold required to precipitate 
it. 

Psychrophore (si r -kro-for) [ipvxpog, cold ; 



dopeiv, to carry]. An instrument for apply- 
ing cold to deeply-seated parts, as e. g., a. 
double-current catheter for applying cold to 
the posterior part of the urethra. 

Psychrotherapy (si-kro-ther' '-ap-e) [ipvxpoc, 
cold; Oepa-e'ia, treatment]. The treatment 
of disease by the use of cold. 

Psydracia (si-dra f -se-ah ) [ip'vdpa^, blister, 
pimple]. An old term for eczema. 

Ptarmic (tar'-mik) [-rap/iog, a sneezing]. I. 
Pertaining to the act of sneezing ; sternuta- 
tory. 2. A substance that produces sneez- 
ing. 

Pterion (te f -re-on) [n repov, wing]. See 
Craniometric Points. 

Pterygium (ter-ij' -e-iwi) [dim. of Tzrkpv^, 
wing]. A triangular patch of mucous 
membrane growing on the conjunctiva, usu- 
ally on the nasal side of the eye. The apex 
of the patch points toward the pupil, the fan- 
shaped base toward the canthus. 

Pterygoid (ter'-ig-oid) \jrrepv^, wing; elSog, 
like]. I. Wing-shaped, as the P. plate of the 
sphenoid bone. 2. Pertaining to the P. canal, 
P. plate, P. plexus, etc. 

Pterygomaxillary (ter -ig-o- maks' -il-a-re) 
[— rkp i'f, wing ; eMoe, like ; maxilla, maxilla]. 
Pertaining to the pterygoid process and the 
maxilla. P. Fissure, an elongated fissure 
formed by the divergence of the superior 
maxillary bone from the pterygoid process of 
the sphenoid bone. P. Ligament, a liga- 
ment extending from the apex of the internal 
pterygoid plate to the posterior end of the in- 
ternal oblique line of the lower jaw. 

Pterygopalatine (ter-ig-o-pal' -at-in) [jrrepv^ , 
wing; palatine']. Situated between the 
pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and the 
palate bone, as the P. canal. 

Ptilosis (ti-lo'sis) [-rilov, feather]. Loss of 
the hair, especially loss of the eye-lashes. 

Ptisan (Hz' -an) \ji~10avr), peeled barley]. I. 
Barley-water. 2. A decoction of barley used 
as a medicinal drink. 

Ptomain (to f -ma-in) \_-rciua, corpse]. A 
basic compound resembling the alkaloids, 
formed during the decomposition of animal 
or vegetable tissues; a putrefactive or animal 
alkaloid. See Table. 

Ptomainemia (to-ma-in-e' -vie-aK) [Trrfifia, 
corpse ; alua, blood]. The presence of pto- 
mains in the blood. 

Ptomatropin (to-mat' -ro-pin)\jr-idp.a, corpse ; 
atropin~\. A ptomain resembling the atropin 
in its physiologic and chemic properties, and 
found in decomposing meat, in the organs 
of patients dead of typhoid fever, etc. 

Ptosis (to' -sis) [TTiTiTELv, to fall]. Drooping 
of the upper eyelid, due to paralysis or 
atrophy of the levator palpebrae superioris. 

Ptyalagogue (ti-aV ' -a-gog) [TTva/ov, saliva ; 
aytoyog, leading]. A sialagogue. 



PTOMAINS 



531 



PTOMAINS 



TABLE OF PTOMAINS. 



Name. 


Formula. 


Source. 


Physiologic 
Action. 


Amidovalerianic acid. 


C 5 H„N0 2 . 


Putrefying fibrin and meat. 


Nontoxic. 


Amylamin. 


C 6 H 13 N. 


Cod-liver oil, horn, putrid yeast. 


Toxic. 


Asellin. 


CosH^N^. 


Cod-liver oil. 


Toxic. 


Betain. 


C 5 H 13 N03. 


Mussel, human urine. 


Nontoxic. 


Butylamin. 


C 4 H n N. 


Cod-liver oil. 


Toxic (?). 


Cadaverin. 


C5H14N2. 


Putrefying animal tissues, cultures of 
comma-bacillus. 


Slightly toxic. 


Caproylamin. 


See Hexylamin. 






Cholin. 


C 5 H 15 N0 2 . 


Decomposing animal tissues, proteus 
and comma-bacillus cultures. 


Toxic. 


Collidin (?). 


C 8 H U N. 


Putrid mixture of pancreas and gela- 
tin. 




Diethylamin. 


C 4 HuN. 


Putrefying fish (pike). 


Nontoxic. 


Dihydrolutidin. 


C-H n N. 


Cod-liver oil. 


Toxic. 


Dimethylamin. 


C 2 H 7 N. 


Putrid gelatin, yeast, fish. 


Nontoxic. 


Eczemin. 




Extracted from the urine in eczema. A 
white, crystalline substance, soluble 
in water, feebly alkaline in reaction. 


Toxic. 


Ethylamin. 


C 2 H 7 N. 


Putrefying yeast, wheat-flour. 


Nontoxic. 


Ethylidenediamin (?). 


C 2 H S N 2 . 


Putrefying haddock. 


Toxic. 


Gadinin. 


C 7 H 17 N0 2 . 


Decomposing haddock. 


Toxic. 


Hexylamin. 


C 6 H 15 N. 


Putrid yeast. 


Toxic. 


Hydrocollidin (?). 


C 8 H 13 N. 


Putrefying mackerel, horse-flesh, and 
ox-flesh. 


Toxic. 


Hydrocoridin. 


Ci H 17 N. 


Agar-culture of bacterium album. 




Methylamin. 


CH 5 N. 


Putrefying fish. 


Nontoxic. 


Methyl-guanidin. 


C 2 H 7 N 3 . 


Putrefying horse-flesh. 


Toxic. 


Morrhuic acid. 


C 9 H 13 N0 3 . 


Cod-liver oil. 




Morrhuin. 


C 19 N 27 N 3 . 


Cod-liver oil. 


Diuretic and dia- 
phoretic. 


Muscarin. 


C 5 H 15 N0 3 . 


Decomposing haddock. 


Toxic. 


Mydalein. 




Putrefying human organs. 


Toxic. 


Mydatoxin. 


C 6 H 13 NOo. 


Putrefying human organs. 


Toxic. 


Mydin. 


C 8 H n NO. 


Putrid human tissues, blood-serum 
cultures of bacillus of typhoid fever. 


Nontoxic. 


Mytilotoxin. 


C 6 H 15 N0 2 . 


Poisonous mussel (Mytilus edulis). 


Toxic. 


Neuridin. 


C 5 H 14 N 2 . 


Putrefying flesh. 


Nontoxic. 


Neurin. 


C 5 H 13 NO. 


Putrefying flesh. 


Toxic. 


Parvolin (?). 


C 9 H 13 N. 


Putrefying mackerel and horse-flesh. 




Peptotoxin. 




Decomposing proteid substances. 


Toxic. 



PTYALIN 532 PUBERTY 

TABLE OF PTOMAINS.— Continued. 



Name. 


Formula. 


Source. 


Physiologic 
Action. 


Phlogosin. 




Cultures of staphylococcus pyogenes 
aureus. 


Powerful local irri- 
tant. 


Propylamin. 


C 3 H 9 N. 


Gelatin-cultures of bacteria of human 
feces. 




Putrescin. 


C4H12N2. 


Putrefying flesh, gelatin, etc. 
Cultures of bacillus pyocyaneus. 


Slightly toxic. 


Pyocyanin. 


C 14 Hi 4 N0 2 . 


Nontoxic. 


Pyridin-base (?). 


Ci H 15 N. 


Putrefying sea-polyps. 




Pyridin-base. 


C 8 H n N. 


Putrefying sea-polyps. 




Saprin. 


C 5 H 14 N 2 . 


Putrefying human liver and spleen. 


Nontoxic. 


Spasmotoxin. 




Cultures of tetanus bacillus. 


Toxic. 


Susotoxin. 


CioH 26 N 2 (?). 


Cultures of hog-cholera bacillus. 


Toxic. 


Tetanin. 


C 13 H 3 oN 2 04. 


Cultures of tetanus-bacillus. 


Toxic. 


Tetanotoxin. 


C 5 H n N (?). 


Cultures of tetanus-bacillus. 


Toxic. 


Triethylamin. 


C 6 H 15 N. 


Putrefying fish (haddock). 


Nontoxic. 


Trimethylamin. 


C 3 H 9 N. 


Herring-brine. 


Nontoxic. 


Trimethylenediamin. 


C 3 H 10 N 2 (?). 


Beef-broth cultures of comma-bacillus. 


Toxic. 


Typhotoxin. 


C 7 H n N0 2 . 


Beef-broth cultures of bacillus of ty- 
phoid fever. 


Toxic. 


Tyrotoxicon. 




Poisonous cheese, ice-cream, milk, etc. 


Toxic. 


Unnamed. 


C 5 H 12 N 2 4 . 


Flesh, bones, etc. 


Toxic. 


Unnamed. 


C 6 H 13 N0 2 . 


Cultures of tetanus-bacillus. 


Nontoxic. 


Unnamed. 


C 7 H 10 N 2 . 


Sugar undergoing alcoholic fermenta- 
tion. 


Nontoxic. 


Unnamed. 


C 7 H 17 N0 2 . 


Putrefying horse-flesh. 


Toxic. 


Unnamed. 


C 7 H 18 N 2 6 . 


Flesh, bones, etc. 


Toxic. 


Unnamed. 


C 10 H 15 N. 


Putrid fibrin. 


Toxic. 


Unnamed. 


Ci 3 H 20 N 4 . 


Fermenting cane-sugar. 




Unnamed. 


C 14 H 20 N 2 O. 


Putrefying fibrin. 




Unnamed. 


Ci 7 H 38 N 4 . 


Putrefying mackerel, horse-flesh, and 
ox-flesh. 




Unnamed. 


QsHgaN. 






Unnamed. 


C 9 H 9 N0 4 . 


Urine in influenza. 


Toxic, causing 
fever, and killing 
animals in eight 
hours. 



Ptyalin (ti f -al-in)\7TTva7iov, saliva]. Adiastat- 
ic ferment found in saliva, having the property 
of converting starch into dextrin and sugar. 
The starch first becomes converted into achroo- 
dextrin and erythrodextrin ; these by hydra- 
tion into maltose, and the latter, by further 
hydration, into dextrose. 

Ptyalinogen {ti-al-in f -o-jeri)\jtTva\ov, saliva; 



yevvav, to produce]. The hypothetic ante- 
cedent of ptyalin. 

Ptyalism [ti f -al-iziri) \jrrva\ov, saliva] . Sali- 
vation. P., Mercurial (or simply P.). See 
Salivation. 

Ptyalize {ti f -al-lz) [ktvclTiov, saliva]. To 
produce ptyalism. 

Puberty {pu f -ber-te) [pub ertas, from J>uber, 



PUBES 



533 



PULSE 



adult]. I. The period at which the genera- 
tive organs become capable of exercising 
the function of reproduction, signalized 
in the boy by a change of voice and discharge 
of semen, in the girl by the appearance of 
the menses. 
Pubes (pu'-bez) [L.]. I. The pubic hair. 

2. The hairy region covering the os pubis. 

3. The os pubis, or pubic bone ; that por- 
tion of the os innominatum forming the front 
of the pelvis. 

Pubic (pu'-bik) [pubes, pubes]. Pertaining 
to the pubes. 

Pubiotomy, Pubeotomy (pu-be-ot'-o-me) 
[pubes, pubes; tojitj, a cutting]. The 
operation of dividing the pubic bone to facili- 
tate delivery in cases of pelvic malforma- 
tion. See also Symphysiotomy. 

Pubofemoral (pit - bo -fetnf- or- al) [pubes, 
pubes; femur, femur]. Pertaining to the 
pubes and the femur. 

Pubovesical ( pu - bo - ves'- ik - al) [pubes, 
pubes; vesica, bladder]. Pertaining to the 
pubes and bladder. 

Puccoon, Yellow. The Hydrastis canaden- 
sis. 

Pudendal (pu- den' -dal) [pudere,\o be 
ashamed]. Pertaining to the pudenda. 

Pudendum (pu-den'-dum) [pudere, to be 
ashamed]. The external genital organs, es- 
pecially those of the woman, generally used 
in the plural, Pudenda. 

Pudic (pu'-dik) [pudiais, from ptidere, to 
be ashamed]. Pertaining to the pudenda, 
as the P. artery. 

Puerile (pu'-er-il) [puer, boy]. Boyish; 
childish ; pertaining to childhood. P. Res- 
piration, exaggerated breath-sounds with 
expiration prolonged and high-pitched, such 
as is heard in healthy children. 

Puerpera (pu-ur'-pe-rah) [puer, child ; pa- 
rere, to bear]. A woman who is in labor, 
or has recently been delivered. 

Puerperal (pu-u?-'-pe-ral) [pueipera\ Per- 
taining to, caused by, or following childbirth, 
as P. convulsions, P. eclampsia. P. Fever, 
an acute, febrile disease of women in child- 
bed, due to septic infection. P. Insanity, 
insanity occurring during the puerperium, 
usually within five or ten days after delivery. 
It may take the form of mania (P. mania), 
melancholia (P. melancholia), or dementia 
(P. dementia). 

Puerperium (pu-er-pe' -re-um) \_puer, child; 
parere, to bear]. The state of a woman in 
labor or of one who has just been delivered ; 
the period from delivery to the time when the 
uterus has regained its normal size, which is 
about six weeks. 

Puff-ball. See Lycoperdon. 

Pugil, Pugillus (pu'-jil, pu-Jil'-us) [L.]. 
A handful. 



Pulex (pu f -leks) [L. ]. The flea; an insect 
parasitic on the skin of man and animals. 
P. irritans, a species common in Europe 
and parasitic on the skin of man ; its bite 
causes severe itching and localized swelling. 
P. penetrans, the chigoe, or jigger-flea, a 
species the female of which burrows under 
the skin of the feet to deposit its ova, pro- 
ducing a severe irritation that may proceed 
to serious inflammation. 

Pullulation (pul-u-la' -shun) [pullulare, to 
put forth, to bud, to sprout]. The act of 
sprouting or budding, a mode of reproduction 
seen, e. g., in the yeast-plant. 

Pulmometer (put-mom' -el-er) [pulmo, a 
lung; jieTpov, measure]. See Spirometer. 

Pulmometry (put-mom' -et-re) [put mo, lung; 
fierpov, measure]. See Spirometry. 

Pulmonary (pul'-mon-a-re) \_pulmo, lung]. 
Pertaining to or affecting the lungs, as P. 
arteries, P. emphysema. 

Pulmonic (pul-mon'-ik) [pulmo, lung]. I. 
Pertaining to the lungs ; pulmonary. 2. 
Pertaining to the pulmonary artery, as P. 
valves. 3. Produced at the P. valve, as P. 
murmur. P. Fever, croupous pneumonia. 

Pulp [pulpd\. I. The soft fleshy part of 
fruit. 2. The soft part in the interior of an 
organ, as the P. of the spleen, the P. of a 
tooth. 

Pulpefaction (pul-pe-fak'-shun) [pulpa, 
pulp ; facere, to make]. Conversion into a 
pulpy substance. 

Pulpy (pul'-pe) \_pulpa, pulp]. Resembling 
pulp ; characterized by the formation of a 
substance resembling pulp. 

Pulsatile (pul'-sat-il) [pellere, to strike]. 
Pulsating ; throbbing. 

Pulsatilla (pul-sat-W '-ah) [L.]. The herb 
o*f Anemone pulsatilla and of Anemone pra- 
tensis, of the order Ranunculacese, contain- 
ing a crystalline principle, anemonin, C ]5 H 12 - 
6 . P. is employed in amenorrhea, dysmenor- 
rhea, and in inflammations of mucous mem- 
branes. Anemonin is used in bronchitis and 
asthma. Dose gr. y^ (0.022). Dose of P. 
in powder, gr. ij-iij (o. 1 3-0. 20). 

Pulsating ( put' -sa- ting) [pellere, to strike]. 
Exhibiting pulsation. P. Aorta, the pul- 
sation of the abdominal aorta seen in nervous 
and anemic persons. P. Empyema, an 
accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity that 
transmits the pulsations of the heart. 

Pulsation (put- sa' -shun) [pulsatio, from pel- 
lere, to strike]. A beating or throbbing. P., 
Suprasternal, pulsation at the suprasternal 
notch. It may be due to aneurysm, dilated 
aortic arch, or the presence of an anomal- 
ous artery. 

Pulse (puts') [pulsus, the pulse]. The in- 
termittent change in the shape of an artery 
due to an increase in the tension of its walls 



PULSE 



534 



PULVIS 



following the contraction of the heart. The 
pulse is usually counted at the wrist (radial 
P.), but may be taken over any artery that is 
palpable, as the temporal, brachial, femoral, 
dorsalis pedis, etc. P., Anacrotic, one the 
sphygmographic tracing of which is charac- 
terized by notches in the ascending limb. P., 
Angry. Synonym of P., Wiry. P., Cap- 
illary, an intermittent filling and emptying 
of the capillaries of the skin. It is common 
in aortic regurgitation, and is seen under the 
finger-nail or on the forehead. P., Cata- 
crotic, one with an elevation in the line of 
descent in the sphygmographic tracing. P., 
Cordy, a tense pulse. P., Corrigan's. See 
Corrigan 's Pulse. P. -curve, the tracing of 
the pulse, called a sphygmogram, made by 
the sphygmograph. P., Dicrotic, one in 
which the dicrotic wave or recoil wave is ex- 
aggerated. It is observed when the arterial 
tension is low, and gives to the finger the im- 
pression of two beats. P., Entoptic, the 
subjective illumination of a dark visual field 
with each heart-beat, a condition sometimes 
noted after violent exercise, and due to the 
mechanic irritation of the rods by the pulsat- 
ing retinal arteries. P., Full, one in which 
the artery is filled with a large volume of 
blood and conveys a feeling of being dis- 
tended. P., Hard, one characterized by 
high tension. P., High Tension, one due 
to increase of the peripheral resistance, to- 
gether with a corresponding increase in the 
force of the ventricular systole. It is gradual 
in its impulse, long in duration, slow in sub- 
siding, with difficulty compressible, and the 
artery between the beats feels like a firm 
round cord. P., Hyperdicrotic, P., Hyper- 
dicrotous, a pulse of which the aortic notch 
falls below the base line, indicating very low 
tension, a symptom of great exhaustion. P., 
Infrequent, one the rhythm of which is 
slower than normal ; i. e. , in which the heart- 
beats are fewer in a given time than nor- 
mal. P., Intermittent, one in which one 
or more beats are dropped. P., Irregular, 
one in which the beats occur at irregular 
intervals, or in which the force, or both 
rhythm and force, vary. P., Jerky, a pulse 
in which the artery is suddenly and markedly 
distended, as in aortic regurgitation. P., 
Jugular, pulsation of the jugular veins in the 
neck. It is due to tricuspid regurgitation. 
P., Locomotive. Synonym of Corrigan'' s 
Pulse. P., Low Tension, one sud- 
den in its onset, short, and quickly de- 
clining. It is easily obliterated by pressure. 
P., Paradoxic, one that is weaker during 
inspiration, a condition sometimes observed 
in adherent pericardium. P., Quick, one 
that strikes the finger rapidly, but leaves it 
also rapidly. P., Slow, one indicating a 



lengthened systolic contraction of the heart 
and prolonged diastole, — often used to signify 
a pulse of slow rate. P., Soft, a pulse that is 
readily compressed. P., Thready, one 
that is scarcely perceptible, feeling like a 
thread under the finger. P., Venous, a pulse 
observed in a vein. P., Water-hammer. 
See Corrigan's Pulse. P., Wiry, a small, 
rapid, tense pulse, feeling like a cord under 
the finger. It is observed in acute peritonitis. 

Pulsimeter (pul -sim' '-et -er) [pulsus, pulse; 
fierpov, measure]. An instrument for deter- 
mining the rate or force of the pulse. 

Pulsus {pul'-sus) [L.]. Pulse. P. alter- 
nans, one in which there is a regular alterna- 
tion of strong and weak beats. The weak 
beat may be imperceptible, in which case 
two heart-beats correspond to only one beat 
of the pulse. P. bigeminus, one in which 
the beats occur in pairs, so that a longer 
pause follows every two beats. P. celer, a 
quick, short pulse. P. celer et altus, a 
quick, full pulse, seen especially in aortic re- 
gurgitation. P. paradoxicus, P. para- 
doxus. See Pzelse, Paradoxic. P. quad- 
rigeminus, P. trigeminus, a pulse in which 
a pause occurs after every fourth or third 
beat respectively. 

Pultaceous (pul-ta> '-shus) \_puls, pottage]. 
Having the consistence of pulp or pottage. 

Pulverization (pul-ver-i-za' '-shun) \_pulvis, 
powder]. The act of reducing a substance 
to powder. 

Pulverulent (ptil-ver' '-u-lent) \_pulvis, pow- 
der]. Resembling, or of the nature of a 
powder. 

Pulvinar {pul f -vin-ar) [L., couch]. The 
posterior portion of the optic thalamus. 

Pulvis [L., pi. pulveres\ A powder. P. 
antimonialis. See Antimony. P. aroma- 
ticus, a mixture of cinnamon, ginger, nut- 
meg, and cardamon seeds ; used as a carmina- 
tive. Dose gr. x-xxx (0.65-2.0). P. creta? 
compositus, consists of prepared chalk, 
powdered acacia and sugar, and is used as a 
mild astringent. Dose, gr. x-gj (0.65-4.0). 
P. effervescens compositus, Seidlitz-pow- 
der, a preparation consisting of two pow- 
ders : the white paper contains 35 grains of 
tartaric acid, the blue paper, 40 grains of 
sodium bicarbonate and 2 drams of Rochelle 
salt. P. glycyrrhizse compositus, con- 
sists of senna, licorice, fennel, washed sul- 
phur, sugar ; it is used as a laxative. Dose, 
3 ss— ij (2.0-8.0). P. ipecacuanhae et opii. 
See Dover's Powder. P. jalapse composi- 
tus, consists of jalap, 35 parts ; cream of 
tartar, 65 parts ; it is used as a hydragogue 
cathartic. Dose ,^ss-j (2.0-4.0). P. rhei 
compositus, consists of rhubarb, magnesia, 
and ginger; it is used as a mild laxative. 
Dose gss-j (2.0-4.0). 



PUMP 



535 



PURULENT 



Pump. An apparatus either drawing up a 
liquid into its hollow chamber, or, after 
sucking up the liquid, forcibly ejecting it 
from one end. P., Air-, one used to 
exhaust the air from a chamber or to force 
more air into a chamber already tilled with 
air. P., Breast-, a pump for removing 
milk from the breast. P., Stomach-, one 
for removing the contents of the stomach in 
cases of poisoning. 

Pumpkin-seed. The seed of Cucurbita 
pepo of the order Cucurbitace?e (Pepo of 
the U. S. P.). The seed is used against 
tapeworm. Dose ^iv (128.0). 

Puncta ( punk' -tali) [pi. ot punctum, a point]. 
See Punctum. P. dolorosa, tender or pain- 
ful points at the exit or in the course of 
nerves the seat of neuralgia ; also called Val- 
leix's points. P. lacrimalia, the orifices of 
the lacrimal canaliculi in the eyelids near 
the inner canthus. P. vasculosa, minute 
red spots studding the cut surface of the 
white central mass of the brain. They are 
produced by the blood escaping from divided 
blood-vessels. 

Punctate, Punctated (punk' -tat, pirnk' -fa- 
ted) [punctum, point]. Dotted; full of 
minute punctures. 

Punctum (punk'-ttim) [L.]. A point. P. 
caecum. See Blind Spot. P. proximum, 
See Near Point. P. remotum. See Far 
Point. 

Puncture {punk f -chiir) [pungere, to prick]. 
A hole made by a pointed instrument. P., 
Lumbar, puncture of the spinal canal for 
the withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid in hy- 
drocephalus, first suggested by Quincke. 

Punctured {punk' -turd) \_pungere, to prick]. 
Produced by a prick, as P. wound. 

Pungent {pun' -jent) [pungere, to prick]. 
Acrid ; penetrating ; producing a pricking or 
painful sensation. 

Pupil {pu f -pil) \_pupilla, a little girl ; the 
name is believed to be derived from the 
small images seen in the pupil]. The aper- 
ture in the iris of the eye for the passage of 
light. P., Argyll Robertson, a myotic 
pupil that responds on accommodative effort, 
but not to light, — a condition seen in locomotor 
ataxia. P., Artificial, an aperture made 
by iridectomy when the normal pupil is 
occluded. 

Pupillary {pu f -pil-a-re) [pupil*]. Pertain- 
ing to the pupil. P. Membrane, a mem- 
brane covering the eye of the fetus until the 
seventh month of gestation. P. Membrane, 
Persistent. See Me??ibrane. P. Reflex. 
See Reflexes, Table of. 

Pupillometer {pu-pil-om'-et-er) [pupilla, 
pupil; /uerpov, a measure]. An instrument 
for measuring the pupil of the eye. 

Pupilloscopy ( pu -pil- os f - ko -pe ) [ pupilla, 



pupil ; oKOKnv, to inspect]. Examination of 

the pupil ; skiascopy. 
Purgation {pur- ga / '- shun) [purgare, to 

cleanse]. The act of purging. 
Purgative ( pur' -ga-liv)[ purgare, to purge]. 

1. Producing purgation. 2. A drug pro- 
ducing copious evacuations of the bowel. 

Purging Nut. The seed of Curcas purgans, 
having cathartic properties. 

Purge(purf)[purgare, topmge~\. I. Tocause 
free evacuation of the bowel. 2. A drug that 
causes free evacuation of the bowel. 

Puriform {pu f -re-form) [pus, pus ; forma, 
form]. Resembling pus. 

Purkinje {poor' '-kin-ye) [I. E. Purkinje, a 
Bohemian physiologist, 1 787-1869]. P.'s 
Cells, large ganglion-cells of the cerebellar 
cortex, disposed as a single row at the 
junction of the nuclear and the molecular 
layer, and presenting pyriform or flask-shaped 
bodies, 60—70 \i in their longest diameter. 
P.'s Figures, shadows of the retinal blood- 
vessels upon the retina. P.'s Vesicle, the 
nucleus of the human ovum ; the germinal 
vesicle. 

Purkinje-Sanson's Images. Three pairs of 
images of one object seen in an observed 
pupil : the first, erect, reflected from the 
anterior surface of the cornea ; the second, 
erect, reflected from the anterior surface of 
the lens ; the third, inverted, reflected from 
the posterior capsule of the lens. 

Purple, Visual. See Rhodopsin. 

Purpura {pur f -pttr-ah) [L.*]. A disease 
characterized by hemorrhages into the skin, 
taking the form of petechiae, maculae, or 
large patches. It may occur as an indepen- 
dent affection, or be symptomatic of other dis- 
eases. P. fulminans, a grave form of P., 
developing in young children as a sequel to 
acute infectious diseases. It is of short dura- 
tion, is marked by extensive extravasations, 
grave constitutional symptoms, and usually 
ends fatally. P. haemorrhagica, morbus 
maculosus Werlhofii ; land-scurvy. See 
Werlhofs Disease, under Diseases, Table of. 

Purpuric {pur-pu f -rik) [purpura, purple]. 
Pertaining to or resembling purpura. 

Purpurin {pur' '-pu-rin) [purpura, purple], 
C u H 8 5 . I. A dye present with alizarin in 
the madder-root, but also prepared artificially. 

2. Uroerythrin, a red coloring matter some- 
times present in urinary deposits. 

Purring Thrill. A fine trembling vibration 
like the purring of a cat, perceived by palpa- 
tion over the precordium. It may be due to 
aneurysm, or to valvular heart-lesion, espe- 
cially mitral stenosis. 

Purulence {pu'-rti-lens) [pus, pus]. The 
state of being purulent. 

Purulent {pu'-ru-lent) [pus, pus]. Having 
the character of or containing pus ; character- 



PURULOID 



536 



PYLEPHLEBITIS 



ized by the formation of pus. P. Catarrh, 
an inflammation of a' mucous membrane ac- 
companied by the production of pus. P. 
Edema, a general infiltration of pus together 
with much fluid. 

Puruloid (pu'-ru-loid) [pus, pus; etdog, 
like]. Resembling pus ; puriform. 

Pus [L.]. A liquid substance consisting of 
cells and an albuminous fluid (liquor puris) , 
formed in certain kinds of inflammation. 
P., Blue, pus colored blue by the bacillus 
pyocyaneus. P.-corpuscles, the corpuscles 
found in pus. P., Curdy, pus containing 
cheesy-looking flakes. P., Ichorous, pus 
that is thin and acrid. P., Laudable, a 
whitish, inodorous pus, formerly thought to 
be essential to the healing of wounds. P., 
Sanious, pus mixed with blood. P. -tube. 
See Pyosalpinx. 

Pustula maligna. Anthrax. 

Pustulant (pus'-tu-lant) \_pustula, a pustule] . 
I. Causing the formation of pustules. 2. An 
irritant substance giving rise to the formation 
of pustules. 

Pustular (pus f -tu-lar) [pustula, pustule]. 
Characterized by the presence of pustules. 

Pustulation (pus-tu-la' -shun) [pustula, pus- 
tule]. The formation of pustules. 

Pustule (pus'-tfd) [pustula, pustule]. A 
small circumscribed elevation of the skin con- 
taining pus. P., Malignant, anthrax. 

Pustulocrustaceous ( pus -tu-lo- krus - ta f - 
s/ius) [pustula, pustule; crusta, crust]. 
Characterized -by the formation of pustules 
and crusts. 

Putamen { pu-ta' -men) \_putamen, husk]. I. 
The stone of a drupe, or shell of a nut. 2. 
The outer darker part of the lenticular nu- 
cleus of the brain. 

Putrefaction (pu-tre-fak' '-shun) [putridus, 
putrid; facere, to make]. The decompo- 
sition of nitrogenous organic matter under 
the influence of microorganisms, accompan- 
ied by the development of disagreeable 
odors, due to the evolution of ammonia, 
hydrogen sulphid, and other gases, and the 
production of aromatic bodies. In addition, 
many other compounds are formed, among 
which ptomains are the most important. The 
end-products are water, nitrogen, methane, 
and carbon dioxid. 

Putrefactive (pu - tre -fak f - tiv) [putridus , 
putrid; facere, to make]. Pertaining to or 
causing putrefaction. 

Putrescent ( pu-tres' '-ent) [putrescere , to be- 
come rotten]. Undergoing putrefaction. 

Putrescin (pu-tres f -in) [putr-escere, to be- 
come rotten], C 4 H 12 N 2 . A poisonous pto- 
main, a clear, rather thin liquid, of a disa- 
greeable odor, boiling'at I56°-I57°C. See 
Ptomains , Table of. 

Putrid (pu'-trid) [putridus, rotten]. Rot- 



ten ; characterized by putrefaction, P. 
Fever. Synonym of Typhus Fever-. 

Putrilage ( pu' '- tril '- aj) [putris, rotten]. 
Putrescent material. 

Pyaemia (pi-e'-me-ah). See Pyemia. 

Pyarthrosis (pi-ar-thro'-sis) [tcvov, pus; 
apOpov, joint]. Suppuration of a joint. 

Pyelitis (pi-el-i'-tis) [ tzveIoq, a trough ; irtq, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the pelvis 
of the kidney. It may be due to the irrita- 
tion of calculi, to tuberculosis, or to acute 
specific fevers, but most commonly is sec- 
ondary to diseases of the bladder. It is 
marked by pain and tenderness in the lumbar 
region, by a remittent fever, and by the pres- 
ence in the urine of albumin, mucus, epithe- 
lial cells from the pelvis of the kidney, pus- 
corpuscles in large amount, and frequently 
blood. The urine is generally acid. P., 
Calculous, that due to calculi. 

Pyelonephritis (pi-el-o-nefri ; -tis) [rcre/oc, 
trough; vs(ppog, kidney ; trig, inflammation]. 
Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis. 

Pyelonephrosis (pi-el-o-nef-ro'-sis). Syn- 
onym of Pyelonephritis. 

Pyemia (pi-e / -me-ah) [ttvov, pus; at/ua, 
blood]. A disease due to the presence of 
pyogenic microorganisms in the blood and 
the formation, wherever these organisms 
lodge, of embolic or metastatic abscesses. 
The symptoms are intermittent or remittent 
fever, associated with sweats and chills, rapid 
emaciation, slight jaundice, abscesses in dif- 
ferent parts of the body, and often a purpuric 
eruption. The disease is generally fatal. 
P., Arterial, a name given to pyemia pro- 
duced by disorganization of a cardiac throm- 
bus and the dissemination of emboli through 
the arterial circulation. 

Pyemic (pi-em' -ik, pi-e'-mik) [ttvov, pus ; 
alfia, blood]. Pertaining to or affected with 
pyemia. 

Pygodidymus {pi- go - did / - im - us) [irvyfj, 
buttock; didv/ioQ, twins]. A double monster 
united by the buttocks. 

Pygomelus (pi-gom'-el-us) [nvyf], buttock ; 
/Lie?iog, member]. A monster with a parasite 
attached to the hypogastric region or to the 
buttock. 

Pygopagus (pi-gop f -ag-us) \izvyt), buttock ; 
irayoq, joined]. A monster with conjoined 
buttocks or backs. 

Pyin (pi' -in) [ttvov, pus]. An albuminous 
substance of complex constitution occurring 
in pus. It may be separated by adding 
sodium chlorid and filtering. 

Pylephlebitis (pi-le-fleb-i'-tis) [ttv?i?], gate ; 
(j)?i,€ip, vein ; trig, inflammation]. Inflamma- 
tion of the portal vein. The condition is 
usually secondary to disease of the intestines, 
is generally suppurative in character, and 
gives rise to the symptoms of pyemia. 



PYLETHROMBOSIS 



537 



PVRETOGENIN 



Pylethrombosis (pi-le-throm-bo' -sis) [~i>/./], 
gate; Hp6u3og, clot]. Thrombosis of the 
portal vein. 

Pylorectomy {6i-khrek*-to~me) [Trv?Mpog, a 
gate-keeper; ekto/h//, excision]. Excision 
of the pylorus. 

Pyloric (pi-lo f -rik) [TTv?.op6g, agate-keeper]. 
Pertaining to the pylorus. P. Glands, 
glands situated in the region of the pylorus 
and secreting the gastric juice. 

Pylorus (pi-lo'-ncs) [TrvTiupog, gate-keeper]. 
I. The circular opening of the stomach into 
the duodenum. 2. The fold of mucous mem- 
brane and muscular tissue surrounding the 
aperture between the stomach and the duo- 
denum. 

Pyo- (pi f -o) [ttvov, pus]. A prefix denoting 
pertaining to pus. 

Pyocolpos (pi-o-kol ; -pos) [ttvov, pus ; k6X- 
ttoc, vagina]. An accumulation of pus within 
the vagina. 

Pyoctanin (pi-ok'- fan-in). See Pyoktanin. 

Pyocyanin (pi-o-sV-an-in) [ttvov, pus ; nva- 
vog, blue], C 14 H u N0 2 . A colored substance 
derived from blue pus, and from cultures of 
the bacillus pyocyaneus. 

Pyocyte (pi f -o-slt) [ttvov, pus ; nvrog, cell]. 
A pus-corpuscle. 

Pyogenic (pi-o-jen f -ik) [ttvov, pus ; yevvav, 
to beget]. Producing pus. P. Membrane, 
the thin, yellow layer of tissue forming the 
wall of an abscess. P. Microorganisms, 
the microorganisms producing pus. The ordi- 
nary P. microorganisms are the staphylococci 
and the streptococci. Under certain circum- 
stances pus may be produced by the pneu- 
mococcus of Frankel, the bacillus coli com- 
munis, the bacillus of typhoid fever, the 
gonococcus, and others. 

Pyohaemia (pi-o-he f -me-ah). See Pyemia. 

Pyoid (pi'-oid) [ttvov, pus; eldog, like]. 
Resembling pus. 

Pyoktanin (pi-ok> '-tan-in) [ttvov, pus ; kte'l- 
velv, to kill]. A name given to methyl-violet 
and methyl-blue on account of their germi- 
cidal properties. P. has been used in diph- 
theria, cystitis, gonorrhea, ulcers, and inflam- 
mations of the conjunctiva, and as an injec- 
tion in carcinoma. 

Pyometra (pi-o-me / -trah) [ttvov, pus ; fxrjrpa, 
womb]. A collection of pus in the uterus. 

Pyonephrosis (pi-o-nef-ro' ' -sis) [ttvov, pus ; 
v£<ppog, kidney]. An accumulation of pus in 
the pelvis of the kidney. 

Pyopericarditis (pi-o-per-e-kar-di' '-tis) [ttvov, 
pus; pericarditis]. Suppurative pericarditis. 

Pyophthalmia {pi- off -thai' -me- ah) [ttvov, 
pus; 6<p6a?ifi6g, eye]. Purulent ophthalmia. 

Pyophylactic (pi-o-fil-ak' -tik) [ttvov, pus ; 
(pvlacceiv , to guard]. Protecting against 
pus. P. Membrane, the pyogenic mem- 
brane. 



Pyopneumothorax (//- o - nn - mo - tho f - raks) 
[ttvov, pus; TTvevfia, air; 66pn^, thorax]. 
An accumulation of air or gas and pus in the 
pleural cavity. 

Pyorrhea {pi- or -e f -ah) [ttvov, pus ; poia, a 
flow]. A purulent discharge. 

Pyosalpinx (pi-o-sal' '-pinks) [ttvov, pus ; 
oaXTTiy!-, tube]. An accumulation of pus in 
the Fallopian tube. 

Pyothorax (pi-o-tho' ' -raks)[Trvov , pus ; Ocjpat;, 
thorax]. An accumulation of pus in the 
pleural cavity ; empyema. 

Pyoxanthin, Pyoxanthose, (pi-o-zan'-thin, 
pi-o-zan' -thos) [ttvov, pus ; l-avdog, yellow]. 
A yellow substance sometimes found in pus, 
and resulting from the oxidation of pyo- 
cyanin. 

Pyramid (pir f -am-id) [Trvpa/uig'] . A solid 
having a polygonal base and triangular 
planes for its sides, which meet at a point 
called the apex or vertex. P., Anterior, one 
of the two pyramidal bundles of white mat- 
ter on either side of the anterior median 
fissure of the medulla. P. of the Cere- 
bellum, a conic projection forming the cen- 
tral portion of the inferior vermiform pro- 
cess. P. of Ferrein, one of the prolongations 
of the Malpighian pyramid into the cortex 
of the kidney ; it is also known as medul- 
lary ray. P., Malpighian, one of the conic 
masses composing the medullary substance 
of the kidney. P., Posterior, one of the 
two narrow bundles of white matter placed 
on either side of the posterior median fissure 
of the medulla oblongata. They are con- 
tinuous with the posterior median columns of 
the spinal cord. 

Pyramidal (pe-ra?n f -id-al) [irvpa/ulg, pyra- 
mid]. Shaped like a pyramid. P. Tracts. 
See Tracts. 

Pyramidalis (pe-ram-id-a' -lis) . Pyramidal, 
as P. muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Pyrethrum (pi-re f -thru?n). Pellitory; the 
root of Anacyclus pyrethrum, a plant of 
the order Compositse. P. is used as a siala- 
gogue and masticatory in headache, tooth- 
ache, and neuralgic affections of the face. 
It is employed either in powder or in the form 
of the tincture, Tinctura pyrethri (U. S. P.). 

Pyretic (pi-ret' -ik) [irvpErog, fever]. Per- 
taining to or affected with fever. 

Pyretin (pi / - re - tin) [Trvperog, fever] . A 
name given to various empyreumatic sub- 
stances found in pitch. 

Pyretogenic, Pyretogenous (pi-ret-oj-en r - 
ik, pi-ret-of-en-us) [irvpsTog, fever ; yevvdv, to 
produce]. Causing or producing fever. 

Pyretogenin (pi - ret - oj ' / ' -en- in) [-rrvperog, 
fever; yevvdv, to produce]. A substance 
formed by microorganisms, and said to have 
the property of producing fever when inocu- 
lated into animals. 



PYRETOLOGY 



538 



QUADRATE 



Pyretology {pi-ret-ol f -o-je) [rrvperdg , fever ; 
/.oyoc, treatise]. The science on the nature 
of fevers. 

Pyrexia {pi- reks ' -e- ah) [^vpe^iq, fever]. 
Elevation of temperature above the normal ; 
fever. 

Pyrexial {pi-reks f -e-al)\_-vpz^Lq, fever]. Per- 
taining to pyrexia. 

Pyridin {pi' -rid-in) [rrvp, fire], C 5 H 5 N. A 
liquid base obtained as a distillation-product 
from tobacco, coal-tar, and other organic 
matter, and forming the first of a long and 
important series of homologous bases. P. 
has been used in asthma by inhalation. P. 
Tricarboxylic Acid, C 5 H 2 (C0 2 H) 3 N, is an- 
tiseptic, antipyretic, antiperiodic, and anti- 
spasmodic. It has been used in malaria, 
asthma, and typhoid fever. Dose gr. ij— x 
(0.13-0.65). 

Pyriform(//r / -e-form) \_pyrus, pear ; forma, 
a form]. Pear-shaped. 

Pyriformis {pir-e-for' -mis) . Pyriform, as P. 
muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Pyro- {pi'-ro-) [~vp, fire]. A prefix signifying 
fire or heat. 

Pyroarsenic Acid [pi-ro-ar-sen'-ik) [_~vp, 
fire ; arsenicum, arsenic], H 4 As 2 7 . A tetra- 
basic acid produced when arsenic is heated 
to 180 C. 

Pyroboric Acid {pi-ro-bo' '-rik) \_~vp, fire ; 
boron~\, H 2 B 4 8 . A dibasic acid produced 
by heating boric acid. 

Pyrocatechin {pi-ro-kat f -e-chin) [nip, fire ; 
catechic], C 6 H 6 2 = C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 . Catechol ; 
a crystalline substance formed by the dry 
distillation of catechu and sometimes occur- 
ring in the urine. It has been used as an 
antipyretic. Dose gr. j-ij (0.065-0. 13). 

Pyrodin {pi-ro'-din) [~vp, fire], C 6 H 5 . C 2 H 3 - 
O.N 2 H 2 . Hydracetin, acetyl-phenyl-hy- 
drazin ; a crystalline, poisonous substance, 
used as a substitute for chrysarobin in psori- 
asis, and in other cutaneous affections ; also 
as an antipyretic. Dose gr. }4-n} (0.03-0.2). 

Pyrogallic Acid {pi-ro-gal'-ik). See Acid. 



Pyrogenic {pi-ro-jen'-ik) \_~vp, fire; yevvav, 
to produce] . Producing fever. 

Pyroligneous {pi-ro-lig' '-ne-us) [trvp, fire ; 
lignum, wood]. Pertaining to the destruc- 
tive distillation of wood. P. Acid, wood- 
vinegar. See Acid, Pyroligneous. 

Pyromania {pi - ro - ma'- ne - ah) \_7?vp, fire ; 
juavta, madness]. A monomania for incen- 
diarism. 

Pyrometer {pi-ro?u / -et-er) [7ri'p,fire; pierpov, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
intensity of heat of too high a degree to be 
estimated by the ordinary thermometer. 

Pyrophosphoric Acid {pi-ro-fos-for f -ik). 
See Acids, Table of. 

Pyrosis {pi-ro f -sis) \_Kvp, fire]. An affection 
of the stomach characterized by a burning 
sensation, accompanied by eructations of an 
acrid, irritating fluid; heartburn. 

Pyrosoma bigemina (pi-ro-so-ma/i bi-jem'- 
in-ah) \_pyrus, pear ; aufia, body] . The 
parasite supposed to cause Texas fever in 
cattle. 

Pyrotoxina bacterica {pi - ro - toks'- in - ah 
bak-ter' '-ik-ah) [jrvp, fire; to^lkov, poison]. 
A pyrogenic substance believed to be pro- 
duced by many forms of bacteria. 

Pyroxylin {pi-roks' '-il-in) [rrvp, fire; tji'/.ov, 
wood]. Gun-cotton ; cotton-fiber treated with 
a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, by 
which the cellulose is changed into various 
nitrocompounds. Soluble gun-cotton, Py- 
roxylinum of the U. S. P., is used in the 
preparation of collodiom. The explosive 
gun-cotton is the hexanitrate of cellulose. 

Pyrrol {pir f -ol) \jrvp, fire; oletim, oil], 
C 4 H 4 (NH). A liquid base obtained in the 
distillation of Dippel's oil and other organic 
substances. P. tetriodid. See Iodol. 

Pythogenic {pi-tho-jen'-ik) [irvOeiv, to rot ; 
■yevvav, to produce]. Producing or arising 
from decomposition. P. Fever. Synonym 
of Typhoid Fever. 

Pyuria {pi-u' '-re-ah)\jrvov, pus ; tirina,\xxm€\. 
The passage of urine containing pus. 



Q. S. Abbreviation of quantum sufficit — as 
much as suffices. 

Quack {kwak ). One who practices quack- 
ery ; a pretender of medical skill ; a vender 
of nostrums ; a medical charlatan. 

Quackery {kivak'-er-e). The practice of 
medicine by a quack. 

Quadrangular {kwod-rang' '-gu-lar) \_quad- 



rangulum , a. four-cornered figure]. Having 
four angles, as the Q. lobe of the cerebellum. 

Quadrant {kwod' ' -rant)\_quadratus, squared]. 
I. The fourth part of a circle, subtending an 
angle of 90 degrees. 2. One of the four 
regions into which the abdomen may be di- 
vided for purposes of physical diagnosis. 

Quadrate {kwod' -rat) \_quadratus, square]. 



QUADRATUS 



539 



QUERCIN 



Square ; four-sided. Q. Lobule. See Pre- 
cuneus. 

Quadratus {kwod-ra f -tus) [L.]. Squared; 
having four sides. Q. Muscle. See Mus- 
cles, Table of 

Quadri- [kwod'-re-) [L.]. A prefix denoting 
four, or four times. 

Quadribasic (kiuod-re-ba' '-sik) [quadri, four ; 
basis, base]. In chemistry, applied to an 
acid having four replaceable hydrogen-atoms. 

Quadriceps {fcwod f -re-seps) \_quadri, four ; 
caput, head]. Four-headed, as a Q. muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Quadrigeminal (kwod-re-jem' -in-al) \_quad- 
rigeminus, fourfold]. Fourfold ; consisting 
of four parts, as the Q. bodies. "See Corpora 
quadrigemina. 

Quadriurate \kwod-re-u* -rat) [qttadri, four; 
urate"]. A term applied to the hyperacid 
urate of human urine, and the urine of birds 
and reptiles. The quadriurates have the 
general formula of MH(C 5 H 2 N i 3 ).H 2 C 5 H 2 - 
N 4 O s .. 

Quadrivalent (kwod '- nv f - al - ent) \_quadri, 
four; valere, to be worth]. In chemistry, 
having a combining power equivalent to that 
of four hydrogen-atoms. 

Quadruplet (kwod-rid -plet ) [quadruplare, to 
make fourfold]. Any one of four children 
born at one birth. 

Quaker-button. A popular name for nux 
vomica. 

Qualitative (kzvoF -e-ta-tiv) \_qualitas, quality] . 
Pertaining to quality. Q. Analysis. See 
Analysis. 

Quantitative (kwon f -tit-a-tiv) \_quantus, how 
much]. Pertaining to quantity. Q. An- 
alysis. See Analysis. 

Quantivalence {kwon-tiv* '-al-ens) [quantus, 
how much ; valere, to be worth]. The com- 
bining power of an element or radicle ex- 
pressed in terms of the number of atoms of 
hydrogen with which it will unite. Univa- 
lent or monad atoms, as chlorin, are saturated 
with one atom. Bivalent or dyad atoms re- 
quire two ; trivalent or triad, as boron, take 
three ; quadrivalent or tetrad, quinquivalent 
or pentad, sexvalent or hexad, require two, 
three, four, five, and six atoms of hydrogen 
respectively. 

Quarantine (kwor* '-an- ten) [It., quaranta, 
forty]. The time (formerly forty days) dur- 
ing which vessels or travellers from ports in- 
fected with contagious or epidemic diseases 
are required by law to remain outside the 
port of their destination, as a safeguard against 
the spreading of such diseases. 2. Also, the 
place of detention. 3. The act of detaining 
vessels or travellers from suspected ports or 
places for purposes of inspection or disinfec- 
tion. Q., Land- V the isolation of a person or 
district on land for similar purposes. 



Quart {kiuort) [quartus, fourth]. The fourth 
part of a gallon. 

Quartan {kivor / -tan) \_quartus, fourth]. 1. 
Recurring on the fourth day. 2. A form of 
intermittent fever, the paroxysms of which 
occur every fourth day. Q., Double, a 
variety characterized by milder and severer 
paroxysms, each occurring every fourth day. 

Quarter-evil (faoor'-ter-e-vil). An infec- 
tious disease of cattle prevalent during the 
summer-months, and characterized by the 
appearance of irregular emphysematous 
swellings of the subcutaneous tissue and mus- 
cles, especially over the quarters, hence the 
name. It is also called symptomatic anthrax, 
or black-leg. 

Quartipara [ktvor - tip f - ar - ah) \_qtiartus, 
fourth; parere, to bring forth]. A woman 
in her fourth pregnancy. See Multipara. 

Quartiparous {kwor - tip' - ar - us) \_quartus, 
fourth; parere, to bring forth]. Pregnant 
four times. 

Quassation (kzuas - a f - shun) \_quassatio, a 
shaking or shattering]. The reduction of 
barks, roots, and other drugs to morsels, in 
preparation for further pharmaceutic treat- 
ment ; cassation. 

Quassia (kwosh' '-e-ah ) [after Quassi, a negro 
slave who first used it]. The wood of sev- 
eral trees of the order Simarubeae. Q. of the 
U. S. P. and B. P. is the wood of Picrsena 
excelsa, and contains the bitter principle, 
quassin, C 32 H 44 O ]0 . Q. is a simple bitter, 
and is used in dyspepsia and constipation ; 
in the form of an enema it is employed 
against seat- worms. Preparations : Extrac- 
tum quassiae (U. S. P., B. P.), dose gr. 
j-iij (o. 065-0. 2) . Extractum quassiae fluidum 
(U. S. P.), dose f.^ss-j (2.0-4.0). Infu- 
sum quassiae (B. P.), dose f^ij (64.0). 
Tinctura quassiae (U. S. P.) dose, fgj (4.0). 
Quassin, dose gr. y 1 ^ (0.006). 

Quassin (kwos'-in). See Quassia. 

Quaternary {kwa-ter' '-na-re) \jquaterni, four 
each]. 1. Consisting of four elements. 2. 
Fourth in order. 

Quebrachin [ke-brah f -kin). See Quebracho. 

Quebracho {ke-brah-ko) [from Pg. quebrah- 
acho, ax-breaker]. The Aspidosperma que- 
bracho-bianco, of the order Apocynaceae. 
It contains the following alkaloids : — Aspido- 
spermin, C 22 H 30 N 2 O 2 ; aspidospermatin, C 22 - 
H. 28 N 2 2 ; aspidosamin, C ?2 ; quebrachin, 
C 21 H 26 N 2 3 , and quebrachamin. Q. is used 
in emphysema, bronchitis, and in asthma. 
Extractum adispermatis fluidum (U. S. P.), 
dose TT^xv-f 3J (1.0-4.0). Dose of aspido- 
spermin gr. X~K (0.016-0.032). 

Queen-root. See Stillingia. 

Quercin {kwer f -sin) \_quercus, oak], C 6 H 6 - 
(OH) 6 . A bitter crystallizable carbohydrate 
extracted from acorns and oak -bark. 



QUERCITANNIC ACID 



540 



QUIXOTAXXIC ACID 



Quercitannic Acid (kiver-se-tan' -ik) [quer- 
cus, oak ; tannin, tannin], C 17 H 16 9 . A 
variety of tannic acid found in oak-bark. 

Quercite (kiver'-sit*) [quercus, oak], C 6 H 7 - 
(OH) 5 . A sweet principle found in acorns. 

Quercitrin {kwer f -sit-rin) \_quercus, oak ; 
citrus, lemon], C 36 H 38 O 20 . A glucosid found 
in the bark of Quercus tinctoria. 

Quercus (kwer' -kus) [L.]. The oak. See 
Oak. 

Quicklime [AS. , cwic, alive ; lime']. Calcic 
oxid. 

Quicksilver [AS., cwic, alive ; silver]. 
Mercury. 

Quickening (kzvik'- en- ing) [AS., cwic, 
alive]. The first feeling on the part of the 
pregnant woman of fetal movements, occur- 
ring between the fourth and fifth month of 
pregnancy. 

Quill-suture. See Suture. 

Quillaja {kzvil-a'-yah) [Chilean, quillean, to 
wash]. A genus of trees of the order 
Rosaceae. The bark of Q. saponaria (Quillaja, 
U. S. P.), soap-bark, contains saponin, and 
produces a froth when agitated in water. Q. is 
used in pulmonary affections and as a sternu- 
tatory, and in the arts as a substitute for soap. 
Tinctura quillajae (U. S. P.), dose f^j (4.0). 

Quince {quins). See Cydonium. 

Quincke's Capillary Pulse. See Pulse, 
Capillary. 

Quincke's Operation. See Puncture, Lu??i- 
bar. 

Quinidin [kwin f -id - iti) [Peruvian, kina, 
bark], C 20 H 2+ X 2 O 2 . An alkaloid of cin- 
chona-bark isomeric with quinin, which it re- 
sembles in action, differing only in being less 
powerful. Q. sulphate (Quinidinae sulphas 
U. S. P.) is used as an antiperiodic, in doses 
of gr. xx-lx (1.3—4.0). 

Quinic ikzuin' '-ik) [Peruvian, 'kina, bark], 
Pertaining to quinin. Q. Acid, C 7 H,.,0 6 , 
an acid occurring in cinchona-bark, in the 
ivy, oak, elm, ash, coffee-plant, etc. 

Quinin (kwi'-nln and kwin-en' are common 
pronunciations, but as the Fr. qu is merely 
copied from the Sp. qu (which had a k sound) 
and as, moreover, the Peruvian word, from 
which our word was originally derived, had 
a k sound (without the // element), it follows 
that, at least, from an etymologic standpoint, 
our pronunciation should be kin-en f ) [Peru- 
vian, kina, bark], C 20 H 2+ X 2 O 2 .3H. 2 O. A 
bitter amorphous or crystalline alkaloid ob- 
tained from the bark of various species of cin- 
chona. It is soluble in 900 parts of water, 
readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and in 
chloroform, and gives a beautiful emerald- 
green color when it or its salts are treated 
with a solution of chlorin and then with 
ammonia. Q. acts as a stimulant to the 
nervous system, causing in large doses cere- 



bral congestion and lessening of the reflexes; 
it is a slight respiratory stimulant and a de- 
pressant to the circulation ; it lessens the 
ameboid movement of the white corpuscles, 
and during fever is strongly antipyretic ; it 
also possesses antiseptic properties. In large 
doses it causes ringing in the ears, a feeling 
of fullness in the head, dizziness, slight deaf- 
ness, and at times disturbances of vision ; oc- 
casionally also a rise of temperature (Q.- 
fever). Q. is used as an antiperiodic in 
malaria, in which disease it has a specific 
action ; it is also employed as an antipyretic 
in other febrile affections, as a tonic in con- 
valescence, as a stimulant to the uterus dur- 
ing parturition, in whooping-cough, coryza, 
and in hay-fever. Doses of Q. sulphate 
(Quinine sulphas, U. S. P., B. P.), the 
salt most commonly employed — in malaria 
gr. v-xxiv (0.32-1.6) before the parox- 
ysms; and gr. ij-iv (0.13-0.26) as a prophy- 
lactic ; as a tonic gr. j-ij (0.065-0.13); in 
whooping-cough, gr. iss (o. 10) for each year 
of the child's age, or locally in solution of 
gr. i-ij (0.065-0.13) to the ounce (32.0) by 
the atomizer. Other salts, given in about 
the same doses as the sulphate are : Q. bi- 
sulphate (Quininae bisulphas, U. S. P.) ; 
Q. hydrobromate (Quininae hydrobromas, 
U. S. P. ) ; Q. hydrochlorate (Quininae 
hydrochloras, U. S. P.) ; Quinin and urea 
hydrochlorate, employed for hypodermic 
use chiefly. Q. sulphovinate has been 
used hypodermically ; Q. tannate has been 
employed in whooping-cough ; Q. valerian- 
ate is used in doses of gr. j-ij (0.065-0.13) 
in nervous debility and hemicrania. From 
Q. are prepared Ferri et quininae citras and 
Ferri et quininae citras solubilis. See Fer- 
ritin. From Q. sulphate, Syrupus ferri, qui- 
ninae et strychninae phosphatum is prepared. 

Quininism, Quinism (kivin> '-in-izm , kunnf- 
iztn) [Peruvian, kina, bark]. Cinchonism. 

Quinoidin {kzvin-oi'-dhi). See Chincidi- 
num. Q., Animal-, a basic substance ob- 
tained from animal tissues and having the 
property of fluorescence like quinin. 

Quinolin ( kwin'-o-lin ) [quinin], C 9 H.X. 
A liquid alkaloid obtained in the destructive 
distillation of quinin, or cinchonin, with 
potassium hydroxid. It is antipyretic and anti- 
septic. Q. hydrochlorate, Q. salicylate, 
and Q. tartrate, have been used. Dose of 
the last gr. xv (1.0). 

Quinone (kivin'-on) [quinin'], C 6 H 4 2 . A 
yellow crystalline substance obtained by heat- 
ing quinic acid with manganese dioxid and 
sulphuric acid. It is the lowest member of a 
series of bodies known as quinones. 

Quinotannic Acid [kwin-o-tan' '-ik) [quinin ; 
tannin]. A form of tannic acid found in 
cinchona-bark. 



QUINOVIN 



541 



RACHITIS 



Quinovin {kwin f - o-viti) [Peruvian, kina, 
bark], C 38 H 62 O n . Kinovin, a bitter glucosid 
found in cinchona-bark. 

Quinquivalent (kwin-kioiv'-al-ent) \jjuin- 
que, five; valere, to be worth]. Having a 
valence of five ; capable of combining with 
five atoms of hydrogen or their equivalent. 

Quinsy (kwin'-ze) \_nvuv , dog ; ayxeiv, to 
choke]. Acute inflammation of the tonsils, 
usually tending to suppuration. 

Quintan ( kwinf -fan) \_quintiis, fifth]. An 
intermittent fever, the paroxysms of which 
recur every four days, i. e. , on the 5th, 9th, 
13th, etc. 

Quintipara [kwin-tip' '-a-rah). See Multi- 
para. 



Quintuplet {kwin-tu f -plet} \_quintuplex, five- 
fold]. One of five children born at one time. 

Quitch-grass (kwitch'-gras) % See Triticum 
repens. 

Quiz (kwiz) [qu&sere, to ask (?) ]. A reci- 
tation, conducted by questions and answers, 
in which the student familiarizes himself with 
his studies. 

Quizzer (Jtwiz'-er) \jqu<zsere, to ask (?) ]. 
One who conducts a quiz. 

Quotidian {kwot-id' -e-an) \_quot, as many as ; 
dies, day]. I. Recurring every day. 2. An 
intermittent fever, the paroxysms of which 
recur daily. Q., Double, a fever having 
two paroxysms a day, usually differing in 
character. 



R 



R. The abbreviation of Recipe, take ; of right, 
of Reaumur, and of resistance (electric). 

Rabic {j'ab'ik) [rabies, rage]. Pertaining to 
rabies, as R. virus. 

Rabid (rab / -id) \i-abidus, mad]. Affected 
with rabies, or hydrophobia ; pertaining to 
rabies, as R. virus. 

Rabies {i-a'-be-es) [L.]. Lyssa, or hydro- 
phobia. The latter term is generally applied 
to the human disease consequent upon the 
bite of a rabid dog or other animal. Rabies 
is an acute infectious disease of animals de- 
pendent upon a specific virus, and commu- 
nicable to man by inoculation. All animals 
are liable to the disease, but it occurs most 
frequently in the wolf, the cat, and the dog, 
and is chiefly propagated by the latter, which 
is specially susceptible. The nature of the 
poison is as yet unknown ; it has a special 
affinity for the nervous system, and is found 
in the secretions, particularly in the saliva. 
See Hydrophobia. 

Racemose (ras / -e-mos) \racemus , a bunch 
of grapes]. Resembling a bunch of grapes, 
as R. gland. R. Aneurysm, aneurysm by 
anastomosis. 

Rachialgia ( ra-ke-al' '-je-ah) [paxtQ, spine ; 
akyoq, pain]. Neuralgic pain in the spinal 
column. 

Rachidial (ra-kid f -e-al) \_paxig, the spine]. 
Pertaining to the spine. 

Rachidian (ra-kid' '-e-an) [p&xig, spine]. 
Spinal ; vertebral. 

Rachilysis {ra-kW '-is-is)[p&xig, spine; \vatg, 
a loosening]. A method of correcting lat- 
eral curvature of the spine by appropriate 
traction and pressure. 



Rachiodynia (ra - ke - - din f - e - ah) \paxig, 
spine ; bdvvrj, pain]. Spasmodic pain in the 
spinal column. 

Rachiotomy (ra-ke-ot^-o-me) [p&xig, spine ; 
refivELV, to cut]. I. The operation of cutting 
into or through the vertebral column. 2. 
The operation of cutting through the spine 
of the fetus to facilitate delivery. 

Rachischisis (i-a-kis f -kis-is). See Spina 
bifida. 

Rachitic {ra-kit'-ik) [p&xig, spine ; eric, in- 
flammation]. Affected with, resembling, or 
produced by rachitis ; rickety. R. Rosary, 
the row of nodules appearing on the ribs, at 
their junction with the cartilages, in rachitis. 

Rachitis {ra - ki f - tis) [p&xt-Q, spine ; trig, 
inflammation]. Rickets, a constitutional dis- 
ease of infancy, characterized by impaired 
nutrition and changes in the bones, the 
symptoms being a diffuse soreness of the 
body, slight fever, and profuse sweating 
about the head and neck, and changes in the 
osseous system, consisting in a thickening of 
the epiphyseal cartilages and periosteum and 
a softening of the bones. Through the ac- 
tion of the muscles on the soft bones various 
deformities are produced, while the perios- 
teal hyperplasia leads to nodular hyperostoses, 
especially about the head, giving the latter a 
square appearance (caput quadratum). Den- 
tition and closure of the fontanels are de- 
layed. Nervous symptoms are often present, 
as feverishness, laryngismus stridulus, and 
convulsions. The liver and spleen are usually 
enlarged. The etiology is obscure — it 
has been ascribed to deficiency in the earthy 
salts, to defect in the osteoblasts, and to 



RADESYGE 



542 



RAMUS 



microorganismal infection. R. adultorum, 
osteomalacia ; mollities ossium. 

Radesyge (rah-da-sue' -ge) [Norwegian]. A 
disease also known as Scandinavian syphilis, 
or Norwegian leprosy, and characterized by 
ulceration and other cutaneous lesions. It 
is probable that under the name of R. are 
included syphilitic and leprous lesions. 

Radiad (ra' '-de-ad) [radius, a spoke ; ad, 
toward]. Toward the radial side. 

Radial (ra'-de-al) [radius, a spoke]. I. 
Radiating ; diverging from a common center. 
2. Pertaining to or in relation with the radius 
or bone of the forearm, as the R. artery. 

Radiant (ra' - de - ant ) [radius, a spoke]. 
Radiating ; diverging from a common center. 

Radiate (ra' ' -de-dt ) [radius, a spoke] . Di- 
verging from a central point. 

Radiation (ra-de-a' -shun) [radiare, to radi- 
ate]. I. The act of radiating or diverging 
from a central point, as R. of light; diverg- 
ence from a center ; having the appearance 
of rays. 2. In cerebral anatomy, certain 
groups of fibers that diverge after leaving 
their place of origin. R., Optic, a large 
strand of fibers continuous with those of the 
corona radiata, derived mainly from the 
pulvinar, the external and internal geniculate 
bodies, and the optic tract, and radiating 
into the occipital lobes. R., Striothala- 
mic, a system of fibers connecting the 
corpus striatum with the optic thalamus and 
the subthalamic region. R., Thalamic, cer- 
tain tracts of fibers from the optic thalami, 
that radiate into the hemispheres. 

Radical {rad'-ik-al) [radix, a root]. I. Be- 
longing to the root ; going to the root, or 
attacking the cause of a disease, as a radical 
operation. 2. See Radicle (2d def. ). 

Radicle (rad'-ik-l) [dim. of radix"]. I. A 
little root, as R. of a nerve, one of the 
ultimate fibrils of which a nerve is com- 
posed ; R. of a vein, one of the minute ves- 
sels uniting to form a vein. 2. An atom or 
group of atoms constituting the essential 
part of the molecule of a compound ; a 
group of atoms that remains intact in the 
ordinary decomposition of the molecule ; 
especially a group of atoms that acts in com- 
bination as a simple element but is incapable 
of existence in the free state, as NH 4 , am- 
momium, C 6 H 5 , phenyl. R., Alcohol-, one 
that forms an alcohol when combined with 
the elements of water. 

Radicular (rad-ik f -u-lar). Pertaining to a 
root or to a radicle ; specifically, pertaining 
to the roots of the spinal nerves. 

Radio- (ra'-de-o-) [radius, a spoke] . A pre- 
fix denoting connection with the radius. 

Radiobicipital (ra-de-o-bi-sip' -it-al) [radi- 
tis, radius; biceps, two-headed]. Pertaining 
to the radius and the biceps. 



Radiocarpal (ra-de-o-kar'-pal) [radius, radi- 
us ; napnoq, carpus] . Pertaining to the radius 
and the carpus. 

Radiodigital {ra-de-o-dif -it-al) [radius, ra- 
dius; digitus, a digit]. Pertaining to the 
radius and the fingers. 

Radiography [ra-de-og f -ra-fe). See Skiagra- 
phy. 

Radiohumeral (ra-de-o-hti'-mer-al) [radius, 
radius ; humerus, the humerus]. Pertaining 
to the radius and the humerus. 

Radiopalmar (ra-de-o-paV -mar) [radius, ra- 
dius ; palma, palm]. Pertaining to the radius 
and the palm. 

Radioulnar (ra-de-o-uF -nar) [radius, radius ; 
ulna, ulna]. Pertaining to the radius and ulna. 

Radius (I'a'-de-us) [radius, a spoke of a 
wheel]. I. A ray. 2. The outer of the 
two bones of the forearm. 

Radix (ra'-dix) [L.]. A root. 

Radzyge (rad-zi'-ge). See Radesyge. 

Rag-picker's disease, " Hadernkrankheit. " 
An acute febrile disease occurring in work- 
men engaged in sorting rags in paper-factories. 
It is supposed to be due to the inhalation of 
anthrax-bacilli or spores, and is characterized 
by an exudation into the pulmonary tissue, 
bronchial glands, and pleural cavity. 

Railway-spine. A term given by Erichsen 
to a varied group of spinal symptoms con- 
sequent on slight injuries or concussions re- 
ceived in railway-accidents. The condition 
is classed with the traumatic neuroses, and is 
a form of neurasthemia. It is frequently a 
cause for litigation. See Erichsen 's Disease. 

Rainey's Corpuscles or Tubes. Psoro- 
sperms occurring in the muscles of the pig 
and other animals. 

Raisins (ra f -zins). Dried grapes. 

Rale (rahl) [Fr. , raler, to rattle]. An ad- 
ventitious sound heard over the chest during 
respiration and indicating some local disturb- 
ance. Rales are either dry or moist (pro- 
duced by the bubbling of air through liquid), 
sonorous or sibilant. They are also classified 
according to their place of production, into 
laryngeal, tracheal, bronchial, vesicular, cav- 
ernous, pleural, pericardial. A table of 
rales is appended. 

Ramification (ram-e-fik-a' -shun) [ramus, a 
branch; facere, to make]. I. The act or 
state of branching. 2. A branch. 

Ramify (ram'-e-Ji) [ramus, a branch ; facere, 
to make]. To form branches ; to branch. 

Ramus (ra'-mus) [L.]. I. A branch, espe- 
cially of a vein, artery, or nerve. 2. A slender 
process of bone projecting like a branch or 
twig from a large bone, as the R. of the 
lower jaw ; ascending R. of the ischium ; 
ascending or horizontal R. of the pubes. R. 
communicans, a branch of a spinal nerve 
connecting it with the sympathetic ganglia. 



RALES 543 RALES 

TABLE OF RALES. 



Variety. 


When Heard. 


How and Where 
Produced. 


Character. 


Condition in which 
Heard. 


Amphoric. 


Inspiration and 
expiration. 


By movement of air in 
a tense-walled cavity 
containing air and 
communicating with 
a bronchus. 


Large, musical, 
and tinkling. 


In tuberculous and ab- 
scess-cavities. 


Bubbling, large. 


Inspiration and 
expiration. 


By passage of air 
through frothy mucus 
in the trachea and 
larger bronchi. 


Larger than the 
medium bub- 
bling; moist. 


Bronchitis and pulmon- 
ary engorgement. 


Bubbling, me- 
dium. 


Inspiration and 
expiration. 


By passage of air 
through mucus in the 
larger tubes. 


Larger than the 
small bubbling; 
moist. 


In capillary bronchitis, 
especially in children. 


Bubbling, 
small. 


Inspiration and 
expiration. 


By passage of air 
through mucus in the 
bronchioles. 


Small, moist ; like 
the bursting of 
small bubbles. 


In capillary bronchitis, 
especially in children. 


Cavernous. 


Inspiration and 
expiration. 


By passage of air 
through a small cavity 
with flaccid walls, 
that collapse with ex- 
piration. 


Hollow and metal- 
lic. 


In the third stage of 
pulmonary tubercu- 
losis. 


Clicking. 


Inspiration only. 


By passage of air 
through s o f t e n i n g 
material in smaller 
bronchi. 


Small, sticky. 


In pulmonary tuber- 
culosis, early stage. 


Consonating. 


Inspiration and 
expiration. 


When bronchial tubes 
are surrounded by 
consolidated tissue. 


Bright, clear, ring- 
ing. 


Tuberculous pneu- 
monia. 


Crackling, dry. 


In inspiration. 


By the breaking down 
of lung-tissue. 


Sharp, short, and 
clicking. 


In the second or soften- 
ing stage of pulmon- 
ary tuberculosis and 
in pulmonary gan- 
grene. 


Crackling, 

large. 


Inspiration and 
expiration. 


By fluid in very small 
cavities. 


Larger than the 
medium crack- 
ling; dry. 


In pulmonary tuber- 
culosis and pneu- 
monia, after forma- 
tion of small cavities. 


Crackling, 
medium. 


Chiefly in inspira- 
tion. 


By fluid in the finer 
bronchi. 


Larger than the 
small crackling; 
dry. 


Softening of tuber- 
culous deposit or 
pneumonic exuda- 
tion. 


Crackling, 
small. 


Chiefly in inspira- 
tion. 


By fluid in the finer 
bronchi. 


Small, dry ; like 
the breaking of 
small shells. 


Softening of tuber- 
culous deposit or 
pneumonic exuda- 
tion. 


Crepitant. 


End of inspiration. 


By passage of air into 
vesicles collapsed, or 
containing fibrinous 
exudation. Usually 
at the base of the 
lungs. 


Small; like rub- 
bing the hair be- 
tween the fing- 
ers. 


Pneumonia, early 
stage; edema of 
lungs; hypostatic 
pneumonia ; localized 
in pulmonary tuber- 
culosis. 


Dry. 


Inspiration and 
expiration. 


By narrowing of the 
bronchial tubes from 
thickening of the mu- 
cous lining, from spas- 
modic contraction of 
the muscular coat, 
viscid mucus within, 
or pressure from with- 
out. 


Large and sono- 
rous, or small 
and hissing, or 
whistling. 


In bronchitis, asthma, 
and localized in be- 
ginning pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 



RANCID 544 RAPHE 

TABLE OF RALES.— Continued. 



Variety. 



When Heard. 



How and Where 
Produced. 



Character. 



Condition in which 
Heard. 



Extrathoracic. 



In the trachea or larvnx. 



Friction. 


Inspiration and 
expiration ; most 
distinct at the 
end of inspira- 
tion. 


By the rubbing together 
of serous surfaces, 
roughened by inflam- 
mation or deprived of 
their natural secre- 
tion. 


Grazing, rubbing, 
grating, creak- 
ing, or crackling. 


In pleurisy and peri- 
carditis. 


Gurgling. 


Inspiration and 
expiration. 


By the passage of air Larger than the Pulmonary tuberculo- 
through fluid in cavi- large bubbling ; ; sis after formatiou of 
ties, on coughing. moist ; like the ] cavities. 

bursting of large j 

bubbles. 


Guttural. 




In the throat. 


Moist. 




By the passage of air 
through bronchi con- 
taining fluid. 




Mucous (of 
Laennec). 


Inspiration and 
expiration. 


By viscid bubbles burst- 
ing in the bronchial 
tubes. 


A modification of 
the subcrepitant. 


Pulmonary emphyse- 
ma. 













Rale redux, 
ralederetour. 



Inspiration and 
expiration. 



By the passage of air Crackling, un- 
through fluid in a equal, 
bronchial tube. 



Sibilant. 



Sonorous. 



Inspiration 
expiration. 



and 



By narrowing of the 
smaller bronchi from 
viscid mucus adher- 
ing to the walls, from 
thickening of the lin- 
ing membrane or spas- 
modic contraction. 



High-pitched and 
even hissing or 
piping. 



In pneumonia, in the 
stage of resolution. 



In bronchitis, asthma, 
and localized in be- 
ginning pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 



Inspiration 
expiration. 



and 



By lessened caliber of 
the larger bronchi, I 
from spasm, tumefac- 
tion of mucous lining i 
or external pressure, i 



Low-pitched and Most frequent in bron- 
snoring. chitis and spasmodic 

asthma. 



Subcrepitant. 



Inspiration and By passage of air Small, moist, 
expiration. through mucus in the 

capillary bronchial 
I tubes. 



Capillary bronchitis. 



Rancid (ran'-sid) \rancidus, sour]. Having a 
rank or musty smell or taste ; a term applied 
to fats and oils that have undergone decom- 
position with the development of volatile 
principles. 

Rancidity {ran-sid'-it-e) [rancidzts, rancid]. 
The state of being rancid. 

Range [ranj) [Fr. ranger, to dispose]. 
Scope, extent. R. of Accommodation. 
See Accommodation. 

Ranine [ra'-nen) \_rana, a frog] . I. Pertain- 
ing to a frog. 2. Pertaining to a ranula or 
to the region in which a ranula occurs, as R. 
artery. 

Ranula (ran'-u-laJi) \rana, frog]. A cystic 
tumor beneath the tongue, due to the occlu- 
sion of the duct of the sublingual or submax- 



illary gland, or of a mucous gland of the floor 
of the mouth ; frog-tongue. 

Ranvier's Nodes (ron(g) / -ve-az) [Ranvier, 
a French histologist] . See Node. 

Rape (rap) [rapere, to seize]. Sexual inter- 
course with a woman against her will or with- 
out her consent. 

Raphania (ra-fa f -ne-ah) [paoavig, radish]. 
A nervous affection attended with spasmodic 
disorder of the joints and the limbs. It has 
been attributed to a poisonous principle in the 
seeds of the wild radish, which become mixed 
with grain. The affection is allied to ergot- 
ism and pellagra. 

Raphe (ra/ / -a) \_pdorj, a seam]. A seam or 
ridge, especially one indicating the line of 
junction of two symmetric halves. 



RAREFACTION 



545 



REACTION 



Rarefaction (rar-e-fak' -shioi) [rarus, rare ; 
facere t to make]. The act of rarefying or 
of decreasing the density of a substance, es- 
pecially the air. R. of Bone, the process of 
rendering bone more porous. 

Rarefy [ra?-re-Ji) \_rarus, rare ; facere, to 
make]. To make less dense or more porous. 

Rarefying Osteitis. See Osteoporosis. 

Rash [OF., rasche, from radere, to scrape]. 
A superficial eruption of the skin or mucous 
membrane. R., Caterpillar-, a localized 
eruption attributed to the irritant action of 
the hairs of certain caterpillars. R., Drug-, 
one produced by drugs. R., Medicinal. See 
R., Drug-. R., Mulberry-, an eruption re- 
sembling an exanthem of measles, sometimes 
occurring in typhus. R., Nettle-. See 
Urticaria. R., Rose-. See Roseola. R., 
Scarlet. See Scarlet Fever. R., Tooth-, 
any rash attributed to dentition. 

Raspatory (ras' '-pa-to-re) [raspatorium, from 
radere, to scrape]. A rasp or file for trim- 
ming the rough surfaces of bones or for re- 
moving the periosteum. 

Raspberry (raz'-ber-e) . The fruit of Rubus 
idaeus, a plant of the order Rosacese. A 
syrup (Syrupus rubi idaei, U. S. P.) is used 
as a vehicle and as a drink in fevers. 

Rasura (ra-zu'-rah) [L.]. I. The process 
of rasping, shaving, or scraping. 2. Scrap- 
ings ; filings. 

Ratanhia, Ratany (rat-an'-e-ah, rat r -an-e) 
[Peruv. , ratana\ See Kra?neria. 

Rathke's Pouch (rat'-kaz) [M. H. Rath- 
ke, a German anatomist]. A diverticulum 
from the oral cavity into the cranial cavity, 
forming the anterior lobe of the pituitary 
body. 

Rational ( ra f - short -al) [ ratio, reason ]. 
Based upon reason ; reasonable. In thera- 
peutics, opposed to empiric. R. Formula, 
in chemistry, a structural formula. See 
Formula. R. Symptoms, the symptoms 
elicited by questioning the patient, as op- 
posed to those ascertained by physical exam- 
ination. 

Ratsbane (ratz'-ban). I. Arsenous trioxid. 
2. A name given to any rat-poison contain- 
ing arsenic. 

Rattle (rat' -I) [AS., hrcetelan, to rattle]. A 

rale. R., Death-, a gurgling sound ob- 

, served in dying persons, due to the passage 

of the air through mucus in the trachea. 
: Rau, Process of. The long process at the 
junction of the handle with the neck of the 
malleus. 

Rauber's Layer. A superficial stratum of flat 
cells occurring in the center of the embryonal 
spot at an early stage in the development of 
the blastodermic membranes. 

Rauschbrand (rowsh'-brond). The German 
name for black-leg. 

35 



Ray (rd) [radius, ray]. I. A beam of light 
or heat ; one of the component elements of 
light or heat. 2. One of a number of lines 
diverging from a common center. R., Ac- 
tinic, a solar ray that produces chemic 
changes. R., Cathode, R., Rontgen. See 
X-rays. R., Chemic. See R. , Actinic^ 
R.-fungus. See Actinomyces. R . , M e dul'- 
lary, of the Kidney, any one of the bundles 
of tubules that are the continuation into the 
cortex of the Malpighian pyramids. 

Raynaud's Disease (ra-noz). A trophoneu- 
rosis characterized by three grades of inten- 
sity : (a) Local syncope, observed most fre- 
quently in the extremities, and producing the 
condition known as dead fingers or dead toes. 
(b) Local asphyxia, which usually follows 
local syncope, but may develop independ- 
ently. The fingers, toes, and ears are the 
parts usually affected. In the most extreme 
degree the parts are swollen, stiff, and livid, 
and the capillary circulation is almost stag- 
nant, (c) Local or symmetric gangrene. 
Small areas of necrosis appear on the pads of 
the fingers and of the toes, also at the edges 
of the ears and tip of the nose. Occasion- 
ally symmetric patches are seen on the limbs 
or trunk, and in severe cases terminate in ex- 
tensive gangrene. Some cases are attended 
by hemoglobinuria. The pathology of the 
disease is obscure. 

Re-. A Latin prefix signifying back or again. 

Reaction (re - ak f - shzin) [re, again ; agere, 
to act]. I. Counteraction ; opposite action ; 
interaction. 2. The response of an organ 
or part to a stimulus. 3. In chemistry, (a) 
interaction of two or more substances when 
brought in contact ; (b) the response to a 
certain test, as Acid R. , Alkaline R. , 
responding to the test for acid and alkali 
respectively. R., Amphigenous, R., Am- 
photeric. See Amphoteric. R. of De- 
generation, the R. obtained when an elec- 
tric stimulus is applied to a muscle deprived 
of its trophic nerve-influence. It is charac- 
terized by the following conditions : Dimi- 
nution or abolition of the excitability of the 
muscles for the faradic current, with a tem- 
porary increase in excitability for the galvanic 
current. In the nerves there is a diminution 
or abolition of both faradic and galvanic ex- 
citability. The reactions of the muscle to 
the galvanic current (the true R. of degener- 
ation) may be formulated as follows : — 

An C1C < CaCIC 
An OC > CaOC 
An C1C = CaCIC 
An OC = CaOC 
An C1C > CaCIC 



Muscle normal. 

Muscle in first stage of 

degeneration. 
Muscle in more advanced 



\ 

An OC < CaOC f stage of degeneration. 
AnCIC = anodal closing contraction ; AnOC = 
anodal opening contraction ; CaCIC = cathodal 
closing contraction ; CaOC = cathodal opening 
contraction. 



REAGENT 



546 



RED 



R., Electric, a response in a muscle or a part 
produced by electric stimulation. R. of Ex- 
haustion, a variety of R. to electric excitation 
seen in states of exhaustion, in which a cer- 
tain reaction produced by a given current- 
strength cannot be reproduced without an in- 
crease of current-strength. R., Hemiopic 
Pupillary, of Wernicke, a reaction obtained 
in some cases of hemianopia in which a 
pencil of light thrown on the blind side of the 
retina gives rise to no movement in the iris, 
but thrown upon the normal side produces 
contraction of the iris. It indicates that the 
lesion producing the hemianopia is situated 
at or anterior to the geniculate bodies. R., 
Myotonic, a R. seen in Thomsen's disease, 
in which there is quantitative increase in the 
faradic excitability. R., Neutral, a R. indi- 
cating the absence of both acid and alkaline 
properties. R. -period, R.-time, the interval 
between the application of a stimulus and the 
beginning of the corresponding motor act. 

Reagent (re-a' '-jent) [re, again ; agere, to 
act] . A substance used to produce a chemic 
reaction. 

Real Focus. See Fonts. R. Image. See 
Image. 

Realgar (re-aV-gar) [Arab., dust of the 
mine ; rahj, dust ; al, the ; ghdr, mine] . Ar- 
senous disulphid, As. 2 S 2 . 

Reamputation (re-am -pu- ta / -shun) [re, 
again ; amputation'] . An amputation upon 
a member on which the operation has been 
performed before. 

Reaumur's Thermometer. See Ther- 
mo7?ieter. 

Receiver (re-se / -ver) [recipire, to receive]. 

1. The vessel receiving the products of dis- 
tillation. 2. In an air-pump, the jar in which 
the vacuum is produced. 

Receptaculum (re-sep-tak' '-u-lum) [recipere, 
to receive]. A receptacle. R. chyli, the 
sac-like beginning of the thoracic duct oppo- 
site the last dorsal vertebra. 

Recessus (re-ses' '-us) [L.]. A depression or 
recess. R. hemiellipticus. See Fovea 
hemielliptica. R. hemisphaericus. See 
Fovea hemispheric a. R. pharyngeus, a 
pouch-like process of the mucosa of the 
pharynx situated below the opening of the 
Eustachian tube. 

Recipe (res f -ip-e). I. The imperative of recip- 
ere, used as the heading of a physician's pre- 
scription and signifying take. Symbol R . 

2. Also the formula itself. 

Reciprocal Proportions, Law of. See 
Law, Daltofi's. 

Reclination (rek-lin-a* '-shun) [reclinare, to 
recline]. An old operation for cataract, 
called also "couching," in which the lens 
was pushed back into the vitreous chamber. 

Recrement(^^ / -r<?-w<f«/) [recrementum, from 



re, again; crescere, to grow]. A secretion 
that is reabsorbed after fulfilling its function. 

Recrementitous (rek-re-men-tish' -us) [recre- 
ment ] . Pertaining to or of the nature of a 
recrement. 

Recrudescence (re-kru-des' '-ens) [re, again ; 
crudescere, to become raw]. An increase in 
the symptoms of a disease after a remission 
or a short intermission. 

Rectal (rek f -tal). Pertaining to the rectum 
or performed through the rectum. R. Ali- 
mentation. See Alimentation. R. Crises, 
attacks of rectal pain and tenesmus occurring 
in locomotor ataxia. 

Rectification ( rek-tifik-a' -shun ) [rectus, 
straight; facere, to make]. I. A straighten- 
ing, as R. of a crooked limb. 2. The redistil- 
lation of weak spirit in order to strengthen it. 

Rectify (rek'-tif-i) [rectus, straight; facere, 
to make] . To make right or straight ; to re- 
fine. Rectified Spirit, alcohol containing 
84 per cent, of spirit. 

Rectitis (rek-W '-tis) . See Proctitis. 

Recto- (re¥-to-). A prefix meaning pertain- 
ing to the rectum. 

Rectocele ( rek f -to-sel ) [rectum, rectum ; 
KrjXri, tumor]. Prolapse of the rectum into 
the vagina. 

Rectotomy (rek-tof '-o-me) [rectum, rectum ; 
T£fj,veiv, to cut]. The operation of cutting 
into the rectum. 

Rectourethral (rek-to-u-re' '-thral) [rectum, 
rectum ; urethra~\. Pertaining to the rectum 
and the urethra. 

Rectouterine (rek - to - u'- ter - in) [rectum, 
rectum ; uterus\. Pertaining to the rectum 
and the uterus. 

Rectovaginal ( rek-to-vaf -in- al) [ rectum, 
rectum; vagina, vagina]. Pertaining to the 
rectum and the vagina. R. Fistula, an 
opening between the vagina and the rectum. 

Rectovesical (rek -to - ves f - ik -al) [rectum. 
rectum; vesica, the bladder]. Pertaining 
to the rectum and the bladder. 

Rectum (rek ; -tum) [rectus, straight]. The 
lower part of the large intestine, extending 
from the sigmoid flexure to the anus. It be- 
gins opposite the left sacroiliac synchondrosis, 
passes obliquely downward to the middle of 
the sacrum, and thence descends in the 
median line to terminate at the anus. 

Rectus (rek'-tus) [L.]. Straight; applied 
to anything having a straight course, as an 
artery (arteriaa rectae of the kidney) or a mus- 
cle. R. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Recurrens (re-kur ; -renz) [re, back ; currere, 
to run]. Relapsing fever. 

Recurrent (re-kur f -ent) [re, back; currere, 
to run]. I. Returning. 2. In anatomy, 
turning back in its course, as R. laryngeal 
nerve. R. Fever, relapsing fever. 

Red [AS., redd, red]. The least refrangible 



REDUCE 



547 



REFLEX 



of the spectral colors ; of a color resemb- 
ling that of the blood. R. Bark. See Cin- 
chona. R. -blindness. See Blindness, Color-. 
R. Gum, a red papular eruption of infants ; 
also called strophulus. R. Lead, red lead 
oxid, formerly used in plasters. R. Nucleus. 
See Nucleus. R. Pepper. See Capsicum. 
R. Precipitate. See Mercury. R. Soften- 
ing, a form of acute softening of the brain 
or spinal cord, characterized by a red puncti- 
form appearance due to the presence of blood. 

Reduce [re-dus*) [re, back ; ducere, to lead]. 
I. To restore a part to its normal relations, as 
to R. a hernia or fracture. 2. In chemistry, 
to bring back to the metallic form ; to deprive 
of oxygen. 

Reduced (re-dilsd') [re, back ; ducere, to 
lead]. I. Restored to the proper place. 2. 
In chemistry, brought back into the metallic 
form as R. iron. 3. Diminished in size. 
R. Eye. See Eye. 

Reducible (re-du'-sibl) [re, back ; ducere, 
to lead]. Capable of being reduced. 

Reducin {re-du f -sin). A leukomain, C 12 - 
H 24 N 6 9 , found in urine. 

Reduction (re-duk'-shuti) [re, back ; ducere, 
to lead]. The act of reducing. R. en 
masse, the R. of a strangulated hernia still 
surrounded by its sac, thus failing to relieve 
the strangulation. 

Reduplicated (re-du'-plik-a-ted) [re, again; 
duplicare, to double] . Doubled, as R. heart- 
sounds. See Reduplication. 



Reduplication (re-du-plik-a'-shun) [re, again; 
duplicare, to double]. A doubling. R. of 
the Heart-sounds, a doubling of either the 
first or second sound of the heart. 

Redux (re'-duks) [L.]. Returning. R., 
Crepitus, the small mucous rales heard in 
the early stage of the resolution of lobar 
pneumonia. 

Reel, Cerebellar. The peculiar staggering 
gait in diseases of the cerebellum, particularly 
in tumor. 

Refine (re-fin') [re, again ; finire, to finish]. 
To purify ; to separate a substance from 
foreign matter. 

Reflection (re-flek' -shun) [re, back ; flectere, 
to bend]. A bending or turning back ; 
specifically, the turning back of a ray of light 
from a surface upon which it impinges without 
penetrating. 

Reflector (re-flek f -tor) [re, back ; flectere, to 
bend] . A polished surface by which light is 
reflected. 

Reflex (re f -fleks)[re, back ; flectere, to bend]. 
I . Anything reflected or thrown back. 2. A 
reflex act. R. Act, an act following im- 
mediately upon a stimulus without the inter- 
vention of the will. R. Arc, the mechanism 
necessary for a R. action ; it consists of an 
afferent or sensory nerve ; a nerve-center to 
change this sensory impulse into a motor 
one ; and an efferent or motor nerve to carry 
a motor impulse to the muscle or group of 
muscles. 



TABLE OF REFLEXES. 



Name. 


How Obtained. 


Effect Produced. 


Significance. 


Abdominal. 


Sharp, sudden stroking 
of abdominal wall from 
margin of ribs down- 
ward. 


Contraction of muscles about 
umbilicus. 


Shows integrity of spinal 
cord from eighth to 
twelfth dorsal nerve. 


Ankle-clonus. 


By sudden complete 
flexion of foot, by press- 
ing hand against sole. 


Clonic contractions of tendo 
Achillis, dependent upon al- 
ternate contraction and re- 
laxation of anterior tibial 
and calf-muscles. 




Biceps. 


Tapping tendon of bi- 
ceps. 


Contraction of biceps muscle. 


Normal; increased by 
causes increasing knee- 
jerk. 


Bulbocavernous. 


See Virile. 






Chin. See Jaw-jerk. 






Ciliospinal. ' By irritation of the skin 
j of the neck. 


Pupillary dilatation. 




Corneal. Same as Eyelid-closure. 






Cremasteric. 


Stimulation of skin on 
front and inner aspect 
of thigh. 


Retraction of testicle on same 
side. 


Shows integrity of cord be- 
tween the first and second 
pairs of lumbar nerves. 



REFLEX 548 REFLEX 

TABLE OF REFLEXES.— Continued. 



Name. 



Crossed. 



How Obtained. 



Stimulation of one side 
of body. 



Effect Produced. 



Significance. 



Reflex on opposite side of 
bodv. 



Deep. 



Reflexes developed by percussion of tendons or bones. 



Dorsal. 



Same as Erector spina. 



Epigastric. 



Stimulation of skin in 
fifth or sixth intercos- 
tal space near axilla. 



Dimpling in the epigastrium, 
due to contraction of the 
highest fibers of the rectus 
abdominis muscle. 



Shows integrity of cord 
from fourth to seventh 
dorsal nerves. 



Erector spinae. 



Evelid-closure. 



Femoral. 



Front-tap. 



Gluteal. 



Interscapular. 



Iris-contraction. 



Jaw-jerk, or jaw- 
clonus. 



Knee-jerk. 



Laryngeal. 



Lumbar. 



Nasal. 



Obliquus. 



Palatal. 



Stimulation of skin 
along border of erector 
spinae muscle. 



Local contraction of these 
muscles. 



Integrity of dorsal region 
of cord. 



Irritation of conjunctiva. 



Closure of lid. 



Irritation of s k i n on 
upper anterior aspect 
of thigh. 



Plantar flexion of first three 
toes and of the foot, and ex- 
tension of the knee-joint. 



See Tendo Achillis. 



Firm sudden stroking of 
skin over buttock. 



See Scapular. 



See Pupillary. 



Downward stroke with 
a hammer on the lower 
jaw hanging passively 
or gently supported by 
the hand. 



By striking patellar ten- 
don after rendering it 
tense by flexing the 
knee at right angle. 



Irritation of fauces 
larynx, etc. 



Same as Erector spina. 



Irritation of Schneide- 
rian membrane. 



Irritation of skin below 
Poupart's ligament. 



Irritation of palate. 



Contraction of glutei. 



Clonic movements of inferior 
maxilla. 



Contraction of quadriceps 
muscle, the foot being jerked 
forward. 



Cough. 



Sneezing. 



Contraction of fibers of exter- 
nal oblique in females ; cor- 
responds to cremasteric in 
males, although it can also 
be caused in males. 



Disease of spinal cord, £.£-., 
in some cases of trans- 
verse mvelitis. 



Shows integrity of cord at 
fourth and fifth lumbar 
nerves. 



Rarely present in health ; 
increased in sclerosis of 
lateral columns of cord. 



Normal in health. Absent 
in locomotor ataxia, de- 
structive lesions of lower 
part of cord, multiple 
neuritis, affections of 
the anterior gray corona, 
infantile paralysis, men- 
ingitis, diphtheric par- 
alysis, atrophic palsy, 
pseudohypertrophic 
muscular paralysis, dia- 
betes, etc. Increased in 
diseases of the pyramidal 
tracts, in spinal irrita- 
bility, tumors of brain, 
cerebrospinal sclerosis, 
lateral sclerosis, after 
epileptic seizures or uni- 
lateral convulsions. 



Swallowing. 



Palmar. 



Tickling of palm. 



Contraction of digital flexors. 



Shows that cervical region 
of cord is normal. 



. - te'.'.ar. 



Same as Knee-jerk. 



Patellar, Paradox- 
ic. 



Percussing patellar ten- 
don with the patient in 
the dorsal decubitus. 



Contraction of the adductor, 
but not of the quadriceps 
muscle. If the patient be in 
the sitting posture the nor- 
mal reflex is elicited. 



Spinal concussion. 



Per.is. 



See Virile. 



Periosteal. 



Tapping the bones of 
the forearm or leg. 



Sharp contractions 
muscles. 



of the 



Indicates disease of the 
lateral columns of spinal 
cord. 



REFRACT 549 REFRACTIVITY 

TABLE OF REFLEXES.— Continued. 



Name. 


How Obtained. 


Effect Produced. 


Significance. 


Peroneal. 


Stroke on peroneal mus- 
cles when tense or 
when the foot is turned 
inward. 


Reflex movements. 




Pharyngeal. 


Irritation of pharynx. 


Swallowing. 




Plantar. 


Stroking sole of foot. 


Contraction of toes. 




Platysma. 


Pinching the platysma 
myoides muscle. 


Dilatation of pupil. 




Pupillary. 


Exposure of retina to 
light. 


Contraction of iris. 


Absent in basal meningi- 
tis, etc*. 


Pupillary, para- 
doxic. 


Stimulation of retina by- 
light. 


Dilatation of pupil. 




Scapular. 


Irritation of interscapu- 
lar region. 


Contraction of scapular mus- 
cles. 


Shows integrity of cord be- 
tween upper two or three 
dorsal and lower two or 
three cervical nerves. 


Skin. 


See Platysma. 






Sole. 


Same as Plantar. 






Spinal. 


Those reflex actions emanating from centers in the spinal cord. 


Superficial. 


Such as are developed from irritation of the skin. 


Tendo Achillis, or 
front-tap contrac- 
tion. 


By striking muscles on 
anterior part of leg, 
while in extension, the 
foot being extended by 
the hand upon the sole. 


Reflex contraction of gastroc- 
nemius. 


Considered as a delicate 
test of heightened spinal 
irritability. 


Toe. 


Strong flexion of great 
toe. 


Involuntary flexion of foot, 
then flexion of leg, and, 
lastly, flexion of the thigh on 
the pelvis. 


Met with in cases in which 
the knee-jerk and other 
tendon-reflexes are 
strongly developed. 


Virile. 


Sharp percussion of 
back of penis, the 
sheath having been 
made tense. 


Retraction of bulbocavernous 
portion. 


Occurs in health. 


Wrist-clonus. 


By pressing hand back- 
ward, causing extreme 
extension. 


A series of jerking move- 
ments of the hand. 


In the late rigidity of 
hemiplegia. 



Refract (re-frakt') [re, back ; frangere, to 
break]. I. To bend back. 2. To change 
direction by refraction. 3. To estimate the 
degree of ametropia present in an eye. 

Refracta dosi (re-frak'-tah do' -si) [L.]. In 
broken doses. 

Refraction {re-frak* 'shun) [re, back ; fran- 
gere, to break]. I. The act of refracting or 
bending back. 2. The deviation of a ray of 
light from a straight line in passing obliquely 
from one transparent medium to another of 
different density. 3. The state of refractive 
power, especially of the eye ; the ametropia 
or emmetropia present. R., Angle of, the 
angle formed by a refracted ray of light with 
the perpendicular at the point of refraction. 



R., Double, the power possessed by certain 
substances, as Iceland-spar, of dividing a ray 
of light and thus producing a double image of 
an object. R., Dynamic, the static refraction 
of the eye, plus that secured by the action of 
the accommodative apparatus. R., Index 
of, the refractive power of any substance as 
compared with air. It is the quotient of the 
angle of incidence divided by the angle of 
refraction of a ray passing through the sub- 
stance. R., Static, that of the eye when 
accommodation is at rest. 

Refractive {re-frak' '-tiv) [re, back ; frangere, 
to break] . Refracting ; capable of refracting 
or bending back ; pertaining to refraction. 

Refractivity {re-frak-tiv' -it-e) [re, back ; 



REFRACTOMETER 



550 



REINSCH'S TEST 



f?-angere, to break]. Power of refraction ; 
ability to refract. 

Refractometer (re-frak-tom' '-et-er)[re , back ; 

frangere, to break ; jierpov, measure]. I. 
An instrument for measuring the refraction 
of the eye. 2. An instrument for the deter- 
mination of the refractive indices of liquids. 

Refractory (re-fi-ak' -tor-e) [re, back ; fran- 
gere, to break]. I. Resisting treatment. 2. 
Resisting the action of heat ; slow to melt. 

Refracture (re-frak' '-tilr) [re, back ; fran- 
gere, to break]. The breaking again of frac- 
tured bones that have joined by faulty or 
improper union. 

Refrangibility (re-fran-jib-W '-it-e) [r<f,back; 

frangere, to break]. Capability of undergo- 
ing refraction. 

Refresh (re-fresh f )[re, again ; friscus, new]. 
In surgery, to give to an old lesion the char- 
acter of a fresh wound. 

Refrigerant (re -frij-' - er - ant) [refrigerans, 
from re, again \frigus, cold]. I. Cooling ; les- 
sening fever. 2. A medicine or agent hav- 
ing cooling properties, or lowering body-tem- 
perature. 

Refrigeration (re-frij-er-a' 'shun) [re, again; 

frigus, cold]. The act of lowering the tem- 
perature of a body, by conducting away its 
heat to a surrounding cooler substance. 

Refusion [re-fu* '-zhzm) [refusio, an over- 
flowing]. The act of withdrawing blood 
from the vessels, exposing it to the oxygen of 
the air, and passing it back again. 

Regeneration (re-jen-er-a' 'shun) [re, again ; 
generare, to beget]. The repair of lost or 
diseased structures. 

Regimen (ref -im-en) [regere, to rule] . The 
regulated use of food, and the sanitary ar- 
rangement of surroundings to suit existing 
conditions of health or disease. 

Region (re f -jun) [regio, a region]. One of 
the divisions of the body, possessing either 
natural or arbitrary boundaries. Rs. of the 
Abdomen. See Abdomen. R., Epigastric. 
See Abdomen. R., Hypochondriac. See 
Abdomeyt. R., Hypogastric. See Abdomen. 
R., Iliac. See Abdomen. R., Infraaxillary, 
the space between the anterior and posterior 
axillary lines. R., Infraclavicular, the 
space just below the clavicle. R., Infra- 
mammary, the space between a line drawn 
along the upper border of the xiphoid cartil- 
age and the margin of the false ribs. R., In- 
frascapular, the region on either side of 
the vertebral column below a horizontal line 
drawn through the inferior angle of each 
scapula. R., Infraspinous, that included 
between the spine of the scapula and a line 
passing through the angle of the scapula. 
R., Inguinal, the region of the groin. R., 
Interscapular, the space between the 
scapulae. R., Ischiorectal, the region be- 



tween the ischium and the rectum. R., 
Lumbar. See Abdomen. R., Mammary, 
the space on the anterior surface of the chest 
between the third and the sixth ribs. R., 
Precordial, the surface of the chest covering 
the heart. R., Supraclavicular, the space 
above the clavicle. R., Supraspinous, the 
region corresponding to the supraspinous 
fossa of the scapula. R., Umbilical. See 
Abdomen. 

Regional (re' '- jun-al) [region~\. Pertaining 
to a region. R. Anatomy, the branch of 
anatomy that treats of the relations of the 
structures in a region of the body to each 
other and to the body-surface. 

Regressive (re-gres' '-iv) [><f,back; gradi, to 
go]. Going back, returning, subsiding. 

Regular (reg'-u-lar) [regere, to rule]. Ac- 
cording to rule or custom. R. School of 
Medicine, the great mass of the profession, 
whose practice is based on the results of ex- 
perience and experimental research without 
adherence to any exclusive theory of thera- 
peutics. R. Physician, one belonging to the 
regular school. 

Regurgitation (re-gur-jit-a' 'shun)[re, again ; 
gurgitare, to engulf]. I. A back-flow of 
blood through a heart-valve that is defective. 
2. The return of food from the stomach to 
the mouth soon after eating, without the or- 
dinary efforts of vomiting. 

Reichert's Cartilage. The cartilaginous 
structure that appears in the embryo on the 
hyoid arch, eventually becoming the styloid 
process, the stylohyoid ligament, and the 
lesser cornu of the hyoid bone. 

Reichmann's Disease. A chronic disease 
of the stomach characterized by permanent 
gastric hypersecretion, associated with 
marked dilatation of the stomach, with thick- 
ening of its walls, and hypertrophy of the 
glands. It is accompanied by violent attacks 
of pain with vomiting, and may be followed 
by the formation of a round ulcer on the wall 
of the stomach. 

Reid's Base Line. A line drawn from the in- 
fraorbital ridge through the middle of the ex- 
ternal auditory meatus, and used for localiz- 
ing the fissures of the brain on the skull. 

Reil, Island of. See Island of Reil. 

Reimplantation (re-im-plan-ta' 'shun) [re, 
again ; plantare, to plant]. In dental sur- 
gery, the replacing of a drawn tooth into its 
socket. 

Reinfection (re-in-fek' shzin) [re, again ; in- 

ficere, to infect]. Infection a second time 
with the same kind of virus. 

Reinoculation (re - in - ok-u- la'shuii) [re, 
again; inoculare, to inoculate]. Inoculation 
a second time with the same kind of virus. 

Reinsch's Test. A test for arsenic. The 
suspected fluid is strongly acidulated with 



REINVERSION 



551 



RESILIENCE 



hydrochloric acid and boiled, some slips of 
bright copper being added ; a grayish coating 
on the copper may be shown to be arsenic by 
heating in a glass tube held obliquely, when, 
if it is arsenic, a crystalline coating will be 
sublimated on the glass above the copper. 

Reinversion (re-in-ver' 'shun) [re, again ; 
invertere, to turn upside down]. The act of 
reducing an inverted uterus by the applica- 
tion of pressure to the fundus. 

Reissner's Membrane. The membrane ex- 
tending from the lamina spiralis to the outer 
wall of the cochlea, separating the scala 
media from the scala vestibuli. 

Relapse (re-laps') [re, again ; labi, to fall]. 
A return of an attack of a disease shortly 
after the beginning of convalescence. 

Relapsing Fever. An acute infectious dis- 
ease due to the spirocha?ta Obermaieri. After 
a period of incubation of from five to seven 
days, the disease sets in with chill, fever, and 
pains in the back and limbs. The spleen en- 
larges, sweats and delirium occur, and the 
symptoms continue for five or six days, then 
suddenly cease by crisis. After a variable in- 
terval, usually in about a week, a second par- 
oxysm occurs, which may be followed by a 
third and fourth. The disease prevails where 
conditions of overcrowding and defective food- 
supply obtain ; hence the name, famine- 
fever. 

Relaxant (re-Inks' -ant) [re, again ; laxare, 
to loosen]. I. Loosening ; causing relaxa- 
tion. 2. An agent that diminishes tension. 

Relaxation (re-laks-a' -shun) [re, again ; 
laxare, to loosen]. A dimunition of ten- 
sion in a part ; a diminution in functional 
activity, as, e. g. , R. of the skin. 

Remak's Fibers (rem ' - aks) [Remak, a 
German physiologist]. See Fiber. R.'s 
Ganglion, a ganglion of nerve-cells in the 
sinus venosus of the frog's heart. 

Remedial (re-me'-de-al) [re, again; mederi, 
to heal]. Having the nature of a remedy ; 
relieving ; curative. 

Remedy (rem' -ed-e) [re, again ; mederi, to 
heal]. Anything used in the treatment of 
disease. 

Remission (re-mish'-un) [re, back ; mittere, 
to send]. I . Abatement or subsidence of the 
symptoms of a disease. 2. The period of 
diminution of the symptoms of a disease. 

Remittent (re-mit'-ent) [re, back ; mittere, to 
send]. Characterized by remissions. R. 
Fever, a malarial fever characterized by pe- 
riods of remission without complete apyrexia. 

Ren [L.]. Kidney. 

Renal (re'-nal) [ren, kidney]. Pertaining 
to the kidney. R. Calculus, a concretion 
in the kidney. R. Inadequacy, the condi- 
tion in which the amount of urinary solids, 
and often the quantity of urine itself, is con- 



siderably diminished. It is probably due to 
an exhausted condition of the epithelial cells 
of the kidney. 

Reniform (ren'-e-form) [ren, kidney ; forma, 
form]. Kidney-shaped. 

Rennet (ren'-ef) [AS., rinnan, to run]. The 
prepared inner membrane of the fourth 
stomach of the calf, or an infusion of this 
membrane. It contains a milk-curdling fer- 
ment that decomposes casein. 

Rennin (ren' -in) [AS., rinnan, to run]. The 
milk-curdling ferment of the gastric juice ; 
also called rennet. 

Repellent (re-pel' -ent) [re, back ; pellere, to 
push]. I. Driving back. 2. Causing reso- 
lution of morbid processes. 

Repercolation (re -per - ko - la' - shun) [ re, 
again ; percolare, to percolate] . Repeated 
percolation ; the passage of a percolate for a 
second time, or oftener, through the perco- 
lator. 

Repercussion (re-per-kush' -un) [re, again ; 
percutere, to percuss]. I. Ballottement. 2. A 
driving in or dispersion of a tumor or eruption. 

Repletion (re-ple' -shun) [re, again ; plere, to 
fill]. The condition of being full. 

Reposition (re-po-zish' -un)[re, back ; ponere, 
to place]. The act of returning into place, 
as R. of the uterus. 

Repositor (re-poz'-it-or) [re, back ; ponere, to 
place]. An instrument for replacing parts 
that have become displaced, especially for 
replacing a prolapsed umbilical cord ; an in- 
strument used in the replacement of a dis- 
placed uterus. 

Reproduction (re-pro-duk' -shun) [re, again ; 
producere, to produce]. The act of produc- 
ing again ; the procreation of one's kind ; the 
producing of something like that lost. 

Reproductive (re-pro-duk' -tiv) [re, again ; 
producere, to produce]. Pertaining to re- 
production, as the R. organs. 

Repulsion (re-pul' -shun) [re, back; pellere, 
to drive, to push]. I. The act of repelling 
or driving back or apart. 2. The influence 
tending to drive two bodies apart ; the oppo- 
site of attraction. 

Resection (re-sek' -shun)[re , again ; secare, to 
cut]. The operation of cutting out. R. of 
a Joint, the cutting away of the ends of the 
bones forming a joint, or a portion of bone, 
nerve, or other structure. 

Reserve Air. See Respiration. 

Reservoir of Pecquet (pek-a'). See Recepta- 
culum chyli. 

Residual Air (re-zid'-u-al). See Respiration. 

Residue (rez'-id-u) [re, again ; sedere, to sit] . 
That remaining after a part has been re- 
moved. 

Resilience (re-zW -e-ens) [re, back ; satire, to 
leap]. The quality of being elastic or re- 
silient. 



RESILIENT 



552 



RESPIRATION 



Resilient {re-zil'-e-ent) [r<f, back; salire, to 
leap]. Rebounding; elastic. R. Stricture, 
one that contracts again immediately after 
being dilated. 

Resin (rez f -in) \resina~\. One of a class of 
vegetable substances exuding from various 
plants, and characterized by being soluble in 
alcohol, in ether, and in the volatile oils, and 
insoluble in water ; they are readily fusible, 
and inflammable. They are obtained in 
pharmacy by treating the substances contain- 
ing them with alcohol, and then precipitating 
the alcoholic solution with water. The chief 
resins are Resina (U. S. P., B. P.), from 
turpentine ; Resina copaibae (U. S. P.), dose 
gr. x— xx (0.65-1.3) ; Resina jalapas (U. S. 
P., B. P.), dose gr. ij-v (o. 13-0.32) ; Resina 
podophylli, dose gr. yi-^z (0.008-0.032) ; 
Resina scammonii (U. S. P., B. P.), dose 
gr. iv-viij (0.26-0.52). R. - plaster, em- 
plastrum resinae ; adhesive plaster. 

Resinous {rez f - in - us) [resina, a resin]. 
Having the nature of a resin. 

Resistance (re-zis' '-tans) [resistare, to with- 
stand]. In electricity, the opposition offered 
by a conductor to the passage of the current. 
R.^coil, a coil of wire for increasing the 
resistance in a circuit. R., Essential, or R., 
Internal, the resistance to conduction within 
the battery itself. R., Extraordinary, or 
R., External, the resistance to conduction 
outside of the battery. 

Resolution {rez-o-lu* -shun) [resolvere, to 
resolve]. The return of a part to the normal 
state after a pathologic process. 

Resolve \re-zolv') [resolvere, to dissolve]. 
I. To return to the normal state after some 
pathologic process. 2. To separate anything 
into its component parts. 

Resolvent (re-zoV -vent) [resolvere, to dis- 
solve]. I. Causing solution or dissipation of 
tissue. 2. An agent causing resolution. 

Resolving Power. The capability of a lens 
of making clear the finest details of an object. 

Resonance [rez* '-o-nans) [re, again ; sonare, 
to sound] . I . The sound obtained on striking 
a hollow object, especially the note obtained 
on percussing the chest or abdomen. 2. The 
sound of the voice as transmitted to the ear 
applied to the chest. R., Cracked-pot, a 
sound elicited by percussing over a pulmon- 
ary cavity communicating with a bronchus. 
R., Skodaic, the increased percussion-reson- 
ance over the upper part of a lung when the 
lower part is compressed by a pleural effusion. 
R., Tympanitic, a hollow sound elicited on 
percussion over the intestines and over large 
pulmonary cavities with thin yielding walls. 
R., Vesicular, the normal pulmonary R. 
R., Vesiculotympanitic, an admixture of 
vesicular and tympanitic R. R., Vocal, 
the sound heard on auscultation of the chest 



during ordinary speech. R., Whispering, 
the sound heard on auscultation of the chest 
during the act of whispering. 

Resonator [rez / -o-na-tor) [re, again ; sonare, 
to sound]. An instrument used to intensify 
sounds. 

Resorcin {re-zor' -sin) [resina, resin ; Orcas, 
Pluto], C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 . A crystalline substance 
isomeric with pyrocatechin and hydroquinone, 
and usually prepared by fusing sodium ben- 
zene disulphonate with sodium hydroxid. It 
is an antipyretic and antiseptic, but is chiefly 
used in ointments for chronic skin-diseases. 
Dose gr. ij-iv (0.13-0.26). 

Resorption [re-sorp* '-shun) [re, again ; sor- 
bere, to absorb]. The absorption of morbid 
deposits, as of the products of inflammation. 

Respirable [res' -pir-a-bl) [re, again ; spirare, 
to breathe]. Capable of being inspired and 
expired ; capable of furnishing the gaseous 
interchange in the lung necessary for life. 

Respiration (res-pir-a' -shun) [re, again ; 
spirare, to breathe]. I. The interchange 
between the gases of living organisms and 
the gases of the medium in which they live, 
through any channel, as cutaneous R. 2. 
The act of breathing with the lungs ; the 
taking into and the expelling from the lungs 
of air. It consists of two acts — inspiration, or 
the taking in of the atmospheric air, and ex- 
piration, the expelling of the modified air. 
Expired air contains less oxygen and more 
carbon dioxid than inspired air. The volume 
of air taken into the lungs and given out 
during an ordinary R. {tidal air) is 500 c.c. ; 
the volume that can be inspired in addition 
by a forcible inspiration (complementa! air) 
is 1500 c.c. ; that which remains in the chest 
after a normal expiration {reserve or supple- 
mental air) is 1500 c.c. ; the amount remain- 
ing in the chest after the most complete ex- 
piration {residual air) is from 1200-1600 c.c. 
The volume of air that can be forcibly ex- 
pelled after the most forcible inspiration is 
termed vital or respiratory capacity and is 
equal to the tidal air, complemental air, and re- 
serve air, or about 35°° c - c - See Breath and 
Breathing. R., Abdominal, a type of R. 
caused by the contraction of the diaphragm 
and the elasticity of the abdominal walls and 
viscera. It is more common in men than in 
women. R., Artificial, the artificial produc- 
tion of the normal respiratory movements. 
See Artificial Respiration. R., Costal, a type 
of R. in which the chest-movement predomi- 
nates over the diaphragmatic movement, seen 
especially in women. R., Metamorphos- 
ing, a form of R. in which inspiration is at 
first harsh, but toward the end becomes blow- 
ing and accompanied by adventitious sounds. 
It is produced by the entrance of air into a 
cavity through a narrow opening. 



RESPIRATOR 



553 



RETINOSCOPY 



Respirator (trs-pi r-a' -tor) [re 3 again ; spirare, 
to breathe]. An appliance by which the in- 
spired air, in passing through it, is warmed, 
purified, or medicated. 

Respiratory (res' '-pir-a -to -re) \_re, again; 
spirare, to breathe]. Pertaining to respira- 
tion. R. Bundle, the ascending root of 
§the glossopharyngeal nerve, probably arising 
in the posterior horns of the cord. R. Center. 
See Center. R. Murmur, the sound pro- 
duced by the air entering and escaping from 
the lungs during respiration. R. Nerve, one 
of two nerves supplying important muscles 
of respiration. The external is the posterior 
thoracic nerve ; the internal, the phrenic nerve. 
R. Quotient, the ratio of the amount of oxy- 
gen taken in by the lungs to the carbon dioxid 
given off in the same period of time. R. 
Tract, all the air -passages and air-cells con- 
cerned in respiration. 

Restiform (res' -te-form) \_restis, a rope ; forma, 
form]. Corded or cord-like. R. Body, a 
part of the medulla oblongata, which as 
the inferior cerebellar peduncle connects the 
medulla with the cerebellum. It contains 
fibers from the lateral column of the spinal 
cord (the lateral cerebellar tract), from the 
posterior column, and from the inferior olivary 
nucleus. 

Restitution (res - tit -u f - shun) [re, again ; 
statuere, to set up]. The act of restoring. 

Resuscitation (re-sus-it-a' '-shun) [re, again ; 
suscitare, to raise up] . The bringing back to 
life of one apparently dead. 

Retch [AS., hrcec, a cough]. To strain at 
vomiting. 

Rete (re'-te) [L.]. A net or net-like struc- 
ture. R. Malpighii. See R. mucosum. 
R. mirabile, a cluster of fine vessels produced 
by the splitting of an artery into numerous 
branches. If the branches do not reunite, it 
is called unipolar R. mirabile ; if they reunite, 
bipolar R. mirabile. R. mirabile duplex, 
a R. mirabile consisting both of veins and 
arteries. R. mucosum, the deeper layers 
of the epidermis. R. testis, the network of 
seminal tubules in the corpus Highmori of the 
testicle. 

Retention (re-ten' -shun) [re, back ; tenere, 
to hold]. The act of retaining or holding 
back. R.-cyst. See Cyst. R. of Urine, 
the holding of the urine in the bladder on 
account of some hindrance to urination. 

Reticular (ret-ik' '-u-lar) [reticulum, dim. of 
rete, net]. Resembling a net; formed by a 
network. R. Formation. See Formatio. 
R. Lamina, the membrane covering the 
organ of Corti. R. Layer of the Skin, the 
deep layer of the skin, consisting of interlac- 
ing bands of white and yellow fibrous tissue. 

Reticulated (ret-ik' '-u- la-ted). See Reticu- 
lar. 



Reticulum (re-tik' '-u-lum) [reticulum, dim. 
of rete, net]. A network. 

Retina (ret' -in-ah) [rete, a net]. The deli- 
cate membrane of the eye representing the 
terminal expansion of the optic nerve, and 
extending from the point of entrance of the 
nerve forward to its termination in the ora 
serrata. It consists of the following layers, 
named from behind forward : (a) the pig- 
ment-layer ; (b) the neuroepithelial layer, 
comprising the layer of rods and cones 
(Jacob's membrane, bacillary layer), the 
outer limiting membrane, and the outer nu- 
clear layer ; (c) the cerebral layer, compris- 
ing the outer reticular layer (outer granular 
layer), the inner nuclear layer, the inner reti- 
cular layer (inner granular layer), the gan- 
glion-cell layer, the nerve-fiber layer. These 
layers are cemented together by a supporting 
framework of connective tissue, the fibers of 
Miiller, or radiating fibers. 

Retinaculum (ret-in-ak' -u-lum) [re, back ; 
tenere, to hold]. A band or membrane hold- 
ing back an organ or part. R. ligamenti 
arcuati, the short external lateral ligament 
of the knee-joint. R. Morgagni, R. of the 
Ileocecal Valve, the ridge formed by the 
coming together of the valve-segments at 
each end of the opening between the cecum 
and the ileum. R. peroneorum inferius, 
a fibrous band running over the peroneal ten- 
dons as they pass through the grooves on the 
outer side of the calcaneum. R. peroneo- 
rum superius, the external annular ligament 
of the ankle-joint. R. tendinum, the annu- 
lar ligament of the wrist or ankle. 

Retinal (ret'-in-al) [retina~\. Pertaining to 
or affecting the retina. 

Retinitis (ret-in-i' -tis) [retina, retina; irtq, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the retina. 
R., Albuminuric, R. due to nephritis. R., 
Diabetic, R. occurring in diabetes. R., 
Hemorrhagic, R. associated with hemor- 
rhages. R., Leukemic, a form occurring in 
leukemia and characterized by pallor of the 
retinal vessels and optic disc and hemor- 
rhages. 

Retinochoroiditis ( ret - in-o-ko-roi - di' - tis ) 
[retina, retina; jdp/ov, the chorion; e)6og, 
like; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
the retina and choroid. 

Retinol (ret'-in-ol) [prjrivri, a resin] , C 32 H 16 . 
A liquid hydrocarbon obtained in the de- 
structive distillation of resin. It is used as 
a solvent and has also been employed in 
gonorrhea. 

Retinoscopy (ret-in-os' -ko-pe) [retina, ret- 
ina; CKOjrelv, to observe]. A method of de- 
termining the refraction of the eye by ob- 
servation of the movements of the retinal 
images and shadows through the ophthalmo- 
scopic mirror; skiascopy. 



RETORT 



554 



RHAMXU5 



Retort ( re - tort' ) [ re, back ; torquere, to 
twist]. A vessel employed in distillation, 
consisting of an expanded globular portion 
and a long neck, and containing the liquid 
to be distilled. 

Retractile \je-trak f -til) [re, back ; trahere, 
to draw]. Capable of being drawn back. 

Retractility (re-trak-til'-it-e) [re, back ; tra- 
here, to draw]. The power of retracting or 
drawing back. 

Retraction [re-trak' -shun) [re, back ; tra- 
here, to draw]. The act of retracdng or 
drawing back; a R. of the muscles after 
amputation. 

Retractor [re-trak' -tor) [retrahere, to draw 
back]. An instrument for drawing back the 
lips of a wound so as to give a better view of 
the deeper parts. 

Retrahens aurem [re-tra' - henz azv-rem). 
Drawing back the ear. See Muscles, Table 

of- 

Retro- (re'-tro-) [retro, back]. A prefix 
meaning backward or behind. 

Retrobulbar [re-tro-bul' '-bar) [retro, back ; 
bulbus, bulb]. Situated or occurring behind 
the eyeball. R. Neuritis, inflammation in 
the orbital part of the optic nerve. 

Retrocedent [re-tro-se f -dent) [retro, back ; 
cedere, to go]. Going back; disappearing 
from the surface. R. Gout, a form of gout 
in which the joint-inflammation suddenly 
disappears and is replaced by affections of the 
internal organs. 

Retrocession [re-tro-sesh' '-tin) [retro, back ; 
cedere, to go]. The act of going back. 

Retroclusion rc-tro-klu'-zhun) [retro, back ; 
claudere, to shut]. A form of acupressure 
in which the pin is passed first above the 
artery into the tissues on the other side, then 
below the artery into the tissues upon the 
side first entered. 

Retrocollic [re-tro-kol' -ik) [retro, back; col- 
lis, the neck] . Pertaining to the muscles at 
the back of the neck. R. Spasm, spasm of 
the muscles at the back of the neck, causing 
retraction of the head. 

Retroflexion [re-tro-Jlck f -shun) [retro, back ; 

Jlectere, K to bend] . The state of being bent 
backward. R. of the Uterus, a condition 
in which the uterus is bent backward upon 
itself, producing a sharp angle in its axis. 

Retrograde [ret'-ro-grad, or re'-tro-grad) 
[retro, backward ; gradi, to go]. Going 
backward ; undoing. R. Embolism, em- 
bolism in which the embolus has gone against 
the normal direction of the blood-stream. 

Retrography (re-trog / -ra-fe) [retro, back ; 
opaoeiv, to write]. Backward writing ; mir- 
ror-writing. 

Retroinsular [re-tro-in' '-sn-lar) [retro, be- 
hind ; insula, island]. Situated behind the 
island of Reil, as the R. convolutions. 



Retronasal [re-tro-na' '-zal) [retro, behind ; 
nasiis, nose]. Situated behind the nose or 
nasal cavities. 

Retroocular [re-tro-ok' -u-lar) [retro, be- 
hind ; oculus, the eye] . See Retrobulbar. 

'RetToperitoneal[re-tro-/>er-e-ton-e / -al)[retro, 
behind; -rzepirovaiov, peritoneum]. Situated 
behind the peritoneum. 

Retropharyngeal [re-tro-far-in' -je-al) [retro, 
behind; pd/^f, the pharynx]. Situated be- 
hind the pharynx, as R. abscess. 

Retropulsion [re-tro-pul' -shun) [retro,back ; 
pellere, to drive]. I. A driving or turning 
back, as of the fetal head. 2. A running 
backward ; a form of walking sometimes seen 
in paralysis agitans. 

Retrosternal (re-tro-ster'-nal) [retro, back ; 
sternum]. Situated behind the sternum. 

Retrotarsal [re-tro-tar'-sal) [retro, back ; 
rapcog, tarsus]. Situated behind the tarsus, 
as, e. g. , the R. fold of the conjunctiva. 

Retrouterine (re-tro-u'-ter-in) [retro, behind ; 
uterus, uterus]. Behind the uterus. R. 
Hematocele, a blood-tumor behind the 
uterus in the pouch of Douglas. 

Retrovaccination {re - tro-vak - sin - a' '- shun) 
[retro, back; vaccination']. Vaccination 
with virus from a cow that had been inocu- 
lated with the virus of smallpox from a 
human subject. 

Retroversion [re-trover' -shun) [retro, back- 
ward; veriere, a turning]. A turning back. 
R. of Uterus, a condition in which the 
uterus is tilted backward without curvature 
of its axis. 

Retroverted [re-tro-ver f -ted) [retro, back- 
ward; verte re, to turn]. Tilted or turned 
backward, as a R. uterus. 

Reuss's Test. A test for atropin, consist- 
ing in the development of an odor of blos- 
soms when the substance is treated with sul- 
phuric acid and an oxidizing agent. 

Revulsant [re-vul' '-sant) [re, back; vellere, 
to pluck], I. Causing revulsion. 2. See 
Revulsive. 

Revulsion [re-vul' '-shun) [re, back ; vellere, 
to pluck] . A plucking or driving backward ; 
specifically, the diverting of disease from one 
part to another by the sudden withdrawal of 
the blood from the part. 

Revulsive [re-vul' -siv) [re, back ; vellere, to 
pluck]. I. Causing revulsion. 2. An agent 
that causes revulsion. 

Rhabdomyoma [rab-do-mi-o'-mah) [papdng, 
a rod ; ui-q, a muscle ; oua, a tumor]. A form 
of myoma characterized by the presence of 
striated muscular fibers. 

Rhachi-. See Rachi-. 

Rhagades (rag' - ad- ez) [paydq, fissure]. 
Linear cracks or fissures, especially in the 
skin. * 

Rhamnus [ram' '-nus) [pduvoq, buckthorn]. 



RHAPHANIA 



555 



RHINOCEPHALUS 



The Rhamnus purshiana, a small tree of the 
order Rhamnaceae. Its bark (R. purshiana, 
U. S. P., Rhamni purshiani cortex, B. P.) 
is commonly known as Cascara sagrada or 
chittem-bark, and is used as a laxative in 
habitual constipation. Extractum rhamni 
purshiana rluidum (U.S. P.), Extractum cas- 
cade sagradre liquidum (B. P.). Dose TT\,xv- 
xlv (1.0-3.0). 

Rhaphania {raf-a'-ne-ah). See Raphania. 

Rhaphe (ra'-fe). See Raphe. 

Rhatany (rat f -an-e). See Krameria. 

Rheo- (re / -o-) [peog, current]. A prefix de- 
noting pertaining to a current. 

Rheocord (re' -o-kord)\Jpkoq, current; x°P^Vt 
a cord]. See Rheostat. 

Rheometer (re-om'-et-er) [peoc, current; fikr- 
pov, a measure]. I. A galvanometer. 2. 
An apparatus for measuring the velocity of 
the blood-current. 

Rheophore (re'-o-for) [ptoc, current; (pepeiv, 
to carry]. An electrode. 

Rheoscope (re / - - shop) [p£o$, current ; 
gko-eIv, to see]. An instrument for demon- 
strating the existence of an electric current ; 
a galvanoscope. 

Rheostat (re f -o-stat) \_peoQ, current ; laravai, 
to stand]. An instrument introduced into an 
electric current and offering a known resist- 
ance, for the purpose of regulating the 
strength of the current. 

Rheotome (re / -o-to/?i)\_peog, current; ri/uvecv, 
to cut]. An instrument for breaking and 
making a galvanic circuit ; an interrupter. 

Rheotrope (re' '-o-trdp) [peog, current ; rpeTT- 
£lv, to turn]. An apparatus for reversing 
the direction of an electric current. 

Rheum {re* -urn). See Rhubarb. 

Rheum (rum) [peiy/a, from peuv, to flow]. 
Any watery or catarrhal discharge. R., Salt-, 
eczema. 

Rheumatic (ru-mat f -ik) [petyza, flux]. Per- 
taining to, of the nature of, or affected with 
rheumatism. R. Diathesis, the condition of 
body tending to the development of rheuma- 
tism. R. Fever, acute articular rheumatism. 
R. Gout. Synonym of Rheumatoid Arthri- 
tis. 

Rheumatism (ru' '-ma-tizm) [pevfia, flux]. 
A constitutional disease characterized by pain 
in the joints and muscles, tending to recur, 
and associated with exposure to cold and wet. 
R., Acute Articular, is characterized by 
fever, by swelling of various joints, beginning 
usually in one and rapidly spreading to others, 
by acid sweats, and by a marked tendency to 
involve the endocardium, less frequently the 
pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum. The 
iris and conjunctiva may also become affected. 
R., Chronic, a chronic form in which the 
symptoms are milder and in which the disease 
attacks either the muscles (muscular R.) or 



the joints. R., Gonorrheal, joint inflamma- 
tion occurring in association with gonorrheal 
urethritis. It generally involves but one 
joint ; if several are affected, it is usually the 
smaller joints. The course is chronic. 

Rheumatismal (ru - ma - tiz' - ma/) [pevjua, 
flux]. Pertaining to rheumatism. 

Rheumatoid (ru' ' -ma-toid) [psv/xa, flux; 
eldog, resemblance]. Resembling rheuma- 
tism. R. Arthritis, a disease of the joints 
characterized by chronic inflammatory and 
degenerative changes involving the structure 
of the various articulations and resulting in 
rigidity and deformity. The mildest type is 
known as Heberden's nodosities, in which 
small nodules appear at the sides of the distal 
phalanges of the fingers; in severer forms 
nearly every articulation may become anky- 
losed. 

Rheumic (ru'-mik) [peiy/a, flux]. Pertain- 
ing to rheum. .R. Diathesis, one that gives 
rise to cutaneous eruptions. 

Rhigolene (rig' '-o-len) \juyoQ, cold]. A very 
volatile liquid obtained from petroleum by 
distillation, and used as a local anesthetic. 
Its rapid evaporation freezes and benumbs 
the part upon which it is sprayed. 

Rhin- (rln-), Rhino- (ri'-no-) [_'p'lq, nose]. A 
prefix signifying pertaining to the nose. 

Rhinencephalon (ri-nen-sef'-al-on) [p/f, 
nose; kyKefyaloq, brain]. The olfactory lobe 
of the brain. 

Rhineurynter (ri-nu-rin f -ter) [p/c, nose ; 
evpvvetv, to dilate]. A distensible bag or sac 
which is inflated after insertion into the nos- 
tril. 

Rhinion (rin f -e-07i) [pig, nose]. The lower 
point of the suture between the nasal bones. 
See Craniometric Points. 

Rhinitis (ri-ni r -tis) \_p!g, the nose ; ltlq, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the nasal 
mucous membrane. R., Acute, coryza ; 
cold in the head. R., Chronic, a form 
usually due to repeated attacks of acute R., 
and producing in the early stages hypertrophy 
of the mucous membrane (hypertrophic R.) 
and in the later stages atrophy (atrophic R.), 
and the presence of dark, offensively-smelling 
crusts. R., Fibrinous, a rare form of rhin- 
itis characterized by the development of a false 
membrane in the nose. R., Pseudomem- 
branous. See R. , Fibrinous. R., Syph- 
ilitic, a chronic form due to syphilis, and 
usually attended by ulceration and caries of 
the bone and an offensive discharge (ozena). 
R., Tuberculous, that due to the tubercle- 
bacillus ; it is usually associated with ulcer- 
ation and caries of the bones. 

Rhinocephalus (ri-no-sef f -al-us) [/u'c, nose ; 
K£(pali], head]. A monster in which the nose 
resembles a tube and the eyes are fused below 
the nose. 



RHINOLALIA 



556 



RHUS 



Rhinolalia [ri-no-la f -le-ah ) [ptf, the nose ; 
'/.a/. id, speech]. Imperfect articulation due 
to undue closure (R. clausa), or undue patu- 
lousness (R. aperta), of the posterior nares. 

Rhinologic (ri-no-lof '-ik) \piq, nose ; /.oyoq, 
science]. Pertaining to rhinology. 

Rhinologist {ri-noV -o-jist) [p/c, nose ; /o^oc, 
science]. A specialist in the treatment of 
diseases of the nose. 

Rhinology (ri-nol' '-o-je) \piq, nose ; /.o} oq, 
science]. The science of the anatomy, func- 
tions, and diseases of the nose. 

Rhinometer (ri-nom f -et-er) \_piq, nose; fii- 
rpov, measure]. An instrument for measur- 
ing the nose. 

Rhinophyma (ri-no-Ji' -viah) \_piq, nose; 
(phfia, tumor]. A form of acne rosacea of the 
nose characterized by a marked hypertrophy 
of the blood-vessels and the connective tissue, 
producing a lobulated appearance of the 
nose. 

Rhinoplasty {ri> ' -no-plas-te) [pig, nose ; rr/.aa- 
aeiv, to mold]. A plastic operation upon 
the nose. R., Indian. See Operation, In- 
dian, in Operations, Table of. R., Tagliaco- 
tian. See Operation, Tagliacotian, in Opera- 
tions, Table of. 

Rhinopolypus (ri-no-pol' '-ip-us) \_piq, nose ; 
polypus~\. Polypus of the nose. 

Rhinorrhagia (ri-nor-a' '-je-ah) [p/c, nose ; 
prryvvvai, to burst forth] . Hemorrhage from 
the nose. 

Rhinoscleroma (ri -no-skle - ro'-maK) \p'iq, 
nose; ciO.ripoq, hard; oua, tumor]. A new 
growth of almost stony hardness, affecting 
the anterior nares and adjacent parts. The 
disease commences in the mucous membrane 
of the anterior nares and adjoining skin, the 
lesions consisting of flat, isolated, or coales- 
cent nodules. The cause is thought to be a 
bacillus. 

Rhinoscope {ri f -no-skop) \jpiq, nose ; oko-eiv, 
to observe]. An instrument for examination 
of the cavities of the nose. 

Rhinoscopy (ri-nos'-ko-pe) [piq, nose ; cko- 
irelv, to observe]. Examination of the nasal 
fossae by means of the rhinoscope ; that of the 
anterior nares is termed anterior R. ; that of 
the posterior nares, posterior R. 

Rhizome {ri f -zom) \_'pKa, root]. A subter- 
ranean stem, having roots at its nodes and a 
bud or shoot at its apex. 

Rhodophan {ro' '-do-faii)\_'p68ov, rose; 6avrjq, 
appearing]. A red pigment found in the 
retinal cones. 

Rhodopsin (ro-dop' '-sin) [podov, rose ; o>ip, 
eye]. The visual purple contained in the 
retinal rods. 

Rhoeados VtXd\z.{re r -a-dos pet'-a-lah) , Rhce- 
as (re f -as). See under Poppy. 

Rhomboid (?'o??i'-boid) [pop/3oc, a rhomb; 
eIooc, resemblance]. Having a shape simi- 



lar to that of a rhomb, a quadrilateral figure 
with opposite sides equal and parallel, and 
oblique angles. R. Fossa, the fourth ven- 
tricle of the brain. R. Ligament. See 
Ligaments, Table of. 

Rhonchial [rong' '-ke-al) [poyxoq, a snoring]. 
Relating to or produced by a rhonchus, as R. 
fremitus. 

Rhonchus {rong f -kus) \poyxbq, snore]. A 
rattling sound produced in the throat or 
bronchial tubes during respiration. See 
Rale. 

Rhotacism {ro> '- tas - izni) \po, the letter r\ 
The use of the r sound in place of other 
speech-sounds ; the too-strong utterance of 
the letter r. 

Rhubarb (rzi f -ba7-b) [L., Rheum~\. A genus 
of plants of the order Polygonaceae. The 
bark of Rheum officinale, or Rheum palm- 
atum (Rheum, U. S. P., Rhei radix, B. 
P.), contains chrysophanic acid, tannic acid 
(rheotannic acid), and several coloring prin- 
ciples, and is used as a laxative, stomachic, 
and astringent. Its chief uses are in dyspep- 
sia with constipation, in the diarrhea of chil- 
dren, and in the beginning of bilious fevers. 
Dose gr. v-xxx (0.32-2.0). Preparations and 
doses: Extractum rhei (U. S. P., B. P.),gr. 
x-xv (0.65-I.0). Extractum rhei fluidum 
(U. S. P.), TT^x-xxx (0.65-2.0). Infusum 
rhei (B. P.), f^j-ij (32.0-64.0). Mistura 
rhei et sodae (U. S. P.), f^ss-j (2.0-4.0). 
Pilulae rhei (U. S. P.), each of which con- 
tains gr. iij (0.20) of rhubarb. Pilulae rhei com- 
positae (U. S. P.), Pilula rhei composita (B. 
P.), contain rhubarb and aloes. Dose 2-4 
pills. Pulvis rhei compositus (U. S. P., B. 
P.), Gregorv's powder, ^ss-j (2.0-4.0). 
Syrupus rhei (U. S. P., B. P.), f^j (4.0). 
Syrupus rhei aromaticus (U. S. P.), f t ^j (4.0). 
Both of the foregoing are used chiefly for 
children, in the doses given. Tinctura rhei 
(U. S. P., B. P.), f^j-ij (4.0-8.0). Tinctura 
rhei aromatica (U. S. P.),f^ss-j (2.0-4.0). 
Tinctura rhei dulcis (U. S. P.), f^j-iij (4.0- 
12.0). Vinum rhei (B. P.), f^j-iv (4.0- 
16.0). 

Rhus (rus) [povc, sumac, gen., rhois~\. A 
genus of shrubs or small trees of the order 
Anacardieae. The berries of R. glabra, or 
sumach (R. glabra, U. S. P.), are used as an 
astringent in inflammations of the mouth and 
throat, in the form of a decoction or the 
official Extractum rhois glabrae fluidum. R. 
toxicodendron, the poison-ivy, is a powerful 
irritant and produces in susceptible persons a 
violent dermatitis with vesicles and intense 
itching (ivy-poisoning). The active agent 
seems to be an acid called toxicodendric acid. 
In overdoses taken internally it acts as a 
narcotic poison. It has been employed in 
chronic rheumatism and in incontinence of 



RHVTIDOSIS 



557 



RONTOGRAPHY 



urine. R. venenata, swamp-sumach, is also 
poisonous. 

Rhytidosis (rit-id-o'-sis) [/&vrf?, a wrinkle]. 
A wrinkling. 

Rib. One of the 24 long, flat, curved bones 
forming the wall of the thorax. R., False, 
one of the five lower ribs not attached to the 
sternum directly. R., Floating, one of the 
last two ribs which have one end free. R., 
True, one of the seven upper ribs that are 
attached to the sternum. 

Rice (ris). The Oryza sativa, a plant of the 
Gramineae ; also its seed. R. is used as a 
food, as a demulcent, and, in the form of rice- 
water, as a drink in fevers. 

Rice-water Evacuations. The name given 
to the bowel-discharges in cholera. 

Richter's Hernia. See Diseases, Table of. 

Ricin (ris' -in) [ricinus, castor-oil]. A 
poisonous proteid found in the castor-oil 
bean. 

Ricinin (ris'-in-in) \ricinus, castor-oil]. A 
poisonous crystalline substance obtained from 
castor-oil. 

Ricinus (ris'-in-us) [L. , a tick, from the re- 
semblance of the seed to that insect]. The 
R. communis, or castor-oil plant, a plant or 
tree of the order Euphorbiaceae. The fixed 
oil expressed from its seeds is the Oleum 
ricini or castor-oil of the pharmacopeia, and 
is used as a cathartic in constipation, colic, 
and irritative diarrheas. Dose f ^ ss (16.0). 

Rickets (rik'-ets) [pa^fi spine]. See 
Rachitis. 

Rider's Bone. An osseous formation in the 
adductor muscles of the leg, from long-con- 
tinued pressure of the leg against the saddle. 

Rigidity (rij-id'-it-e) \rigidus, stiff]. Stiff- 
ness ; immobility. R. , Cadaveric, rigor 
mortis. R., Postmortem-, rigor mortis. 

Rigor (ri'-gor) [rigor, from rigere, to be 
cold]. Chill. R. mortis, the muscular 
rigidity that occurs a short time after death, 
due to chemic changes resulting in coagula- 
tion of the muscle-plasma and the develop- 
ment of an acid reaction. 

Rima (ri'-mah). A chink. R. glottidis, 
the cleft between the true vocal bands ; the 
glottis. 

Rimula {Hmf-u-laJC) [dim. of rima, a chink]. 
A small cleft or fissure, especially of the 
spinal cord or the cerebellum. 

Ring-worm. Tinea trichophytina, a conta- 
gious disease of the skin due to a vege- 
table parasite, the trichophyton. See Tinea. 

Rinne's Test (rin'-nez). A test to determine 
the condition of the various parts of the ear, 
performed by applying a vibrating tuning-fork 
first over the mastoid process, leaving it there 
until the patient seems no longer to hear the 
sound, and then as quickly as possible bring- 
ing it immediately in front of the external 



meatus, avoiding all contact with the head or 
ear. If the patient is then able to hear the 
sound of the tuning-fork once more, it indi- 
cates that the conduction through the air is 
better than through the bone. 

Riolan's Muscle (re f -o-lanz). The ciliary 
portion of the orbicularis palpebrarum. 

Risorius ( ri-zo' '-re-us) \_ridere, to laugh]. 
Laughing. R. Muscle. See Muscles, Table 
of. 

Risus (ri'-zus) [L.]. A grin or laugh. R. 
sardonicus, the sardonic grin, a peculiar 
grinning distortion of the face produced by 
spasm of the muscles about the mouth, seen 
in tetanus. 

Ritter's, or Ritter-Valli's Law. The law 
that if a nerve is separated from its center, the 
irritability is at first increased, the primary in- 
crease as well as the subsequent decrease of 
irritability traveling from the central to the 
peripheral end. 

Rivini, or Rivinus, Ducts of. The excretory 
ducts of the sublingual gland. 

Rivolta's Disease. Synonym of Actinomy- 
cosis. 

Rob. A confection made of fruit-juice, espe- 
cially of that of the mulberry. 

Roberts' Test. For glucose in the urine. 
See Fermentation-test. Every degree of spe- 
cific gravity lost corresponds to 0.23 per cent. 
of glucose. 

Robertson's Pupil. See Pupil, Argyll 
Robertson's. 

Roborant (ro' '-bo-rant) \_robur, an oak]. 
Tonic, strengthening. 

Roccella {rok-seV-ah). A genus of plants of 
the Roccelleae. R. tinctoria, the litmus-plant. 

Rochelle Salt (ro-shel'). Potassium and 
sodium tartrate. 

Rock-oil. See Petroleum. 

Rodent Ulcer. Jacob's Ulcer ; noli me tan- 
gere ; a superficial ulceration of the skin, 
occurring usually in the eyelid or the side of 
the nose, and frequently persisting for years ; 
it is a form of epithelioma. 

Rods and Cones, Rod-and-Cone Layer. 
See Retina. 

Rolandic (ro-lan'-dik). Described by Ro- 
lando, as, e. g., the R. fissure. 

Roller-bandage. A bandage made into a 
cylindric roll. 

Romberg's Sign or Symptom. The in- 
creased incoordination of movement in loco- 
motor ataxia caused by placing the feet in 
juxtaposition and closing the eyes. It is also 
called the Brach- Romberg symptom. 

Rongeur-forceps (rong-zlrur). A strong pair 
of forceps for breaking off pieces of bone, 
especially in enlarging a trephine-opening. 

Rontgen Rays. See X-rays. 

Rontography (roen-tog'-ra-fe). See Skia- 
graphy. 



ROOT 



558 



RUBEOLA 



Root [Icel., rot, root]. I. The descending 
axis of a plant. 2. The part of an organ em- 
bedded in the tissues, as, £.£-. , the R. of a tooth. 
R. of a nerve, one of two bundles of nerve- 
fibers, the anterior and posterior roots, joining 
to form a nerve trunk. R. -sheath, the epi- 
thelium of the hair-follicle. R. -zone, a name 
given to the column of Burdach of the spinal 
cord. 

Rosa (ro'-zah) [L.]. See Rose. 

Rosacea {ro-za'-se-ah). See Acne rosacea. 

Rosanilin {i-o-zan' -il-in)\rosa,TO%z\ anilin], 
G, H 19 N 3 O. A colorless, crystalline deriva- 
tive of anilin. R. hydrochlorid or R. acetate 
is the red dye fuchsin. 

Rosary, Rachitic. See Rachitis. 

Rose \rds)[_'p66ov , from Arab. , ward, a rose]. 
A genus of plants of the order Rosacea?. 
The petals of the Pale Rose (Rosa centi- 
folia, U. S. P., Rosae centifoliae petala, B. P.) 
are used in the preparation of R. -water 
(Aqua rosae fortior, U. S. P., and Aqua rosae, 
U. S. P., B. P.) and cold cream (Unguentum 
aquae rosae, U. S. P.). The petals of the 
Red Rose (Rosa gallica, U. S. P., Rosae 
gallicae petala, B. P.) are slightly astringent 
and tonic, but are chiefly employed as a vehicle. 
From them are prepared Confectio rosae (U. 
S. P.); Confectio rosae gallicae (B. P.) ; Ex- 
tractum rosae fluidum (U. S. P.), used as an 
astringent and vehicle, dose f^j-ij (4.0- 
8.0) ; Pilulae aloes et mastiches, Lady Web- 
ster's dinner pill, used as a laxative. The 
fruit of the Dog-Rose (Rosae caninae fructus, 
B. P.) is used in Europe as a vehicle. From 
Rosa damascena is prepared Oleum rosae (U. 
S. P.), attar or otto of rose, employed as a 
perfume and flavoring agent. R.-cold, hay- 
fever, so-called because believed to be due to 
exhalations from the rose. 

Rosemary (roz / -ma-re) Rosmarinus, marine 
dew ; from ros, dew ; marinus, marine]. The 
Rosmarinus officinalis, a plant of the or- 
der Labiatae, yielding a volatile oil (Oleum 
rosmarini, U. S. P., B. P.), used as a stimu- 
lant and in rubefacient liniments. Dose 
tHJuj— yj (0-20-0.39). From it is prepared 
spirit of R. (Spiritus rosmarini, B. P.), used 
as a perfume and in liniments. 

Rosenmiiller's Body or Organ. The paro- 
varium. 

Roseola {ro-ze r -c-lah) \_roseus, rosy). 1. 
Rose-rash, a name given to any rose- colored 
eruption. 2. Synonym of Rubella. R. 
cholerica, an eruption sometimes appearing 
in cholera. R., Syphilitic, an eruption of 
rose-colored spots appearing early in second- 
ary syphilis. R. typhosa, the eruption of 
typhoid or typhus fever. R. vaccina, a 
general rose-colored eruption sometimes oc- 
curring during vaccinia. 

Rosin [roz'-in) [resma]. Colophony. 



Rosmarinus (roz - ma - ri' - nus). See Rose- 
mary. 

Rosolic Acid {ro-zoV -ik) , C 20 H 16 O 3 . A 
substance used as a test for acids and alka- 
lies. Acids decolorize it; with alkalies it 
gives a red color. 

Rostellum {ros-teU -um) [dim. of rostrtim, a 
beak]. A little beak, especially the hook- 
bearing portion of the head of certain worms. 

Rostrum (ros'-trum) [L.]. A beak ; a pro- 
jection or ridge, as the R. of the sphenoid 
bone or of the corpus callosum. 

Rot [AS., rotian, to rot]. Decay. R., Po- 
tato-. See Mildew. 

Rotary {ro f -ta-i'e) [rotare, to turn, from rota, 
wheel]. Producing or characterized by ro- 
tation. 

Rotation (ro-ta'-s/iun) \_rotare, to turn, from 
rota, wheel]. The act of turning about an 
axis passing through the center of a body, as, 
e. g., R. of the eye, P.. of the arm. 

Rotator (ro-ta / -tor) \rotare, to turn]. Any- 
thing, especially a muscle, that produces rota- 
tion. 

Rotheln (rce'-tebi). See Rubella. 

Rottlera (rot-le'-raA). See A~amala. 

Rotula {rot f -u-lah) [dim. of rota, wheel]. 
The patella. 

Rouleau (roo-lo) [Fr. ; pi. rouleaux]. A 
roll, especially a roll of red blood-corpuscles 
resembling a roll of coins. 

Round Ligament. 1. One of the ligaments 
of the uterus, passing through the inguinal 
canal. 2. One of the ligaments of the liver, 
lying in the longitudinal fissure. 3. One of 
the ligaments of the hip-joint — ligamentum 
teres. 

Round Worm. The Ascaris. 

Rubber (rub'-er). Caoutchouc, india-rubber. 
R.-dam, a sheet of rubber used to confine 
the flow of secretions or of discharges from a 
wound. 

Rubefacient {ru-be-fa f -se-ent) Ruber, red; 
facere, to make]. I. Causing redness of the 
skin. 2. An agent that causes redness of 
the skin. 

Rubella {ru-bel'-ah) [dim. of rubeola"]. Epi- 
demic roseola ; German measles : French 
measles ; Rotheln (G.). An acute contagious 
eruptive disease, of short duration and mild 
character. After a period of incubation 
varying from one to three weeks, the disease 
sets in abruptly with pains in the limbs, sore 
throat, and slight fever. The eruption ap- 
pears at the end of the first day, and consists 
of red papules, and disappears usually with- 
out desquamation in about three days. The 
disease is associated with enlargement of the 
superficial cervical and posterior auricular 
glands. See Exanthettiata, Table of. 

Rubeola {ru-be f -o-lah) [rubeus, red]. See 
Measles. 



RUBIA 



559 



SACCHARIMETER 



Rubia (ru'-be-ah). The R. tinctorum or 
dyers' madder, containing the coloring prin- 
ciples alizarin (C U H 8 4 ) and purpurin (C u - 
H 8 5 ). R. is used as a dye. 

Rubigo (ru-bi'-ga) [L.]. Rust. 

Rubus (ru'-bus) [L.]. Blackberry. A 
genus of plants of the order Rosacea?. The 
bark of the root of R. canadensis, R. vil- 
losus, and R. trivialis is the R. of the U. 
S. P., and is used as an astringent tonic in 
diarrhea. Dose gr. xx-xxx (1.3-2.0). Ex- 
tractum rubi fluidum (U. S. P.). Dose 
f^ss-j (2.0-4.0). Syrupus rubi. Dose 
f^j-ij (4.0-8.0). The fruit of R. idaeus 
(R. ickeus, U. S. P.), the raspberry, is used 
to prepare Syrupus rubi idaei, which is used 
as a tonic. 

Ructus (ruh'-tus) [L.]. A belching of gas 
from the stomach. 

Rue (ru) [pvrij, rue]. The Ruta graveolens, 
a plant of the order Rutaceae, yielding an oil 
(Oleum rutse, B. P.), which is a local irritant 
and has been employed in amenorrhea and 
menorrhagia. Dose Tnjj-v (0.13-0.32). 

Ruga [ru'-gah) [L.]. A fold or ridge. 

Rugose (ru'-gos) [ruga, a fold]. Charac- 
terized by folds. 

Rugosity (ru-gos'-it-e) [ruga, fold]. A con- 
dition of being in folds. 

Rugous (ru'-gus). See Rugose. 

Rum [Malay, brain, rum]. A spirit obtained 
from the molasses of the sugar-cane by fer- 
mentation and distillation. 

Rumen (ru'-men) [L.]. The first stomach 
of ruminants, also called the paunch, from 



which the food is returned to the mouth for 
remastication. 

Rumex {ru'-meks) [L.]. Yellow dock, a 
genus of plants of the order Polygonaceae. 
The root of R. crispus (Rumex, U. S. P.) 
is astringent and tonic, and has been em- 
ployed externally and internally in various 
diseases of the skin. Extractum rumicis 
fluidum (U. S. P.). Dose fgj (4.0). 

Rumination {ru-min-a f -shun) [ruminare , 
to chew cud]. See Merycismus. 

Rump [Icel., rumpe, rump]. The region 
near the end of the backbone ; the buttocks. 

Rupia {ru f -pe-ah) [pviroq, filth]. A form of 
eruption occurring especially in tertiary syph- 
ilis, and characterized by the formation of 
large, dirty-brown, stratified, conic crusts. 

Rupial {ru'-pe-al) [pvixoq, filth]. Resem- 
bling or characterized by rupia. 

Rupture (rup'-tur) [rumpere, to break]. I. 
A forcible tearing of a part, as, e.g. , R. of the 
uterus, R. of the bladder. 2. Hernia. 

Rust [AS., rust, rust]. I. The oxid and 
hydroxid of iron formed on the surface of 
iron exposed to the air. 2. A disease com- 
mon on cereals, causing rust-like masses to 
break out on the tissues of the plant. 

Ruta (ru'-tah) [L.]. See Rue. 

Rutting (rut'-ing) [ME., rut, rut]. The 
period of sexual excitement in female ani- 
mals coincident with the rupture of ovisacs. 

Ruysch, Membrane of. See Membrane. 

Rye (ri) [AS., ryga, rye]. The Secale ce- 
reale and its grain. The grain is used in the 
manufacture of bread. See Graminacece. 



S. I. The symbol of sulphur. 2. An abbre- 
viation for sinister, left ; in prescriptions, for 
signa, sign. 

S. romanum. The sigmoid flexure of the colon. 

Sabadilla {sab-ad-il f -ah). Cevadilla, the 
Schcenocaulon officinale (Asagrcea officin- 
alis), a plant of the order Melanthaceae, con- 
taining the alkaloids veratrin, sabadin, and 
sabadinin. S. is an emetocathartic, and was 
formerly used as a teniacide and to destroy 
vermin in the hair. Its chief value is as a 
source of veratrin. It is official in the B. P. 

Sabbatia {sab-a' ' -she-aK) [after Liberatus 
Sabbati, an Italian botanist]. A genus of 
the order of Gentianacaea. S. angularis is 
the American centaury. 

Sabina {sa-bi' '-nan) [L.]. See Savine. 



Sabulous ( say - u - /us ) [ sabttlum, sand ]. 
Gritty ; sandy. 

Saccate, or Saccated {sak'-dt, sak r -a-ted) 
[saccus, a sac] . Sac-shaped ; contained in a 
sac ; encysted. 

Saccharated [sak f - ar-a-ted) [canxapov, 
sugar]. Containing sugar. 

Saccharification {sak-ar-if -ik-a f -shun) [gclk- 
X<xpov, sugar; facere, to make]. The act 
of converting into sugar. 

Saccharimeter {sak-ar-im' '-et-er) [canxapov, 
sugar; /uerpov, measure]. An apparatus 
for determining the amount of sugar in 
solutions, either in the form of a hydro- 
meter, which indicates the strength in sugar 
by the specific gravity of the solution ; or of 
a polarimeter, which indicates the strength in 



SACCHARIN 



560 



SAFFRON 



sugar by the number of degrees of rotation 
of the plane of polarization. 

Saccharin (sak'-ar-in) [aa.Kxo.pov, sugar], 
C T H 5 S0 3 N. A crystalline substance nearly 
280 times sweeter than cane-sugar, and used 
as a substitute for the latter in diabetes. It 
is also employed as an antiseptic. 

Saccharine (sak' '-ar-in) [aaaxapov, sugar]. 
Containing sugar ; sugary ; as sweet as sugar. 

Saccharometer (sak-ar- om'-et-er) [aanxa- 
pov, sugar; /uirpov, measure]. See Sac- 
charimeter. 

Saccharomyces (sak-ar-o-mi'-sez) [aaKxa- 
pav, sugar; /jlvk-tjc, fungus]. A genus of uni- 
cellular vegetable organisms of which the 
yeast-plant is a common example. 

Saccharose (sak'-ar-os) [aduxapov, sugar], 
C 12 H, 2 O ir I. A crystalline carbohydrate, 
cane-sugar, occurring in the juice of many 
plants, chiefly in sugar-cane, in some varieties 
of maple, and in beet-roots ; it melts at 160 
C. ; at 190— 200 C. it changes into a brown 
noncrystallizable mass called caramel, used 
in coloring liquids. It is not directly fermen- 
table, and does not reduce alkaline copper- 
solutions. 2. Any one of a group of carbo- 
hydrates isomeric with cane-sugar. 

Saccharum (sak'-ar-um) [aduxapov, sugar]. 
Sugar. The S. of the pharmacopeia (Saccha- 
rum, U. S. P., S. purificatum, B. P.) is 
cane-sugar. See Saccharose, first definition. 
S. lactis, milk-sugar. 

Sacciform (sak' '-sif-orm) [saccus, a pouch; 
forma, form] . Resembling a sac. 

Saccular {sak' '-u-lar) [saccus, sac]. Sac- 
shaped, as, e. g. , a S. aneurysm. 

Sacculated (sak'- u - la -ted) [saccus, sac]. 
Divided into small sacs. 

Sacculation (sak-u-la' -shun) [saccus, sac]. 
I. The state of being sacculated. 2. The 
formation of small sacs. 

Saccule (sak' -ill) [sacculus, dim. of sac, a 
sac]. I. A small sac. 2. See Sacculus, 
second definition. 

Sacculus (sak'-u-lus) [dim. saccus, sac]. I. 
A small sac. 2. The smaller of two vesti- 
bular sacs of the membranous labyrinth of 
the ear. S. laryngis, the laryngeal pouch 
between the superior vocal bands and the in- 
ner surface of the thyroid cartilage. 

Saccus (sak' -us) [L.]. A sac. S. endo- 
lymphaticus. A small sac contained in the 
aqueduct of the vestibule and serving to es- 
tablish a communication between the endo- 
lymph and the subdural space. 

Sachse's Test. A test for sugar in the urine, 
consisting in the reduction of the test-solu- 
tion, a solution of mercuric iodid, potas- 
sium iodid, and potassium hydrate. It is 
generally employed as a quantitative test. 

Sacrad (sa'-krad) [sacrum, the sacrum ; 
ad, to]. Toward the sacrum. 



Sacral (sa'-krat) [sacrum, sacrum]. Per- 
taining to the sacrum. 

Sacra media (sa'-krah me'-de-ah) [arteria 
understood]. The artery running down the 
middle of the anterior surface of the sacrum 
and representing the termination of the 
aorta. 

Sacro- (sa'-kro-) [sacrum, sacrum]. A pre- 
fix denoting relation to the sacrum. 

Sacroanterior (sa-kro-an-te' -re-or) [sacrum, 
sacrum ; anterior]. Of the fetus, having the 
sacrum directed anteriorly. 

Sacrococcygeal (sa-kro-kok-sij' -e-al) [sa- 
crum, sacrum ; noKuvi, coccyx]. Pertaining 
to the sacrum and the coccyx. 

Sacrocoxitis (sa-kro-koks-i'-tis). See Sacro- 
iliac Disease. 

Sacroiliac (sa-kro-il'-e-ak) [sacrum, sacrum ; 
ilium, ilium]. Pertaining to the sacrum and 
the ilium. S. Disease, an inflammation, 
usually tuberculous, of the sacroiliac joint, 
characterized by pain, tenderness, and swell- 
ing, and elongation of the limb. 

Sacrolumbalis (sa - kro - htm - da'- lis) . See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Sacrolumbar (sa-kro-lum' -bar) [sacrum, sa- 
crum; lumbus, loin]. Pertaining to the sa- 
crum and the loins. S. Angle, the angle 
formed by the articulation of the sacrum and 
the last lumbar vertebra. 

Sacroposterior (sa-kro-post-e' -re-or) [sacrum, 
sacrum; posterior]. Of the fetus, having 
the sacrum directed backward. 

Sacrosciatic (sa-kro-si-at'-ik) [sacrum, sa- 
crum ; sciatic"]. Pertaining to the sacrum 
and the ischium, as the S. notch, S. liga- 
ments. 

Sacrouterine (sa-kro-u' -ter-in) [sacrum, sa- 
crum ; uterus, uterus]. Pertaining to the 
sacrum and the uterus. 

Sacrovertebral (sa-kro-ver' -te-bral)[sacrum; 
vertebra, vertebra]. Pertaining to the sacrum 
and the vertebrae. 

Sacrum (sa' - krum) [sacer, sacred ; os, 
bone, understood] . A curved triangular bone 
composed of five united vertebrae, situated be- 
tween the last lumbar vertebra above, the 
coccyx below, and the two ossa innominata on 
either side, and forming the posterior bound- 
ary of the pelvis. 

Saddle-joint. An articulation in which 
each surface is concave in one direction and 
convex in the other. 

Saddle-nose. A nose of which the bridge is 
sunken in. 

Saemisch's Ulcer (sa'-misk). A serpiginous 
ulcer of the cornea. See Diseases, Table of. 

Sseptum (sep'-tum). See Septum. 

Saffron (saf'-ron) [Arab., zafardn, saffron]. 
The Crocus sativus, a plant of the order 
Irideae. Its stigmas (Crocus, U. S. P., B.P.) 
contain a glucosid, coloring matter (crocin), 



SAFRANIN 



5G1 



SALIRETIN 



and a bitter principle. S. is used as a color- 
ing and flavoring agent, and in the form of a 
tea to bring out the eruption of the exanthem- 
atous diseases. 

Safranin {saf'-ra-niii) [Fr. , safran, saffron], 
C 18 H 18 N 4 . A coal-tar dye used in micros- 
copy, especially in studying karyokinesis. It 
is a powerful cardiac and respiratory poison. 

Safrene {saf'-reu) [Fr., safran, saffron], C 10 - 
H ]6 . A hydrocarbon obtained from sassa- 
fras. 

Safrol {saf / -rol) [Fr. , safran, saffron ; oleum, 
oil], C 10 H 10 O 2 . The stearoptene of the oil 
of sassafras, used in headache, neuralgia, 
and subacute rheumatism. Dose IT^x-xx 
(0.65-1.3). 

Sagapenum {sag-a-pe f -mini) . A fetid gum- 
resin, believed to be the concrete juice of 
Ferula persica. Its properties resemble those 
of asafetida and galbanum. 

Sage (so/) [salvia]. The Salvia officinalis, 
a plant of the order Labiatae. Its leaves 
(Salvia, U. S. P.) contain several terpenes. 
an oil, salviol, C, H ]6 O, and camphor. S. is 
tonic, astringent, and aromatic, and is used 
in dyspepsia. It was formerly employed in 
colliquative sweats. Dose gr. xx-xxx (1.3- 
2.0). 

Sagittal {saf-it-al) \_sagitta, an arrow]. I. 
Arrow-like, as the S. suture of the skull. 
2. Pertaining to the anteroposterior median 
plane of the body. S. Nucleus, the nu- 
cleus of the oculomotor nerve. 

Sago {sa'-go) [Malay, sdgu, sago]. The 
starch obtained from the sago-palms, used 
as a food and demulcent. S. -spleen, a spleen 
presenting on section the appearance of sago- 
grains, as a result of amyloid degeneration 
of the Malpighian bodies. 

Saigon Cinnamon. A variety of cinnamon 
obtained from Saigon, the capital of French 
Cochin China. 

Saint Anthony's Fire. Erysipelas ; anthrax. 

Saint Gothard s Disease. Ankylostomiasis. 

Saint Hubert's Disease. Hydrophobia. 

Saint Ignatius' Bean. See Ignatia. 

Saint Vitus' Dance. Chorea. 

Sal \_sal, salt]. I. Salt. 2. Any substance 
resembling salt. S. aeratus, sodium bicar- 
bonate. S. alembroth. See Alembroth. 
S. ammoniac, ammonium chlorid. S. 
communis, common salt. S. de duobus, 
potassium sulphate. S. Glauberi, sodium 
sulphate. S. kissingense, a salt obtained 
from the mineral springs of Kissingen, in 
Bavaria. S. seignetti, potassium and sodium 
tartrate. S. sodae, crystallized sodium car- 
bonate. S. volatilis, ammonium carbonate. 

Salaam Convulsion {sa-lahm')[Axz}o. , salm, 
saluting]. A clonic spasm of the muscles 
of the trunk, producing a bowing movement ; 
it is usually due to hysteria. 
36 



Salamandarin [sal- a - man f - dar - in). See 
Leukomains, Table of. 

Salep {sal'-ep) [Arab. , sahleb, salep\ The 
dried tubers of various species of the gentt 
Orchis and the genus Eulophia. S. is used 
as a food, like sago and tapioca. 

Saleratus {sal-er-a' -tus). See Sal aeratus. 

Salicin (sal'-is-in) [salix, willow], C ]3 H 18 7 . 
A crystalline glucosid found in the bark 
and leaves of the willow. S. (Salicinum, 
U. S. P., B. P.) is used as a substitute for 
salicylic acid, in doses of gr. xx-xxx (1.3- 
2.0). 

Salicylage {sal f - is - il - aj ) [salix, willow]. 
The addition of salicylic acid to foods for 
their preservation. 

Salicylamid {sal-is-W '-am-id)[salix, willow ; 
amid], C 5 H 4 (OH) CONH 2 . A tasteless 
compound produced by treating methyl sal- 
icylate with an alcoholic solution of am- 
monia, and used as a substitute for salicylic 
acid. 

Salicylate {sal-is f -il-dt) \_salix, willow], A 
salt of salicylic acid. The salicylates of 
lithium, methyl, and sodium, which are offi- 
cial, and those of ammonium and strontium, 
which are unofficial, are used in rheumatism, 
in doses of gr. x-xv (0.65-1.0). Bismuth 
S. is employed as an intestinal antiseptic ; 
naphtol S. is betol ; phenyl S. is salol. 

Salicylated {sal-is' '-il-a-ted) [salix, willow]. 
Impregnated with salicylic acid. 

Salicylic Acid {sal-is-il f -ik). See Acid, 
Salicylic. 

Salicyluric Acid {sal-is -il-u f -rik) [salix, wil- 
low ; uric]. A compound of glycol and 
salicylic acid found in the urine after the 
administration of salicylic acid. 

Salifiable {sal-if-i' '-a-bl) [sal, salt; fieri, to 
become]. Forming a salt by union with an 
acid. 

Saligenin {sal-if -en-in) [salix, willow ; ytv- 
vdv, to produce], C 7 H 8 0. 2 . Orthooxybenzyl- 
alcohol, a substance obtained from salicin by 
boiling with dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric 
acid. 

Salimeter {sal-im f -et-er) [sal, salt ; pierpov, 
measure]. An hydrometer for ascertaining 
the strength of saline solutions. 

Saline {sa'-len or sa'-lln) [sal, salt]. I . Salty ; 
containing salt or substances resembling salt. 
S. Solution, a 0.6 per cent, solution of 
sodium chlorid ; normal S. solution. 2. A 
salt of an alkali or alkaline earth. 

Salipyrin {sa-lip f -ir-in, sal-e-pi' '-rin) [salix, 
willow; irvp, fire], C^H^N^O. C 7 H 6 3 . Sal- 
icylate of antipyrin, consisting of 57.7 parts 
of salicylic acid and 42.3 parts of antipyrin ; 
it is soluble in water, and is used in rheum- 
atism, neuralgia, and as an antipyretic. 
Dose gr. xv-xxx (1.0—2.0). 

Saliretin {sal-e-ref '-in) [salix, willow ; p-qr- 



SALIVA 



562 



SALT 



ivrj, resin], C H H u 3 . An amorphous resin- 
ous body, produced by treating saligenin 
with acids. 

Saliva (sa-li'-vah) [L.]. The mixed secretion 
of the parotid, submaxillary, sublingual, and 
mucous glands of the mouth. It is opalescent, 
tasteless , alkaline, and has a specific gravity of 
from I004-I009,and contains serum-albumin, 
globulin, mucin, urea, an amylolytic ferment 
called ptyalin, and a proteolytic and a lipo- 
lytic ferment ; also, salts, among which is 
potassium sulphocyanid, derived especially 
from the parotid gland. Among formed ele- 
ments are epithelial cells, salivary corpuscles, 
and bacteria. The functions of saliva are to 
moisten the food and lubricate the bolus, to 
dissolve certain substances, to facilitate 
tasting, to aid in deglutition and articula- 
tion, and to digest starches, which it converts 
into maltose, dextrin, and glucose. 

Salivary (saV-iv-a-re) [saliva, saliva] . Per- 
taining to or producing saliva ; formed from 
saliva. S. Calculus, a calcareous concretion 
found in the salivary ducts. 

Salivate (saV-iv-at) [salivare, to spit out]. 
To cause an excessive discharge of saliva. 

Salivation (sal-iv-a* 'shun) [saliva, saliva]. 
An excessive secretion of saliva ; a condi- 
tion produced by mercury, pilocarpin, and by 
nervous disturbances. 

Salix (sa'-liks) [L. ]. See Willow. 

Salol (sal f -ol) [salix, willow], C 13 H 10 O 3 . 
Phenyl salicylate ; a white crystalline sub- 
stance, used as an intestinal and urinary anti- 
septic, and as a substitute for salicylic acid. 
It is decomposed in the intestines into sali- 
cylic acid and phenol. Dose gr. v-xv (0.32- 
1.0). 

Salophen (sal' - -fen) [salix, willow], C 6 - 
H 4 .OH.C0 2 .C 6 H 4 .NH (C 2 H 3 0) = C 15 H 13 - 
N0 4 . Acetylparamidophenyl salicylate, a 
crystalline substance containing fifty per cent, 
of salicylic acid, and used as a substitute for 
the latter, and as an intestinal antiseptic. 
Dose gr. xv (1.0). 

Salpingectomy (sal-pin-jek f -to-me) [aa?iTriy$; , 
tube ; skto/17}, excision]. Excision of the 
Fallopian tube. 

Salpingitic (sal-ping-jit' -ik) [aaXmyl;, tube ; 
trig, inflammation]. Pertaining to or af- 
fected with salpingitis. 

Salpingitis (sal-ping-ji' '-lis) [aaTtTuyl; , tube ; 
itiq, inflammation]. I. Inflammation of the 
Fallopian tube. 2. Inflammation of the 
Eustachian tube. 

Salpingo- (sal-ping' '-go-) [ad?i7riy^, tube]. A 
prefix denoting relation to the Fallopian or the 
Eustachian tube. 

Salpingo-oophorectomy (sal-ping-go-o-o- 

for-ek' '-lo-me)[ad?iiTiy^, tube; (S6v, egg; <f>op6c, 
bearing; ekto/utj, excision]. Excision of the 
Fallopian tube and the ovary. 



Salpingo-oophoritis (sal-ping-go-o-o-for-i' - 
fis)[oalTriy%, tube ; d)6v, egg ; <popoq, bearing ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
Fallopian tube and the ovary. 

Salpingostaphylinus (sal -ping-go-stafil-i f - 
nus) [caliuyt; , tube ; ara<bv\r], uvula]. The 
abductor muscle of the Eustachian tube. S. 
internus. Synonym of Levator palati. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Salpingostomy (sal-ping-gos'-to-me) [oa?i- 
7uy£; , tube ; gto /ua, mouth]. The operation 
of making an artificial fistula between a Fal- 
lopian tube and the body-surface. 

Salpingotomy (sal-ping-got' -0 -me) [ca?iiriy!j, 
tube; rofii], a cutting]. The operation of 
cutting into a Fallopian tube. 

Salt [sal, salt]. I. Sodium chlorid. 2. Any 
compound of abase and an acid. S., Acid, 
a salt formed from a dibasic orpolybasic acid 
in which only a part of the replaceable 
hydrogen-atoms has been replaced by the 
base. S., Basic, a S. containing an excess 
of the basic element, and formed by the union 
of a normal salt with a basic oxid or hydroxid. 
S., Bay-, sodium chlorid ; also the sea-salt 
obtained by the evaporation of sea- water by 
solar heat. S., Common, sodium chlorid. 
S., Diuretic, potassium acetate. S., Double, 
one in which the hydrogen- atoms of an acid 
are replaced by two metals. S., Epsom-, 
magnesium sulphate. S.-frog, a frog from 
whose vascular system all blood has been 
artificially removed and replaced by normal 
salt-solution ; it is also known as Cohnheim's 
frog. S., Glauber's, sodium sulphate. S., 
Halogen, S., Haloid, any salt of the halo- 
gen-elements, bromin, chlorin, fluorin, and 
iodin. S.,Monsel's,subsulphate of iron, used 
chiefly in solution as a styptic. S., Neutral, 
one formed by the replacement of all the 
hydrogen-atoms of an acid by a base or a 
radicle. S., Normal. Synonym of S., 
Neutral. S. -rheum, chronic eczema. S., 
Rochelle-, sodium and potassium tartrate. 
S., Rock-, native sodium chlorid, occurring in 
crystalline masses. S., Sea-, the sodium chlo- 
rid obtained by the evaporation of sea-water. 
S., Smelling, any pungent, irritant salt which 
when inhaled usually acts reflexly as a respi- 
ratory or circulatory stimulant. Ammonium 
carbonate is generally used. S. -solution, a 
solution of sodium chlorid in distilled water. 
One containing from 0.6 to 0.75 per cent, of 
sodium chlorid is known as a normal 'or physi- 
ologic salt-solution, and is used in physiologic 
experiments on living tissues. In medicine, it 
has been employed to restore to the system 
the fluids lost by severe hemorrhage or pro- 
fuse diarrheal discharges. The solution is 
introduced into the subcutaneous tissues or 
into a vein ; sometimes also into the rec- 
tum. 



SALTS 



563 



SANTONICA 



Salts. A saline cathartic, especially magnesium 
sulphate, sodium sulphate, or Rochelle-salt. 

Saltatoric, Saltatory (sal-tat-or f -ik, sal f -tat- 
o-re) [saltare, to dance]. Dancing or leap- 
ing. S. Spasm, a clonic spasm that causes 
the patient to leap or jump when he attempts 
to stand. 

Saltpeter {sawit-pe^-ter) [sal, salt ; ire-pa, 
rock]. Potassium nitrate. S., Chile-, sodium 
nitrate. 

Salubrious (sa-lu'-bre-us) [salus, health]. 
Healthful. 

Salufer (sal'-u-fer) [salus, health; ferre, to 
bring]. Sodium silicorluorid. 

Salve (saliv) [AS., seal/, salve]. Ointment. 
S., Deshler's, compound resin cerate. 

Salvia {sal' -ve-ah) [L.]. See Sage. 

Salzer's Operation. Excision of the whole 
of the third division of the fifth nerve. 

Sambucus (sam-bu'-kus) [L.]. Elder; a 
shrub or tree of the order Caprifoliacea?. 
The flowers of S. canadensis (Sambucus, 
U. S. P. , B. P.) and the berries are sudorific ; 
the latter have been used as an alterative in 
rheumatism and syphilis. The inner bark has 
been employed in epilepsy, dropsy, and vari- 
ous chronic diseases. Aqua sambuci (B. P.) 
is used as a vehicle. 

Sanative (san f -a-tiv) [sanare, to heal]. Pro- 
moting health ; healing. 

Sanatorium [san-at-o r -re-um) [sanare, to 
heal]. An establishment for the treatment 
of the sick ; especially a private hospital. 
See Sanitarium. 

Sanatory (san'-at-o-re). See Sanative. 

Sand [AS., sand, sand]. An aggregation 
of fine grains of silicic oxid. S.-bath. I. 
A vessel containing dry sand in which a sub- 
stance requiring a slowly rising or uniform 
temperature may be heated. 2. See Bath. 

Sandalwood, I. Red saunders (Santalum 
rubrum, U. S. P., Pterocarpi ligni, B. P.), 
the wood of Pterocarpus santalinus, of the 
order Leguminosae. It is used as a coloring 
agent. 2. The wood of Santalum album, of 
the order Santalaceae, containing a volatile 
oil, Oleum santali (U. S. P., B. P.), used 
in bronchitis and gonorrhea. Dose TT^xv-xx 
(1. 0-I.3). 

Sandarac (san'-dar-ak). A white, trans- 
parent resin produced by Callitris quadri- 
valvis, a tree of North Africa. It is now 
little used except as a varnish and incense. 

Sane (sdn) \_sanus, whole]. Of sound mind. 

Sanguification (sang-gwif-ik-a' 'shun) [san- 
guis, blood; facere, to make]. I. The 
formation of blood. 2. Conversion into 
blood, as, e. g. , the S. of substances absorbed 
from the intestinal tract. 

Sanguinaria (sang-gwin-a' '-re-ah) [sanguis, 
blood] . Blood-root, a genus of plants of the 
order Papaveraceae. The rhizome of S. 



canadensis (Sanguinaria, U. S. P.) con- 
tains several alkaloids, of which sanguinarin, 
C 20 H 15 NO 4 , is the most important ; it is 
emetic and narcotic ; in large doses an irritant 
and convulsant. It is used chiefly as an ex- 
pectorant in bronchitis. Dose, as an expec- 
torant, gr. j-v (0.065-0.32) ; as an emetic, 
gr. v-x (0.32-0.65). Extractum sanguinariae 
fluidum (U. S. P.), dose TT\, j-x (0.065-0.65); 
Tinctura sanguinariae (U. S. P.), dose TT^xxx- 
Ix (2.0-4.0). 

Sanguine (sang / -gwin) [sanguis, blood]. 
I. Resembling blood ; bloody. 2. Hopeful; 
active, as S. temperament. 

Sanguineous (sang - givin' -e - us) [sanguis, 
blood]. I. Pertaining to the blood; con- 
taining blood. 2. Sanguine. S. Cyst, a 
cyst containing blood-stained fluid. 

Sanguinolent (sang-gwin' '-o-lent) [sanguis, 
blood]. Tinged with blood. 

Sanguis (sang / -gwis) [L.]. Blood. 

Sanguisuga (sang - gwi -su' -gah) [sanguis, 
blood; sugere, to suck]. See Leech. 

Sanies (sa'-ne-ez) [L.]. A thin, fetid, green- 
ish, seropurulent fluid discharged from an 
ulcer, wound, or fistula. 

Sanious (sa f -ne-us) [sanies']. Pertaining to 
or resembling sanies, as S. pus. 

Sanitarium (san -it- a f -re- itm) [sanitas, 
health]. A place where the conditions are 
such as especially to promote health ; a re- 
sort for convalescents. 

Sanitary (san' '-it-a-re) [sanitas, health]. Per- 
taining to health. S. Science, the science 
that includes a consideration of all that can 
be done for the prevention of disease and 
the promotion of the public health. 

Sanitation (san-it-a' '-shun) [sanitas, health]. 
The act of securing a healthful condition ; 
the application of sanitary measures. 

Sanity (san'-it-e) [sanitas, from sanus, sound] . 
Soundness of mind. 

Santalum (san'-tal-tim). See Sandal-wood 
(2ddef.). 

Santonica (san - ton f - ik - ah) [oavroviKov, 
wormwood]. Levant wormseed, the unex- 
panded flower-heads of Artemisia pauciflora 
(U. S. P.), or A. maritima, var. , Stechman- 
niana (B. P.), of the order Compositae, the 
essential constituent of which is santonin, 
C i5 H i8°3 (Santoninum, U. S. P., B. P.). 
Santonin is a neutral crystalline principle, 
producing, in overdoses, xanthopsia, giddi- 
ness, stupor, at times convulsions, and death 
from failure of respiration. The urine is col- 
ored yellow. S. and santonin are used as 
vermicides against the lumbricoid worm. 
Dose of S. gr. x-xxx (0.65-2.0) ; of Santo- 
nin, gr. j-ij (0.065-0.13); Trochisci santo- 
nini (U. S. P.) contain each about one-half 
grain (0.033) santonin ; Trochisci santonini 
(B. P.) contain each one grain santonin. 



SANTONIN 



564 



SARCOSIN 



Sodium santoninate was formerly used as a 
substitute for santonin, but has produced 
poisoning. 

Santonin [sa?i'-to-?iin). See Santonica. 

Santorini's Cartilage {sahn-to-re'-nez) [San- 
tor i?ii, an Italian anatomist]. See Cartilage. 

Saphenous {sa-fe' -nus) [oatyrjvrjc, , manifest]. 
Apparent ; superficial ; manifest ; applied to 
two veins of the lower limb, the internal or 
long S. vein and external or short S. vein, 
situated just beneath the surface ; also ap- 
plied to the nerves accompanying these veins. 
S. Opening, an opening in the fascia lata at 
the upper part of the thigh through which 
the long S. vein and nerve pass. 

Sapid {sa'-pid) [sapere, to taste]. Capable 
of being tasted. 

Sapo {sa'-po) [L.]. See Soap. 

Saponaceous {sap-o-na' 'se-us) [sapo, soap]. 
Having the nature of soap. 

Saponification {sa-pon-if-ik-a' '-shu?i) [sapo, 
soap; facere, to mate]. The act of con- 
verting into soap ; the process of treating a 
neutral fat with an alkali, which combines 
with the fatty acid, forming a soap. 

Saponify \sa-pon' -e-fi) [sapo, soap ; facere, to 
make]. To convert into soap ; to convert a 
neutral fat by the action of an alkali into free 
glycerol and a salt of the alkali, the latter 
forming a soap. 

Saponin {sap' -o-nin) [sapo, soap], C^H^O^. 
A glucosid contained in the roots of soap- 
wort and other plants, and in aqueous solution 
forming a strong lather. 

Sapotoxin {sap-o-toks'-in) [sapo, soap ; toEi- 
kov, poison] ,C 17 H 30 O 10 . A poisonous glucosid 
obtained from saponin. 

Sapphism (saf'-izm) [from Za-pa>, Sappho, a 
Greek poetess.]. Tribadism. 

Sapremia {sap-re' -me-ah) [aaTzpog, putrid ; 
aifia, blood]. A febrile condition due to 
introduction into the blood of the ptomains 
produced in putrefaction. 

Saprin {sap'-rin) [ca~p6c, putrid]. A non- 
poisonous ptomain formed in the putrefaction 
of animal tissues. 

Saprogenic, Saprogenous {sap-ro-jen f -ik, 
sap-roj' '-en-us) [oarrpog, putrid; -)errav. to 
beget]. I. Causing putrefaction. 2. Pro- 
duced by putrefaction. 

Saprophyte {sap' -ro-fif) [aarrpog, putrid ; 
Qvrov, a plant]. A vegetable organism living 
on dead organic matter. 

Saprophytic {sap-ro-fit'-ik) [aarrpog, putrid ; 
ftrrov, plant]. Growing in dead organic 
matter, as, e.g., S. bacteria. 

Sarcin {sar'-si?z)[aapl, flesh]. SeelPrpoxan- 
thin. 

Sarcina {sar-si' '-nah) [L., a bundle]. A 
genus of Schizomycetes consisting of cocci 
dividing in three directions, thus producing 
cubic masses. See Bacteria, Table of. 



Sarco- {sar'- ko -) [cdp% , flesh]. A prefix 
denoting composed of or pertaining to flesh. 

Sarcocele {sar'-ko-sel) [cap-, flesh ; Krf/.r h a 
tumor]. Any fleshy swelling of the testicle. 

Sarcocystis (sar- io -sis'- tis) [odpg, flesh; 
wane, cyst]. A group of the sporozoa. S. 
Miescheri, a parasite found in pork and beef. 

Sarcode {sar'-kod) [odpE, flesh]. Proto- 
plasm. 

Sarcolactic Acid {sar-ko-lak'-tik). See Acid. 

Sarcolemma (sa?--ko-lem'-ah) [cap?, flesh; 
/.■euua, husk]. The delicate membrane en- 
veloping a muscle-fiber. 

Sarcoma {sar - ko'- mah) [cap!;, flesh; bfia, 
tumor]. A tumor made up of embryonal 
connective tissue. It is characterized by a 
great preponderance of cells and very little 
homogeneous or fibrillar intercellular sub- 
stance. S., Alveolar, one in which groups 
of sarcoma-cells are contained in alveolar 
spaces. S., Angiolithic. Synonym of Psam- 
moma. Chondrosarcoma, one containing 
cartilaginous tissue. S., Giant-celled, one 
containing giant-cells as a prominent feature. 
Lymphosarcoma, a round -celled sarcoma 
in which the cells are held in a reticulum. 
S., Melanotic, a sarcoma, usually spindle- 
celled, in which the cells contain melanin. 
S., Myeloid. See S. , Giant-celled. Myxo- 
sarcoma, one which in part has undergone 
myxomatous degeneration. S., Round- 
celled, one made up of round cells. There 
are two varieties, the small round-celled and 
the large round-celled sarcoma. S., Spindle- 
celled, one made up of spindle-cells. It is 
also known as recurrent fibroid. 

Sarcomatosis (sar-ko-rnat-o' '-sis) [sarcoma]. 
The formation of multiple sarcomatous growths 
in various parts of the body. 

Sarcomatous {sar- ko' -mat- us) [odpB, flesh; 
baa, tumor]. Of the nature of or resembling 
sarcoma. 

Sarcomere {sar^-ko-mir) [cap!-, flesh; nzpog, 
a part] . One of the segments into which a 
muscle-fibril appears to be divided by trans- 
verse septa. 

Sarcoplasm {sar* '- ko - plazm) [cap?, flesh ; 
- .'-'jeiv, to mold]. The hyaline or finely 
granular interfibrillar material of muscle- 
tissue. 

Sarcoplast [sar' '-ko-plast)[aapE, flesh; tt/ao- 
gelv, to mold]. A cell lying between muscu- 
lar fibrillae and capable of developing into a 
muscular fiber. 

Sarcoptes {sar • kop' - tez) [cdpE, flesh; kot- 
-■: . . to cut]. A genus of mites, including 
S. hominis. the itch-mite. 

Sarcosepsis (sar- ko- sep'-sis) [cap!;, flesh; 
sepsis~\. The presence of bacteria directly in 
the tissues. 

Sarcosin (sar^-ko-sin) [odpl, flesh], C 3 H.- 
N0 2 . Methylglycocoll, a crystalline sub- 



SARCOSPORIDIA 



565 



SCAB 



stance produced when creatin and caflein are 
heated with baryta. 

Sarcosporidia {sar-ko-spor-id' -e-ah) [o<Jf>^, 
flesh ; OTtopoc, seed]. A variety of psoro- 
sperms found in the muscles of cattle, sheep, 
swine, and other mammals. 

Sarcostyle {sar'-ko-stll) \capi;, flesh ; arv- 
loq, a pillar]. One of the fine longitudinal 
fibrillar of which a striated muscle-fiber is 
composed and into which it can be split up. 

Sarcous (sar'-kus) \oap^, flesh]. Pertain- 
ing to muscle. S. Element, one of the 
dark prisms of the ultimate fibrillse of striped 
muscle-fibers. 

Sardonic Grin {sar-don'-lk) [Zapdu, Sar- 
dinia, because resembling the grimace pro- 
duced by eating a certain Sardinian plant]. 
See Ristts sardonicus. 

Sarkin {sar f -kin). See Hypoxanthin. 

Sarsaparilla [sar - sap - ar - il f - ah) [Sp. ]. 
The Smilax officinalis and other species of 
Smilax, of the order Liliacese. The root 
(Sarsaparilla, U. S. P. , Sarsse radix, B. P.) 
contains a crystalline glucosid, parillin, C 40 - 
H 70 O 18 . S. has been employed as an altera- 
tive in syphilis, rheumatism, and scrofulous 
affections. Preparations and doses : Decoc- 
tum sarsse (B. P.), f % iv-vj (128.0-192.0). 
Decoctum sarsaparillse compositum (U. S. 
P.), Decoctum sarsse compositum (B. P.), 
f J iv-vj (128.0- 192.0) ; Extractum sar- 
saparillse fluidum (U. S. P.), TT^xxx-lx 
2.0-4.0) ; Extractum sarsse liquidum (B. P.), 
f^ij-iv (8.0-16.0); Extractum sarsaparillse 
fluidum compositum (U. S. P.), TT^xxx-lx 
(2.0-4.0); Syrupus sarsaparillse compositus 
(U.S. P.), f^j-iv (4.0-16.0). 

Sartian Disease (sar'-shun). An endemic 
affection of the tropics, characterized by red 
indurated spots that finally ulcerate. 

Sartorius {sar-io' ' -re-us)\_sartor , tailor]. The 
tailor' s muscle, so-called from being concerned 
in crossing the one leg over the other. See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Sassafras {sas f -a-fras) [Sp., from saxifraga, 
from saxum, rock \frangere, to break]. The 
S. variifolium, a tree of the order Laurinese. 
The root-bark (Sassafras, U. S. P., Sassafras 
radix, B. P.) is employed as an aromatic 
stimulant. The pith (Sassafras medulla, U. 
S. P.) yields a mucilage (Mucilago sassafras 
medullse, U. S. P.) that is used as an appli- 
cation to inflamed eyes, and as a demulcent 
drink in inflammation of the mucous mem- 
branes and kidneys. 

Sassy Bark (sas-e). See Casca. 

Saturated {sat' '-u-ra-ted) [saturare, to fill]. 
I. Of a liquid, containing in solution all of 
a substance that it can dissolve. 2. Of a 
chemic compound, having all the affinities 
of its component atoms satisfied, a term 
especially applied to the hydrocarbons. 



Saturation {sat-u-ra? -shuti) \saturare, to 

fill]. I. A state in which a liquid holds in 
solution all of a substance that it can dissolve ; 
the state of being or becoming saturated. 2. 
Of a chemic compound, a state in which the 
affinities of all its atoms are satisfied. 

Satureja {sa-lur-e / -ya). A plant of the or- 
der Labiatse. S. hortensis resembles thyme, 
and is used as a culinary herb. 

Saturnine {sat f -ur-nin) \_Saturmts, a Roman 
deity ; the alchemists' name for lead]. Per- 
taining to or produced by lead. 

Saturnism {sat ; - ur - nizni) [Satumus, a 
Roman deity; the alchemists' term for lead]. 
Lead-poisoning ; plumbism. 

Satyriasis {sat-ir-i* -as-is) [carvpog, a satyr]. 
Excessive venereal desire in the man. 

Saunders {sawn'-derz). See Santa lum. 

Sauriderma {saw-re-der* '-mah) [aavpa, liz- 
ard ; dep/ia, skin] . Ichthyosis. 

Sauriosis {saw -re- o f -sis) [aavpa, lizard]. 
Ichthyosis. 

Sausage-poisoning. A state of gastroenteri- 
tis produced by the ingestion of decomposed 
sausage. It is also known as botulism or 
allantiasis. 

Savill's Disease. An epidemic skin-disease 
characterized by the appearance of a papular 
rash, followed by a branny desquamation, and 
by marked constitutional symptoms. A fatal 
result may follow. 

Savine {sav f -in). Juniperus sabina, a shrub 
of the order Coniferse. The tops (Sabina, 
U. S. P., Sabinse cacumina, B. P.) contain 
a volatile oil (Oleum sabinae) and possess 
marked irritant properties. S. is employed 
in amenorrhea, chronic rheumatism, gout, 
and as a local application to warts, ulcers, 
and parasitic affections of the skin. Prepara- 
tions and doses : Extractum sabinse fluidum 
(U. S. P.), Tiyij-viij (0.20-0.52); Tinctura 
sabinae (B. P.), TTLxx-f^j (1.3-4.0); Un- 
guentum sabinse (B. P.). Dose of the oil, 
rryj-v (0.13-0.32). 

Saw [AS., saga, saw]. An instrument hav- 
ing a thin blade with sharp teeth on one edge, 
and used for dividing bones and other hard 
substances. S., Butcher's, one in which 
the blade can be fixed at any angle. S., 
Chain-, one in which the teeth are set in links 
movable upon each other, the saw being 
moved by pulling alternately upon one and 
the other handle. S., Crown-. SeeTrephine. 
S., Hey's, a serrated disc affixed to a han- 
dle, and used for enlarging an opening in a 
bone. 

Sayre's Apparatus or Jacket. A jacket of 
plaster-of- Paris molded to support the spine 
in diseases of the vertebral column. 

Scab \scabere, to scratch]. I. The crust 
formed by the desiccation of the secretion of 
an ulcer. 2. Scabies. 



SCABIES 



566 



SCARLET FEVER 



Scabies (ska'-be-ez) [scabere, to scratch]. 
Itch ; a disease of the skin caused by an 
animal parasite, the Sarcoptes scabiei, or itch- 
mite. The insect forms burrows or cuniculi 
beneath the skin, and causes irritation, with 
vesicles, papules, or pustules, which are fre- 
quently modified by scratching. 

Scabrities [ska-bri?-e-ez) [scaber, rough]. 
Roughness ; scabbiness. 

Scala (ska'-la/i) [L.]. A staircase or ladder. 
S. media, the space between the membrane 
of Reissner and the basilar membrane, con- 
taining the essential peripheral organs of 
hearing. S. tympani, the canal lying be- 
low the osseous lamina and the basilar mem- 
brane of the internal ear. S. vestibuli, the 
canal bounded by the osseous lamina and the 
membrane of Reissner. See Ear. 

Scald [skawld) [excaldere, to wash in hot 
water]. The bum caused by hot liquids or 
vapors. 

Scald {skawld) [Icel., skalli, a bare head]. 
A disease of the skin accompanied by the 
formation of scabs. 

Scale (skal) [AS.. sceale, a husk; a scale]. 
The dry semiopaque lamina of horny 
epidermis, shed from the skin in health and 
in various diseases. 

Scale [scala, ladder]. Anything bearing 
marks placed at regular intervals and used 
as a standard in measuring, as barometric S. 

Scalene {ska / -lef2)[GKa/.r;r6c, uneven]. Hav- 
ing unequal sides. S. Muscle. See Scal- 
:...-. Muscles, Table of. 

Scall {skawl). See Scald, 2d definition. 

Scalp [AS., sceale, a shell or husk]. The 
hairy integument covering the cranium. 

Scalpel {skal-pel') [scalpere, to cut]. A small 
knife having a convex edge. 

Scalprum {skal'-prum) [scalpere, to scrape] . 
A toothed raspatory used in trephining and 
in removing carious bone. 

Scaly {ska'-le) [AS. , sceale, scale]. I. Re- 
sembling scales ; characterized by scales, as 
S. desquamation. 2. Covered with or hav- 
ing scales. 

Scanning, or Scanning Speech [scaudere, 
to climb]. A peculiar, slow, and measured 
form of speech, occurring in various nervous 
arfections, especially in multiple sclerosis. 

Scaphocephaly. Scaphocephalous {skafo- 
sefal'-ik, skafo-sef r -al-us) [onaoy], a skiff : 
Ksoa/.r;, head]. Having a boat-shaped head, 
from early ossification of the sagittal suture, 
which projects like the keel of a boat. 

Scaphocephaly {skaf-o-sef'-al-e) [cKaorj, 
boat; Keoa/.r;, head]. The condition of 
having a skull characterized by a projecting 
keel-like sagittal suture, due to its premature 
ossification. 

Scaphoid (skaf'-oid) [-;:.;. boat; eldoc, 
like]. Boat-shaped. S. Abdomen, the 



sunken abdomen, seen in meningitis and in 
great emaciation. S. Bone, a name given 
to a boat-shaped bone of the tarsus and of 
the carpus. S. Fossa. I. A depression in 
the base of the internal pterygoid plate of 
the sphenoid bone. 2. A depression between 
the helix and antihelix of the auricle. 

Scapula (skaps-u-tah) [L.]. The shoulder- 
blade, the large, fiat, triangular bone forming 
the back oi the shoulder. 

Scapular {skap'-u-lar) [scapula, the shoulder- 
blade]. Pertaining to the shoulder-blade. 
S. Line, a vertical line drawn on the back 
through the inferior angle of the scapula. S . 
Point, a tender point developed in neuralgia 
of the brachial plexus and situated at the in- 
ferior angle of the scapula. S. Reflex. See 
Rt ~exes, Table of S. Region, the region of 
the back corresponding to the position of the 
scapula, the spine of which divides it into a 
supraspinous and an infraspinous region. 

Scapulary {skap* -u-la-re) [scajmla, scapula]. 
A bifurcated bandage, the two ends of which 
pass over the shoulders, while the single end 
passes down the back, all three being fastened 
to a body-bandage. 

Scapulo- {skap / '-u-lo-) [scapula, scapula]. A 
prefix denoting relation to the scapula. 

Scapuloclavicular {skap -u-lo -kla -zik'- u - 
la?-) [scapula, scapula; clavis, key]. Per- 
taining to the scapula and the clavicle. 

Scapulohumeral {skap -u-lo- hu'- mer - al) 
[scapula, scapula; liumerus, humerus]. 
Pertaining to the scapula and the humerus. 

Scar [skar) [L., eschara, scar, from zax^po-, 
a fire-place]. See Cicatrix. 

Scarfskin \skarf-skin) [AS., scearfe, a frag- 
ment ; skin\ The epidermis or cuticle. 

Scarification {skar-if -ik-a' - shun) [scarifi- 
es re, to scarify]. The operation of making 
numerous small, superficial incisions. 

Scarificator ysecrif-ik-a'-ter) [scarificare, 
to scarify]. An instrument used in scarifi- 
cation, consisting of a number of small lan- 
cets operated by a spring. 

Scarify {skar'-if-i) [scarificare, to scarify]. 
To make a number of small, superficial inci- 
sions. 
'Scarlatina {skar-lat-e f -tiah) [Pers. , j<?. 
scarlet cloth]. See Scarlet Fever. S. an- 
ginosa, scarlet fever with marked inflamma- 
tion of the throat. S. maligna. See Scar- 
let Fa. :". 

Scarlatinal. Scarlatinous iskar-lat-i'-nal, 
scar-lit- i' '-;::■: . skar-Im [scarlativ.us, 

scarlet]. Pertaining to or caused by scarlet 
fever. S. Nephritis, the acute catarrhal 
nephritis arising in the course of or during 
the convalescence from scarlet fever. 

Scarlet Fever. An acute, contagious, febrile 
disease, having a period of incubation vary- 
ing from several hours to a week, setting in 



SCARPA'S FASCIA 



567 



SCIIWEINEROTIILAUF 



with vomiting or a chill, which is followed 
by high fever, rapid pulse, sore throat, and 
the appearance at the end of the first or 
the second day of the disease of a puncti- 
forra, scarlet-red eruption. The tongue, at 
first heavily coated and red at the tip and 
edges, soon shows prominence of the papillre, 
which are red and swollen (strawberry- 
tongue). The eruption, at the appearance 
of which all the symptoms become intensi- 
fied, gradually fades after five or six days, 
and is followed by a scaly desquamation. 
A peculiarity of scarlet fever is the tendency 
to involve the kidneys. Malignant Scarlet 
Fever is characterized by an abrupt onset, 
high fever, convulsions, coma, and death, 
usually before the appearance of the erup- 
tion. 

Scarpa's Fascia \Scarpa, an Italian anato- 
mist]. The deep layer of the superficial 
abdominal fascia. 

Scarpa's Foramen. See Foramina, Table 
of 

Scarpa's Liquor [Scarpa, an Italian anato- 
mist]. The endolymph. 

Scarpa's Triangle. See Triangle. 

Scatol (ska'-tol). See Skatol. 

Scatula (skat'-u-la/i) [L. ]. An oblong, flat 
box for powders or pills. 

Scavenger (skav'-en-jer) [AS., scedwian, to 
show]. One who cleans ; a remover of 
waste and filth. S. -cells, wandering cells 
that take up debris. S. -cells are common in 
the nervous system. 

Schacher's Ganglion. The ophthalmic 
ganglion. 

Schede's Method. A method of treating 
caries of bone. The diseased tissue is scraped 
away and the cavity allowed to fill with a 
blood-clot. The latter is kept moist and 
aseptic by a covering of gauze and protective. 

Scheiner's Experiment. An experiment 
illustrating refraction and accommodation of 
the eye. The person looks through two pin- 
holes made in a card and placed at a less dis- 
tance than the diameter of the pupil. If the 
eye is emmetropic, or if accurately focused, 
the two sets of rays, passing through the pin- 
holes, unite and form a single image. In a 
myopic or a hyperopic eye the object appears 
double. 

Schema (ske'-mah) \_axvi ia i form]. I. A 
simple design to illustrate a complex me- 
chanism. 2. An outline of a subject. 

Schematic (ske-maf - ik) [axvfia, form]. 
Pertaining to or of the nature of a schema. 
S. Eye, one showing the proportions of a 
normal or typic eye. 

Scherlievo (skdr-le-a'-vo) [Ital.]. A form of 
ulcerative syphilis prevalent in the Austrian 
seaports during the last century. 

Scheurlen's Bacillus (shoir'-lenz). A bacil- 



lus at one time thought to be the cause of 
carcinoma. 

Schindylesis (skin-dil-e'-sis) [axt-vdv^rjaiq, 
a cleavage]. A form of articulation in which 
a plate of one bone is received into a fissure 
of another bone. 

Schisto- (skis' -to-) [o^ordc, cleft]. A pre- 
fix meaning split or fissured. 

Schistocephalus (skis-to-sef '-al-us) \px iaT ^i 
cleft; Kecpaki], head]. I. Having a fissured 
skull. 2. A monster with a fissured skull. 

Schistocyte (skis' -to-cit) \px iGT ^y cleft; 
Kvrog, cell]. A blood-corpuscle in the stage 
of dividing. 

Schistoglossia (skis-to-glos' '-e-ah) [cr^crroc, 
cleft; yXuoca, tongue] . Cleft tongue. 

Schistoprosopus (skis-to-pros-o'-pus) [cr^cr- 
toq, cleft; npoauKov, face]. I. Having a 
cleft or fissured face. 2. A monster having 
a fissure of the face. 

Schistorrhachis (skis-tor' -a-kis) [u^ardc, 
cleft; po-xtg, spine]. Spina bifida. 

Schistosomus (skis - to - so'-mits) [ax iaT °C> 
cleft; oufia, a body]. A variety of monster 
in which there is a lateral or median eventra- 
tion extending the whole length of the ab- 
domen, the lower extremities being absent or 
rudimentary. 

Schistothorax (skis-to-tho' -raks) [ax^rog, 
cleft; Oupat;, chest]. Fissure of the thorax. 

Schizogenesis (skiz-o-jen' -es-is) \px'^f-v, 
to cleave ; yeveaQ, production]. Reproduc- 
tion by fission. 

Schizomycetes (skiz-o-mi-se'-tez) [ox'L& iV > 
to cleave ; /j.vk?jc, a fungus]. The cleft fungi 
or bacteria, so-called because multiplying by 
fission. 

Schlemm, Canal o£ A channel within the 
sclera close to the corneal juncture, whereby 
the aqueous humor finds its way into the 
general circulation. 

Schlemm's Ligament. One of two liga- 
ments connected with the shoulder-joints. 

Schneiderian Membrane (shni-de'-re-an) 
[C. V. Schneider, a German anatomist] . 
The nasal mucous membrane. 

Schonlein's Disease. See Diseases, Table 
of. 

Schott's Method. A method of treating 
heart-disease by resisted exercise and special 
forms of baths. 

Schrager's Lines (shrah'-gerz). A coarse 
striation, concentric with the outline of the 
pulp-cavity, produced by the parallel curvings 
of dentinal tubules. 

Schreiner's Base (shri'-nurz) . See Sper- 
min. 

Schwann, Sheath of. The neurilemma of a 
nerve-fiber. 

Schwann, White Substance of. The 
myelin of a medullated nerve-fiber. 

Schweinerothlauf (shwi - na-rot' - lowf) 



SCHWEINFURTH GREEN 



56S 



SCLEROSIS 



[Ger. ]. Rouget du pore [Fr. ]. Hog-ery- 
sipelas, an infectious disease of hogs, charac- 
terized by fever and an eruption of reddish 
or brownish spots, and due to a special bacil- 
lus. See Bacilhts erysipelatos suis, Bacteria, 
Table of. 

Schweinfurth Green [sazvln'-foort). Syno- 
nym of Paris-green. 

Sciatic (si-a^-ik) \\oxiov, ischium]. I. Per- 
taining to the ischium, as, e. g., the S. notch. 
2. Pertaining to the sciatic nerve, as S. neu- 
ralgia. 

Sciatica ( si-ad -ik-ah) \ischiaticus , from \c- 
Xtov, ischium]. A disease characterized by 
neuralgic pain along the course of the sciatic 
nerve. It usually follows exposure to cold 
and wet, and is dependent upon inflammation 
of the nerve. In addition to pain there are 
numbness and tingling, tenderness along the 
course of the nerve, and eventually wasting 
of the muscles. 

Scilla (ni'-ah [L.]. See Squill. 

Scirrhoid {skir'-oid) [ctuppoc, hard ; eldoc, 
like]. Resembling a scirrhus. 

Scirrhoma {skir-o' -mah)[cKi'pp6c, hard; bua, 
tumor]. See Scirrhus. 

Scirrhosarca (skir-o-sar' -kah) [anippoc, hard ; 
r 5, flesh]. Hardening of the flesh, espe- 
cially of new-born infants; sclerema of in- 
fants. 

Scirrhous (ski^-us) \cmppoc, hard]. Hard. 

Scirrhus [siir^-us) [cKi'p'poc, hard]. A hard 
carcinoma. 

Scissors {siz* -ors)\scindere , to cut]. An in- 
strument consisting of two blades held to- 
gether by a rivet, and crossing each other so 
that in closing they cut the object placed 
between them. # 

Scissura \si~-u' '-rah) \_scindere, to cut]. A 
fissure. 

Sclera {skle* -rah) \_ctOr,poc, hard]. The 
sclerotic coat of the eye ; the firm, fibrous, 
outer membrane of the eyeball, continuous 
with the sheath of the optic nerve behind and 
with the cornea in front. 

Scleral (sk.Y-ral) \pK/.r]p6c, hard]. Per- 
taining to the sclera. 

Scleratitis {skle-rat-i'-tis). Same as Scler- 
itis. 

Sclerectasia {skle-rek-ta' '-ze-ah) [gk'/.tjpoc, 
hard; eKracic, extension]. Localized bulg- 
ing of the sclera. 

Sclerectomy {skle-rek> ' -to-me)\cK/.rip6c, hard : 
ektout/, excision]. Excision of a portion of 
the sclera. 

Sclerema {skle-re' '-mah) \atO-Tjp6c, hard]. 
A hardening. S. adultorum. See Sclero- 
derma. S. neonatorum, a disease of the 
new-born, characterized by a hardening of 
the subcutaneous tissue, especially of the 
legs and feet, and probably dependent on a 
coagulation of the fat. 



Scleriasis {skh-ri'-as-is) [gks.jjpoc, hard]. 
Scleroderma. 

Scleritis {skle-ri' -tis) \pK>.r}p6q, hard ; ltlc, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the sclerotic 
coat of the eye. It may exist alone (sim- 
ple S. or episcleritis) or may be combined 
with inflammation of the cornea, iris, or 
choroid. 

Sclero«- (skle / -ro-)\jjK/.Tjp6c,hax&~]. I. A pre- 
fix meaning hard. 2. A prefix denoting con- 
nection with the sclera. 

Sc\zToz\±OToi&i\is(skle-ro-ko-roid-i / -tis)[cK'/.T]- 
poc, hard ; choroid ; inc, inflammation]. In- 
flammation of the choroid and the sclerotic 
coat of the eye. 

Sclerocorneal {skle-ro-kor f -ne-al) [cK/.rjpoq, 
hard ; conieus, horny]. Pertaining con- 
jointly to the sclerotic coat and the cornea 
of the eye. 

Sclerodactylia, Sclerodactyly [skle-ro-dak- 
til'-e-ah, skle-ro-dak' '-til-e) [oK/.rtpoc, hard ; 
AaicriAoc, finger]. A disease of the fingers 
(or toes'! allied to scleroderma. It is usually 
symmetric, occurs chiefly in women, and 
leads to marked deformity. 

Scleroderma {skle - ro - der f - mah) [oK/qpoc, 
hard; 6t pua, skin]. A disease characterized 
by a progressive induration of the skin, oc- 
curring either in circumscribed patches (see 
Morphea) or diffusely. The skin becomes 
hard, pigmented, and firmly attached to the 
underlying tissues ; destructive changes may 
also occur, and joints may become immobile 
from adhesions of the skin. The cause of 
S. is not known. 

Sclerogenous {skle -roj f - en -us) [aK/qpoc, 
hard; yrwov, to beget]. Producing a hard 
substance. 

Scleroma {skle -ro* -mah) [cK'/.rjpoc, hard]. 
Abnormal hardness or induration of a part. 
S. adultorum. Synonym of Scleroderma. 

Scleromucin {skle - ro - mid- sin) [gks.tjpoc, 
hard; mucus, mucus]. A gummy substance 
obtained from ergot, and considered one of 
its active principles. 

Scleronyxis (skle-ron-ik'-sis) [c/c/^poc, hard; 
vi^tc, a pricking]. Puncture of the sclera. 

Sclerosarcoma {skle-ro-sar-ko'-mah) [gk/j;- 
poc, hard ; cap;, flesh : bua, tumor]. A hard, 
fleshy tumor of the gums. 

Sclerosed {skle'-rozd) [GK/.r/poc, hard]. Af- 
fected with sclerosis ; hardened. 

Sclerose en plaques {skla-ros f on{g)-plahk). 
Synonym of Sclerosis, Multiple. 

Sclerosis {skle - ro* - sis) [cK/.r/poc, hard]. 
Hardening, especially a hardening of a part 
from an overgrowth of fibrous tissue ; applied 
particularly to hardening of the nervous system 
from atrophy or degeneration of the nerve- 
elements and hyperplasia of the interstitial 
tissue ; also to a chronic inflammation of the 
arteries characterized by thickening of their 



SCLEROSKELETON 



569 



SCROFULA 



coats. S., Diffuse, one extending through 
a large part of the brain and cord. S., Dis- 
seminated, a form in which numerous scler- 
otic patches are scattered through the brain 
and cord. S., Insular. See S., Multiple. 
S., Lateral. See Lateral Sclerosis. S., Mul- 
tiple. See Charcots Disease, in Diseases, 
Table of. 

Scleroskeleton {skle-ro-skel f -et-oii) [oKlrjpoq, 
hard ; okeXetov, a dry body]. The part of 
the skeleton including the bones occurring in 
tendons and ligaments. 

Sclerostenosis (skle-p-o-sten-o'-sis) \_aKAi]p6c, 
hard; arivuaig, constriction]. I. Sclerosis 
with stenosis. 2. Scleroderma. 

Sclerotic [skle-rot f ' -ik)\cK%i]p6q , hard]. Hard, 
indurated. S. Coat. See Sclera. 

Sclerotica {skle-rotf -ik-ah) \pK7ajpoq, hard]. 
See Sclera. 

Scleroticochoroiditis (skle-rot-ik-o-ko-roid- 
i'-tis). See Sclerochoroiditis. 

Scleroticonyxis {skle - rot - ik - on - ik f - sis). 
See Scleronyxis. ' 

Sclerotitis ( skle - ro-ti ' -lis ) [ gkItjpoq, hard, 
sclera; trig, inflammation]. See Scleritis. 

Sclerotium (skle-ro'-she-wn) [a/c/^poc, hard]. 
A thick-mass of hyphae constituting a resting- 
stage in the development of some fungi, as 
the ergot. 

Sclerotome {skle ; - ro - torn) [ aKArjpdg, hard ; 
TEfiveiv, to cut]. I. A knife used in sclerot- 
omy. 2. A hard tissue separating successive 
myotomes in certain of the lower vertebrates. 

Sclerotomy {skle-rot f -o-?ne) [anfoipoc, hard ; 
TEfivELv, to cut]. The operation of incising 
the sclera. S., Anterior, the making of an 
incision through the sclera anterior to the 
ciliary body, and entering the anterior cham- 
ber, as is done in glaucoma. S., Posterior, 
S. by an incision through the sclera behind 
the ciliary body, and entering the vitreous 
chamber. 

Scolex [sko'-leks) [okg)?^, sl worm]. The 
head of a tapeworm, giving rise to the chain 
of proglottides. 

Scoliorachitic {sko-le-o-ra-kit ; -ik) [cuolioc, 
curved; pax^Q, spine; trig, inflammation]. 
Pertaining to or produced by scoliosis and 
rickets. 

Scoliosis (sko-le-o / -sis) [ gko\loc, curved]. 
A morbid lateral curvature of the spine. 

Scoliotic {sko-le-ot f -ik) \oKoAt6g, curved]. 
Pertaining to or marked by scoliosis. 

Scoop [AS., skopa, a scoop]. An instrument 
resembling a spoon, for the extraction of 
bodies from cavities, as an ear-S., lithotomy - 
S. 

Scoparin {sko' ' -par-in). See Scoparius. 

Scoparius (sko-pa> '-re-us) \_scopa, a broom]. 
The Cytisus scoparius, a shrub of the order 
Leguminosse. The tops (S. , U. S. P. , Sco- 
parii cacumina, B. P.) contain the alkaloid 



spartein, C 15 H. 26 N 2 , and a neutral principle, 
scoparin, C 2 ,H 22 O 10 . S. is diuretic and ca- 
thartic, these actions probably depending 
upon scoparin. Extractum scoparii fluidum 
(U. S. P.). Dose mjcx-xl (1.3-2.6). For 
properties of spartein see Spartein. 

Scopolamin, Scopolein ( sko-po / -lam-in, 
sko-po f -le-in). See Scopolia. 

Scopolia [sko-po' '-le-ali) [after Scopoli, an 
Italian naturalist]. A genus of the Solana- 
cea?, resembling the genera Atropa and Hy- 
oscyamus. The rhizome of S. japonica and 
S. carniotica contains the alkaloid scopolamin 
or scopolein, C 17 H 21 N0 4 , used as a mydriatic. 

Scorbutic [skor-bu' -tik) [^scorbutus, scurvy]. 
Pertaining to, affected with, or caused by 
scorbutus. 

Scorbutus {skor-bu'-tns) [L.]. See Scurvy. 

Scotodinia (sko-to-din'-e-ah) [onorog, dark- 
ness; divog, a whirl]. Vertigo associated 
with the appearance of black spots before the 
eyes. 

Scotograph (sko'-to-graf) [gk6toq, darkness ; 
ypa^Eiv, to write]. I. An instrument for 
aiding the blind to write. 2. A name given 
to the picture produced by means of the so- 
called X-rays. See X-rays. 

Scotoma {sko-to f -mah) [cKoroq, darkness]. 
An area in the visual field, rays of light from 
which are not at all (Absolute S.) or im- 
perfectly (Relative S.) perceived. S., Cen- 
tral, one limited to the region of the visual 
field corresponding to the macula lutea. S., 
Color-, color-blindness limited to a part of 
the visual field, and which may exist without 
interruption of the field for white light. S., 
Flittering, a S. with serrated margins ex- 
tending peripherally and producing a large 
defect in the visual field. It is also 
called fortification-spectrum. S., Negative, a 
defect due to the destruction of the retinal 
center, and which is not noticeable to the 
patient. S., Positive, a S. perceptible to 
the patient as a dark spot before his eyes. 
S., Relative, a scotoma within which per- 
ception of light is only partially impaired. 
S., Ring-, S., Annular, a zone of scotoma 
surrounding the center of the visual field. 
S. scintillans, S., Scintillating. See S., 
Flittering. 

Screatus [skre-a f -tus) [L.]. I. A hawking. 
2. A neurosis characterized by paroxysms of 
hawking. 

Scrivener's Palsy. See Writer's cramp. 

Scrobiculus (skro-bik' '-u-lus) [L.]. A small 
pit. S. cordis, the depression at the epi- 
gastrium ; the pit of the stomach. 

Scrofula [skrof f -u-lah) \_scrofa, a sow]. A 
term formerly applied to a peculiar condition 
characterized by enlargement of the lym- 
phatic glands and necrosis of the bones ; it is 
at present considered a form of tuberculosis. 



SCROFULIDE 



570 



SECONDARY 



Scrofulide (skrof / -u-lid) [scrofa, sow]. See 
Scrofn loderm . 

Scrofuloderm {skrof'-u-lo-derm) [scrofa, 
sow; dipfia, the skin]. A disease of the 
skin due to scrofula, and generally character- 
ized by superficial irregular ulcers with under- 
mined edges. The cause is the tubercle- 
bacillus. 

Scrofulosis (skrof -u-lo f - sis) \_scrofa, sow]. 
The state' characterized by the presence of 
scrofula ; a scrofulous diathesis. 

Scrofulous (skrof'-u-lus) \_scrofa, sow]. 
Having the nature of, affected with, or pro- 
duced by scrofula. 

Scrotal \skro> '-tat) [scrotum, scrotum]. Per- 
taining to, or contained in the scrotum, as S. 
hernia. 

Scrotum (skro f -tuni) [L.]. The pouch con- 
taining the testicles, consisting of skin, dartos, 
spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia, infundi- 
buliform fascia, and parietal tunica vaginalis. 

Scruple {skru'-pl) [scrupulus, dim. oiscrupus, 
a sharp stone]. In apothecaries' weight, 20 
grains ; represented by the sign ^ . 

Scurf {skerf) [AS., scurf, scurf]. A bran- 
like desquamation of the epidermis, especially 
from the scalp ; dandruff. 

Scurvy [sker'-ve) [AS., scurf, scurf]. A 
disease observed among persons who have 
been deprived of proper food for a length of 
time ; it is characterized by spongy gums, ex- 
travasations of blood beneath the skin, 
hemorrhages from the mucous membranes, 
fetor of the breath, and painful contractions 
of the muscles. It is most common among 
sailors living on salt-meats. S., Land-. See 
Purpura hemorrhagica. 

Scurvy-grass. The Cochlearia officinalis, a 
plant of the order Cruciferae, the properties 
of which reside in a volatile oil resembling 
oil of mustard. S. is used in scurvy and in 
chronic rheumatism. 

Scute {shut) [scutum, a shield]. See Scutum. 

Scutellaria \sku-tel-a f -re-ali) [scutelhwi, a 
little shield]. A genus of the Labiatse. S. 
lateriflora, skullcap, is the S. of the U. S. P., 
and is employed in neuralgia, chorea, deli- 
rium tremens, and other nervous affections. 
Extractum Scutellariae fluidum (U. S. P.). 
Dose f^j-ij (4.0-8.0). Dose of Scu- 
tellarin, an impure precipitate from an alco- 
holic tincture, gr. iij-iv (0.20-0.26). 

Scutulum (sku'-tti-lum) [dim. of scutum, a 
shield]. Any one of the thin plates of the 
eruption of favus. 

Scutum {sku'-tum) [scutum, a shield]. A 
shield-like plate of bone. S. tympanicum, 
the semilunar plate of bone separating the 
attic of the tympanum from the outer mas- 
toid cells. 

Scybala (sib'-al-ah). Plural of Scybalum, 
q. v. 



Scybalous {sib f -al-us) [onvfiaAov, fecal mat- 
ter] . Of the nature of a scybalum. 

Scybalum [sib f -al-um) [anvfiaTiov , fecal mat- 
ter]. A mass of abnormally hard fecal 
matter. 

Seamstress's Cramp. A painful cramp af- 
fecting the fingers of seamstresses ; an occu- 
pation-neurosis analogous to writer's cramp. 

Searcher [serch' f -er) [circare, to go around]. 
A sound used for the detection of stone in 
the bladder. 

Sea-sickness. A condition occurring in per- 
sons aboard ships, produced by the rolling 
of the ship, and characterized by vertigo, 
nausea, retching, and prostration. A simi- 
lar state may be induced by riding in cars, 
elevators, etc. 

Sea-tangle. See Laminaria. 

Seat-worm. See Oxyuris. 

Sebaceous {se-ba' '-shus) [sebum, suet, fat]. 
Pertaining to sebum ; secreting sebum, as 
the S. Glands or Follicles, compound sac- 
cular glands associated with the hair-follicles, 
and secreting a semifluid substance, the 
sebum, composed of oil-droplets and broken- 
down epithelial cells. S. Cyst, a cystic 
tumor formed . by occlusion of the duct of a 
S. gland, with retention of the secretion, 
dilatation and thickening of the wall of the 
gland. It contains a grayish-white, cheesy 
material. 

Sebadilla (seb-ad-il f -ah). See Sabadilla. 

Sebiparous (seb-ip'-ar-tts) [sebum, fat; pa- 
rere, to produce]. Secreting sebum. 

Sebolith [seb f - o-lith) [sebinn, fat ; Aidog, 
stone]. A concretion in a sebaceous gland. 

Seborrhea [seb-or-e' '-ah) [sebtim, suet ; poia, 
a flow]. A functional disease of the seba- 
ceous glands, characterized by an excessive 
secretion of sebum, which collects upon the 
skin in the form of an oily coating or of 
crusts or scales. S. congestiva, Lupus 
erythematosus. S. capillitii, S. capitis, 
S. of the scalp. S. corporis, S. of the 
trunk. S. faciei, S. of the face. S. nigra, 
S. nigricans, seborrhea with the formation 
of dark-colored crusts, the coloration being 
usually from dirt. S. oleosa, a form 
characterized by an excessive oiliness of the 
skin, especially about the forehead and nose. 
S. sicca, the commonest form of S., char- 
acterized by greasy, brownish-gray scales. 

Sebum {se f -buni)\y..\ The secretion of the 
sebaceous glands. See Sebaceous Glands. 

Secale (se-ha / -le)[L,.'\. Rye. S. cornutum. 
See Ergot. 

Secondary [sek f -un-da-re) [secundarius, from 
secundus, second]. I. Second in the order 
of time or development, as the S. lesions of 
syphilis. 2. Second in relation ; subordi- 
nate; produced by a cause considered primary. 
S. Amputation, an amputation done after 



SECOND INTENTION 



571 



SEMEN 



the subsidence of inflammatory symptoms. 
S. Cataract. See Cataract. S. Coil, the 
coil of wire in which the induced current is 
generated. S. Degeneration, of nerve 
fibers, a degeneration following injury or 
disease of the trophic centers. S. Hemor- 
rhage. See Hemorrhage. 

Second Intention. See Healing. 

Second Nerve. The optic nerve. 

Secrete [se-krit ,y )\secernere i to separate]. To 
separate ; specifically, to separate from the 
blood, or form out of materials furnished by 
the blood a certain substance termed a 
secretion. 

Secretion (se-hre'-shun) \jecernere, to se- 
crete] . I . The act of secreting or forming from 
materials furnished by the blood a certain 
substance which is either eliminated from the 
body or is used in carrying on special func- 
tions. 2. The substance secreted. S., Ex- 
ternal, a S. thrown out upon the external 
or internal surface of the body. S., Inter- 
nal, a S. that is not thrown out upon a 
surface, but is absorbed into the blood. 

Secretory [se' ' -kre-to-re) \_secemere, to separ- 
ate]. Pertaining to secretion; performing 
secretion. 

Sectio {sek f -she-o) [L.]. See Section. S. ab- 
dominis. See Celiotomy. S. agrippina, Cesa- 
rean section. S. alta, suprapubic cystotomy. 
S. cadaveris, an autopsy. S. caesarea, 
Cesarean section. S. franconiana, supra- 
pubic cystotomy. S. lateralis, lateral lithot- 
omy. S. mediana, median lithotomy. 

Section {sek ; -shun) \_secare, to cut]. I. The 
act of cutting or dividing. 2. A cut ; a cut 
surface. S., Abdominal. See Celiotomy. 
S., Cesarean. See Cesarean Operation. S., 
Frontal, a S. dividing the body into dorsal 
and ventral parts. S., Sagittal, aS. parallel 
with the sagittal suture, and hence with the 
median plane of the body, and serving to 
divide the body into equal parts. 

Secundines [sek 1 ' - un - denz) \secundus , 
second]. The placenta, part of the umbilicus, 
and the membranes discharged from the 
uterus after the birth of the child. 

Secundipara (se-ktin-dip* '-ar-ah) \_seczindus, 
second ; parere, to bring forth] . See Mul- 
tipara. 

Sedation (se-da' -shun) \_sedare, to soothe]. 

1. A state of lessened functional activity. 

2. The production of a state of lessened 
functional activity. 

Sedative (sed / -at-iz>) \_sedare, to soothe]. I. 

Quieting or lessening functional activity. 2. 

An agent lessening functional activity. 
Sediment [sed' -im-ent) \jedi?nentum, from 

sedej-e, to sit]. The material settling to the 

bottom of a liquid. 
Sedimentation (sed-im-en-ta' -shun) \sedim- 

entum, sediment, from sedere, to sit]. The 



process of producing the deposition of a 
sediment, especially the rapid deposition by 
means of a centrifugal machine. 

Segment {seg*-ment )\_scgtne)itum, from secare, 
to cut]. A small piece cut from the peri- 
phery of anything ; a part bounded by a 
natural or imaginary line. 

Segmental (seg-men'-tal) \_segmentum, a 
segment, from secare, to cut]. I. Pertaining 
to a segment ; made up of segments. 2. 
Undergoing or resulting from segmentation. 
S. Duct, the duct of the pronephros. S. 
Organs, a tubular structure found in the 
embryos of amniotic animals, and comprising 
the pronephros, the mesonephros, and the 
metanephros. 

Segmentation {seg-men-ta' 'shun) \segmentu?n, 
a segment, from secare, to cut]. The process 
of dividing into two equal parts, as, e. g. , the 
S. of the ovum. S. -cavity, the central 
space in the ovum produced by S. S. -cells. 
See S. -sphere. S. -nucleus. See Ahicleus. 
S. -sphere, one of the cells of an ovum formed 
by S. 

Seidlitz -powder (sid'-litz). Pulvis efferves- 
cens compositus. See Potassium. 

Selection {se-lek' '-shun) [seligere, to choose]. 
The act of choosing. S., Natural, the selec- 
tive action of external conditions, whereby 
characters favorable to the species of animal 
or plant are preserved. S., Sexual, the selec- 
tion produced by preferences of the one sex 
for a member of the other sex in some way 
specially endowed. 

Self-abuse, Self-pollution. See Mashirba- 
tion. 

Self-limited. Limited by reason of inherent 
qualities ; applied to diseases that run a defi- 
nite limited course independent of treatment. 

Sella (sel'-ah) [L.]. A saddle. S. turcica 
[Turkish saddle] , the pituitary fossa of the 
sphenoid bone, lodging the pituitary body. 

Selters, Seltzer Water {seH-ters, selts r -er). 
An effervescent mineral water obtained at 
Selters in Prussia. 

Semeiography {sem-i-og f -ra-fe) [ crj/uelov, 
sign; ypa<peiv, to write]. Symptomatology. 

Semeiology (sem-i-oU-o- je) [orjfielov, sign ; 
Xoyoc, discourse]. Symptomatology. 

Semeiotic (sem-i-ot'-ih) \_a?j/u,elov, sign]. 
Pertaining to symptoms. 

Semeiotics {sem-i-ot' '-iks) \arjiielov, sign]. 
Symptomatology. 

Semelincident {sem-el-in'-sid-ent) [semel, 
once; incidere, to happen]. Happening 
only once in the same person ; as a S. 
disease. 

Semen (se / -men) \_serere, to sow]. I. A 
seed. 2. The fecundating fluid of the male, 
chiefly secreted by the testicles, composed of 
liquor seminis, seminal granules, oil-globules, 
and spermatozoa. 



SEMI- 



572 



SENSIBILITY 



Semi- (sem'-e-) [L.]. A prefix denoting half. 

Semicircular [setn-e-sir' '-ku-lar) [semi, half; 
circulus, a circle]. Having the form of a 
half-circle. S. Canals. See Ear. 

Semilunar [sem-e-lu 1 '-nar) [semi,ha\{; luna, 
moon]. Resembling a half-moon in shape, 
as, e. g., the S. bone of the carpus, the S. 
cartilage of the knee, the S. ganglion of the 
abdominal sympathetic nerve or of the tri- 
facial nerve (Gasserian ganglion), the S. 
valves of the heart. S. Space of Traube, 
the tympanitic area at the lower part of the 
left chest corresponding to the stomach. 

Semimembranous ( sem - e - mem' - bra - nus) 
[semi, half ; membranosus, like a mem- 
brane] . Partly membranous, as, e. g. , the S. 
muscle (Semimembranosus). See Muscles, 
Table of 

Seminal (sem'-in-al) [semen, seed]. Per- 
taining to the semen. S. Cyst, a cyst of the 
spermatic cord or testicle containing semen. 
S. Vesicles. See Vesicles. 

Seminiferous (sem-in-if' -er-us)[se?7ien, seed ; 

ferre, to carry]. Producing semen, as the 
S. tubules of the testicle. 

Seminormal {sem-e-nor'-mal) [semi, half; 
norma, rule]. Half-normal. S. Solution, 
one containing in solution half the quantity 
of the substance contained in the normal 
solution. 

Semis (se f -mis) [L.]. Half; abbreviated 
in prescription to ss., which is placed after 
the sign indicating the measure. 

Semispinalis (sem-e-spi-na' -lis). See Mus- 
cles, Table of. 

Semisulcus [sem - e - sul' - kus) [semi, half; 
sulcus, a sulcus]. A half-sulcus which 
uniting with another sulcus forms a complete 
sulcus. 

Semitendinous (sem-e-ten' -din-us) [semi, 
half; tendo, a tendon]. Partly tendinous, as, 
e. g. , a S. muscle (Semitendinosus). See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Senega (sen f -e-ga) [L.]. The Polygala sen- 
ega, a plant of the order Polygaleae. Its 
root (S., U. S. P., Senegae radix, B. P.) con- 
tains a bitter principle, senegin or polygalic 
acid (or polygalin) , which is probably identi- 
cal with saponin. S. is used as a stimulant, 
expectorant, and diuretic ; in large doses it is 
emetocathartic. It is chiefly employed in 
bronchitis and laryngitis, as a diuretic in 
dropsy, and in amenorrhea. Dose gr. x-xx 
(0.65—1.3). Extractum senegae fluidum (U. 
S. P.). Dose rr\x-xx (0.65-1.3). Infusum 
senegae (B. P.). Dose f t ^j (32.0). Syru- 
pus senegae (U. S. P.). Dose f.^j-ij (4.0- 
8.0). Tinctura senegae (B. P.). Dose 
fsjj (4.0). Polygalic acid is employed in 
doses of from gr. j£— j (0.016-0.065). 

Senegin (sen'-e-gin). See Senega. 

Senile (se'-nil) [senilis, resembling the state 



produced by old age; from senex, old]. 
Pertaining to or caused by old age. 

Senility (sen-il' -it-e) [senilis, from senex , old] . 
The state of being senile; the weakness 
characteristic of old age. 

Senn's Bone-plates [after Nicholas Senn, 
an American surgeon] . Plates of decalcified 
bone used in intestinal anastomosis. 

Senn's Test. The introduction of hydrogen- 
gas into the bowel through the rectum, for 
the detection and localization of an abnor- 
mal opening. 

Senna (sen'-ah) [Arab., sena']. The leaflets 
of various species of Cassia, a genus of the 
order Leguminosae. S. of the U. S. P. is de- 
rived from Cassia acutifolia. S. of theB. P. 
is of two varieties — Alexandrian S., from 
Cassia acutifolia, and East India or Tin- 
nevelly S., from Cassia angustifolia. S. 
contains cathartic acid, a glucosid rep- 
resenting the purgative properties of S., 
the bitter principles, sennapicrin and senna- 
crol, and a coloring matter, chrysophan. S. is 
used as a purgative, generally in combination 
with an aromatic to prevent griping. Dose 
gss-ij (2.0-8.0). Preparations and doses: 
Confectio sennae (U. S. P., B. P.). Dose 
3 ij (8.0). Extractum sennae fluidum (U. 
S. P.). Dose f^j-iv (4.0-16.0). Infusum 
sennae (B. P.). Dose fjjiv (128. o). Infusum 
sennae compositum (U. S. P.), black draught, 
contains S. , manna, and magnesium sulphate. 
Dose f £ iv (128.0). Pulvis glycyrrhizae com- 
positus (U. S. P., B. P.), compound liquorice 
powder. Dose gr. xxx— lx (2.0-4.0). Syru- 
pus sennae (U. S. P., B. P.). Dose f^j-iv 
(4.0-16.0). Tinctura sennae (B. P.). Dose 
f^j-iv (4.0-16.0). 

Sennacrol (sen f -ak-rol) [Arab., sena, senna; 
acris, sharp]. See Senna. 

Sennapicrin {sen-ap-ik' -rhi) [Arab., sena, 
■ senna ; nunpoq, bitter] . See Senna. 

Sensation (sen-sa f -shtiri) [sensatio, from sen- 
tire, to feel]. A feeling or impression pro- 
duced by the stimulation of an afferent 
nerve. 

Sense (sens) [se?isus, from sentire, to feel]. 
I. Any one of the faculties by which stimuli 
from the external world or from within the 
body are received and transformed into sen- 
sations. The faculties receiving impulses 
from the external world are the senses of 
sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, which 
are the special senses, and the muscular and 
temperature-sense. Those receiving impulses 
from the internal organs (visceral senses) are 
the hunger-S., thirst-S., and others. 2. A 
sensation. 

Sensibility (sen-sib-il' -it-e) [sensibilitas, from 
sentire, to feel]. The ability to receive and 
feel impressions ; of a nerve or end-organ, to 
receive and transmit impulses. 



SENSIBLE 



573 



SEQUELA 



Sensible (sen'-sibl) [sensibilis, from sent ire, 
to feel.] Perceptible by the senses, as, e.g., 
S. perspiration ; capable of receiving an im- 
pression through the senses. 

Sensitive [sen'-sit-iv) [sensitivus], I. Capa- 
ble of feeling ; capable of transmitting sen- 
sation. 2. Reacting to a stimulus. 

Sensorial (sen-so'-re-etl) [seiisorium, the 
organ of sensation]. Pertaining to the sen- 
sorium. 

Sensorimotor (sen-so-re-mo'-tor) [sensus, 
feeling; moior\. Both sensory and motor; 
concerned with the perception of sensory 
impulses and with motor impulses. S. Cen- 
ters, centers that are concerned both with the 
perception of sensation and with motor im- 
pulses. 

Sensorium (sen-so'-re-um) [L.]. A center 
for sensations, especially the part of the 
brain concerned in receiving and combining 
the impressions conveyed to the individual 
sensory centers. 

Sensory (sen'-so-re) \sentire, to feel]. Per- 
taining to or conveying sensation. S. 
Aphasia. See Aphasia. S. Aura, an 
aura affecting the special senses. S. Cross- 
way, the posterior third of the posterior 
limb of the internal capsule, where the af- 
ferent fibers conveying sensory impulses 
cross to the opposite side. S. Epilepsy, 
various disturbances of sensation occurring 
in paroxysms that replace the epileptic con- 
vulsion. S. Nerve, one that conveys sen- 
sations from the periphery to the centers. 

Sentient (sen'-she-ent) \_sentire, to feel]. 
Capable of feeling. 

Separator {sep' '-ar-a-tor) \separare, to sepa- 
rate]. I. Anything that separates, especially 
an instrument for separating the teeth. 2. An 
instrument for detaching the pericranium or 
periosteum. 

Sepsin (sep f -shi) [orjvretv, to make rotten]. 
A poisonous ptomain obtained from decom- 
posed yeast and blood. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Sepsis (sep / -sis) [o^t/mc]. A state of poison- 
ing produced by the absorption of putrefac- 
tive substances. S., Puerperal, sepsis 
occurring after childbirth, from absorption of 
putrefactive products from the parturient 
canal. 

Septan (sep f -taii) \septem, seven]. Recur- 

. ring every seventh day, as, e. g., S. fever. 

Septemia (sep-te f -me-ah). See Septice?nia. 

Septentrionalin (sep-ten-tre-o-nal' -hi). An 
alkaloid obtained from Aconitum lycoctonum. 
It is a sensory paralyzant, and has been sug- 
gested as a local and general anesthetic. 

Septic (sep'-tik) [o^Tm/cdc, putrid]. Per- 
taining to or produced by putrefaction. S. 
Intoxication, a form of poisoning result- 
ing from the absorption of products of putre- 
faction. 



Septicemia (sep-te-se f -me-ali) [oqTTTUiog, pu- 
trid ; a'ljua, blood]. Blood-poisoning; a 
form of poisoning resulting from the presence 
in the blood of the products of pyogenic or 
putrefactive microorganisms. S., Mouse-, a 
form of S. occurring in mice and produced 
by the bacillus murisepticus. It is usually 
fatal in from 40 to 60 hours, the animal be- 
coming early apathetic. S., Rabbit-, a form 
of S. occurring in rabbits and due to a special 
bacillus, the bacillus septicemia hemor- 
rhagica?, or bacillus of chicken-cholera. S., 
Sputum-, a form of S. produced by inocula- 
tion with microorganisms found in sputum, 
especially the pneumococcus. 

Septicemic {sep-te-se?n , -ik, sep-te-se' '-mik) 
[crj-xTcnoq, putrid ; aifia, blood]. Pertaining 
to or affected with septicemia. 

Septicin {sep' '-tis-in) [o?rrrTiK.6c , putrid]. A 
ptomain obtained from decaying flesh. 

Septicopyemia (sep-tik-o-pi-e' '-me-a/i) [arjiz- 
tlkoq, putrid ; ttvov, pus ; aifia, blood]. Com- 
bined septicemia and pyemia. S., Primary, 
that in which the general infection is produced 
by the same bacteria as those causing the 
primary lesion, and S., Secondary, that in 
which the general infection is due to other 
bacteria than those causing the primary lesion. 

Septimipara (sep-tim-ip' '-ar-aJi) \_septimus, 
seventh; parere, to bear]. See Multipara. 

Septivalent {sep-tiv f -al-ent) \_septem, seven; 
valere, to be worth]. Having an atomicity 
of seven. 

Septometer (sep- torn' '-et-er) [septum, septum, 
1st def. ; gtjktoc, putrid, 2d def. ; /uirpov, 
measure]. I. An instrument for determining 
the thickness of the nasal septum. 2. An 
apparatus for determining organic impurities 
in the air. 

Septum (sep f -tuvi) \_sepire, to hem in]. A 
partition; a division-wall. S. atriorum, 
S. auricularum, the S. between the right 
and left auricles of the heart. S. crurale, 
the layer of areolar tissue closing the femoral 
ring. S. lucidum, a thin translucent sep- 
tum forming the internal boundary of the 
lateral ventricles of the brain and enclosing 
between its two lamina the fifth ventricle. 
S., Nasal, the S. between the two nasal 
cavities. S., Pectiniform, that between the 
corpora cavernosa of the penis. S., Recto- 
vaginal, the tissue forming the partition 
between the rectum and the vagina. S. 
ventriculorum, the S. between the two 
ventricles of the heart. 

Septuplet (sep / -tu-plet) \_septem, seven]. One 
of seven offspring born from a single gesta- 
tion. 

Sequela (se-kwe'-lah) [sequi, to follow]. 
A diseased or abnormal condition following an 
attack of a disease, and directly or indirectly 
dependent upon it. 



SEQUESTRATION 



574 



SESAMOID 



Sequestration (se • kwes - Ira'- shun) [seques- 
trare, to separate]. I. The formation of a 
sequestrum. 2. The isolation of persons 
suffering from disease for purposes of treat- 
ment or of protecting others. 

Sequestrectomy (se-kwes-trek'-to-me). See 
Sequestrotomy. 

Sequestrotomy (se-kwes-trof '-o-me) [seques- 
trum, sequestrum; tojit), a cutting]. The 
operation of removing a sequestrum. 

Sequestrum (se-kwes' '-trum) [seqitestrare , to 
separate]. A dead piece of bone that has 
become separated from the living bone. 

Seralbumin (ser-al-bu' -niin) [serum, serum ; 
albumin']. Serum - albumin, the albumin 
found in the blood. 

Serial (se'-re-al) [series, a succession]. Fol- 
lowing in regular order ; occurring in rows. 
S. Sections, microscopic sections made in 
consecutive order and arranged in the same 
manner. 

Sericeps (ser'-is-eps) [arjpiKog, silken ; forceps, 
forceps]. A device made of loops of ribbon, 
used in place of the forceps in making trac- 
tion upon the fetal head. 

Sero- (se'-ro-) [serum, serum]. A prefix 
denoting serous. 

Serocystic (se-ro-sis' '-tik) [serum, serum ; 
kvgtlq, bladder]. Composed of cysts filled 
with a serous fluid. 

Serofibrinous (se-ro-fi '-brin-us) [serum, se- 
rum \fibriii\. Composed of serum and fibrin, 
as, e. g. , a S. exudate; characterized by the 
production of a S. exudate, as, e.g., a S. in- 
flammation. 

Serolin (se' '-ro-lin) [serum, serum ; oleum, 
oil]. A neutral fatty constituent of blood, 
occurring in small amount ; its nature is un- 
determined. 

Seropurulent (se-ro-pu' -ru-lent) [serum, se- 
rum; pus, pus]. Composed of serum and 
pus, as, e. g., a S. exudate. 

Seropus {se' '-ro-pus) [serum, serum ; pus, 
pus]. A fluid consisting of serum and pus. 

Serosa (se-ro' '-sah) [serosus, serous ; mem- 
brana, understood]. A serous membrane. 

Seroserous (se - ro - se'-rus) [serum, serum]. 
Pertaining jointly to two serous surfaces. 

Serosynovitis (se-ro-si-no-vi' '-tis) [serum, 
serum ; synovitis^ . A synovitis accompanied 
by an increase of the synovial fluid. 

Serotherapy (se-ro-ther'-ap-e)[serwn, serum ; 
depa-rrsea, therapy]. The treatment of dis- 
ease by means of the blood-serum of animals 
or individuals that are immune to or con- 
valescent from an infectious disease. 

Serotina (ser- o-ti / - nah) [serotinus, late]. 
See Decidua serotina. 

Serous (se'-rus) [serum, serum]. I. Per- 
taining to, characterized by, or resembling 
serum. 2. Producing serum, as a S. gland ; 
containing serum, as a S. cyst. S. Effu- 



sion, an effusion of serum. S. Exudate, 
an exudate consisting largely of serum. S. 
Inflammation, an inflammation charac- 
terized by the formation of a S. exudate. 
S. Membrane. See Membrane. 

Serpens (ser'-penz) [L.]. Creeping. 

Serpentaria (ser-pen-ta' '-re-ah) [L.]. Vir- 
ginia snake-root, the root of several species 
of Aristolochia, of the order of Aristolo- 
chiacese. The rhizoma and rootlets of 
Aristolochia serpentaria and Aristolochia reti- 
culata constitute the S. of the U. S. P. 
(Serpentariae rhizoma, B. P.). S. contains a 
volatile oil, a bitter principle, and a nitrogen- 
ous principle called aristolochin. It is a 
stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, and diuretic, 
and is used in the eruptive fevers to bring 
out the eruption, in intermittent fever, and in 
dyspepsia. Extractum serpentariae fluidum 
(U. S. P.). Dose rr^xx-xxx (1.3-2.0). 
Infusum serpentariae (B. P.). Dose f^j 
(32.0). Tinctura serpentarise (U. S. P., B. 
P.). Dose f 3 j (4.0). Tinctura cinchonas 
composita (U . S. P. , B . P. ) . Dose f 3 j (4. o) . 

Serpentine (ser f -pen-tin) [serpens, serpent]. 
Sinuous ; snake-like. 

Serpiginous (ser-pif -in-us) [serpiginosus , 
from serpere, to creep]. Creeping. S. Ul- 
cer, one that extends in one direction while 
healing in another. 

Serpigo (ser-pi' '-go) [L.]. Ringworm. 

Serrate, Serrated [ser' -at, ser'-a-ted) [serra, 
a saw]. Provided with sharp projections 
like the teeth of a saw. 

Serration (ser-a' '-shun) [serra, a saw]. The 
state or condition of being serrate. 

Serratus (ser-a' -tus) [L.]. Serrated; ap- 
plied to muscles arising or inserted by a 
series of processes resembling the teeth of a 
saw. See Muscles, Table of. 

Serre-fine (sar-fen') [Fr.]. A small spring- 
forceps for seizing and compressing bleeding 
vessels. 

Serre-nceud (sdr-noe) [Fr.]. An instrument 
used for drawing tight a ligature thrown 
around a part, as around the pedicle of a 
tumor. 

Serrulate (ser'-u-ldt) [serrula, dim. of serra, 
a saw]. Minutely notched or serrated. 

Serum (se'-rum) [L.]. I. The clear, 
yellowish fluid separating from the blood 
after the coagulation of the fibrin. 2. Any 
clear fluid resembling the S. of the blood. 
S. -albumin, the albumin found in the 
blood-serum and other animal fluids. S.- 
globulin. See Paraglobulin. S. lactis, 
whey. S.-unit. See Unit. 

Sesame (ses'-am-e). See Sesamtim. 

Sesamoid {ses' -am-oid) [cTjcajiov, sesame; 
eldoc, like]. Resembling a sesame-seed. 
S. Bone, a small bone developed in a ten- 
don subjected to much pressure. 



SESAMUM 



575 



SICKNESS 



Sesamum (ses / -am-um) [o/'/oauov']. A genus 
of plants of the order Pedaliacese. S. in- 
dicum and S. orientale yield a bland, 
sweetish oil, sesame-oil, teel-oil, benne-oil 
(Oleum sesami, U. S. P.), employed like 
olive-oil. 

Sesqui- {ses'-kwe-) [L.]. A prefix denoting 
one and one-half. 

Sesquioxid (ses-kwe-oks'-id) [sesqui-, one 
and one-half ; o^rc, acid]. A compound of 
oxygen and another element, containing 
three parts of oxygen to two of the other 
element. 

Sesquisalt (ses' -kwe-sawlt) [sesqui, one and 
one-half; salt]. A salt containing one and 
one-half times as much of the acid as of the 
radicle or base. 

Sessile (ses / -il) [sessilis, from sedere, to sit]. 
Attached by a broad base ; not pedunculated ; 
as, e. g. , a S. tumor. 

Seton (se / -lon) [seta, a bristle]. I. A thread 
or skein of threads drawn through a fold of 
the skin, so as to produce a fistulous tract ; 
it is used as a counterirritant. 2. The tract 
thus produced. 

Setschenow's Inhibitory Center {setch f -en- 
ofs.). A cerebral center for the inhibition 
of reflex movements, situated in the corpora 
quadrigemina and the medulla oblongata. 

Seven-day Fever. Relapsing fever. 

Sevum (se'-vum) [L. ] . Suet. 

Sewer-gas. The mixture of gases emanating 
from sewers. 

Sewing Spasm. See Seamstress" 1 s Cramp. 

Sextan (seks'-tan) [sex, six]. Occurring 
every sixth day, as, e.g., a S. fever. 

Sextipara [seks-tip f -ar-ah) [sex, six ; parere, 
to bear]. See Multipara. 

Sextuplet [seks f -tup-lei) [sex, six]. One of 
six offspring of a single gestation. 

Sexual {seks' -u-al) [sexus, sex]. Pertaining 
to or characteristic of sex, as the S. organs. 

Sexvalent {seks f -val-eni) [sex, six ; valere , 
to be worth]. Having an atomicity of six 
as compared with that of hydrogen. 

Shadowgram. See X-rays. 

Shadow-test. See Skiascopy. 

Shakes (shahs). See Ague. 

Shaking Palsy. See Paralysis agitans. 

Sharpey's Perforating Fibers. Transverse 
or perpendicular fibers transfixing and join- 
ing the lamellae of bone. 

Shaven-beard Appearance. A peculiar 
appearance of the agminated glands of the 
intestine in typhoid fever, resembling that 
of a recently-shaven beard. 

Sheath (sheth) [AS., scoi% sheath]. A 
covering. S., Primitive, S. of Schwann. 
See Neurilemma. 

Sheep-pox. A contagious pustular disease of 
sheep, similar to cow-pox. 

Sherry-wine (sher'-e). See Vinum xericum* 



Shin [AS., scina, shin]. The sharp ante- 
rior margin of the tibia. S.-bone, the tibia. 

Shingles (shing'-gles). Herpes zoster. 

Ship-fever. Typhus fever. 

Shiver (shiv'-er) [ME., chiveren, to shiver]. 

.A slight tremor or shaking of the body due 
to cold, etc. 

Shock [Fr. , shoe, shock] . I . A sudden grave 
depression of the system produced by 
operations, accidents, or strong emotion. It 
is due to a profound influence on the nervous 
system. If not fatal it is followed by a stage 
of reaction. 2. The agent causing a general 
or local depression, as, e. g., an electric S. 

Shoddy Fever. A diseased condition caused 
by the inhalation of the dust in shoddy- 
factories ; it is characterized by feverishness, 
headache, nausea, dryness of the mouth, 
dyspnea, cough, and expectoration. 

Shoemaker's Spasm. An occupation-neu- 
rosis,, analogous to writer's cramp, occurring 
in shoemakers. 

Short Circuit. One in which an electric 
current encounters an abnormally small re- 
sistance. 

Short-sight. Myopia. 

Shoulder (shoP-der) [AS., sculder, shoulder]. 
The region where the arm joins the trunk, 
formed by the meeting of the clavicle and the 
scapula, and the overlying soft parts. S.- 
blade, the scapula. S. -girdle. See Girdle. 

Show [sho) [AS. , sceawian, to look]. I. A 
bloody discharge from the birth-canal prior 
to labor. 2. The first appearance of a men- 
strual flow. 

Shower-bath. See Bath. 

Shrapnell's Membrane. See Membrane. 

Si. A symbol for silicon. 

Sialagogue [si-aV -a-gog) [ciaTiov, spittle ; 
dywydc, leading]. I. Producing a flow of 
saliva. 2. A drug producing a flow of 
saliva. 

Sialorrhea (si-al-or-e / -a) [cialov, spittle ; poia, 
a flow]. Salivation. S., Pancreatic, a flow 
of pancreatic juice. 

Sibbens {sib' -ens) [Gael., subhan, raspber- 
ries]. A disease formerly endemic in the 
Scotch highlands, and by some identified with 
syphilis, by others with yaws. 

Sibilant (sib f -il-ant) [sibilare, to hiss]. Hiss- 
ing or whistling, as, e. g. , a S. rale. 

Sibilus {sib f -il-us) [sibilare, to hiss]. A 
sibilant rale. 

Sick [AS., seoc, sick]. Ill; not well. S.- 
headache, migraine. 

Sickness (sik'-nes) [AS., seoc, sick]. I. The 
state of being unwell. 2. Nausea. S., 
African Sleeping. See African Lethargy. 
S., Falling, epilepsy. S., Green, chloro- 
sis. S., Monthly, the menstrual epoch. 
S., Mountain-, a sensation of nausea, with 
impeded respiration and irregular heart's 



SIDEROSIS 



576 



SIGN 



action, due to the rarefied air of high alti- 
tudes. 

Siderosis (sid-er-o / -sis) [oidrjpoq, iron]. A 
pigmentation by a deposit of particles of iron ; 
specifically, a chronic interstitial pneumonia 
caused by the inhalation of particles of iron? 

Siegle's Otoscope or Speculum, An 
instrument consisting of a glass-covered 
box with a conical projection and a rubber 
tube attached laterally. When the conical 
projection is inserted firmly into the external 
auditory canal, and the air is compressed or 
rarefied, the movements of the drum-mem- 
brane may be observed. It is also used for 
the purpose of rendering the articulations of 
the ossicles mobile. 

Sieve (siv) [AS., sife, sieve]. An apparatus 
with a reticulated bottom, used for the separa- 
tion of fine from coarse particles. The gauge 
of the sieve is usually expressed in the num- 
ber of meshes per square inch. 

Sigaultian Operation, Sigault's Operation 
[J. R. Sigault, a French obstetrician]. Sym- 
physiotomy. 

Sigh (si) [AS., sican, to sigh]. A pro- 
longed and deep inspiration followed by a 
shorter expiration ; suspirium. 

Sight (sit) [AS., si/it, sight]. The act of 
seeing ; the special sense concerned in seeing. 



S., Day-, hemeralopia. S., Far, S., Long, 
hyperopia. S., Night-, nyctalopia. S., 
Old, presbyopia. S., Short, myopia. 

Sigmatism (sig' -mat-izm) \sigma, the Greek 
letter s]. I. Defective utterance of the 
sound of s. 2. The too frequent use of the i 
sound in speech. 

Sigmoid (sig f -7noid ) [aiyfia, the letter s ; 
eUoc, likeness]. Shaped like the letter S. 
S. Cavities, two depressions on the head of 
the ulna ; the greater is for articulation with 
the humerus ; the lesser, on the outer side of 
the coronoid process, is for articulation with 
the radius. S. Flexure, an S-shaped bend 
in the colon between the descending portion 
and the rectum, usually occupying the left 
iliac fossa. 2. Pertaining to the S. flexure 
of the colon, as the S. artery, the S. meso- 
colon. 

Sigmoidostomy (sig-moi-dos' '-to-me) [ciyfia, 
the letter s ; arojia, mouth]. The formation 
of an artificial anus in the sigmoid flexure 
of the colon. 

Sign (sin) [signum, a mark]. A mark or 
evidence ; in a restricted sense, a physical 
S. S., Objective, S., Physical, one appa- 
rent to the observer. S., Subjective, one 
only recognized by the patient. A table of 
Eponymic Signs and Symptoms is appended. 



TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES. 



Name. 


Description. 


How Elicited. 


Disease in which 
Present. 


Significance. 


Abadie's sign. 


Spasm of tbe levator 
palpebral superioris 
muscle. 


Inspection. 


Exophthalmic goi- 
ter. 




Allis's sign. 


Relaxation of the fascia 
between the crest of 
the ilium and tbe 
trochanter major. 


Inspection. 


Fracture of the 
neck of the fe- 
mur. 




Argyll Robertson 
pupil. 


A pupil that acts in ac- 
commodation but not 
to light. 


Usual tests for ac- 
c m m odation 
and light. 


Locomotor ataxia. 




Baccelli's sign 

{aphonic pectori- 
loquy.) 


Reverberation of the 
whispered voice, 
heard through the 
chest-wall. 


Whispered voice 
of p a t i e n t aus- 
cultated through 
the chest. 


Pleural effusion. 




Baruch's sign. 


The resistance of the 
rectal temperature to 
a bath of 75 for fif- 
teen minutes, with 
friction. 


Immersion in bath 
of 75° F. 


Typhoid fever. 




Bernhardt's symp- 
tom. 


Paresthetic and painful 
sensations on the 
outer and anterior as- 
pect of the thigh, in 
tbe distribution of the 
external cutaneous 
nerve. 


Condition is sub- 
jective. 




In some cases de- 
pended on dis- 
placement of ex- 
ternal cutaneous 
nerve. 



SIGN 577 SIGN 

TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Description. 


How Elicited. 


Disease in which 
Present. 


Significance. 


Biermer's change 
of sound. 


See GerhardVs change 
of sound (in this 
table). 


Paretic dementia. 






Biernacki's symp- 
tom. 


Analgesia of ulnar 
nerve. 








Bouillaud, Tinte- 
ment metallique 
of. 


A peculiar clink some- 
times heard at the 
right of the apex-beat 
of the heart. 


Auscultation. 


Cardiac hypertro- 
phy. 




Brach -Romberg 
symptom. 


See Romberg' 1 s symp- 
tom. 








Brow n-Sequard's 
paralysis. 


Hemiparaplegia with 
hemianesthesia of op- 
posite side. 




Lesion of lateral 
half of spinal 
cord. 




Burton's sign. 


Blue line at junction of 
teeth with gums. 


Visual examina- 
tion. 


Chronic lead-poi- 
soning. 




Cheyne-S tokes' 
respiration. 


A succession of respir- 
ations becoming pro- 
gressively shorter and 
more shallow, then an 
intermission of vary- 
ing duration, followed 
by progressive in- 
crease in depth and 
length of respirations. 




In various affec- 
tions in which 
the brain is im- 
plicated. Cere- 
bral edema. Ure- 
mia. 




Chvostek's sign. 


Sudden spasm of one 
side of the face. 


A slight tap upon 
the side of the 
face. 


Postoperative tet- 
any. 




Clark's (Alonzo) 
sign. 


Obliteration of the 
hepatic dulness due to 
tympanitic distention 
of the abdomen. 


Percussion. 


Appendicitis and 
other peritoneal 
inflammations. 


The presence of the 
inflated bowel, or 
of gas in front of 
the liver. 


Corrigan's line. 


A purple line at the 
junction of the teeth 
with the gums. 


Visual examina- 
tion. 


Chronic copper- 
poisoning. 




Corrigan's pulse. 


A forcible pulse-wave, 
which quickly recedes. 


By finger or sphyg- 
mograph. 


Aortic insufficien- 
cy. 




Dalrymple's sign. 


Abnormal widening of 
the palpebral aperture. 


Visual examina- 
tion. 


Exophthalmic goi- 
ter. 




Davidsohn's sign. 


Reflection of light 
through the pupil in 
transamination. 


Electric light in 
the mouth. 




Health. 


Drummond's whiff. 


A whiff heard at the 
open mouth, during 
respiration proceed- 
ing from the glottis. 


Auscultation. 


Aortic aneurysm. 




Dietl's crises. 


Sharp paroxysmal 
pains occurring in 
case of movable 
kidney. 






Probably dependent 
on acute hydro- 
nephrosis from 
twisting of ureter. 


Duroziez's mur- 
mur. 


A double murmur oc- 
casionally heard in 
the femoral artery. 


Auscultation. 


Aortic incompe- 
tence. 




Farre's tubercles. 


Superficial masses felt 
on the surface of the 
liver. 


Palpation. 


Carcinoma of the 
liver. 




Filipovitch's sign. 


A saffron-like colora- 
tion of the prominent 
parts of palms of hands 
and soles of feet. 


Inspection. 


Typhoid fever. 





37 



SIGN 578 SIGN 

TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Description. 


How Elicited. 


Disease in which 
Present. 


Significance. 


Fisher's brain-mur- 
mur. 


A systolic murmur over 
the anterior fontanel 
or in the temporal 
region of infants. 


Auscultation. 


Rickets and other 
conditions. 




Flint's murmur. 


A second murmur fre- 
quently heard at the 
apex ; it has a rumb- 
ling quality and may- 
be presystolic, and is 
probably produced at 
the mitral orifice. 


Auscultation. 


Aortic incompe- 
tence. 




Fcerster's shifting 
type. 


Variations in the field 
of vision. 


Perimetric limits 
differ according 
as they are deter- 
mined by moving 
the disc from the 
center outward 
or from without 
to the center. 


Anesthesia of the 
retina, traumatic 
neuroses, etc. 




Friedreich's respi- 
ratory change of 
sound. 


The pitch of the percus- 
sion-note becomes in- 
creased at the height 
of a deep inspiration. 


On percussion. 


Pulmonary tuber- 
culosis and other 
conditions. 




Friedreich's sign. 


Diastolic collapse of 
the cervical veins. 


Palpation. In- 
spection. 


Adherent pericar- 
dium. 




Garel's sign. 


Absence of luminous 
perception on the 
affected side of the 
walls and sinuses 
about the mouth — 
antrum of Highmore. 


Electric transil- 
lumination. 


Disease of the an- 
trum. 




Gerhardt's change 
of sound. 


A change of percussion- 
note according to the 
patient's position, 
whether upright, lying 
on the back, or on the 
side. Due to changes 
in the form of the air- 
space and fluid-con- 
tents of the thoracic 
cavity. 


Percussion in the 
different posi- 
tions. 


Pneumothorax, 
pulmonary tuber- 
culosis. 




Gerhardt's sign. 


Absence of movement 
of larynx in dyspnea 
due to aneurysm of 
aorta. 


Inspection. 


In dyspnea from 
other causes, the 
movements of 
larynx are exten- 
sive. 




Glasgow's sign. 


Systolic sound in 
brachial artery. 


Auscultation. 


Latent aneurysm 
of aorta. 




von Graefe's sign. 


Failure of the upper lid 
to follow the eyeball 
in glancing down- 
ward. 


By having the 
patient alter- 
nately rotate the 
eyes up and 
down. 


Exophthalmic goi- 
ter. 




Grancher's sign. 


The expiratory mur- 
mur equals in pitch 
that of the inspira- 
tory. 


Auscultation. 


Pulmonary con- 
densation. 


Obstruction to ex- 
pired air. 


Gubler's tumor. 


A prominence seen on 
the dorsum of the 
carpus. *• 


By flexing carpus. 


Wrist-drop of 
chronic lead-poi- 
soning. 


Probably some 
effusion into the 
synovial sacs. 


Guyon's sign. 


Renal ballottement. 


Palpation. 


Floating kidney. 





SIGN 579 SIGN 

TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES.— Continued, 



Name. 


Description. 


How Elicited. 


Disease in which 
Present. 


Significance. 


Heberden's nodos- 
ities. 


Hard nodules, usually 
on the distal joints of 
the fingers. 


Palpation. 


Rheumatoid ar- 
thritis, usually in 
advanced life. 




Hegar's sign. 


A softening of the low- 
er uterine segment. 


By forefinger in 
the rectum and 
the thumb in the 
vagina. with pres- 
sure from above. 


Pregnancy. 




Hick's (Braxton) 
sign. 


Intermittent uterine 
contraction. Begins to 
be apparent at end of 
third month. May 
also be produced by 
any tumor that dis- 
tends uterus. 


Palpation. 


Pregnancy. 




Hippocratic facies. 


An anxious face, with 
pinched features and 
sunken eyes. 


By involuntary 
contraction of the 
facial muscles. 


In peritonitis and 
fatal diseases. 




Hippocratic fin- 
gers. 


Clubbing of the finger- 
tips, with incurvation 
of the nails. 


Inspection. 


Pulmonary tuber- 
culosis and other 
wasting diseases. 




Hippocratic sue- 
cussion. 


Splashing sound. 


By shaking body 
of patient. 


Pyopneumothorax; 
hydropneumo- 
thorax. 


Air and fluid in the 
pleural cavity. 


Hutchinson's 
patch. 


Dull-red coloration of 
the cornea. 


Ciliary injection. 


Interstitial kerati- 
tis. 


Syphilis. 


Hutchinson's teeth. 


Upper central perma- 
nent incisor teeth are 
peg-shaped, and 
notched on the cut- 
ting edge. 


Inspection. 


Inherited syphilis. 




Hutchinson's trio 
of symptoms. 


Notched teeth, intersti- 
tial keratitis, and oti- 
tis. 




Inherited syphilis. 




Jaccoud's sign. 


Prominence of the 
aorta in the supraster- 
nal notch. 


Inspection. 


Leukemia (and 
pseudoleukemia). 




Jacquemin's sign. 


Violet color of the mu- 
cous membrane of va- 
gina; appears about 
the fourth week of 
gestation. 


Inspection. 


Pregnancy. 


Venous congestion. 


Jadelot's lines. 


Various lines on the 
face of infants. 


Inspection. 


Various diseased 
conditions. 


See JadeloV s Lines 


Jorisenne's sign. 


Pulse does not become 
accelerated on chang- 
ing from the horizon- 
tal to the erect posi- 
tion. 


Change of posi- 
tion as described. 


Pregnancy. 




Josseraud's sign. 


A loud metallic second 
sound over the pul- 
monic area. 


Auscultation. 


Acute pericarditis. 




Keen's sign. 


Increased diameter 
through the leg at the 
malleoli. 


Measurement. 


Fracture of fibula 
(Pott's). 




Kiister's sign. 


Presence of a cystic tu- 
mor in the median 
line anterior to the 
uterus. 


Palpation and in- 
spection. 


Ovarian dermoids. 





SIGN 580 SIGN 

TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Description. 


How Elicited. 


Disease in which 
Present. 


Significance. 


Laennec's pedes. 


Rounded gelatinous 
masses. 


In sputum. 


Bronchial asthma. 


Mucous molds of 
the smaller bron- 
chial tubes. 


Laennec's rale. 


A modified subcrepi- 
tant rale. 


Auscultation. 


Pulmonary em- 
physema. 


Mucus in the 
bronchioles. 


Litten's sign. 


See Diaphragm- phe- 


nomenon. 






MannkopPs symp- 
tom. 


Increase in the fre- 
quency of the pulse. 


By pressure on 
peripheral points. 


Pain. 


Not present in 
simulated pain. 


Oliver's sign. 


Tracheal tugging. 


By grasping the 
larynx between 
the thumb and 
finger and pres- 
sing upward. 


Aneurysm of the 
aorta. 




Palmoplantar sign. 


See FilipovitcK 's sign. 








Parkinson's facies. 


Face expressionless, 
"wooden;" move- 
ments of the lips 
slow ; eyebrows ele- 
vated. The whole 
expression is immo- 
bile and mask-like. 


Inspection. 


Paralysis agitans. 




Parkinson's mask. 


See Parkinson's facies. 








Parrot's nodes. 


Osteophytes of the 
skull. 


Palpation. 


Of syphilitic 
origin. 


Inherited syphilis. 


Parrot's sign. 


Dilatation of the pupil. 


By pinching the 
skin of the neck. 


Meningitis. 




Paul's sign. 


A feeble apex-beat, with 
a forcible impulse over 
the body of the heart. 


Palpation. 


Pericarditis. 


Pericardial adhe- 
sions. 


Porter's sign. 


See Oliver's sign. 








Pott's boss. 


Projecting spinous pro- 
cess. 


Palpation. 


Pott's disease. Vertebral caries. 


Quincke's pulse 
or symptom. 


Blanching of the finger- 
nails at each diastole 
of the heart. 


Inspection. 


Aortic insufficien- 
cy. 


Very marked re- 
gurgitation. 


Raynaud's phe- 
nomena. 


A white and cold con- 
dition of the fingers, 
alternating with burn- 
ing heat and redness. 




Raynaud's disease, 
q. v. 


Vasomotor d i s - 
turbance. 


Ritter's tetanus. 


Tetanus of a muscle. 


By suddenly break- 
ing the circuit 
while a strong 
constant cur- 
rent is passi ng 
through a nerve. 




Health. 


Ritter-Rollet phe- 
nomenon. 


Flexion of the foot by 
gentle electric stimu- 
lation. Extension of 
the foot by energetic 
stimulation. 


Voltaic or faradic 
stimulation. 






Romberg's symp- 
tom. 


Swaying of the body. 


By standing 
patient with feet 
close together 
and with eyes 

shut. 


Locomotor ataxia. 








SIGN 581 SIGN 

TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Description. 


How Elicited. 


Disease in which 
Present. 


Significance. 


Rosenbaeh's sign. 


Abolition of abdominal 
reflex. 




In inflammatory in- 
testinal diseases. 




Rosenthal's hyper- 
acid vomiting. 


The vomiting of very 
acid material. 




Exaggerated se- 
cretion of HC1 in 
the gastric juice. 


Rossbach's d i s - 
ease. 


Seguin's signal 
symptom. 


The contraction of one 
muscle or group of 
muscles, preceding 
the epileptic attack. 


Involuntary. 


Epilepsy. 


4 


Skeer's symptom. 


A small circle that Inspection, 
forms in the iris near 1 
the pupil in both eyes 1 
simultaneously. 


Tuberculous men- 
ingitis. 




Skoda's consonat- 
ing rales. 


Bronchial rales heard 
through consolidated 
pulmonary tissue. 


Auscultation. 


Pneumonia. 


Mucus in bronchial 
tubes surrounded 
by consolidated 
structure. 


Skoda's resonance, 
sign, or tympany. 


A tympanitic note on 
percussion. 


By percussing the 
chest above a 
large pleural ef- 
fusion or above 
the line of con- 
sol id at i on in 
pneumonia. 


Heard when a 
pleural effusion 
extends up to the 
4th rib or above. 


Vicarious action of 
the portion of 
lung not involved 
(apex or upper 
lobe). 


Stairs-sign. 


Difficulty in descend- 
ing stairs. 




Early symptoms of 
locomotor ataxia. 




Stellwag's symp- ( Apparent widening of 
torn. | the palpebral aperture. 


Retraction of up- 
per eyelid. 


Exophthalmic goi- 
ter. 




Stokes's sign. Violent throbbing in 
the abdomen to the 
right of the umbilicus. 


Palpation. 


Acute enteritis. 




Tache cerebrale. 


The appearance of a 
red line. 


By drawing the 
finger-nail over 
the skin. 


Tuberculous men- 
ingitis, acute 
fevers, and other 
conditions. 




Tarnier's sign. 


The effacement of the 
angle between the up- 
per and lower uterine 
segments. 


Digital examina-. 
tion. 


Pregnancy. 


Inevitable abor- 
tion. 


Trousseau's phe- 
nomenon or sign. 


Muscular spasm, which 
continues as long as 
pressure is applied. 


Pressure on the 
large arteries or 
on the nerve- 
trunk. 


Tetany. 


Heightened neuro- 
muscular irrita- 
bility. 


Trousseau's spots. 


See Tache cerebrale. 








Valleix's points. 


Tender spots along the 
course of a nerve. 


Pressure. 


Neuralgia. 




Vigouroux's symp- 
tom. 


Diminished electric 
resistance of skin. 


Electric stimula- 
tion. 


Exophthalmic 
goiter. 




Weber's symptom. 


Paralysis of the oculo- 
motor nerve of one 
side and hemiplegia 
of the opposite side. 








Wernicke's symp- 
tom. 


See Reaction, Hemiopic 
Pupillary. 









SIGNA 582 SINAPIN 

TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES.— Continued. 



Name. 


Description. 


How Elicited. 


Disease in which 
Present. 


Significance. 


Westphal's foot- 
phenomenon. 


Ankle-clonus. 


By suddenly flex- 
ing foot on leg. 


Lateral sclerosis 
and various other 
conditions. 




Westphal's para- 
doxic contrac- 
tion. 


The tonic contraction 
of a muscle caused by 
the passive approxi- 
mation of its extremi- 
ties. 


In anterior tibial, 
by rapid dorsal 
flexion of the foot. 


Paralysis agitans 
(Westphal), and 
sclerosis of the 
posterolateral 
columns of the 
cord. 




Westphal's sign. 


Abolition of the knee- 
jerk. 


Percussion over 
the quadriceps- 
tendon. 


Locomotor ataxia, 
destructive les- 
ions of lower part 
of cord, periphe- 
ral neuritis, etc. 




W e s t p h a 1-E r b 
symptom. 


Same as Westphal's 
sign. 








Williams' tracheal 
tone. 


A dull tympanitic re- 
sonance, becoming 
higher pitched on 
opening the mouth. 


Percussion. 


Pleural effusion. 


Arises from the vi- 
bration of air in 
a large bronchus 
surrounded by 
compressed lung. 


Wintrich's sign. 


Change in the pitch 
when the mouth is 
opened and closed. 


Percussion. 


Tubercu losis of 
lung. 


Pulmonary cavity. 



Signa {sig'-nah) [signare, to make a sign]. 
Mark. In prescription- writing, a term placed 
before the physician's directions to the pa- 
tient concerning the medicine prescribed ; 
abbreviated to S. or Sig. 

Signature [sig / -nat-ur) [signare, to make a 
sign]. I. The part of the prescription that 
is to be placed on the label. 2. A distin- 
guishing character. Doctrine of Signa- 
tures, a theory that the medicinal uses of 
plants or other objects can be determined 
from the signatures or peculiar characters. 

Sikimin {sik f -im-in) \sikkim, a region of the 
Himalaya]. A poisonous principle derived 
from Illicium religiosum. 

Silent Region of the Spinal Cord. The 
gray matter of the cord. 

Silica [sil f -ik-aJi) \_silex, flint]. Silicon dioxid, 
Si0 2 , occurring in nature in the form of 
quartz, flint, and other minerals. 

Silicate {sil'-ik-af) \silex, flint]. A salt of 
silicic acid. 

Silicic Acid (sil-is'-ik) \_silex, flint], H 4 Si0 4 . 
A tetrabasic acid, forming the silicates. See 
Sodium silicate. 

Silicon {siV '-ik-on) \_silex, flint]. A nonme- 
tallic element occurring widely distributed in 
nature as silica, Si0 2 , and in the form of 
silicates. Atomic weight 28.3; symbol Si; 
valence four. It resembles carbon in its 
chemic behavior. 



Silicosis {sil-ik-o' '-sis) \_silex, flint]. A de- 
posit of particles of silica in the tissues ; 
specifically, a chronic fibroid condition of the 
lung or the bronchial lymphatic glands, pro- 
duced by the inhalation of particles of silica. 

Silk-worm Gut. The thread drawn from the 
silk-worm killed when ready to spin the 
cocoon. 

Silver {siF-ver). See Argeittum. 

Silver-fork Deformity. A peculiar deformity 
of the wrist and hand in Colles' fracture, re- 
sembling a fork. 

Simaruba {sim-ar-u' '-bah ). A genus of trees 
of the order Simarubeae. The bark of the 
root of S. officinalis has been used as a simple 
bitter. 

Simple {sim / -pl) [simplex, single]. Not 
complex ; consisting of but one substance, or 
containing only one active substance ; not 
compound. 

Simples {sind-plz) [simplex, simple]. A 
term for herbs having a medicinal value. 

Sims' Position. See Postures, Table of. 

Sims' Speculum [J. Marion Sims, an Ameri- 
can gynecologist]. See Speculum. 

Simulation [sim-u-laf-shun) \_si?mdare, to 
feign]. A feigning or counterfeiting. 

Sinalbin {sin- al' '-bin). See Mustard. 

Sinapin {sin'-ap-iri) [aivawL, mustard], C 16 - 
H 23 N0 5 . A substance occurring as a sulpho- 
cyanate in white mustard. 



SINAPIS 



583 



SITOMANIA 



Sinapis (sin-a'-pis) [aivawt, mustard]. See 

MllStai'd. 

Sinapism (siu'-ap-izm) [ana-i, mustard]. 
A mustard-plaster. 

Sinapized [sin'-ap-izd) [aivairi, mustard]. 
Containing mustard. 

Sincalin (sing'-ka-lin). A base found in 
mustard and identified with cholin. 

Sincipital {sin - sip ; - it - al) [sinciput]. Per- 
taining to the sinciput. 

Sinciput [sin' -sip -at) [semi, half; caput, 
head]. The superior and anterior part of 
the head. 

Sinew (si?i'-u) [AS., sinu, sinew]. See 
Tendon. 

Singultus (sing-guV-tus). See Hiccough. 

Sinigrin (sin'-ig-riu). See Mustard. 

Sinistrad (sin'-is-trad) [sinister, left; ad, 
toward]. Toward the left. 

Sinistral (sin' -is-tral) [sinister, left]. On 
the left side. 

Sinistrin (sin f -is-trin) [sinister, left]. A 
substance resembling dextrin, found in 
squills. 

Sinus (si'-mts) [sinus,. a gulf or hollow]. I. 
A hollow or cavity ; a recess or pocket. 2. 
A large channel containing blood, especially 
one containing venous blood. 3. A suppura- 
ting tract. S., Air-, a cavity within bones 
containing air, especially one communicating 
with the nasal passages. S., Aortic. See 
S. of Valsalva. S., Cavernous, a large 
venous S. extending from the sphenoid fis- 
sure to the apex of the petrous portion of 
the temporal bone, communicating behind 
with the inferior and superior petrosal 
sinuses and receiving the ophthalmic vein 
in front. S., Circular, a venous S. sur- 
rounding the pituitary body, and communicat- 
ing on each side with the cavernous S. 
S., Coronary {of the heart), a large venous 
S. in the transverse groove between the left 
auricle and left ventricle of the heart. S., 
Frontal, one of the two irregular cavities 
in the frontal bone containing air and com- 
municating with the nose by the infundib- 
ulum. S., Inferior Longitudinal, a venous 
S. which extends along the posterior half of 
the lower border of the falx cerebri and ter- 
minates in the straight S. S., Inferior 
Petrosal, a large venous S. arising from the 
cavernous S. , running along the lower margin 
of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, 
and joining the lateral S. to form the internal 
jugular vein. S. of Kidney, the prolonga- 
tion inward of the hilum of the kidney. S. 
of the Larynx, the ventricle of the larynx. 
S., Lateral, a venous S. which begins at the 
torcular Herophili and runs horizontally on the 
inner surface of the occipital bone to the base 
of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, 
where it unites with the inferior petrosal S. 



to form the internal jugular vein. S. of 
Morgagni, the interval between the upper 
border of the superior constrictor muscle and 
the basilar process of the occipital bone. S., 
Occipital, a small venous S. in the attached 
margin of the falx cerebelli, opening into the 
torcular Herophili. S. pocularis. See 
Uterus masculi)ius. S., Prostatic. See 
Uterus masculinus. S., Rhomboid, S. 
rhomboideus, the fourth ventricle of the 
brain. S., Sphenoid, the air-space in the 
body of the sphenoid bone, communicat- 
ing with the nasal cavity. S., Straight, a 
venous S. running from the inferior longitudi- 
nal S. along the junction of the falx cerebri and 
tentorium to the lateral S. S., Superior Lon- 
gitudinal, a venous S. which runs along the 
upper edge of the falx cerebri, beginning in 
front at the crista galli and terminating at the 
torcular Herophili. S., Superior Petrosal, 
a venous S. running in a groove in the petrous 
portion of the temporal bone extending from 
the posterior part of the cavernous S. to the 
lateral S. S., Terminal, S. terminalis, a 
vein that encircles the vascular area of the 
blastoderm, and empties either by one trunk, 
the anterior vitelline vein, into the left vitel- 
line vein, or by two trunks into both vitelline 
veins. S., Transverse, a S. uniting the 
inferior petrosal sinuses. S., Urogenital, 
the canal or duct into which, in the embryo, 
the Wolffian ducts and the bladder empty, 
and which opens into the cloaca. S. of 
Valsalva, one of the pouch-like dilatations 
of the aorta or pulmonary artery opposite the 
segments of the semilunar valves. 

Sinus -phlebitis (si-?ius-fle-bi / -tis) [sinus, a 
gulf; phlebitis]. Inflammation of one of 
the sinuses of the cranial cavity. 

Sinus-thrombosis (si-mis-throm-bo 1 '-sis) [si- 
nus, a gulf ; thrombosis]. Thrombosis of the 
sinuses of the dura mater of the brain. It is 
usually septic in character and is apt to lead 
to pyemia. The most frequent cause is dis- 
ease of the middle ear. 

Siphon (si'-fori) [alcpcov, a tube], A tube 
bent at an angle, one arm of which is longer 
than the other, for the purpose of removing 
liquids from a cavity or vessel. 

Siphonoma [si-fon-o f -mah) [cr'upov, siphon ; 
bfia, tumor]. A tumor composed of fine 
tubes ; also known as Henle' 's tubular tumor. 

Sirenomelus {si-ren-om' '-el-us) [aeLpr/v, mer- 
maid ; (jleTioq, limb]. A form of monster in 
which the lower extremities are intimately 
fused, the feet being absent. 

Sirup (sir' -up). See Syrup. 

Sitiophobia [sit-e-ofo' '-be-ah). See Sitopho- 
bia. 

Sitomania (si-to-ma' '-ne-ah) [cItoq, food; 
fiavla, madness]. I. A periodic craving for 
food ; periodic bulimia. 2. Sitophobia. 



SITOPHOBIA 



584 



SMEGMA 



Sitophobia (si-to-fo f -be-a]i) [gItoq, food ; 
(pofjog, fear]. Morbid aversion to food. 

Situs (si'-tus) [situs, site]. A position. S. 
viscerum inversus, an anomaly in which 
the viscera of the body are changed from the 
normal to the opposite side of the body. 

Sitzbath {sits* -bath) [Ger., Sitz, a seat; bath\ 
A hip-bath; a bath taken in a sitting pos- 
ture. 

Skatol (skat'-ol) [oKarog, gen. of onup, dung], 
C 9 H 9 N 2 . A nitrogenous compound pro- 
duced by the decomposition of proteids in 
the intestinal canal. 

Skeletal (skel* '-et-al) [skeleton]. Pertaining 
to or connected with the skeleton or support- 
ing structure of a body. 

Skeletization (skel-et-i-za' '-shun) [cK.e7i.eT6v, 
skeleton]. The process of converting into a 
skeleton ; gradual wasting of the soft parts, 
leaving only the skeleton. 

Skeletogenous (skel-et-of -en-ns) [aceTierov, 
skeleton ; yevvav, to produce] . Producing a 
skeleton or skeletal tissues. 

Skeletography (skel- et- og'-ra-fe) [cne?,eT6v, 
skeleton; ypafyeiv, to write]. A description 
of the skeleton. 

Skeletology (skel-et-oV -o-je) [oiielxrov, skele- 
ton; Aoyoc, science]. The branch of ana- 
tomy treating of the skeleton. 

Skeleton (skeV-et-on) [cue'AeTov, a dried body, 
from cueXXeiv, to dry up], A supporting 
structure, especially the bony framework 
(osseous S.) supporting and protecting the 
soft parts of an organism. S., Cartilaginous, 
the cartilaginous structure from which the 
bony S. is formed through ossification. 

Skiagraphy (ski-ag f -ra-fe). See Skiography. 

Skiascopy (ski-as'- ko -pe) [a/cm, shadow ; 
GKonelv, to see]. See Retinoscopy. 

Skin [ME., skin, skin]. The protective cov- 
ering of the body composed of the epider- 
mis, scarf-skin, or cuticle, and the corium, 
or true S. The epidermis consists of a deep 
layer, the stratum Malpighii, and three super- 
ficial layers, the stratum granulosum, the 
stratum lucidum, and the stratum corneum. 
The corium, derma, or true S., consists of a 
papillary and reticular layer (stratum papil- 
lare and stratum reticulare), the former pro- 
jecting upward in the form of papillae. The 
true S. is made up of elastic tissue, white 
fibrous tissue, and nonstriped muscular tissue 
(the arrectores pili). The subcutaneous tissue 
consists of fibroelastic and adipose tissue. 
The appendages of the S. are the nails, 
hairs, and sweat- and sebaceous glands, 
which are derivatives of the epithelial 
layer of the S. In the skin are also placed 
terminal nerve-organs subserving the sense 
of touch. S. -bound Disease. See Sclero- 
derma. S., Glossy, a peculiar shiny, 
glazed skin seen in conditions in which the 



trophic nerve-supply to the S. is cut off, as 
after injury to a nerve. S., Goose-. See 
Goose-skin. S. -grafting, the application of 
pieces of the outer layers of healthy skin to a 
granulating surface for the purpose of hasten- 
ing its cicatrization. 

Skiography (ski-og r -ra-fe) [aula, shadow ; 
ypd(pei,v, to write]. Photography by the Ront- 
gen or X-rays. Skotography, Skiagraphy, 
Radiography, Electrography, Electroskio- 
graphy, Rontography, and the New Photo- 
graphy are some of the names that have been 
proposed to designate the method. 

Skoda's Sign, S.'s Resonance, or S.'s 
Tympany [Skoda, an Austrian physician]. 
The tympanic percussion-note above the level 
of a pleural effusion. 

Skodaic Resonance. See Skoda's Sign. 

Skotography (sko-tog'-ra-fe). See Skio- 
graphy. 

Skull (skill) [Icel., seal, a bowl]. The bony 
framework of the head, consisting of the 
cranium and the face. The cranium is made 
up of the occipital, frontal, sphenoid, and 
ethmoid bones, and the two parietal and two 
temporal bones. The face is composed of 
two nasal, two superior maxillary, two lacri- 
mal, two malar, two palate, and two inferior 
turbinated bone, and the vomer and inferior 
maxillary bone. S.-cap. I. The top of the 
skull. 2. See Scutellaria . 

Skunk-cabbage. The Dracontium fcetidum, 
the rhizome of which is stimulant, antispas- 
modic, and narcotic, and has been used in 
asthma, rheumatism, hysteria, and dropsy. 

Sleep. The periodic state of rest in which 
voluntary consciousness and activity cease. 
S. -epilepsy. See Narcolepsy. S., Hyp- 
notic, S., Magnetic, S., Mesmeric. See 
Hypnotism. S.- walking. See Somnam- 
bulism. 

Sleeping Sickness. See African Lethargy. 

Slender Column. See Funiculus gracilis. 
S. Lobe of Cerebellum, a small lobe in the 
inferior surface of the cerebellum. 

Slide (slid). A small, rectangular plate of 
glass upon which objects intended for ex- 
amination with the microscope are placed. 

Sling. A swinging bandage for supporting 
an arm or other part. 

Slough (sluf) [ME., slouh, the skin of a 
snake]. A mass of soft tissues destroyed by 
gangrene. 

Sloughing (sluf -ing) [ME., slouh, the skin 
of a snake]. Pertaining to or characterized 
by sloughs. 

Small-pox. See Variola. 

Smee-cell. See Batteries, Table of. 

Smegma (smeg f -mah) [ofi^y/ia, a cleansing 
substance]. Sebum. S. preputii, or simply 
S. , the substance secreted by the sebaceous 
glands of the prepuce. 



SMELL 



585 



SODIUM 



Smell. I. The perception of odor. 2. Odor. 
Smelling-salts. A name applied to various 
preparations of ammonium carbonate flavored 
with aromatic substances. 
Smilax (st/ii'-taks). See Sarsaparilla. 

Smith's Cramp. An occupation-neurosis 
occurring in smiths and characterized by 
painful cramps in the arm or hand. 

Sn. Symbol for tin (L. , stannum). 

Snake-root. See Cimicifuga, Senega, and 
Serpentaria. 

Snare [AS. , snear, a cord]. A loop of wire 
or other material used in removing projecting 
growths. 

Sneeze (snez) [AS., fneosan, to sneeze]. A 
sudden, noisy, spasmodic expiration through 
the nose. 

Snellen's Types. See Test-types. 

Snore, Snoring [ME., snoren, to snore]. 
I. To breathe through the nose in such 
manner as to cause a vibration of the soft 
palate, thereby producing a rough, audible 
sound. 2. The sound so produced. 

Snow-blindness. See Blindness. 

Snuffles. Coryza, especially of infants, 
which is frequently due to inherited syphilis. 

Soap [sapo]. A chemic compound made 
by the union of certain fatty acids with an 
alkali or other metal. According to the alkali 
used, the S. formed is a potash-S., soda-S. , 
ammonia-S. , lead-S., lime-S., etc. S.-bark. 
See Quillaja. S., Castile, S. made from 
olive-oil. S., Hard. SeeSoda-S. Potash-S. 
(soft S. ) is made from linseed-oil and potash 
(Sapo mollis, U. S. P.) or from olive-oil and 
potash (Sapo mollis, B. P.). From it is pre- 
pared Linimentum saponis mollis, U. S. P. 
Soda-S. is made from soda and olive oil 
(Sapo, U. S. P., Sapo durus, B. P.). From 
it are prepared Emplastrum saponis (U. S. 
P. , B. P.) , used as a local sedative ; Linimen- 
tum saponis (U. S. P., B. P.), liquid 
opodeldoc, used as a sedative liniment in 
rheumatic affections and sprains. Soda-S. 
also enters into the composition of various 
pills. S., Soft. See Potash-S. 

Sob. A convulsive inspiration due to contrac- 
tion of the diaphragm and spasmodic closure 
of the glottis. 

Socaloin {so-kaV -o-iii) [Socotra, an island in 
the Indian Ocean ; dXorj, aloes]. See Aloes. 

Socia parotidis {so f -se-ah par-ot' -id-is). A 
small separate lobe of the parotid gland. 

Socket (^^^[ME., soket]. The concavity 
into which a movable part is inserted. 

Soda (so'-dali) [Ital.,from L., solidus, solid]. 
I. Sodium oxid, Na 2 0. 2. Sodium carbonate 
or sodium bicarbonate. S., Baking, 
sodium bicarbonate. S., Caustic, sodium 
hydroxid. S.-soap. See Soap. S., Wash- 
ing, sodium carbonate. S. -water, water 
impregnated with carbon dioxid. 



Sodic (so'-diA) [soda, soda]. Derived from 
or containing soda. 

Sodium (so' -de- inn) [soda], A metallic ^ele- 
ment of the alkaline group of metals, melt- 
ing at 95-6° C. j an( i having a specific gravity 
of O.97, an atomic weight of 23, and a 
valence of one. Symbol Na, from the Latin 
natrium. S. occurs widely distributed in 
nature, and forms an important constituent 
of animal tissues. It has a strong affinity 
for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. 
It is also a constituent of many medicinal 
preparations, the most important of which 
are the following: S. acetate (Sodii Acetas, 
U. S. P.), NaC 2 H s O a .3H 2 0, is diuretic. Dose 
gr. xx- ^ij (1.3-8.0). S. arsenate (Sodii 
arsenas," U. S. P., B. P.), N 2 HAs0 4 .7H 2 0, 
is used like the other preparations of arsenic. 
Dose gr. j^-j (0.005-0.02). From it is 
prepared Liquor sodii arsenatis. S. auro- 
chlorid, chlorid of gold and sodium. See 
Aurum. S. benzoate (Sodii benzoas, U. 
S. P., B. P.), NaC 7 H 5 2 , is used in gout, 
rheumatism, lithemia, influenza, etc. Dose 
J5J-ij (4.0-8.0). S. bicarbonate (Sodii 
bicarbonas, U. S. P., B. P.), NaHC0 3 , is 
used as an antacid in dyspepsia, gout, rheu- 
matism, lithemia, and diabetes. Dose gr. x- 
3j (0.65-4.0). S. bisulphite (Sodii bisul- 
phis, U. S. P.), NaHS0 3 , is used to check 
gastric fermentation, and as a parasiticide in 
skin-diseases. Dose gr. viij-xxx (0.52-2.0). 
S. borate, or borax (Sodii boras, U. S. P., 
B. P.), Na 2 B 4 7 . loH 2 0, is used in dys- 
menorrhea, in uric acid diathesis, in stoma- 
titis, and as an antiseptic. In overdoses it is 
a depressant poison. S. bromid (Sodii 
bromidum, U. S. P., B. P.), NaBr, is used 
like the other bromids. Dose ^ss-gij 
(2.0-8.0). S. carbonate (Sodii carbonas, 
U. S. P., B. P.), Na 2 CO,.ioH 2 0, is used as 
an antacid, and locally in diseases of the 
skin and in superficial burns. Dose gr. x- 
£ ss (0.65-2.0). Dried S. carbonate (Sodii 
carbonas exsiccatus, U. S. P., B. P.) is used 
like the carbonate. Dose v-xv (0.32-1.0). 
S. chlorate (Sodii chloras, U. S. P.), Na- 
CIO3, has medical properties similar to 
those of potassium chlorate, but is more solu- 
ble. Dose gr. v-xv (0.32-1.0). S. chlo- 
rid (Sodii chloridum, U. S. P., B. P.), NaCl, 
common salt, is a constituent of animal fluids 
and tissues and of food. In medicine it is 
used as a stomachic ; in hemoptysis ; as an 
application to sprains and bruises ; as a tonic 
and stimulant in the form of salt-water baths ; 
as a cathartic ; and in the form of a 0.6-0.75 
per cent, solution to replace the loss of fluids 
from hemorrhage or profuse diarrhea, being 
used as an intravenous, subcutaneous, or 
rectal injection. S. citrate is used as a 
purgative. Dose ^x-xiv (4.0-56.0). S. 



SODIUM 



586 



SOLUBILITY 



citrotartrate (Sodii citrotartras effervescens, 
B. P.) is refrigerant and laxative. Dose 
3J-ij (4.0-8.0). S. copaivate, NaC 20 H 29 O 2 , 
is used like copaiba. S. dithiosalicylate is 
used like salicylic acid in rheumatism. Dose 
gr. iij (0.2). S. ethylate, NaOC 2 H 5 , is 
used as a caustic. S. hydrate, S. hy- 
droxid, soda, caustic soda (Soda, U. S. P., 
Soda caustica, B. P.), NaOH, is an extremely 
corrosive substance, occurring in the form of 
white pencils ; it is used as a caustic and as 
an antacid, like the bicarbonate. From it is 
prepared Liquor sodse (U. S. P., B. P). 
Dose tt\v-xxx (0.32-2.0). S. hypochlo- 
rite, NaOCl, is a constituent of Liquor sodae 
chloratae, U. S. P. (Liquor sodae chlorinatae, 
B. P.), Labarraque's solution. S. hypo- 
phosphite (Sodii hypophosphis, U. S. P.,B. 
P.), NaH 2 P0 2 .H 2 0, is used like the other 
hypophosphites in pulmonary tuberculosis, 
scrofula, rickets, etc. Dose gr. x-xxx (0.65- 
2.0). S. hyposulphite (Sodii hyposulphis, 
U. S. P.), Na 2 S 2 3 .5H 2 0, is used to check 
fermentation, and locally in parasitic diseases 
of the skin and mouth. Dose gr. x— xx 
(0.65-1.3). S. iodid (Sodii iodidum, U. S. 
P., B. P.), Nal, is used like potassium iodid. 
S. nitrate (Sodii nitras, U. S. P., B. P.), 
NaN0 3 , has been used in dysentery. Dose 
^ss-^j (16.0-32.0). S. nitrite (Sodii 
nitris, U. S. P., B. P.), NaN0 2 , is used like 
the other nitrites, but its effects are more 
slowly produced and more permanent. Dose 
gr. j-iij (0.065-0.2). See Nitrite. S. 
nitroprussid, Na 2 F 2 (CN) 5 NO, is used as a 
reagent. S. orthophosphate, S. phos- 
phate (Sodii phosphas, U. S. P., B. P.), 
Na 2 HP0 4 . I2H 2 0, is a purgative and chola- 
gogue, and is used in jaundice, gall-stones, 
diarrhea of children, and rickets. Dose gr. 
iij-x (0.2-0.65) for children ; gr. xx-xl 
(1.3-2.6) for adults; as a purgative, ^j-ij 
(32.0-64.0). Sodii phosphas effervescens 
(B. P.) is used like the phosphate. Dose 
gij-iv (8.0-16.0). S. and Potassium tar- 
trate, Rochelle salt. See Potassium. S. 
pyrophosphate (Sodii pyrophosphas, U. S. 
P.), Na 4 P 2 7 . loH 2 0, is used for preparing 
ferric pyrophosphate. S. salicylate (Sodii 
salicylas, U. S. P., B. P.), NaC 7 H 5 3 , has 
the properties and uses of salicylic acid. 
Dose gr. xv-xxx (1.0-2.0). S. santoni- 
nate. See Santonin. S. silicate, Na 2 Si0 3 or 
Na 2 Si 4 9 , is used in preparing Liquor sodii 
silicatis, which is employed as a surgical 
dressing. S. silicofluorid, Na 2 SiF 6 , is said 
to be antiseptic. Its solution is known as 
salufer. S. soziodol is used as a parasiti- 
cide in skin-diseases and as an antiseptic. 
S. sulphate, Glauber's salt (Sodii sulphas, 
U. S. P., B. P.), Na 2 S0 4 .ioH 2 0, is a hy- 
dragogue cathartic and diuretic. Dose ^ ss- 



Jj (16.0-32.0). Sodii sulphas effervescens 
(B. P.) is used for the same purposes. Dose 
gij-iv (8.0-16.0). S. sulphite (Sodii sul- 
phis, U. S. P., B. P.), Na 2 S0 3 :7H 2 0, is 
used like S. hyposulphite. S. sulphocar- 
bolate (Sodii sulphocarbolas, U. S. P., B. 
P.), NaS0 3 C 6 H 4 (OH).2H 2 0, is used locally 
as an antiseptic and internally as an antisep- 
tic in intestinal fermentation. Dose gr. x- 
xxx (0.65-2.0). S. tartrate, Na 2 C 4 H 4 6 .- 
2H 2 0, is»used as an antacid and as a refrig- 
erant in fevers. See S. citrotartrate. S. 
valerianate (Sodii valerianas, B. P.) is 
used as a nervous stimulant. Dose gr. j-v 
(0.065-0.32). 

Sodomy [sod' '-om-e) [Sodom, a city of ancient 

" Palestine]. Sexual connection by the anus. 

Scemmering's Yellow Spot. The macula 
lutea. 

Soft. Yielding readily to pressure ; not hard. 
S. Palate. See Palate. S. Water, one 
containing but little mineral matter and 
forming free lather with soap. 

Softening {sof> '-en-ing) . The act of becom- 
ing soft. 

Solanin (so'-lan-in) \solanum, the night- 
shade]. An alkaloid found in various species 
of solanum. 

Solanum (so-la' ' -mini) [L. ]. A genus of the 
Solanaceae including the tomato, potato, bitter- 
sweet, and black nightshade. S. carolinense, 
horse-nettle, has been used in epilepsy. 

Solar Plexus (so f -lar) \_solaris, from sol, the 
sun, so called because of the radiating nerves]. 
A plexus consisting of a network of nerves 
and ganglia (Solar Ganglia) and situated 
behind the stomach and in front of the aorta 
and crura of the diaphragm. It receives the 
great splanchnic nerves and filaments from 
the right pneumogastric nerve, and supplies 
branches to all the abdominal viscera. 

Sole [sol) [AS., sole, sole]. The plantar 
surface of the foot. S. -reflex. See Re- 
flexes , Table of. 

Soleus (so-le'-us). A flat muscle of the 
calf. See Muscles, Table of. 

Solferino (sol-fer-e'-no) [an Italian city, the 
scene of a battle]. A synonym of Fuchsin. 

Solid (sol' -id) \_solidus\ I. Firm; dense; 
not fluid or gaseous. 2. Not hollow. 3. A firm 
body ; a body the molecules of which are in 
a condition of strong mutual attraction. 

Solidism (sol' -id-izni) \_solidus, solid]. The 
theory that diseases depend upon alterations 
in the solids of the body. 

Solitary (sol' -it-a-re) \solitarkis, solitary]. 
Single ; existing separately ; not collected 
together. S. Bundle, a strand of nerve- 
fibers in the medulla S. Follicles, S. 
Glands, minute lymphatic nodules in the 
mucous membrane of the intestines. 

Solubility (sol-u - bil' '-it - e) \solubilis, from 



SOLUBLE 



587 



SOUND 



solvere, to dissolve]. The state of being 
soluble. 

Soluble (sol f -u-bl) [solubilis']. Capable of 
being dissolved. 

Solution (so-lu f -shun)[solictio , from solvere, to 
loosen]. I. A separation or break, as S. of con- 
tinuity. 2. The process of dissolving a solid, 
or of being dissolved. 3. A liquid in which a 
substance has been dissolved. S., Dono- 
van's. See Arsenic. S., Fowler's. See Arse- 
nic. S., Labarraque's. See Sodium. S., 
Monsel's. See Ferrum. S., Normal. See 
Normal. S., Normal Saline. See Saline. 
S., Saturated. See Saturated. 

Solutol (sol-zi'-tol) [solvere, to dissolve]. An 
alkaline solution of cresol in sodium cresy- 
late, used as a disinfectant. 

Solvent (sol '-vent) [solvere, to dissolve]. 1. 
Capable of dissolving. 2. A liquid capable 
of dissolving. 

Solveol (sol'-ve-ol). A neutral solution of 
cresol in sodium cresylate, used as a disin- 
fectant. 

Solvine (soV- vin) [solvere, to dissolve]. One 
of a series of liquids obtained from certain 
oils by the action of concentrated sulphuric 
acid ; it is a powerful solvent, and also pos- 
sesses the property of dissolving the red cor- 
puscles. 

Somacule (so f -mak-ul) [dim. of aujia, the 
body]. A physiologic unit corresponding to, 
but greatly more complex than, the chemic 
molecule. 

Somatic (so-?nat / -ik) [cru/uariKog, from guim, 
body]. I. Pertaining to the body. 2. Per- 
taining to the framework of the body and 
not to the viscera. 

Somatology (so-mat-ol / -o-je) [oufia, body ; 
Myog, science]. The study of anatomy and 
physiology, or of organized bodies; biology 
apart from psychology. 

Somatome (so' -mat-om) [aufia, body ; to/lit/, 
a cutting]. A transverse segment of an or- 
ganized body ; a somite. 

Somatopleure (so-mat' -o-plur) [oufxa, the 
body; Tzhevpa, the side]. The body-wall. 

Somite (so'-mlt) [aa/ia, the body], I. A 
segment of the body of an embryo. 2. One 
of a series of segments of the mesoblast on 
each side of the dorsal ridge of the embryo ; 
a protovertebra ; a protovertebral or meso- 
blastic S. 

Somnal (som'-nal) [somnus, sleep]. A crys- 
talline substance, a compound of chloral hy- 
drate and urethane. It is diuretic and hyp- 
notic. Dose gr. xxx (2.0). 

Somnambulism (som-nam' '-bu-lizni) [somnus, 
sleep ; ambulare, to walk] . I . The condition 
of half-sleep, in which the senses are but 
partially suspended ; also sleep-walking, 
a condition in which the individual walks 
during sleep. 2. The type of hypnotic sleep 



in which the subject is possessed of all his 
senses, often having the appearance of one 
awake, but whose will and consciousness are 
under the control of the hypnotizer. 

Somnifacient (som- ne-fa'-shent ) [somnus, 
sleep; facere, to make]. I. Producing 
sleep. 2. A medicine producing sleep. 

Somniloquence, Somniloquism, Somnilo- 
quy (som-nil' '-o-kwens, som-nil'-o-kwizm, 
sam-nil'-o-kwe) [somnus, sleep ; loqui, to 
talk]. The act of talking during sleep. 

Somnolentia (som-no-len'-she-ah) [L. ]. 
Sleep-drunkenness, a condition of incom- 
plete sleep in which a part of the faculties 
are abnormally excited, while the others are 
in repose. 

Sonometer (so-nom'-et-er) [sonus, a sound ; 
fierpov, a measure]. I. An instrument for 
determining the pitch of sounds and their 
relation to the musical scale. 2. An instru- 
ment for testing hearing. 

Sonorous (so-no' '-rus) [sonus, sound] . Capa- 
ble of producing a musical sound ; of rales, 
low-pitched. 

Soot-cancer. Epithelioma of the scrotum ; 
so-called from its frequency in chimney- 
sweeps. 

Sophistication (sofis-tik-a' -shun) [(jocpicTi.nog, 
deceitful] . The adulteration or imitation of 
a substance. 

Sopor (so'-por) [L.]. Sleep, especially the 
profound sleep symptomatic of a morbid con- 
dition. 

Soporiferous (so-por-if'-er-us). See Sopor- 
ific. 

Soporific (so-por-if f -ik) [sopor, sleep ; facere, 
to make]. I. Producing sleep. 2. A rem- 
edy producing sleep. 

Sorbefacient (sor-be-fa'-shent) [sorbere, to 
suck ; facere, to make]. Promoting ab- 
sorption. 

Sordes (sor'-dez) [sordere, to be foul]. Filth, 
dirt, especially the crusts that accumulate on 
the teeth and lips in continued fevers. 

Sore. I. Painful ; tender. 2. An ulcer or 
wound. 

Souffle (soo'-fl) [Fr.]. A blowing sound. S., 
Fetal, an inconstant murmur heard over the 
uterus during pregnancy, and supposed to be 
due to the compression of the umbilical cord. 
S., Funic or Funicular, a hissing sound, syn- 
chronous with the fetal heart- sounds, heard 
over the abdomen of a pregnant woman, and 
supposed to be produced in the umbilical 
cord. S., Splenic, a sound said to be audi- 
ble over the spleen in cases of malaria and 
leukemia. S., Placental, S., Uterine, a 
sound heard in the latter months of preg- 
nancy, and caused by the entrance of blood 
into the dilated arteries of the uterus. 

Sound [1. sonus, sound; 2. Fr., sonder, to 
probe]. I. The sensation produced by 



SOUTHERN-WOOD 



588 



SPECULUM 



stimulation of the auditory nerve by aerial 
vibrations. 2. An instrument for introduc- 
tion into a channel or cavity, for determining 
the presence of constriction, foreign bodies, 
or other morbid conditions, and for the purpose 
of treatment. 

Southern-wood. See Artemisia. 

Southey's Drainage-tubes. Small tubes 
employed for draining away the fluid from 
limbs that are the seat of extensive anasarca. 

Sozin {so'-zin) [ouC,eiv, save, keep]. A de- 
fensive proteid occurring naturally in the 
animal body. One capable of destroying 
microorganisms is termed a mycosozin, one 
antagonizing bacterial poisons, toxosozin. 

Soziodol, Soziodolic Acid {so-zi'-o-dol, so- 
zi-o-dol' '-ik) \o6)C,e lv, to save ; \L6rjq, like a 
violet], C 6 H 2 I 2 (S0 3 H)OH. A crystalline, 
odorless powder used as an antiseptic, disin- 
fectant, and parasiticide, chiefly in the form 
of its salts, of which the following have been 
employed: Sodium S., potassium S., zinc S., 
and mercury S. 

Sozolic Acid (so-zo'-lik). See Aseptol. 

Space-sense. A sense by which we judge 
of the relation of objects in space ; it is a part 
of the sense of sight. 

Spanemia {span- e f -me -all) [cnravic;, scarcity ; 
alfia, blood]. Anemia. 

Spanish Fly. See Cantharis. S. Wind- 
lass. See Windlass. 

Sparadrap {spar' '-a-drap) [sparadrapum~\. 
A plaster, spread upon cotton, linen, silk, 
leather, or paper. 

Spargosis {spar-go' -sis) [aTrapydeiv, to be 
distended]. I. Enlargement of the breasts 
from accumulation of milk. 2. Elephantiasis. 

Spartein {spar' -te-in) . An alkaloid found in 
Scoparius, the sulphate of which (Sparteine 
sulphas, U. S. P. ) is used as a cardiac stimu- 
lant and diuretic. Dose gr. Ye-}i (o.oi- 
0.032). 

Spasm (spazm) [airaafioq, spasm]. A sudden 
muscular contraction. S., Clonic, a S. 
broken by relaxations of the muscles. S., 
Habit-, a S. acquired from habit. S., 
Handicraft. See Occupation-neurosis. S., 
Tetanic, S., Tonic, a S. that persists with- 
out relaxation for some time. 

Spasmo- {spaz'-vio-) [arraa/uog, spasm]. A 

, prefix denoting pertaining to spasm. 

Spasmodic {spaz-mod'-ik) [arcaa/uog, spasm]. 
Pertaining to or characterized by spasm. S. 
Spinal Paralysis. See Lateral Sclerosis. 

Spasmophilia {spaz-mo-fl' '-e-ak) [<T7raoy/dc, 
spasm; <bikkuv, to love]. A morbid tend- 
ency to convulsions. 

Spastic {spas' -tik ) [(jTraartKoc, spastic] . Per- 
taining to or characterized by spasm ; pro- 
duced by spasm. S. Diplegia. See Para- 
plegia, Infantile Spas?nodic. S. Paralysis. 
See Paralysis. 



Spasticity {spas - tis' '- it - e) [oTracTinog , from 
OTraetv, to draw]. The state of being spastic. 

Spatula {spat' -u-lah) [L., dim. of spatha, a 
ladle]. A flexible blunt blade used for 
spreading ointments. 

Spay [Gael., spot/i~]. To remove the ovaries. 

Spearmint {sper'-?nint). See Mentha viri- 
dis. 

Species {spe'-shez) [L.]. 1. A subdivision 
of a genus of animals or plants the individuals 
of which are either identical in character or 
differ only in unimportant and inconstant de- 
tails. 2. A powder made from the leaves or 
other parts of various plants, and used to pre- 
pare a medicinal infusion. 

Specific {spe-sif'-ik) [species, species; fa- 
cere, to make]. I. Of or pertaining to a spe- 
cies, or to that which distinguishes a thing or 
makes it of the species of which it is. 2. A 
medicine which has a distinct curative influ- 
ence on an individual disease. 3. Produced 
by a single microorganism, as a S. disease; 
in a restricted sense, syphilitic. S. Gravity. 
See Gravity. S. Heat. See Heat. 

Specificity {spes-ifis'-it-e) \_species, species ; 
facere, to make]. The quality of being 
specific. 

Specillum {spe-siP '-um) [L.]. A probe. 

Specimen {spes'-im-en) [L.]. An example ; 
a sample. 

Spectacles {spek'- tak - Iz) \_spectaculum, a 
show, from spectare, to view], A pair of 
lenses set in a frame, and used for the cor- 
rection of optic defects of the eye. 

Spectral {spek'-tral) [spectrum, image]. 
Pertaining to a spectrum. 

Spectrometer {spek-trom' -et-er) [spectrum; 
fikrpov, measure]. An instrument for deter- 
mining the deviation of a ray of light produced 
by a prism or diffraction-grating, or for ascer- 
taining the wave-length of a ray of light. 

Spectrometry {spek-trom' '-et-re) [spectrum, 
image ; jierpov, measure]. The use of the 
spectrometer. 

Spectroscope {spek' '-tro-skop) [spectrum, an 
image; gkotteIv, to see]. An instrument for 
the production and examination of the spec- 
trum. 

Spectroscopic {spek-tro-skop'-ik) [spectrtnn, 
image ; onoirelv, to view]. Pertaining to the 
spectroscope. 

Spectrum {spek' '- truni) [L. , an image]. 

1. The band of rainbow-colors produced by 
decomposing light by means of a prism or a 
diffraction-grating. 2. An after-image, or 
ocular spectrum. S. -analysis, determina- 
tion of the nature of bodies by the character 
of their spectra. 

Speculum {spek' '-u-lum) [L.]. I. A mirror. 

2. An instrument for dilating the opening of 
a cavity of the body in order that the interior 
may be more easily visible, as vaginal S. , rectal 



SPEECH 



589 



SPHENOETHMOID 



S., nasal S., etc. S., Sims', a vaginal S. 
invented by J. Marion Sims. 

Speech [AS., sprecan t to speak]. I. The 
faculty of expressing thought by spoken words ; 
the act of speaking. 2. The words spoken. 
S. -center, the cerebral center for speech. 
See Center. 

Sperm, Sperma (spur f -mah) [oTreppa, seed]. 
The semen. S.-cell, a spermatoblast. 

Spermaceti (sper-mas-e'-te) \_aireppa, seed; 
Kf/rog, whale], C 16 H 31 2 .C 16 H 33 . A white, 
semitransparent substance (Cetaceum, U. £. P. , 
B. P.), consisting of a mixture of various fats 
of which cetyl palmitate, C 16 H 33 (C 16 H 31 2 ), 
is the most important. It is obtained from 
the head of the sperm-whale, and is used 
internally as an emollient and as an ingredient 
of various ointments. Ceratum cetacei (U. 
S. P.) and Unguentum cetacei (B. P.) are 
prepared from it. 

Spermatic (spur- mat' -i^) \_a~eppa, seed]. 
I. Pertaining to the semen. 2. Conveying 
the semen, as, e. £".,the S. cord. 3. Pertaining 
to the S. cord, as, e. g., the S. fascia. 

Spermatin {spur' -mat-in) \_airepp.a, seed]. 
An odorless, mucin-like substance found in 
semen. 

Spermato- (spur-mat'-o-) [o-rcepfia, seed]. A 
prefix meaning pertaining to the semen. 

Spermatoblast {spur' ' -mat-o-blasi) [Gireppa, 
seed ; (Haaroc, sprout]. A cell resulting from 
the division of the spermatogenic cell and 
developing into a spermatozoon. 

Spermatocele (spur' - mat - o-sel) [oKeppa, 
seed ; Krfkrj, tumor] . A spermatic cyst or 
encysted hydrocele containing spermatozoa. 

Spermatocystitis {spur - mat- o-sis -ti' - tis) 
\o~kppa, seed; kvotlq, cyst; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the seminal vesi- 
cles. 

Spermatocyte {spur' - mat - - sit) [oireppa, 
seed ; kvtoq, cell]. The germinal cell from 
which the spermatozoon develops. 

Spermatogenesis, Spermatogeny (spur- 
mat-o-jen'-es-is, spur-mat-oj' -en-e) \aireppa, 
seed ; yevvav, to produce] . The formation 
of spermatozoa. 

Spermatogenic (spur-mat-o-jen' '-ik) [cKepiia, 
seed; yevvav, to beget]. Producing sperma- 
tozoa, as, e.g., the S. cells of the testicle. 

Spermatogonium (spur - mat - - go' - ne - um) 
\_GTreppa, seed ; yov f], generation]. A forma- 
tive seminal cell or mass of spermatoblasts. 

Spermatophore (spur' '-mat - - for) [arceppa, 
seed; (pepeiv, to bear]. I. The part of the 
spermospore that is not converted into a 
spermatoblast. 2. A semitransparent capsule 
surrounding a group of spermatozoa. 

Spermatorrhea (spur-mat-or-e' -ah) [cireppa, 
seed; pola, a flow]. Involuntary discharge 
of semen without sexual excitement. 

Spermatospore (spur'-mat-o-spor) \aweppa, 



seed ; OKopog, a seed]. A primitive cell 
giving rise by division to spermatoblasts. 

Spermatozoid (spur- mat - 0- zo' -id). See 
Spermatozoon. 

Spermatozoon (spur-mat o-zo'-on) \ov:epjia, 
semen ; C,(mv, animal]. The male element 
capable of fecundating the ovum. It con- 
sists of an oval head, and a long, mobile 
cilium or tail. It is the essential element of 
the semen. 

Spermaturia (spur-?nat-u' -re-ah) [a-xeppa, 
seed ; urina, urine]. The presence of se- 
men in the urine. 

Spermin (spur' -min) [_GTrepjua, seed~\, C 2 H 5 N. 
A nonpoisonous base obtained from sputum, 
human semen, the organs of leukemic pa- 
tients, etc. It has been used in neurasthenia, 
senile debility, diabetes mellitus, and pul- 
monary tuberculosis. S. phosphate consti- 
tutes the Charcot-Leyden crystals. 

Spermoblast (spur' -mo-blast). See Sperma- 
toblast. 

Spermoplasm (spur'- mo -plazm) [arreppa, 
seed ; TrXacaeiv, to mold] . The protoplasm 
of the spermatoblast. 

Spermosphere (spur'-mo-sfer) [aireppa, seed; 
otyalpa, sphere]. A mass of spermatoblasts. 

Spermospore (spur' -mo-spdr). See Sperma- 
tospore. 

Sphacelate, Sphacelated (sfas'-el-at, sfas'- 
el-a-ted) [cr0d/ce/loc, dead] . Necrosed ; gan- 
grenous ; mortified. 

Sphacelation ( sfas-el-a'-shun ) [ ccpaKelog, 
dead]. The formation of a sphacelus; moist 
gangrene. 

Sphaceloderma (sfas-el-o-der' -mah) [cfpane- 
Aoc, dead; deppa, skin]. Gangrene of the 
skin, especially symmetric gangrene, or Ray- 
naud's disease. 

Sphacelus (sfas'-el-us) [cy&KeXog, gangrene]. 
A slough. 

Sphaerobacteria (sfe -ro - bak - te'- re - ah). 
See Spherobacteria. 

Spheno- (sfe' -no-) \p$r}v, wedge]. A prefix 
denoting pertaining to the sphenoid bone. 

Sphenobasilar (sfe - no - baz ' -il- ar) \_afi]v, 
wedge ; (3daig, base]. Pertaining conjointly 
to the sphenoid bone and the basilar portion 
of the occipital bone. 

Sphenoccipital (sfe - nok - sip' - it - al) [en^v, 
wedge ; occiput, occiput]. Pertaining to the 
sphenoid and the occipital bone. 

Sphenocephalus (sfe - no - sef'-al- us) [otyvv, 
wedge ; Ke<paA?/, head]. A variety of monster 
in which the two eyes are well separated, the 
ears united under the head, the jaws and 
mouth distinct, and the sphenoid bone altered 
in shape, so that it is analogous in form to 
what is found normally in birds. 

Sphenoethmoid (sfe-no-eth' -moid) [acpf/v, 
wedge; r/d/uog, sieve; eldog, like]. Relating 
to both the sphenoid and ethmoid bones. 



SPHENOID 



590 



SPILOMA 



Sphenoid (sfe' '-noid) \_od>f/v, wedge ; slooc, 
like]. Wedge-shaped, as the S. bone, or S. 

Sphenoido- (sfe-noi' -do-)\ao7]v, wedge; eidoq, 
like]. Pertaining to the sphenoid bone. 

Sphenoidofrontal (sfe-noi-do-frun' -tal) [c&fjv, 
wedge ; from, forehead]. Pertaining to the 
sphenoid and frontal bones. 

Sphenoidoparietal (sfe-noi-do-par-i' '-et-al ) 
\o6rjv, wedge; paries, wall]. Pertaining to 
the sphenoid and parietal bones. 

Sphenomaxillary (sfe - no - maks f - il- a - re) 
\_aof)v, wedge ; maxilla, maxilla]. Pertain- 
ing to the sphenoid and maxillary bones, as, 
e. g., the S. fossa. 

Sphenooccipital (sfe-no-ok-sip' -it-al). See 
Sphenoccipital. 

Sphenoorbital ( sfe -no- or' -bit - al ) \_o6f]v, 
wedge; orbita, orbit]. Pertaining to the 
sphenoid bone and the orbit. 

Sphenopalatine (sfe-?w - pal' -at-in) [cofjv, 
wedge ; palatum, palate]. Pertaining to the 
sphenoid bone and the palate, as, e.g. , the S. 
foramen. 

Sphenoparietal (sfe-no-par-i' -et-al) \_Gtyrjv, 
wedge ; paries, wall]. Pertaining to the 
sphenoid and parietal bones. 

Sphenopetrosal (sfe-no-pe-tro' -sal) [ctiyv, 
wedge ; rcerpa, rock]. Pertaining to the 
sphenoid bone and the petrous portion of the 
temporal bone. 

Sphenotic (sfe-tio'-tik) [g&tjv, wedge ; ovg, 
ear]. A part of the sphenoid bone, existing 
as a distinct bone in the fetus, and forming 
the parts adjacent to the carotid groove. 

Sphenotribe (sfe' -no-trib) [oorjv, wedge ; 
rpifteiv, to rub]. An instrument for crush- 
ing the basal portion of the fetal skull . 

Spheric, Spherical (sfer'-ik, sfer'-ik-al). 
Having the shape of or pertaining to a sphere. 
S. Aberration. See Aberration. 

Spherobacteria (sfe-ro-bak-te'-re-ah)\poalpa, 
sphere; fiaKTtjpLov, a rod]. The micrococci. 

Spherometer (sfe-row' -et-er)[cda7pa, sphere ; 
uerpov, a measure]. An instrument for deter- 
mining the degree of curvature of a sphere 
or part of a sphere, especially of optic lenses, 
or of the tools used for grinding them. 

Sphincter (sfingk'-ter) [aoiyyetv, to bind]. 
A muscle surrounding and closing an orifice, 
as, e. g., the anal S., the pyloric S. ,etc. 

Sphincterotomy (sfingk-ter-ot' -o-me) [sphinc- 
ter; Totii], a cutting]. The operation of in- 
cising a sphincter. 

Sphingoin (sphing' -go-in) \_G(piyyeiv, to bind]. 
A leukomain derived from cerebral tissue. 

Sphygmic (sfig'-mik) [covypioq, pulse]. Per- 
taining to the pulse. 

Sphygmo- (sfig'-mo-) [cfvy/uog, pulse]. A 
prefix signifying pertaining to the pulse. 

Sphygmo chronograph (sfig - mo - kro' - no - 
graf) \_a6vyuoq, pulse ; X9^ vo< ^i time. ; ypaoetv, 
to write]. A form of sphygmograph. 



Sphygmogram (sfig'-mo -gram) [cfyvyfioq, 
pulse; ypdtpetv, to write]. The tracing made 
by the sphygmograph. 

Sphygmograph (sfig' -mo-graf) [a6vy/u6c, 
pulse; ypaoetv, to write]. An instrument 
for recording graphically the features of the 
pulse and the variations in blood pressure. 

Sphygmographis (sfig-mo-graf -ik) [pfvy- 
\ioq, pulse; ypadetv, to write]. Pertaining 
to the sphygmograph. 

Sphygmology ( sfig - mol' - -je ) [ cfvyjuoq, 
pulse; /oyoc, treatise]. The branch of medi- 
cine dealing with the characters of the pulse. 

Sphygmomanometer ( sfg-mo-7nan-om' -et- 
er) [o&vyuoc, pulse ; fiavoq, rare ; jierpov, 
measure]. An instrument for measuring the 
tension of the blood-current. 

Sphygmometer (sfig - mom' - et- er ). See 
Sphygmograph . 

Sphygmophone ( sfig' -mo- f on ) [ aovyuoq, 
pulse ; Quvi), sound] . A sphygmograph in 
which the vibrations of the pulse produce a 
sound. 

Sphygmoscope ( sfig'-mo-skop ) [ a<bvn/n6q, 
pulse; CKorrelv, to examine]. An instrument 
for showing the movements of the heart or 
the pulsations of a blood-vessel. 

Sphygmosystole (sfig-mo-sis' -to-le) [c^'/zoc, 
pulse; gvotoat), contraction]. That part of 
the sphygmogram produced under the influ- 
ence of the cardiac systole upon the pulse. 

Sphyrotomy (s/i -rot' -o-me) [aQvpa, malleus ; 
Top.?), a cutting]. An operation consisting in 
the removal of the malleus or its handle, to- 
gether with a portion of the membrana tym- 
pani. 

Spica (spi'-kah) [L.]. A spike. S. -band- 
age. See Bandage. 

Spicule (spik'-tll) [dim. of spica, a spike]. 
A minute, sharp-pointed body, as a S.of bone. 

Spider-cells. The cells of the neuroglia. 
See Deiters' Cells. 

Spigelia (spi-jY-le-ah) [after Adrian van der 
Spiegel, a Belgian physician]. Pink-root, 
a genus of plants of the order Loganiacese. 
The rhizome and rootlets of S. marilandica 
(S., U. S. P.) contain a volatile alkaloid, 
spigelin, and are used as an anthelmintic 
against the round worm. Dose gr. x-xx 
(0.65-I.3) for a child; gj-ij (4.0-8.0) for 
an adult. Dose of Extractum spigelke fluidum 
(U. S. P.) TT^x-xx (0.65-1.3) for a child; 
f 3J-ij (4.0-8.0) for an adult. 

Spigelian Lobe (spi-je' -le-an) [after Adrian 
van der Spiegel, a Belgian physician]. A 
small lobe of the liver projecting from the 
back part of the inferior surface of the right 
lobe. 

Spikenard (spik'-nard ) . A name given to 
the rhizome of various species of Valeriana. 

Spiloma (spi-lo'mah). See A T cevus vascu- 
laris. 




SPILOPLAXIA 



Spiloplaxia {spi-lo-plaks' -c-ah) [airiloq, spot ; 
wXaij, a broad surface]. A synonym of 
Leprosy. 

Spina [spi'-nah) [L.]. Spine. S. bifida, 
a protrusion of the spinal membranes through 
a congenital cleft of the lower part of the 
vertebral column. S. cervina. See Buck- 
thorn. 

Spinal {spi ; -nal)\j;pina, spine], I. Pertain- 
ing to the spine. 2. Pertaining to the S. 
cord. S. Accessory Nerve. See Nerves, 
Table of. S. Canal. See Canal, Vertebral. 
S. Column, the vertebral column, composed 
of vertebrae, intervertebral cartilages, and lig- 
aments. S. Cord, the neural structure occu- 
pying the vertebral canal and extending from 
the atlas to the first lumbar vertebra, and 
terminating in the filum terminale. It is 
covered by the S. membranes (the pia mater, 
arachnoid, and dura mater) and is divided 
into symmetric halves by the anterior and 
posterior median fissures. These halves are 
joined together by the anterior white commis- 
sure and the gray commissure. In the middle 
of the latter is the central canal, a continua- 
tion of the ventricular cavities of the brain. 
Each half of the S. cord consists of an in- 
ternal mass of gray matter and an outer 
covering of white matter. The former is 
subdivided into the anterior and posterior 
horns, which are made up of ganglion -cells, 
nerve-fibers, and delicate fibrillae, and a modi- 
fied neuroglia, the substantia gelatinosa. The 
white matter is divided by the two gray 
horns into three columns : the anterior, 
lateral, and posterior. These are again sub- 
divided into distinct physiologic tracts. Thus 
the anterior column includes the direct pyra- 
midal tract (Turck's column) and the ante- 
rior ground-bundle, or anterior radicular zone, 
which is continuous with the adjacent part 
of the lateral column. In the latter the fol- 
lowing tracts are distinguished : the crossed 
pyramidal, direct cerebellar, anterolateral 
(Gowers' tract), and mixed lateral tract. 
The posterior column contains the postero- 
median tract (Goll's column) and the postero- 
lateral or posteroexternal tract (Burdach's 
column). The spinal cord is the conductor 
of impulses from and to the brain, as well 
as a center for reflex acts. S. Epilepsy. 
See Epilepsy. S. Irritation, a form of 
neurasthenia characterized by pain in the 
back, tenderness along the spines of the 
vertebrae, fatigue on slight exertion, and oc- 
casionally numbness and tingling in the limbs. 
S. Nerves, the 31 pairs of nerves arising 
from the S. cord, and grouped into 8 Cervical, 
12 Dorsal, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral, I Coccygeal. 
Each arises by two roots, a dorsal (gangli- 
ated) root and a ventral (anterior, nongan- 
gliated) root. On the dorsal root is the 



591 SPIRITUS 

spinal ganglion. Beyond the ganglion the 
two roots unite to form, in the spinal canal, 
the mixed trunk of a spinal nerve. The 
anterior roots supply efferent fibers to all the 
voluntary muscles of the trunk and extremi- 
ties, to the smooth muscular fibers of the 
bladder, ureter, uterus, etc. , vasomotor, in- 
hibitory, secretory, and trophic fibers. The 
posterior roots carry afferent impulses. 

Spinalis {spi-na' '-lis) [spina, spine]. I. 
Spinal. 2. A muscle attached to the spi- 
nous processes of the vertebrae. See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Spinant (spi'-nant) [spina, spine]. A drug 
or other agent increasing the reflex excitability 
of the spinal cord ; strychnin is a spinant. 

Spindle-tree. See Euonymus. 

Spine {spin) \_spina, a thorn]. I. A sharp 
process of bone. 2. The back-bone or spinal 
column. 

Spinobulbar {spi-no-buV -bar) [spina, spine; 
bulbus, the medulla oblongata]. Pertaining 
to the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. 

Spinoneural {spi-no-nu' '-ral) [spina, spine ; 
vevpov, nerve]. Pertaining to the spinal cord 
and the peripheral nerves. 

Spinous {spi'-nus) [spina, spine]. Resem- 
bling or pertaining to a spine, as, e. g., the S. 
process of the tibia or of a vertebra. 

Spintherism {spin' '-ther-izvi) [arnvdep/^eiv, 
to emit sparks]. The sensation of sparks 
dancing before the eyes. 

Spiral {spi f -ral) [spira, a spire] . I. Wind- 
ing like the threads of a screw, as, e. g. , a S. 
bandage. 2. A curve having a S. course. 

Spirem {spi f -rem) [spira, a coil, a twist]. 
The close skein, or mother skein, of chroma- 
tin-fibrils in a cell undergoing mitotic divi- 
sion. 

Spirillum {spi-riP '-uni) [spirillum, dim. of 
spira, a coil]. A genus of bacteria having a 
spiral shape. See Bacteria, Table of. S.- 
fever. See Relapsing Fever. 

Spirit {spir* ' -it)[spiritus ', breath, from spirare, 
to breathe]. I. The soul. 2. An alcoholic 
solution of a volatile substance. See Spiritus. 
3. Alcohol. S., Corn-, whisky obtained by 
the distillation of corn. S., Potato-, whisky 
obtained by the distillation of potatoes. S., 
Proof-, diluted alcohol (Alcohol dilutum, U. 
S. P. ; Spiritus tenuior, B. P.) containing 
about 41 per cent, by weight of absolute 
ethyl alcohol. S., Rectified, (Spiritus rec- 
tificatus, B. P.), containing 16 per cent, of 
water. 

Spirituous {spir ; -it-u-us) [spiritus, spirit]. 
Alcoholic ; pertaining to alcoholic liquors. 

Spiritus {spir f -it-us) [L.]. See Spirit. S. 
frumenti, whisky, a spirit obtained by the 
distillation of fermented grain. S. chloro- 
formi is used as a carminative. Dose fl\ x- 
lx (0.65-4.0). S. juniperi, gin or whisky 



SPIROBACTERIA 



592 



SPLENO- 



with which juniper-berries and hops have been 
distilled. S. odoratus, cologne-water. S. 
vini gallici, brandy ; a liquor obtained by 
the distillation of wine. For other varieties 
of Spiritus, see the different drugs. 

Spirobacteria (spi-ro-bak-te' '-re-ah) \spira, a 
spiral; fianTrjpiov, bacterium~\. Spiral bac- 
teria. 

Spirocheta, Spirochceta (spi - ro - ke f - tah) 
\_spira, a coil ; x aiTr l> a bristle]. A genus of 
bacteria characterized by flexible, spiral fila- 
ments. See Bacteria, Table of. 

Spirograph (spi f -ro-graf) \jpirare, to breathe ; 
ypatyELv, to write] . An instrument for register- 
ing the movements of respiration. 

Spirometer {spi - rom/- et - er) \_spirare, to 
breathe; perpov, a measure]. An instru- 
ment for measuring the quantity of air taken 
in and given out in forcible respiration. 

Spirometry (spi - rom' '- et - re) [spirare, to 
breathe; perpov, measure]. The determina- 
tion by means of the spirometer of the amount 
of air taken in and given out during respira- 
tion. 

Spirophore (spi f -ro-for) [spirare, to breathe ; 
(j>epeiv t to carry]. An instrument for per- 
forming artificial respiration. 

Spirulina (spi - ru -W '- nak) \_spirula, from 
spira, a coil]. A spiral microorganism of 
spindle shape. 

Spissated (spis f -a-ted). See Inspissated. 

Spissitude (spis f -it-ud)\jpissare , to thicken]. 
The state of being inspissated. 

Spittle (spit' -I). See Saliva. 

Splanchnic (splangk' '-nik) \oTT/\ayxva, vis- 
cera] . Pertaining to or supplying the viscera. 
S. Nerves, three nerves, the great, lesser, 
and least, or renal S. , derived from the sym- 
pathetic system. 

Splanchno- (splangk' '-no-) [air/lay xva, vis- 
cera]. A prefix denoting pertaining to the 
viscera. 

Splanchnography (splangk-nog' '-ra-fe) . See 
Spla nch n ology. 

Splanchnology (splangk-nol f -o-je) [cnrMy- 
%va, viscera ; Xoyoq, treatise]. The branch 
of anatomy treating of the viscera. 

Splanchnopleure (splangk' ' -no-plur) \oiT\6y- 
Xva, viscera ; TvTievpd, the side]. The visceral 

i layer of mesoderm forming the covering of 
the digestive tube. 

Splanchnoscopy (splangk-nos' '-ko-pe) [o-7r/ldy- 
Xva, viscera; gkotteIv, to examine]. Visual 
examination of the viscera. 

Splanchnoskeleton (splangk-no-skel' '-et-on) 
[cnrlayxva, viscera; gkeTietov, skeleton]. 
That portion of the skeleton related to the 
viscera. 

Splanchnotomy (splangk-noP '-o-me) \pir'kay- 
Xva, viscera; rkpvs.iv, to cut]. Dissection 
of the viscera. 

Splay-foot. See Talipes. 



Spleen (splen) [on/Mjv, spleen]. One of the 
abdominal viscera, situated just below the 
diaphragm on the left side, and connected 
with the hematopoietic system. It is covered 
by a fibroelastic capsule from which trabecular 
radiate into the organ. In the spaces formed 
by these are found collections of lymphoid 
tissue (the Malpighian corpuscles) and the 
splenic pulp. The Malpighian corpuscles 
surround the small branches of the splenic 
artery. The splenic pulp consists of a delicate 
reticulum containing large connective-tissue 
cells, lymphoid cells , and red corpuscles. The 
spleen receives a large amount of blood, which 
in passing from the termination of the splenic 
artery to the beginning of the splenic vein is 
probably not held within walls, but comes in 
direct contact with the lymphoid tissue. The 
S. normally weighs about 200 grams. S., 
Accessory, a detached portion of splenic 
tissue in the neighborhood of the spleen. S., 
Floating. See S., Wandering. S. Sago-, 
one of which the Malpighian follicles are the 
seat of amyloid change. S., Wandering, 
one that is movable, owing to relaxation of 
its attachments. 

Splen- (splen-) [an/Xrjv, spleen]. A prefix 
denoting pertaining to the spleen. 

Splenadenoma (splen-ad-en-o' -mah) \_gtt/\t]v, 
spleen; adrjv, gland; b/ua, tumor]. Hyper- 
plasia of the lymphoid tissue of the spleen. 

Splenalgia (splen-aV -je-ah) \pir'kriv, spleen ; 
'akyoq, pain]. Neuralgic pain in the spleen. 

Splenculus (splen' '-ku-lus) [o-kItjv, spleen]. 
An accessory spleen. 

Splendid Line of Haller. See Lines, Table 
of. 

Splenectomy (splen- ek'-to-me^oTT/Xrjv, spleen ; 
eicToprj, excision]. Excision of the spleen. 

Splenemia (splen-e / -7?ie-ak) [gttTitjv, spleen ; 
aipa, blood]. Splenic leukemia. 

Splenic (splen f -ik) \_air?ir]v, spleen]. Pertain- 
ing to or affecting the spleen. S. Apoplexy, 
S. Fever. See Anthrax. 

Splenification (splen-ifik-a' '-shun) \_oir7i?]v, 
spleen ; ficere* to make]. See Splenization. 

Splenified (splen-ifld f ) [GirTirjv, spleen ; fa- 
cere, to make] . Of a tissue, resembling the 
tissue of the spleen, as, e. g., S. bone-marrow. 

Splenitis (splen-i' '-tis) [ottTit/v, spleen ; itlc, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the spleen. 

Splenium (sple' '-ne-um) [civTirjviov , bandage]. 
I. A bandage. 2. The rounded posterior 
extremity of the corpus callosum. 

Splenius (sple' '-ne-us) [gttItjv'lov, bandage]. 
Shaped like a splenium, as, e. g. , the S. muscle 
or simply splenius. See Muscles, Table of. 

Splenization (splen - i - za / - shun) \_gtta7]v, 
spleen]. The change in an organ, especially 
the lung, produced by congestion, whereby it 
comes to resemble the tissue of the spleen. 

Spleno- (splen 1 '-0-). Same as Splen-. 



SPLENOCELE 



593 



SPOROGENKSIS 



Splenocele (splen'-o-sel) [oirArjv, spleen; 
K.ij}jj, tumor]. Hernia of the spleen. 

Splenocolic (splen-o-kol* -ik) [a^/J/v, spleen ; 
ko/.ov, colon]. Pertaining to the spleen and 
the colon. 

Splenomalacia (splen-o-vial-a' ' -se-ah) \ott"At]v, 
spleen ; /ualaKia, softness]. Softening of the 
spleen. 

Splenomegalia, Splenomegaly^/Z^-tf-w^- 
a f -le-ah, splen-o-meg'-al-e) \_ck7\tjv, spleen ; 
fieyag, large]. Enlargement of the spleen, 
especially simple enlargement of the spleen 
without leukemia ; by some it is considered 
merely as Hodgkin's disease of splenic type. 

Splenopathia (sp/en-o-path' '-e-ah). Spleno- 
pathy. S. leukocythaemica, splenic leuko- 
cythemia. 

Splenopathy (sp/en-op f '-ath-e)\onli]v, spleen ; 
ttoJoc, suffering]. Any disease of the spleen. 

Splenopexis ( splen - o -peks / -is) [ oirXrjv, 
spleen; rr/'/^/g, a fixing in]. Fixation of a 
wandering spleen to the abdominal wall by 
means of sutures. 

Splenophrenic (sp/en-o-fren'-ik) [ctt/J/v, 
spleen; <ppi]v, diaphragm]. Pertaining to 
the spleen and the diaphragm. 

Splenopneumonia ( sp/en-o-nu-mo' '-ne - ah ) 
\_a-7ijv, spleen ; 7tv£v{j.gjv, lung]. Pneumonia 
with splenization of the lung. 

Splenotomy (splen-of ' -o-me) [ok^tjv, spleen ; 
tejuveiv, to cut]. I. The operation of incis- 
ing the spleen. 2. Dissection of the spleen. 

Splint [Swedish,.s^/?';zte, a kind of spike]. A 
piece of wood, metal, or other material for 
keeping the ends of a fractured bone or other 
movable parts in a state of rest. 

Spodogenous (spo-dof-en-us) \piroaoq, ashes ; 
yevvav, to produce]. Pertaining to or pro- 
duced by waste-material, as, e.g.,S. enlarge- 
ment of the spleen, a swelling of the spleen 
produced by the accumulation of the detritus 
of red corpuscles. 

Spondyl-, ^pondy\o-(spon / -di/-, spon f -di/-o-) 
[G~6vdv~Aoq, vertebra]. A prefix denoting 
pertaining to a vertebra. 

Spondylarthritis {spon-dil-ar-thri' '-lis) \ott6v- 
dvAoq, vertebra; apOpov, joint; mc, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a vertebral articu- 
lation. 

Spondylitis {spon-dil-i' -tis) \piz6v6v7oq, a 
vertebra; irtg, inflammation]. Inflammation 
of a vertebra, especially Tuberculous S., or 
Pott's disease. 

Spondylizema ( spon-dil-i-ze'-mak ) [ottov- 
dvAoq, vertebra ; i&tia, a subsiding]. The 
settling of a vertebra into the place of a sub- 
jacent one that has been destroyed. 

Spondylolisthesis [spon-dil- o - lis-the f - sis) 
\cTT6v6vAoq, vertebra ; oA/adrjaig , a slipping]. 
Deformity of the spinal column produced by 
the gliding forward of the lumbar vertebras in 
such a manner that they overhang the brim 
38 



and obstruct the inlet of the pelvis ; especi- 
ally the separation of the last lumbar vertebra 
from, and its slipping forward on, the sacrum. 

Spondylolisthetic {spon-dil- - lis - tliel' - ik) 
[oTcovAvAog, vertebra ; 6'Alo6r/aig, a slipping]. 
Pertaining to or caused by spondylolisthesis. 

Spondylotomy (spo7i-dil-ot / -o-?ne) \_airov6v- 
Aog, vertebra; to/j.7/, a cutting]. See Rachi- 
otomy. 

Sponge (spun/) \_air6yyog']. A marine ani- 
mal of the class Porifera, having a porous, 
horny skeleton ; also the skeleton itself, used 
as an absorbent. S.-bath, the application 
of water to the surface of the body by means 
of a S. S. -graft. See Graft. S.-tent. 
See Tent. 

Spongiform ( spun f -je - form ) [ oiroyyoq, 
sponge ; forma, a form] . Resembling a 
sponge. 

Spongin (spun f -jin) [oiroyyoc;, sponge] . The 
horny substance forming the skeletal fibers 
of the sponge. 

Spongioblast (spun' '-je-o-blast) [oTrdyyoc, a 
sponge ; /5/laaroc, a germ]. A variety of 
cell derived from the ectoderm of the em- 
bryonic neural tube, and forming later the 
neuroglia. 

Spongiopilin (sptin -je - - pi f - /in) \_Gir6yyoc, 
sponge; 7rZAoc, felt]. Felted or woven cloth, 
into which tufts of sponge are incorporated 
and one side of which is coated with rubber ; 
it is used as a poultice. 

Spongioplasm (spun' '-je-o-p/azm) [oTrdyyoc, 
sponge ; TrXdaaeiv, to mold]. The fine, elas- 
tic, protoplasmic threads forming the reticu- 
lum of cells. 

Spongy (spu?t / -je)\air6yyog, sponge]. Having 
the texture of sponge. S. Portion of the 
Urethra, that contained in the corpus spon- 
giosum of the urethra. 

Spontaneous (spon-ta f -ne-us) \_spons, will]. 
Voluntary ; occurring without extraneous im- 
pulse ; automatic. 

Spoon. An instrument consisting of an oval 
or circular bowl fixed to a handle ; it is used in 
surgery to scrape away dead tissue, granula- 
tions, etc. 

Sporadic (spor-ad' '-ik) [onopadLKOQ, scat- 
tered]. Scattered; occurring in an isolated 
manner. S. Cholera, cholera morbus. 

Spore (spor) [onopoq, seed]. A seed; a repro- 
ductive body of lower vegetable organisms, as 
of bacteria. 

Sporiferous (spor-if / -er-tis) \_Gir6poq, seed; 

ferre, to bear]. Spore-bearing. 

Sporoblast (spor f - - blast) [a-rropng, seed ; 
/3Aacrrdc, germ]. One of the four round 
bodies produced by the process of endoge- 
nous cell-formation in a coccidium. 

Sporocyst (spor'-o-sist^oTropoQ, seed ; Kvong, 
a bag]. The mother-cell of a spore. 

Sporogenesis {spor - o-jen f - es - is) [cnropoc;, 



SPOROGONY 



594 



STAFF 



seed ; yeveaiq, generation]. The develop- 
ment of spores ; reproduction by spores. 

Sporogony (spor-og / -o-ne). See Sporogenesis. 

Sporophore (spor' ' -o-for) [onopoq, seed ; (pep- 
eiv, to bear]. That portion of a fungus 
bearing the spores. 

Sporozoa (spor-o-zo' '-ah) [orrdpog , seed ; C<p 0, 'j 
an animal]. A class of parasitic Protozoa 
including the Gregarinidia, parasitic in vari- 
ous worms and arthropods ; the Coccidia, 
or oviform psorosperms, parasitic in the hepa- 
tic and intestinal epithelium of various mam- 
mals, including man ; the Saracosporidia, or 
tubuliform psorosperms, parasitic in the mus- 
cles of various animals ; the Myxosporidia, 
the psorosperms of fishes ; the Microsporidia, 
the psorosperms of articulates. 

Sporulation ( spor - u - la' - shun ) [ unopog, 
spore]. The production of spores. S., 
Arthrogenous, the change of bacteria into 
resistant forms, which are capable of ger- 
minating again under favorable conditions. 

Spot. See Macula. S., Blind. See Blind 
Spot. 

Spotted Fever. I. Cerebrospinal fever. 2. 
Typhus. 

Sprain (sprdn) [OF., espreindre, from L., 
exprimere, to press out]. A wrenching of a 
joint producing a stretching or laceration of 
the ligaments. S. -fracture, an injury in 
which a tendon is torn from its attachment 
together with a shell of bone. 

Spray (sprd). A liquid blown into minute 
particles by a strong current of air. 

Spruce (sprits). See Picea. 

Sprue (spru). Synonym of Thrush. 

Spunk (spungk). See Agariais. 

Spurge (sperj). See Eupatorium. 

Spurious (spid -re-us) \_spurius, false]. False. 

Spurted Rye. See Ergot. 

Sputum (spu' '-him) [spuere, to spit ; //., Sputa~\ . 
The secretion ejected from the mouth in spit- 
ting. It consists of saliva and mucus from 
the nasal fossa and the fauces. In diseased 
conditions of the air-passages or lungs it maybe 
purulent, mucopurulent, fibrinous, or bloody. 
S. crudum, the scanty, viscid expectoration 
of the early stages of acute bronchitis. S , 
Nummular, a sputum characterized by round, 
coin-like masses ; it is seen in pulmonary 
tuberculosis. S., Rusty, the dark-colored 
sputum of lobar pneumonia, the color of which 
is due to the admixture of blood. 

Sputum-septicemia (spu-tum-sep-te-H '-me- 
ah). See Septicemia. 

Squama (skwa / -mah) [L.]. A scale or scale- 
like mass, as, e. g. , the S. of the temporal bone. 

Squamoparietal (skwa - mo -par- i f - et - al) 
[squama, scale ; paries, wall]. Pertaining to 
the squamous portion of the temporal bone. 

Squamosal (skwa mo f -zal) [squama, scale] 
The squamous porfion of the temporal bone. 



Squamosphenoid (sktva - mo - sfe r - noid) 
[squama, scale ; sphenoid\ Pertaining to 
the squamous portion of the temporal bone 
and to the sphenoid bone. 

Squamotemporal (skwa - mo - tem f -po-ral ) 
[squama, scale; temporal ']. Pertaining to 
the squamous portion of the temporal bone. 

Squamous (skwa'-mus) [squamosus, scaly]. 
I. Of the shape of a scale, as, e. g. , the S. 
portion of the temporal bone. 2. Scaly. S. 
Suture, the suture between the squamous 
portion of the temporal bone and the frontal 
and parietal bones. 

Squamozygomatic (skwa-mo-zi-go-mat' -ik) 
[squama, scale; zygomatic 1 ^. Pertaining to 
the squamous and zygomatic portions of the 
temporal bone. 

Square Lobe. I. The lobus quadratus of 
the liver. 2. A lobe on the upper surface of 
the cerebellar hemisphere. 

Squarrous (skzvar f -us) [kox&pa, a scab]. 
Scurfy. 

Squill (skwil). The bulb of Urginea mari- 
tima (U. S. P.), or Urginea scilla (B. P.), 
of the order Liliaceae. Squill (Scilla, U. S. 
P., B. P.) contains several bitter principles, 
scillitin, scillipicrin, scillitoxin, and scillin ; 
a carbohydrate, sinistrin, and other sub- 
stances. S. is expectorant, diuretic, and 
emetocathartic, and is used in dropsy and in 
croup. Dose gr. j-ij (0.065-0.13). Pre- 
parations and doses : Acetum scillae (U. S. P. , 
B. P.), TT^x-xxx (0.65-2.0); Extractum scilla 
fluidum (U. S. P. ) , TT^ ij-iij (o. 13-0.20) ; Oxy- 
mel scillae (B. P.), f.^j-ij (4.0-8.0); Pilula 
scillae composita (B. P. ),gr. v-x (0.32-0.65) ; 
Syrupus scilke (U. S. P., B. P.), f^ss-j 
(2.0-4.0) ; Syrupus scillae compositus, hive- 
syrup, X\ xx-xxx (1.3-2.0) ; Tinctura scillae, 
(U. S. P., B. P.), T^v-xxx (0.32-2.0). 

Squint (skwint) [origin obscure]. See Stra- 
bisnius. 

Squirting Cucumber. See Elaterium. 

Sr. Symbol for strontium. 

Ss. Abbreviation for semis, one-half. 

Stabile (sta'-bil) [stabilis, from stare, to 
stand]. Not moving; fixed. S. Current, 
an electric current produced by holding the 
electrodes in a fixed position. 

Staccato Speech. See Scanning Speech. 

Stadium (sta / -de-um). [L.]. Stage. S. 
acmes, the height of a disease. S. aug- 
ment!, the period in which there is increase 
in the intensity of the disease. S. caloris, 
the period during which there is fever ; the 
hot stage. S. decrementi, defervescence 
of a febrile disease ; the period in which 
there is a decrease in the severity of the 
disease. 

Staff. An instrument for passing into the 
bladder through the urethra and used as a 
guide in operations for stricture. 



STAGE 



595 



STARCH 



Stage {staj) [stare, to stand]. I. A definite 
period of a disease characterized by certain 
symptoms ; a condition in the course of a 
disease. 2. The horizontal plate projecting 
from the pillar of a microscope, for support- 
ing the slide or object. S., Algid, a condi- 
tion characterized by subnormal tempera- 
ture, feeble, flickering pulse, various nervous 
symptoms, etc. It occurs in cholera and 
other diseases marked by exhausting intes- 
tinal discharges. S., Amphibolic, the S. 
of a disease intervening between its height 
and its decline. S., Asphyxial, the pre- 
liminary S. of Asiatic cholera, marked by ex- 
treme thirst, muscular cramps, etc., due to 
k>ss of water from the blood. S., Cold, the 
rigor or chill of an attack of a malarial 
paroxysm. S., Expulsive {of labor), the 
stage which begins when dilatation of the 
cervix uteri is complete and during which the 
child is expelled from the uterus. See Labor. 
S., First {of labor), that stage in which the 
molding of the fetal head and the dilatation 
of the cervix are affected. S., Hot, the 
febrile S. of a malarial paroxysm. S. of 
Invasion, the period in the course of a 
disease in which the system comes under the 
influence of the morbific agent. S. of La- 
tency, the incubation-period of an infectious 
disease, or that period intervening between 
the entrance of the virus and the manifesta- 
tions of the symptoms to which.it gives rise. 
S., Placental {of labor), the period occu- 
pied by the expulsion of the placenta and 
fetal membranes. S., Preemptive, the 
period of an eruptive fever following infection 
and prior to the appearance of the eruption. 
S., Second {of labor). See S., Expulsive. 
S., Sweating, the third or terminal S. of a 
malarial paroxysm, during which there is 
sweating. S., Third {of labor). See S. , 
Placental. 

Stain {stdii) [from distain, from dis, priv. ; tin- 
gere, to color]. I. A discoloration. 2. A 
pigment employed in microscopy to color the 
tissues or to produce certain reactions. The 
common microscopic stains are hematoxylin, 
carmin, osmic acid, and the anilin dyes. 

Stammer {stam'-er) [AS., stamur, stam- 
mering]. To speak interruptedly or with 
hesitation. 

Standard {stan'-dard) \_extendere, to spread 
out]. Something used for comparison. S.- 
solution, a solution containing a definite 
quantity of a reagent. 

Stannic {stan'-ik) \_stannum, tin]. Contain- 
ing tin as a tetrad element. 

Stannous {stan r -us) \stannum, tin]. Con- 
taining tin as a dyad element. 

Stannum [stan f -um) [L.]. See Tin. 

Stapedectomy {sta-pe-dek' '-to-me) \ stapes ; 
mTOjiij, excision]. Excision of the stapes. 



Stapediovestibular {sta-pe-de-o-ves-tib 1 '-u- 
lar) [stapes; vestibitlum, vestibule]. Relat- 
ing to the stapes and the vestibule. 

Stapedius {sta-pe f - de - us) \_stapes~\. See 
Muscles, Table of 

Stapes {sta'-pez)^., a stirrup]. The stirrup- 
shaped bone of the middle ear, articulating 
with the incus and the fenestra ovalis. 

Staphisagria {stafis-ag' ' -re-ah)\ara<\>\q , dried 
grape; aypcoc, wild]. The Delphinium 
staphisagria, of the order Ranunculacese. 
The seeds (S.,U. S. P., Staphisagriae semina, 
B. P.) contain the alkaloids delphinin, C 28 - 
H 37 N0 5 , delphinoidin, C 42 H f)8 N 2 7 , delphi- 
sin, C 27 H 46 N 2 4 , and staphisagrin, C 32 H 33 - 
NQ 5 . S. has been used locally as an 
application in rheumatism, and as an oint- 
ment to destroy lice and itch-mites. 

Staphylinopharyngeus {stafil-i-no-far-in / - 

je-us) [oratyvlr], uvula; (pdpvy^, pharynx]. 
The palatopharyngeus. See Muscles, Table 

°f- 

Staphylinus {stafil-i' '-nus) [pra^vhi], uvula]. 
I. Palatal. 2. See S. medius. S. externus, 
the tensor palati. S. internus, the levator 
palati. S. medius, the azygos uvulae muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of 

Staphylitis {stafil-i' '-lis) [cTCKpvlr/, uvula ; 
iriQ, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
uvula. 

Staphylo- {staf f -il-o-) \ara(pv7irj, uvula]. A 
prefix denoting pertaining to the uvula. 

Staphylococcemia {stafil-o-kok-se f -me-ah) 
[(TTCupvli/, grape ; /cd/c/coc, a berry; al/ua, blood] . 
The presence of staphylococci in the blood. 

Staphylococcus {stafil-o-kok' ' -us) [arafv/Jj, 
grape; /cd/c/coc, a berry]. See Bacteria, 
Table of 

Staphyloma {staf-il-o'-mah^CTaipv?^, grape; 
6/u.a, tumor]. A bulging of the cornea or 
sclera of the eye. S., Anterior. See Kera- 
toglobus. S. corneae, a bulging of the cornea, 
due to a thinning of the membrane, with or 
without previous ulceration. S., Posterior, 
S. posticum, a backward bulging of the 
sclerotic coat at the posterior pole of the eye. 

Staphyloplasty {staf'-il-o-plas-te) [aTa<pv?iy, 
uvula ; Tr'Adaaeiv, to mold]. Aplastic opera- 
tion for the closure of cleft palate. 

Staphylorrhaphy {stafil-or f -a-fe) \_aracj)v2 /'/ , 
uvula; patyv, suture]. Suture of a cleft 
palate. 

Staphylotomy {stafil-ot' '-o-me) [oTatyvli], 
uvula; TOfir], a cutting]. I. The operation 
of incising or removing the uvula. 2. The 
operation of incising a staphyloma. 

Star-anise. See lllicium. 

Starch {starch) [AS., stearc, stiff; L. , Aviy- 
luni\. A carbohydrate widely distributed in 
the vegetable kingdom, occurring in peculiar 
concentrically marked granules or grains. 
When heated with water the granules swell 



STAR-GRASS 



596 



STELLATE 



up, burst, partially dissolve, and form S. paste. 
The soluble portion is called granulose, the 
insoluble is cellulose. Iodin produces a 
characteristic blue coloration with S. The 
most important varieties of S. are : potato-S., 
leguminous S. , wheat-S. (Amylum, U. S. P., 
B. P.), sago-S., rice-S. S., Animal. See 
Glycogen. S., Corn-, a highly nutritive S. 
obtained from Indian corn. S. -enema, 
an enema consisting of starch- water. S., 
Iodized, starch that has been acted upon by 
iodin. S. -water, a mixture of wheat-S. and 
: water, used chiefly as an emollient enema. 

Star-grass. See Aletris. 

Stars of Verheyn [far-hin f ). The star- 
shaped figures formed by the stellate veins of 
the kidney, beneath the capsule. 

Starvation [star-va' 'shim) [AS., steorfan, to 
die]. Deprivation of food ; the state pro- 
duced by deprivation of food. 

Stasis (sta'-zis) [arda/g, from laravai, to 
stand]. A standstill of the current of any of 
the fluids of the body, especially of the blood. 

Stas-Otto Method. A method of extracting 
alkaloids or ptomains from tissues. It de- 
pends upon the facts that the salts of the al- 
kaloids are soluble in water and in alcohol, 
and generally insoluble in ether, while the 
free alkaloids are soluble in ether, and may 
be removed from alkaline fluids by agitation 
with ether. The method consists in treating 
the mass with 90 per cent, alcohol and tar- 
taric or oxalic acid ; digesting the whole for 
some time at about 70 C. and filtering ; the 
filtrate is evaporated at a temperature not ex- 
ceeding 35 C., and the residue taken up with 
absolute alcohol, filtered, and evaporated 
again at a low temperature. The residue is 
dissolved in water, alkalinized, and agitated 
with ether. After separation, the ether is 
removed and allowed to evaporate. The 
residue may be further purified by redissolv- 
ing in water and again extracting with ether. 

Static [staf ' -ik) [ararinoq, from laravai, to 
stand]. At rest ; pertaining to matter or force 
at rest or in equilibrium. S. Breeze, a 
method of administering static electricity, 
consisting in the withdrawal of a static charge 
from a patient by means of a pointed elec- 
trode. S. Electricity. See Electricity. 

Statics (stat f -iks) [ararinoc, from laravai., to 
stand]. The science relating to forces in a 
condition of equilibrium. 

Station (sta* '-shun) [statio, from stare, to 
stand]. Standing position or attitude. 

Stationary (sta'-shun-a-re) [statio, from stare, 
to stand]. Standing still ; not moving. S. 
Air, the amount of air which is constantly 
in the lungs during normal respiration . 

Statometer {stat-om' '-et-er) [araroc, standing ; 
fxerpov, measure]. An instrument for measur- 
ing the degree of exophthalmus, 



Status (sla'-tus) [L.]. A state. S. arthri- 
ticus, the nervous manifestations preceding an 
attack of gout. S. epilepticus, a condition 
in which epileptic attacks occur in rapid suc- 
cession, the patient not regaining conscious- 
ness during the interval. S. praesens, the 
state of a patient at the time of examination. 
S. typhosus. See Typhoid State. 

Stauroplegia (staw-ro-ple' '-je-ah) [aravpog, 
crossed; TTATjyij, a stroke]. Crossed hemi- 
plegia. 

Stavesacre (stdvz-a'-ker). See Staphisagria. 

Steapsin (ste-ap / -sin) [areap, fat]. A fer- 
ment assisting in the saponification of the fats 
and found in the pancreatic juice. 

Stearate {ste'-ar-at) [areap, fat]. A salt of 
stearic acid. Glycerol S. is called stearin, 
q. v. 

Stearic Acid [ste-ar' '-ik) [areap, fat]. See 
Acid, Stearic, and Stearin. 

Stearin (ste / - ar-in) [areap, fat], C 3 H 5 3 - 
(C ]8 H 35 2 )3. A compound of stearic acid 
and glyceryl occurring in the harder ani- 
mal fats, especially in tallow. It crystallizes 
in white, pearly scales. 

Stearopten {ste-ar-op'-ten) [areap, fat ; ■Krrj- 
voq, winged, volatile]. The crystalline sub- 
stance occurring naturally in solution in a 
volatile oil. 

Stearrhea (ste-ar-e'-ah) [areap, fat ; po'ia, a 
flow]. See Seborrhea. 

Steatite (ste'-at-lt). See Talcum. 

Steato- \ste'-at-o-) [areap, fat]. A prefix 
meaning fatty. 

Steatocele {ste f -at-o-sel) [areap, fat; K7]7,r], 
tumor]. A swelling formed by the collection 
of fatty matter in the scrotum. 

Steatoma (ste-at-o / -mah) [areap, fat; o/m, 
tumor], I. A sebaceous cyst. 2. A lipoma. 

Steatopygia (ste-at-o-pif '-e-ah) [areap, fat ; 
TTvyi], buttock]. Enormous fatness of the 
buttock, common among the women of some 
African tribes. 

Steatopygous {ste-at-op f -ig-us) [areap, fat ; 
Trvyf/, buttock]. Characterized by excessive 
development of the buttocks. 

Steatorrhea (ste-at-or-e'-ah) [areap, fat; 
po'ta, flow]. See Seborrhea. 

Steatosis (ste-al-o'-sis) [are ap, fat] . I. Fatty 
degeneration. 2. An abnormal accumulation 
of fat. 

Steatozoon (ste-at-o-zo f -on) [areap, fat ; Ctiov, 
an animal]. The parasite, Demodex follicu- 
lorum, contained in comedones. 

Steel. A form of iron holding an interme- 
diate position between cast iron and wrought 
iron and containing from 0.5 to 1. 5 per cent, 
of carbon. S., Tincture of, tinctura ferri 
chloridi ; see under Ferritin. S., Wme of. 
Synonym of Vinum ferri, under Ferrum. 

Stellate {stel f -at) [stella, a star]. Star- 
shaped. 



STELLUL.E VERHEYNII 



597 



STERNOMASTOID 



Stellulae Verheynii. See Stars of Verheyn. 

Stellwag's Symptom. See Signs and Symp- 
toms, Table of. 

Steno- (stc'n'-o-) [errerdc, narrow]. A prefix 
meaning narrow or constricted. 

Stenocardia (sten-o-kar* ' -de-ah) [arevoq, nar- 
row ; napiYia, heart]. Angina pectoris. 

Stenocephalous (sten-o-sef '-al-us) [orevoc, 
narrow; necpalii/, head]. Having a head 
narrow in one or more of its diameters. 

Stenocephaly (stcn-o-sef'-al-e) \arev6q, nar- 
row ; K£(pa7ij, head]. Narrowing of the head 
in one or more of its diameters. 

Stenochoria (sten-o-ko' '-re-ah) [arevoc, nar- 
row ; xtipog, space]. Narrowing; stenosis. 

Stenopeic (sten-o-pe f -ik) [arevog, narrow; 
brraloc, pierced]. Pertaining to or having a 
narrow slit ; applied to lenses that allow 
the passage of rays only through a narrow 
slit. 

Steno's Duct. See under Duct. 

Stenosis (sten-o'-sis)\oT£v6c, narrow]. Con- 
striction or narrowing, especially of a channel 
or aperture, as, e.g., aortic S., mitral S., etc. 

Stenotic (sten - ot' '- ik) [orevog, narrow]. 
Characterized by stenosis ; produced by sten- 
osis. 

Stensen's Duct. See Duct. 

Stensen's Experiment. Compression of the 
abdominal aorta of an animal, so as to cut 
off the blood-supply to the lumbar region of 
the spinal cord. It leads to rapid paralysis 
of the posterior portion of the body. 

Stensen's Foramen. See Foratnina, Table 

°f' 
Stephanion (stef- an r - e - on) [oretyavog, a 

wreath or crown]. See Craniometric Points. 
Steppage-gait (step' -aj-gdf). The peculiar 

high-stepping gait seen in tabes dorsalis and 

certain forms of multiple neuritis. 
Stercobilin (ster-ko-bi' '-lin) [stercus, dung ; 

bills, bile]. A coloring-matter found in feces, 

and identical with hydrobilirubin. 
Stercoraceous (sler-ko-ra f -shus) \stercus, 

dung]. Fecal; having the nature of feces; 

containing feces, as, e. g. , S. vomiting. 
Stercoral (ster f -ko-ral). See Stercoraceous. 
Stercoremia (ster - ko - re f - me - ah) \_stercus, 

dung; aijia, blood]. A condition of the 

blood resulting from arrest of intestinal ex- 
cretion and the absorption of toxic matters 

from the feces. 
Stercorin [ster f -ko-rin) \stercus, dung]. An 

extractive from the feces resembling choles- 

terin. 
Stercus (ster'-kus) [L. , dung]. Feces. 
Stere (ster) [arepeoq, solid]. A measure of 

iooo liters ; a kiloliter. 
Stereometry (ste-re-om* '-et-re) [csrepedc, solid ; 

fierpov, measure]. The measurement of the 

capacity of a hollow body. 
Stereophantoscope (ste -re - o -fxn f - to-skop) 



[orepeoc, solid ; (pavrot;, visible ; gkottuv, to 
see]. See Stereophoroscope. 

Stereophoroscope (ste-re-o-for' '-o-skop) \_arep- 
edc, solid ; (pepeiv, to carry ; okokeIv, to see]. 
A stereoscopic zoetrope, an instrument for 
producing a series of images apparently in 
motion. 

Stereoplasm (ste / -re-o-plazm)\_GTgpe6c, solid ; 
Trlaooeiv, to mold]. The solid part of the 
protoplasm of cells. 

Stereoscope (ste f -re-o-skop) [arepsSg, solid ; 
onoireiv, to see]. An instrument by which 
two similar pictures of the same object are 
made to overlap so that the reflected images 
are seen as one, thereby giving the appear- 
ance of solidity and relief. 

Stereoscopic (ste -re - o - skop / - ik) [oTEpeoc, 
solid; otiOTceiv, to view]. Pertaining to ste- 
reoscopy. S. Vision, binocular vision. See 
Stereoscope. 

Sterile (ster'-il) \sterilis, barren]. I. Not fer- 
tile ; not capable of reproducing. 2. Free 
from microorganisms or spores. 

Sterility [ster-W '-it-e) \_sterilis, sterile]. The 
condition of being sterile. 

Sterilization (ster-il-i-za' '-shun) \_sterilis, bar- 
ren]. The act of rendering anything sterile; 
the destruction of microorganisms, particu- 
larly by means of heat. S., Intermittent, 
a method of sterilization in which an interval 
of time is allowed to elapse between the 
several heatings, giving an opportunity for 
any spores present to develop into adult 
microorganisms, in which form they readily 
succumb to the action of heat. 

Sterilized (ster' - il- izd) [sterilis, sterile]. 
Rendered sterile. 

Sterilizer (ster'-il-i-zer) \sterilis, sterile]. An 
apparatus for destroying the microorganisms 
attached to an object, especially by means of 
heat. 

Sternal (stur f -nal) [sternum ; arzpvov, ster- 
num]. Pertaining to the sternum. 

Sterno- (stur' '-no-) \_sternum ; cxrepvov, ster- 
num]. A prefix denoting connection with the 
sternum. 

Sternoclavicular (stur-no -Ma - viM - u - lar) 
[sternum, sternum ; clavicle\ Pertaining to 
the sternum and the clavicle. 

Sternocleidomastoid (stur - no -cli- do-mas' - 
toid) [orspvov, sternum; nXeir, key; mas- 
toid ] . Pertaining to the sternum, the clavicle, 
and the mastoid process, as, e. g., the S. mus- 
cle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Sternocostal {stur-no-kos' ' -tal)\_sternum , ster- 
num ; costa, a rib] . Pertaining to the sternum 
and the ribs. 

Sternohyoid (stur - no - hi f - old) [orepvov, 
sternum ; hyoid\ Pertaining to the sternum 
and the hyoid bone, as, <?. g., the S. muscle. 
See Muscles, Table of 

Sternomastoid (stur-no-mas' -toid) \prkpvov y 



STERN0PAGU3 



598 



STIMULUS 



sternum ; mastoid ']. Pertaining to the ster- 
num and the mastoid process. 

Sternopagus {stur-nop' -ag-us) \arepvov, 
sternum ; rcayoq, fastened] . A double monster 
the parts of which are united by the sternum. 

Sternothyroid {stur-no-thi' -void) \o~kpvov, 
sternum; thyroid^. Pertaining to the ster- 
num and the thyroid cartilage, as, e. g., the S. 
muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Sternotracheal {stur-no-ti-a' ' -ke-al) [arepvov, 
sternum ; trachea~\ . Pertaining to the ster- 
num and the trachea. 

Sternum (ster' -?ium) [L. ; orepvov, breast- 
bone]. The flat, narrow bone in the median 
line in the front of the chest, composed of 
three portions, the manubrium, the gladiolus, 
and the ensiform or xiphoid appendix. 

Sternutation {stur-nu-ta' '-shun) \_sternutatio , 
a sneezing]. The act of sneezing. 

Sternutatory {stur-nu f -tat-o-re) \_sternutare, 
to sneeze]. I. Producing sneezing. 2. An 
agent that causes sneezing. 

Stertor (stur'-tor) [L., a snoring]. Sonorous 
breathing, or snoring ; the rasping, rattling 
sound produced when the larynx and the air- 
passages are obstructed by mucus. 

Stertorous (stur'-to-rus) \stertere, to snore]. 
Characterized by stertor, as, e. g., S. breathing. 

Stetho- (steth'-o-) \_GT?j6og, chest]. A prefix 
denoting pertaining to the chest. 

Stethograph [steth' '-o-graf) [erf/dog, chest; 
ypacpsiv, to write]. An instrument recording 
the respiratory movements of the chest. 

Stethometer (steth-om'-et-er) [arffiog, chest ; 
/xerpov, measure]. An instrument for measur- 
ing the degree of expansion of the chest. 

Stethophonometer [steth-o-fo - 7iom f - et - er) 
[arijdoq, chest ; tywvrj, sound ; fierpov, meas- 
ure]. An instrument for measuring the phe- 
nomena elicited by auscultation. 

Stethoscope {steth / -o-skop) [arf/doq, breast ; 
gkoteiv, to view]. An instrument for as- 
certaining the condition of the organs of 
circulation and respiration by the sounds 
made by these organs. It consists of a hollow 
tube, one end being placed over the locality 
to be examined, the other at the ear of the 
examiner. The binaural S. consists of a 
Y-shaped tube, the flexible branches being 
applied each to an ear of the listener. 

Stethoscopic {steth-o-skop' '-ik)[_GTfjdoq, chest; 
ckotte'iv, to view] . Pertaining to or detected 
by means of the stethoscope. 

Stethoscopy (steth-os'-ho-pe) \_arfjQoq, chest ; 
ckottuv, to view]. Examination with the aid 
of the stethoscope. 

Sthenic ( sthen' -ik) [ odevoq, strength ]. 
Strong, active. S. Fever, a form of fever 
marked by high temperature, quick and tense 
pulse, and highly colored urine. 

Stibium (stib f -e-um) . See Antimonium. 

Sticking Plaster. Resin-plaster. 



Stiff-neck Fever. Epidemic cerebrospinal 
meningitis. 

Stigma (stig'-mah) [oriyfia, point]. A 
small spot or mark, especially a spot of hem- 
orrhage in the palm or sole corresponding to 
the nail-marks of Christ, occurring in hysteric 
persons. 2. Any one of the marks or signs 
characteristic of a condition ; generally used 
in the plural, as hysteric stigmata. 3. That 
part of a pistil which receives the pollen. 
Stigmata maydis. See Zea mays. 

Stigmatic (st/g-mat' '-ik) \prlyiia, spot]. 
. Pertaining to a stigma. 

Stigmatization {stig-i7iat-i-za' ' -shim) \_ariyua, 
point]. The formation of stigmata. 

Stilet, Stilette (sti-lef) [Fr. , dim. of stihis, a 
point]. I. A small, sharp-pointed instru- 
ment enclosed in a cannula. 2. A wire 
passed into a flexible catheter. 

Stiil-born. Born lifeless. 

Still-birth. The birth of a dead child. 

Stillicidium (stil-is-id / -e-um) \stilla, a drop ; 
cadeis, to fall down]. The flow of a liquid 
drop by drop. S. lacrimarum, overflow of 
tears from obstruction of the canaliculus or 
nasal duct; epiphora. S. narium, coryza. 

Stilling's Canal. See Canal of Stilling. 

Stillingia {stil '- in' '- je - ah) [after Benjamin 
Stillingfeet, an English botanist]. A genus 
of plants of the order Euphorbiaceae. The 
root of S. sylvatica, queen's root or queen's 
delight (S., U. S. P.), is used as an alterative 
in syphilis, scrofula, diseases of the skin, 
etc. Dose of Extractum stillingiae fiuidum 
(U. S. P.) f^ss-j (2.0-4.0). 

Stimulant {stim' ' -u-lant) \_stimuhts, a goad]. 
I. Stimulating. 2. An agent that causes 
stimulation. S., Cardiac, one that increases 
the heart's action. S., Cerebral, one that 
exalts the action of the cerebrum. S., 
Diffusive, one that has a prompt but 
transient effect. S., Hepatic, one that 
excites the activity of the liver. 

Stimulate (sti??i / -u-lat) \_sti??iulare , to stimu- 
late]. To quicken; to stir up; to excite; 
to increase functional activity. 

Stimulation {stim-u-la' -shun) \_stimulus, a 
goad]. I. The act of stimulating. 2. The 
effect of a stimulant. 

Stimuline [sti^^-ti-len) [stimulus, a goad]. 
A substance capable of stimulating the 
phagocytic action of cells. 

Stimulus [stim > '-ti-lus) [L.]. A goad; an 
impulse ; anything capable of causing stimu- 
lation. S., Adequate. See S., Homologous. 
S.,Chemic, one due to or produced by chemic 
means. S., Heterologous, one acting upon 
the nervous elements of the sensory apparatus 
along their entire course. S., Homologous; 
one acting only upon the end-organ. S., 
Mechanic, one acting by mechanic means, 
as, e. g., pinching or striking. 



STIRRUP, STIRRUP-BONE 



599 



STRAMONIUM 



Stirrup, Stirrup-bone {stir' - up). The 
stapes. 

Stitch. I. A sudden, sharp, lancinating pain. 
2. See Suture. 

Stoma {sto'-mah) [cro/ia, mouth]. I. A 
mouth. 2. A pore, as that between endothe- 
lial cells, establishing direct communica- 
tion between adjacent lymph-channels. 

Stomach {stum' -ah) [crrd/zo^oc] . The most 
dilated part of the alimentary canal, situated 
below the diaphragm in the left hypochondri- 
ac, the epigastric, and part of the right hypo- 
chondriac regions. It is connected at one 
end (cardiac end) with the esophagus, at the 
other (pyloric end) with the duodenum. Its 
wall consists of four coats — the serous, mus- 
cular, submucous, and mucous. The mucous 
coat contains the gastric glands (cardiac and 
pyloric glands), which secrete the gastric 
juice and mucus. S. -cough, a reflex cough 
excited by irritation of the stomach. S.- 
pump, a pump for withdrawing the contents 
of the stomach. S. -tooth, a lower canine 
tooth, especially one of the first dentition. 
S.-tube, a flexible tube for irrigation or 
evacuation of the stomach. 

Stomachal {stiwi'-ak-al) [ cro/jaxog, the 
stomach]. Pertaining to the stomach. 

Stomachic {stum-ak' '-ik) [ordua^oc, stomach] . 
I. Pertaining to the stomach. 2. Stimulat- 
ing the secretory activity of the stomach. 3. 
An agent having this property. 

Stomatitis {stom-at-i' ' -tis) [crd^a, mouth ; 
iTig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
mouth. S. aphthosa, S., Aphthous. See 
Aphthce. S., Catarrhal, a simple form char- 
acterized by swelling of the mucous mem- 
brane, pain, and salivation. S., Gangren- 
ous. See Cancrum oris. S., Mercurial, 
that arising from poisoning by mercury. S., 
Mycotic. See Thrush. S., Scorbutic, that 
due to scurvy. S., Ulcerative, a form char- 
acterized by the formation of small ulcers on 
the cheeks, lips, and tongue, with copious 
salivation, pain, fetid breath, slight fever, and 
at times great prostration. 

Stomato- {stom' '-at-o-) [ord/za, mouth]. A 
prefix meaning pertaining to the mouth. 

Stomatomycosis {stom -at-o- mi-ko f - sis) 
[cro/xa, mouth; fiviajg, fungus]. A disease 
of the mouth due to fungi, especially the 
oidium albicans. 

Stomatonecrosis, Stomatonoma {stom-at- 
-ne - kro'- sis, stom - at - on'-o-mah). See 
Cancriwi oris. 

Stomatopathy {stom-at-op' '-ath-e) \_aro\ia, 
mouth ; Tradog, disease]. Any disease of the 
mouth. 

Stomatoplasty {stom f -at-o-plas-te) [cTOfxa, 
mouth; nXdaaeiv, to form]. A plastic oper- 
ation upon the mouth. 

Stomatoscope {stom' -at-o- shop) [oro/Mci, 



mouth; gkotte lv, to inspect]. An instrument 
for inspecting the cavity of the mouth. 

Stomocephalus {stom-o-sef ' -al-us) [ardfxa, 
mouth; Ke<pa?i//, head]. A variety of mon- 
ster in which there is the same deformity as in 
rhinocephalus or in cyclocephalus, associated 
with a defect of the maxillary bones, so that 
the skin hangs in folds around the mouth. 

Stomodaeum ( stom - o ■ de f - um ) [ ardjia, 
mouth; daieiv, to divide]. The primitive 
oral cavity of the embryo, forme'd by a 
depression of the ectoderm and afterward 
forming the mouth and upper part of the 
pharynx. 

Stone. A hardened mass of mineral matter. 
See Calculus. S., Blue, copper-sulphate 
crystals. S., Gall-, a biliary calculus. 

Stool. The evacuation of the bowels. 

Stop-needle. A lance-pointed needle used in 
the operation of discission, having an en- 
largement or shoulder upon the shank to pre- 
vent too deep penetration. 

Storax {sto'-raks). See Styrax. 

Strabismal, Strabismic {stra-biz r -mal, stra- 
biz'-mik) \_GTpa/3i<7fiog, from GTpaflog, crooked] . 
Relating to or affected with strabismus. 

Strabismus {strab-iz f -mus) [crrpa/3«r//dc, from 
crpa^og, crooked]. Squint; that abnormality 
of the eyes in which the visual axes do 
not meet at the desired objective point, 
in consequence of incoordinate action of 
the external ocular muscles. S., Alternat- 
ing, one in which either eye fixes alternately. 
S., Concomitant, one in which the squint- 
ing eye has full range of movement. S., 
Convergent, one in which the squinting eye 
is turned to the nasal side. S., Divergent, 
one in which the squinting eye is turned to 
the temporal side. S., External. See S., 
Divergent. S., Internal. See S. , Converg- 
ent. S., Paralytic, that due to paralysis of 
one or more muscles. S., Spastic, that due 
to a spastic contraction of an ocular muscle. 

Strain {stran) [OF., estraindre, from L., 
stringere, to draw tight]. I. Excessive 
stretching ; overuse of a part. 2. The con- 
dition produced in a part by overuse, as, e. g. , 
eye-strain. 3. To overexert ; to use to ex- 
cess ; to make violent efforts. 

Strait {strat) [Fr. , etroit, from strictus, drawn 
tight]. A narrow or constricted passage, 
as, e. g., the inferior or superior S. of the pel- 
vis. S. -jacket, a strong jacket placed on the 
insane or delirious to prevent injury to them- 
selves or to others. 

Stramonium {stra-mo' '-ne-um) . The Datura 
stramonium, Jamestown or Jimson weed, a 
plant of the order Solanacese. The leaves 
(Stramonii folia, U. S. P., B. P.) and seeds 
(Stramonii semen, U. S. P., Stramonii semina, 
B. P.) contain two alkaloids, daturin, identi- 
cal with atropin, and hyoscyamin. The ac- 



STRANGLING 



600 



STROBOSCOPIC 



tion of S. resembles that of belladonna. It is 
used in asthma, dysmenorrhea, neuralgia, 
rheumatism, and pains of syphilitic origin. 
In asthma the leaves may be smoked in a 
tobacco-pipe. Locally S. is employed as an 
ointment or cataplasm in irritable ulcers and 
inflamed surfaces. Dose of the seeds gr. j 
(0.065) > °f tri e leaves gr. ij-iij (0.13-0.20). 
Extractum stramonii seminis, U. S. P. (Ex- 
tractum stramonii, B. P.). Dose gr. Y^-% 
(0.010-0.016). Extractum stramonii seminis 
fluidum, U. S. P. Dose rr\j-ij (0.065-0.13). 
Tinctura stramonii seminis, U. S. P. Dose 
Tt\v-xxx (0.32-2.0). 

Strangling. See Strangulation. 

Strangulated [strang' '-gu-la-ted) [strangu- 
lare, to strangle]. I. Choked. 2. Com- 
pressed so that the circulation is arrested, as, 
e. g. , S. hernia. 

Strangulation [strang gu-la' -shu7i) [strangu- 
lare, to choke]. I. The act of choking. 
2. Constriction of a part producing arrest of 
the circulation, as, e. g., S. of a hernia. 

Strangury [strang' '-gu-re) [arpay^, a drop ; 
ovpov, urine]. Painful urination, the urine 
being voided drop by drop. 

Strap. I. A long band, as of adhesive plas- 
ter. 2. To compress a part by means of 
bands, especially bands of adhesive plaster. 

Stratification (strat-e-fik-a'-sJuin) [stratum, 
a layer; facere^ to make]. Arrangement in 
layers. 

Stratified (strat'-e-fld) [stratum, a layer; 

facere, to make]. Arranged in layers. 

Stratiform (strat'-e-form) [stratum, stratum ; 
fornia, form] . Formed into a layer. S. 
Fibrocartilage, fibrocartilage lining bony 
grooves through which the tendons of mus- 
cles pass. 

Stratum (stra' '-turn) [L., from sternere, to 
strew]. A layer. S. corneum, S. granu- 
losum, S. lucidum, S. Malpighii. See Skin. 

Strawberry - tongue. The characteristic 
tongue of scarlet fever, in which the vessels 
of the fungiform papillse become turgid, caus- 
ing the papillee to stand out as red points, in 
marked contrast with the thick coating of 
fur on the filiform papillae. 

Streak [strek). A furrow, line, or stripe. S., 
Medullary. See Medullary Groove. S., 
Primitive, an opaque band extending some 
distance forward from the posterior margin 
of the area pellucida and forming the first 
noticeable sign of the development of the 
blastoderm. S., Meningitic. See Tache 
cerebrate. 

Strengthening Plaster. Emplastrum robo- 
rans, or iron-plaster. 

Strephotome (stre/ / - - torn) [orpetpeiv, to 
twist ; tejivelv, to cut]. An instrument 
shaped like a corkscrew, used to secure union 
in the operation for the radical cure of hernia. 



Streptobacteria [strep - to - bak - te f - re - ah) 
[arperrrdg, twisted; fianTrjpiov, bacterium]. 
Short, rod-shaped bacteria forming chains. 

Streptococcemia [strep- to - kok - se'- me-ah) 
[streptococctis ; at ua, blood]. A state of the 
blood characterized by the presence of strep- 
tococci. 

Streptococcus (strep-to-kok' -kus) [arpercroq, 
twisted; kokkoc;, a kernel]. See Bacteria, 
Table of. S. -angina, angina due to strep- 
tococci. 

Streptothrix (strep' -to-thriks) [ <xrp£7rr<5c, 
twisted; Opt!;, the hair]. See Cladothrix, 
under Bacteria, Table of. 

Stretcher [strech' -er) . A cot or litter for 
carrying the sick. 

Stria (stri'-ah) [L.]. A streak or white line. 
Acoustic or Auditory Striae, transverse 
white lines on the lower part of the floor of the 
fourth ventricle, which unite with the auditory 
nerve-roots. Striae gravidarum, the atrophic 
striae observed upon the abdomen in pregnant 
women. Striae longitudinales, long, 
slightly elevated lines on the upper surface 
of the corpus callosum. 

Striate, Striated (stri'-dt, stri'-d-ted) [stria, 
a furrow]. Striped. S. Body, the corpus 
striatum. S. Muscle. See Muscle. 

Striation [stri-a'-shun) [stria, furrow]. I. 
The state of being striated. 2. A striated 
structure. 

Stricture [strik'-ttlr) [strictura , from strin- 
gere, to draw tight]. A narrowing of a canal 
from external pressure, or as a result of in- 
flammatory or other changes in its walls. 
S., Cicatricial, a S. due to cicatricial tissue. 
S., Functional. See S., Spasmodic. S., 
Impermeable, or S., Impassable, one not 
permitting the passage of an instrument. S., 
Irritable, one in which the passage of an 
instrument causes great pain. S., Organic, 
one due to structural changes in or about 
a canal. S., Spasmodic, one due to 
muscular spasm. 

Stricturotome (stri&'-tu-ro-tom) [strictura, 
stricture ; rkjiveiv, to cut]. An instrument 
for dividing a stricture. 

Stricturotomy [strik-tu-rot' -o-me) [strictura , 
stricture; re/iveiv, to cut]. The operation of 
incising a stricture. 

Stridor [stri f -dor) [stridere, to make a creak- 
ing sound]. A peculiar, harsh, vibrating 
sound produced during expiration. 

Stridulous [strid' -u-lus) [stridere, to make a 
creaking sound]. Characterized by stridor. 
S. Laryngismus. See Laryngismus. 

Strobilus [strob' -il-us)[strobilus, a pine-cone]. 
The tape- worm. 

Stroboscope [strob' -o-skop). See Zoetrope. 

Stroboscopic (strob-o-skop / -ik) [orpoftoq, a 
twisting; gkotte'iv, to view]. Pertaining to 
the stroboscope. 



STROKE 



601 



STY RAX 



Stroke (strok). A sudden attack ; the word is 
used colloquially for apoplexy and paralysis. 

Stroma (stro' '-mail) [oTptifia, a bed]. The 
tissue forming the framework for the essen- 
tial part of an organ. 

Strongylus {stron'-jil-us) [oTpoyyvhog, round] . 
A genus of nematode worms found in the 
lower animals, and occasionally in man. 

Strontium {stron'-she-um) [after Strontian, 
in Scotland]. A metallic element belonging 
to the group of alkaline earths. It has a 
specific gravity of 2.5, an atomic weight of 
87.3, and a valence of two. Symbol Sr. It 
combines with oxygen to form S. oxid, or 
strontia,SrO. S.bromid, SrBr 2 .6H 2 0(Stron- 
tii bromidum, U. S. P.), has been used in 
epilepsy, diabetes, gastrectasis, rheumatoid 
arthritis, and lithemia. Dose gr. xv-xxx 
(1.0-2.0). S. iodid, SrI 2 .6H 2 (Strontii iodi- 
dum, U. S. P.), is used like the other oxids. 
S. lactate, Sr(C 3 H 5 3 ) 2 .3H 2 (Strontii 
lactas, U. S. P.), is used in nephritis, albu- 
minuria, rheumatism, and gout. Dose gr. 
x-xxx (0.65-2.0). 

Strophanthus {strof - an' - thus) [orpotyoq, 
a twisted band; avOog, flower]. A genus of 
plants of the order Apocynaceae, some of the 
species of which are used for the preparation 
of arrow poison in Africa. The seeds of S. 
hispidus (S. , U. S. P., B. P.) contain a 
crystalline glucosid, strophanthin, and an al- 
kaloid, inein. S. is a muscle-poison, but in 
small doses is a cardiac and perhaps a vascu- 
lar stimulant. It is used in the same cases 
as digitalis. Dose of Tinctura strophanthi 
(U. S. P., B. P.) lT\v-xv (0.32-1.0) ; of stro- 
phanthin gr. jij-2^ (0.0002-0.0003). 

Strophulus [strof f -u-lus) [orpotpoq, a twisted 
band]. Red gum, tooth-rash ; a form of 
miliaria occurring in infants. S. prurigi- 
nosus, an eruption occurring in children, and 
characterized by disseminated, intensely itch- 
ing papules. 

Structural {struk' '-tu-ral) \_structura, struc- 
ture]. Pertaining to or affecting the struc- 
ture. 

Struma [stru'-mah) [L.]. I. Scrofula. 2. 
Goiter. 

Strumiprivus {stru - me -pri'- vus) \_struma ; 
privus, deprived of]. Deprived of the thy- 
roid gland ; due to the removal of the thyroid 
gland, as cachexia strumipriva. 

Strumous {stru' '-mus) \_struma~\. Scrofulous. 

Strychnin {strik'-nin) \_arpvxvoq, strychnin], 
C 2l H 22 N 2 2 . One of the alkaloids of Nux 
vomica. S. sulphate, (C 21 H 22 N 2 2 ) 2 .H 2 - 
SO r 5H 2 0) (Strychnine sulphas, U. S. P.J. 
Dose of the alkaloid or salt gr. -^ (0.003). 
For properties and uses see Nux vomica. 

Strychninism {strik'- nin - izm) [arpvxvoQ, 
strychnin]. The state of being under the 
influence of strychnin. 



Strychnos {strik' -nos). A genus of plants 
of the order Loganiaceae, several species of 
which yield strychnin and brucin. 

Stump [Icel., stumpr, stump]. The portion 
of a limb or other part left attached to the 
body after an amputation. 

Stun [AS., stunian, to make a din]. To 
render temporarily insensible, as by a blow. 

Stupe (stup) [stupa, tow]. A cloth used for 
applying heat or counterirritation ; especially 
a cloth wrung out of hot water and sprinkled 
with a counterirritant, as, e. g. , turpentine-S. 

Stupefacient, Stupefactive {stu-pe-fa'-shent, 
stu-pe fak' ' -tiv) [_stupe?'e, to be stunned ; fa- 
cere, to make]. Narcotic. 

Stupor {stu r -por) [L.]. A state of partial 
unconsciousness from which the individual 
can be roused. 

Stuttering {stut'-er-ing) [Icel., siauta, to 
stutter]. A hesitation in speech due to an 
inability to enunciate the syllables without 
repeated efforts. 

Stye [stt). See Hordeolum. 

Style, Stylet (stll, sti-let') \arvKoq, pillar]. 
I . A probe. 2. A wire inserted into a cath- 
eter or cannula, in order to stiffen the instru- 
ment or to perforate the tissues. See St/let. 

Stylo- {sti f -lo-) \_GTvXog, pillar]. A prefix 
denoting pertaining to the styloid process of 
the temporal bone. 

Styloglossus [sti-lo-glos'-us). See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Stylohyoid {sti-lo-hi f -oid) [gtvIoc, pillar; 
hyoid\ I. Pertaining to the styloid process of 
the temporal bone and the hyoid bone, as, e. g. , 
the S. muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 2. 
Pertaining to the S. muscle. 

Styloid {sti'-loid ) [crvlog, pillar ; eldog, like]. 
Resembling a stylus. 

Stylomastoid {sti - lo - mas' - toid) [ffri^oc, 
pillar; mastoid^. Pertaining to the styloid 
and mastoid processes. 

Stylomaxillary {sti-lo-maks' -il-a-re) [ctvIoc, 
pillar; maxilla, maxilla]. Pertaining to the 
styloid process and the maxilla. 

Stylopharyngeus {sti-lo-far-in-je' '-us). See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Stylus (sti f -lus) [L., a stake]. A pointed in- 
strument for making applications. 

Styptic [stip / -tik)[aTVTTTLKoq , astringent]. I. 
Checking hemorrhage by contracting the 
blood-vessels. 2. An agent that checks 
hemorrhage by causing contraction of the 
blood-vessels. 

Styracin {sti' '-ra-sin). See Styrax. 

Styrax {sti f -raks) [orvpat;, storax]. Storax ; 
a balsam obtained from the inner bark of 
Liquidambar orientalis, or oriental sweet- 
gum. It contains a volatile oil, styrol, sev- 
eral resins, an amorphous substance called 
storesin, cinnamic acid, and styracin (the cin- 
namate of cinnamyl). It is stimulant, ex- 



STYRONE 



60-2 



^UB INFLAMMATION 



pectorant, and antiseptic, acting like benzoin 
and tolu, and is used in bronchial affections 
and catarrh of the urinary passages. Exter- 
nally it is an antiseptic and parasiticide. It 
is a constituent of Friar's balsam. Dose gr. 
v-xx (0.32-1.3). 

Styrone (sti'-ro)i') [aripaE, storax]. Cinna- 
niic alcohol, C 9 H 10 O. 

Styryl Alcohol [stif-ril) [on pa;, storax]. 
See Styrone. 

Sub- [L.]. A prefix denoting under or be- 
neath ; in chemistry, a prefix denoting (1) 
the lower of two compounds of the same ele- 
ments; (2) denoting a basic salt. 

Subacetate xsub-as'-et-at) [sub, under; ace- 
tum, vinegar]. A basic acetate. 

Subacid (sub-as' '-ia ') [sub, under; acid, 
acid]. Moderately acid. 

Subacromial {sub-ak-?-o'-me-al)[sub, under; 
acromial"]. Below the acromion. 

Subacute (sub-ak-iit f ) [sub, under ; acutus, 
sharp]. Moderately acute. 

Subanconeus (sub-a?i-ko-ne f -its). See Mus- 
cles, Table of. 

Subaponeurotic (sub-ap-on-u-rot' -ik) [sub, 
under; aponeurosis]. Beneath an aponeu- 
rosis. 

Subarachnoid sub-ar-ak' '-tieid)[sub , under ; 
arachnoid]. Beneath the arachnoid mem- 
brane, as, e. g., the S. space. 

Subarcuate (sub - ar f - ku - at) [sub, under ; 
a reus, an arc]. Slightly arcuate. 

Subastragalar, Subastragaloid (sub-as- 
trag r -al-ar, sub-as-trag* ' -al-oid) [sub, under; 
astragalus]. Below the astragalus. 

Subcalcarine [sub-kal-ha-ren) [sub, under ; 
calcarine]. Situated beneath the calcarine 
fissure, as the S. convolution. 

Subcapsular | sub-kap' '-su-Iar) [sub, under ; 
::tla, capsule]. Beneath a capsule. 

Subcarbonate (sub-km :-'.: )[sub, under ; 
carbo, charcoal]. A basic carbonate. 

Subclavian (sub-kla'-ve-an) [sub, under; 
clavis, key]. Lying under the clavicle, as, 
e. g.y the S. artery. 

Subclavicular [sub - k:a - vik f - u - la?-) [sub, 
under; clavis, key]. Beneath the clavicle. 

Subclavius {sub-k.'a'-ve-us). See Muscles, 
Table of 

Subconj unctival (sub - kon -jungk - ti'- val ) 
[sub, under ; conjunctiva'] . Situated beneath 
the conjunctiva. 

Subconsciousness (sub-ken'-sfius-nes) [sub, 
under; consents, knowing]. Imperfect con- 
sciousness ; that state in which mental pro- 
cesses take place without the mind being 
distinctly conscious of its own activity. 
Subcoracoid (sub-kor^-ak-oid) [sub, under; 
Kopa;, a crow; e)6oc, like]. Situated below 
the coracoid process. 
Subcortical (sub-kor'-tik-al) [sub, under; 
cortex, cortex]. Beneath the cortex. 



Subcranial (sub - kra' -ne - al ) [sub, under ; 
Kpaviav, cranium]. Situated beneath the 
cranium. 

Subcrepitant (sub-krep* '-it-ant) [sub, under ; 
epilare, to make a crackling noise]. Al- 
most crepitant, as, e.g., S. rale. See Rale. 

Subcrureus (sub-kru-re'-us). See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Subculture (sub--: [sub, under; cul- 

tura, culture]. In bacteriology, a secondary 
culture made from a primarv culture. 

Subcutaneous (sitb-ku-ta f -ne-us\[sub, under; 
cutaneus, from cutis, the skin]. Beneath the 
skin ; hypodermic. 

Subcuticular (sub-ku-iik'-u-lar) [sub, under ; 
cutis, skin]. Beneath the epidermis, as, e.g., 
a S. stitch. 

Subdiaphragmatic (sub-di-a-frag-maf -ik) 
[sub, under ; diaopa}ua, diaphragm]. Under 
the diaphragm. 

Subdural (sub-du'-ral) [sub, under; dura, 
dura]. Beneath the dura. 

Subencephalon (sub - en - sef f - al-on) [sub, 
under; eyicefaXov, brain]. The medulla ob- 
longata, pons, and corpora quadrigemina taken 
together. 

Subendocardial I sub-cn-do-kar' '-de-al) [sub, 
under; erdor, within; xapdia, heart]. Be- 
neath the endocardium. 

Subepidermal, Subepidermal, Subepi- 
dermic (sub-ep-e-der' -mal , sub-ep-e-der-mat' '- 
ik. sub-ep-e-der' '-tnik)[sub. under ; e~i, upon ; 
depua, skin]. Situated beneath the epider- 
mis. 

Subepithelial (sub-ep-e-the' '-le-ai ' )[sub, under; 
hr . upon ; dtjXrj, nipple]. Situated under an 
epithelial surface. 

Suberin [suf-ber-in) [suber, cork]. The im- 
pure cellulose forming the cellular tissue of 
cork. 

Subfascial (sub-fash' '-e-al) [sub, under \ fas- 
cia, fascia]. Beneath the fascia. 

Subfebrile (sub-feb / -ril) [sub, under; febris, 
fever]. Slightly febrile. 

Subfiavous (sub-f - 'sub, under \flavus, 
yellow]. Somewhat yellow. 

Subgallate (sub-gal f -lai). A basic gallate. 
S. of Bismuth. BiC-H-O-. Dermatol, an 
odorless, yellow powder used as an antiseptic 
in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and 
locally as a substitute for iodoform. Dose 
gr. v-'x (0.32-0.65). 
Subglenoid (sub-gle'-noid) [sub, under ; gle- 
noid]. Beneath the glenoid fossa, as, e. g., 
S. dislocation of the humerus. 
Subhyoid (sub-hi'-oid) [sub, under ; voeidrjc, 
hyoid] . Beneath the hyoid bone. 
Subiculum (sub-ik'-u-lum) [subex, a layer]. 
The uncinate gyrus. 

Subinflammation (sub - in -flam -a 9 -si 
[sub, under; inflammatio, inflammation]. A 
slight degree of inflammation. 



SUBINTRANT 



603 



SUBSCAPULAR 



Subintrant {sub-in' '-trant) [subintrare, to 
enter secretly]. Entering secretly; applied 
to malarial fevers in which a new paroxysm 
begins before the termination of the preced- 
ing one. 

Subinvolution (sub-in-vo-lu' '-shun) [sub, un- 
der ; involutio, a rolling up]. Imperfect 
involution. S. of the Uterus, the imper- 
fect contraction of the uterus after delivery. 

Subjacent {sub -j a' -sent) [sub, under; ja cere, 
to lie]. Lying beneath. 

Subject (sub'-jekt) [sub, under; jacere, to 
throw]. I. An individual that serves for 
purposes of experiment or study, or that is 
under observation or treatment. 2. A cadaver. 

Subjective (sub-jek' -tiv) \_sub, under \ jacere, 
to throw]. I. Pertaining to the individual 
himself. 2. Of symptoms, experienced by 
the patient himself, and not amenable to phy- 
sical exploration. 

Sublatio (sub -la'- she- o) [L.]. Removal. 
S. retinae, detachment of the retina. 

Sublimate (sub'-lim-dt) [sublimare, to lift 
up high]. A substance obtained by sublima- 
tion. S., Corrosive, mercuric chlorid. See 
Mercury. 

Sublimation (sub-lim-a'-shun) [sublimare, to 
lift up high]. The vaporization and conden- 
sation of a volatile solid. 

Sublime (sub-llm) [sublimare , to lift up 
high]. I. To subject to sublimation. 2. To 
undergo sublimation. 

Sublingual (sub-ling' -gwal) \_sub, beneath ; 
lingzta, tongue]. I. Lying beneath the 
tongue. 2. Pertaining to the parts lying be- 
neath the tongue. 

Sublinguitis (sub-ling-gwi'-tis) [sub, under ; 
lingua, tongue ; trig, inflammation]. Inflam- 
mation of the sublingual gland. 

Sublobular (sub-lob'-u-lar) [sub, under; 
lobulus, a lobule]. Situated beneath a lobule. 
S. Veins, the radicles of the hepatic veins, 
situated at the base of a cluster of lobules. 

Subluxation (sub-luks-a' '-shun) [sub, under ; 
luxatio, luxation]. Incomplete luxation. 

Submammary (sub-mam' -a-re) [sub, under ; 
mamma, breast]. Situated beneath the 
breast. 

Submarginal (sub-mar' -jin-al) [sub, under ; 
margo, margin] . Situated near the border or 
margin. 

Submaxillary (sub-maks' '-il-a-re) [sub, un- 
der ; maxilla, maxilla]. I. Lying beneath 
the lower maxilla, as, e. g., the S. gland. 2. 
Pertaining to the S. gland. 

Submental (sub-men' -tal ) [sub, under ; men- 
turn, chin]. Situated under the chin. 

Submerge (sub-merf) [sub, under; mergere, 
to dip]. To place under the surface of a 
liquid. 

Submersion (sub- mer' shun) [sub, under ; 
mergere, to dip] . The act of submerging ; 



the condition of being under the surface of a 
liquid. 

Submucous (sub-mu' -kus) [sub, under ; 
mucosus, mucous]. Situated beneath a mu- 
cous membrane. 

Subnasal (sub-na'-zal) [sub, under ; nasus, 
nose]. Situated below the nose. S. Point. 
See Craniometric Points. 

Subnitrate (sub - ni ' - trat) [sub, under; 
nitrum, niter]. A basic nitrate. 

Subnormal (sub-nor'-mal) [sub, under; 
nor?na, rule]. Below normal. 

Subnucleus (sub-nu'-kle-us) [sub, under; 
nucletis, nucleus]. Any one of the smaller 
groups of cells into which a large nerve- 
nucleus is divided by the passage through it 
of nerve-bundles. 

Suboccipital (stib-ok-sip'-it-al) [sub, under; 
occiput\. Situated beneath the occiput. 

Suboxid (sub-oks'-id) [sub, under; 6£i>c, 
acid]. One of two oxids containing the less 
oxygen. 

Subparietal (sub-par-i' -et-al) [sub, under ; 
paries, wall] . Situated beneath the parietal 
bone, convolution, or fissure. 

Subpatellar (sub-pat-el' '-ar ) [ sub, under ; 
patella, knee-cap]. Situated beneath the 
patella. 

Subpeduncular (sub -pe- dung' -ku-lar) [sub, 
under ; pedunculus, peduncle]. Situated 
beneath a peduncle. 

Subpericardial (stib-per-e-kar' -de-al) [sub, 
under; irepi, around ; napdia, heart]. Situ- 
ated beneath the pericardium. 

Subperiosteal ( sub-per-e-os' -te-al ) [ sub, 
under; irepl, around; boriov, bone]. Be- 
neath the periosteum. 

Subperitoneal (sub-per-e-ton-e' -al) [sub, 
under; TrepiTovaiov, peritoneum]. Beneath 
the peritoneum. 

Subphrenic (sub-fren'-ik). Synonym of 
Subdiaphragmatic. 

Subpleural (sub-plu'-ral) [sub, under; irlev- 
pa, side]. Beneath the pleura. 

Subpontine (sub -p on' -tin) [sub, under ; pons, 
pons]. Beneath the pons. 

Subpreputial (sub - pre - pu' - she- al) [sub, 
under ; preputium, prepuce]. Beneath the 
prepuce. 

Subpubic (sub-pu'-bik) [sub, under ; pubes, 
pubis]. Situated beneath the pubic arch or 
symphysis. 

Subpulmonary (sub-pul'-mon-a-re)' [sub, 
under ; pulmo , the lung]. On the ventral 
side of the lungs. 

Subretinal (sub-ret'-in-al) [sub, under; 
retina, retina]. Beneath the retina. 

Subsalt. A basic salt. 

Subscapular (sub-skap' -tt-lar) [sub, under; 
scapula, the shoulder-blade]. I. Beneath 
the scapula, e. g., as the S. muscle, or Sub- 
scapulars. 2. Pertaining to the S. muscle. 



SUBSCAPULARS 



604 



SUDATORIUM 



Subscapularis (sub-skap-u-la'-ris). See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Subscription ( sub- skrip' -shun ) [ sub, be- 
neath ; scribere, to write]. That part of a 
prescription containing the directions to 
the pharmacist, indicating how the ingredi- 
ents are to be mixed and prepared. 

Subserous {sub-se* ' -rus) \_sub, under ; serosus, 
serous]. Beneath a serous membrane. 

Subspinous {sub - spi' '- mis) [sub, under; 
spina, spine]. I. Beneath a spine. 2. 
Beneath the spinal column. 

Substage (sub'-stdj). The parts beneath the 
stage of a microscope, including the dia- 
phragm, condenser, illuminator, and other 
accessories. 

Substance of Rolando. See Substantia 
gelatinosa. 

Substantia (sub-stan'-she-ah) [L.]. Sub- 
stance. S. cinerea, the gray matter of the 
nervous system. S. ferruginea. Synonym 
of Locus caruleus. S. fusca. See Locus 
niger. S. gelatinosa, a peculiar gelatinous 
tissue found in the spinal cord near the tip 
of the posterior horn. S. grisea, the gray 
matter of the spinal cord. S. nigra, the 
locus niger. S. propria, the essential tissue 
of a part ; especially the middle layer 
(lamina propria) of the tympanic mem- 
brane. 

Substernal (sub-stur'-nal)[sub, under; ster- 
num']. Beneath the sternum. 

Substitution (sub-stit-u' '-shun) [sub, under ; 
statuere, to place]. The replacement of one 
thing by another. In chemistry, the replac- 
ing of one or more elements or radicles in a 
compound by other elements or radicles. 

Subsulphate (sub-sul'-fdt) [sub, under; sul- 
phur, sulphur]. A basic sulphate. 

Subsultus (sub-sul' -tus) \_sub, under ; saltire, 
to leap]. A jerking or twitching. S. ten- 
dinum, involuntary twitching of the muscles, 
especially of the hands and feet, seen in low 
fevers. 

Subtarsal [sub-tar* '-sal) [sub, beneath ; tar- 
sus]. Beneath the tarsus. 

Subthalamic (sub-thai- am' '-ik) [sub, under; 
6a.Aaij.og, thalamus]. Beneath the optic thal- 
amus. 

Subtrochanteric (sub-tro-kan-ter' -ik) [sub, 
under; rpoxavr^p, trochanter]. Below the 
trochanter. 

Subtrochlear (sub-trok' -le-ar) [sub, under ; 
-poxt'/ia, pulley]. Beneath the trochlea. 

Subungual (sub-ung'-gwal) [sub, under; 
unguis, nail]. Beneath the nail. 

Suburethral (sub-u-re' '-thral ) [sub, beneath ; 
urethra]. Beneath the urethra. 

Subvaginal (sub-vaf -iti-al) [sub, beneath ; 
vagina, sheath]. Beneath a sheath. S. 
Space, the space beneath the sheath of dura 
mater surrounding the optic nerve. 



Subvertebral (sub-ver' '-te-bral) [sub, under; 
vertebra, vertebra] . Beneath a vertebra. 

Subzonal (sub-zo'-nal) [sub, under; Ctori), 
zone]. Beneath the zona pellucida. 

Subzygomatic ( sub - zi -go - mat' -ik)[ sub, 
under; ^vyofia, zygoma]. Below the zy- 
goma. 

Succedaneum (suk-se-da'-ne-um) [sub, 
under; cedere, to go]. A substitute. S., 
Caput. See Caput. 

Succenturiate (suk-sen-tu' '-re-dt) [succentu- 
riare, to receive as a substitute] . Accessory. 

Succinate (suk'-sin-dt) [succinum, amber]. 
A salt of succinic acid. 

Succinic Acid (suk-sin'-ik). See Acid. 

Succinum (suk-si' -num) [L.]. Amber, a 
fossil resin found in the alluvial deposits of 
Central Europe, and thought to be derived 
from an extinct species of pine. It contains 
a volatile oil, Oleum succini, used in hysteria, 
whooping-cough, amenorrhea, and locally as 
a rubefacient in chronic rheumatism, whoop- 
ing-cough, and infantile convulsions. Dose 
tt\v-xv (0.32-1.0). 

Succuba (suk' -u-bah) [sub, under; cwnbere, 
to lie]. A female demon formerly believed 
to consort with men in their sleep. Cf. In- 
cubus. 

Succulent (suk'-u-lent) [succus, a juice]. 
Juicy. 

Succus (suk' -us) [L.]. I. A vegetable 
juice. 2. An animal secretion. S. enteri- 
cus, the intestinal juice, secreted by the 
glands of the intestinal mucous membrane. 
It is thin, opalescent, alkaline, and has a 
specific gravity of ion. Its chief function 
is probably to act as a diluent. It contains 
an amylolytic and a proteolytic ferment. S. 
gastricus, the gastric juice. 

Succussion (suk-ush'-un) [ sub, under ; 
quatere, to shake]. A shaking, especially of 
the individual from side to side, for the pur- 
pose of determining the presence of fluid in 
a cavity or hollow organ of the body. S.- 
sound, S. -splash, the peculiar splashing 
sound heard when the patient is shaken in 
hydropneumothorax or pyopneumothorax, or 
in cases of dilated stomach containing fluid. 

Sucrose (su'-kros). See Sacchai'iim. 

Suction (suk' -shim) [suctio, a sucking]. 
The act of sucking. 

Sudamen, Sudamina (su-da'-men , su-dam'- 
in-ah) [sudor, sweat]. An eruption of 
translucent whitish vesicles, due to a nonin- 
flammatory disturbance of the sweat glands, 
consisting in a collection of sweat in the ducts 
of the sweat-glands or beneath the epidennis, 
and occurring in fevers and profuse sweat- 
ing. 

Sudation (su-da'-shun) [sudare, to sweat]. 
The act of sweating. 

Sudatorium (su-dat-o' -re-um) [sudor, sweat] . 



SUDOR 



605 



SULPHUR 



I. A hot air bath. 2. A room for the ad- 
ministration of a hot air-bath. 
Sudor (su'-dor) [L.]. Sweat. S. anglicus. 
See Miliaria. S. cruentus. Synonym of 
Hematidrosis. S. nocturnus, night-sweat. 
S. sanguinosus. See Hematidrosis. S. 
urinosus. See Uridrosis. 

Sudoral (su'-dor-al) [sudor, sweat]. Per- 
taining to or characterized by sweating. 

Sudoriferous {su-dor-if f -er-us) [sudor, sweat; 
ferre, to bear]. Producing sweat. 

Sudorific {su-dor-if'-ik) [sudor, sweat ; fa- 
ce?^, to make]. I. Inducing sweating. 2. 
An agent inducing sweating. 

Sudoriparous ( su - dor - ip / - ar - us) [sudor, 
sweat; parere, to beget]. Secreting sweat. 

Suet (su'-et) [sebum, suet]. The internal fat 
of the abdomen of the sheep or cattle. 
Mutton-S. (Sevum, U. S. P., Sevum prae- 
paratum, B. P.) consists of stearin, palmitin, 
and olein, and is used as an emollient and in 
the preparation of ointments. 

Suffocation (suf-o-ka'-shuri). Interference 
with the entrance of air into the lungs by 
means other than external pressure on the 
trachea. 

Suffocative Catarrh. Capillary bronchitis. 

Suffumigation (su/ '-u-mig-a' '-shun) [suffu- 
viigatio~\. I. The act of fumigating from 
underneath. 2. A substance used for fumi- 
gation. 

Suffusion (suf -u f -zhuri) [sub, under ; fun- 
dere, to pour]. A spreading of a liquid over 
a surface ; an extensive superficial extravasa- 
tion of blood. 

Sugar (shoog'-ar) [ME. , suger, sugar]. The 
generic name of a class of sweet carbohy- 
drates. See Saccharum. Chemically, sugars 
are divided as follows : Cane-sugar, C 19 H 22 - 
O n ; glucose (grape-sugar or starch-sugar), 
C 6 H 12 6 ; lactose, sugar of milk ; and inosite, 
a variety found in certain muscular tissues 
and in the juice of asparagus. S., Beet-, 
saccharose obtained from species of Beta, 
especially the common beet, Beta vulgaris. 
S., Diabetic, glucose. S., Fruit-, levulose. 
S., Grape-, glucose in the solid state. S., 
Invert. See Invert. S., Maple-, saccharose 
obtained from the* sugar-maple. Sugar- 
house Eczema, an eczema sometimes ob- 
served in laborers employed in sugar refin- 
eries. 

Suggestible (sug-jes / -tib-l) [suggerere, to 
suggest, from sub, under; gerere, to bring]. 
Amenable to suggestion. 

Suggestion (sug-jes' '-chun) [suggerere, to 
suggest, from sub, under; gerere, to bring]. 
I. The artificial production of a certain psy- 
chic state in which the individual experiences 
such sensations as are suggested to him or 
ceases to experience those which he is in- 
structed not to feel. 2. The thing suggested. 



S., Posthypnotic, the command to do cer- 
tain acts given the subject while in the 
hypnotic stage, and causing him to execute 
these acts after his return to his normal con- 
dition. S. -therapy, treatment of disordered 
states by means of suggestion. 

Suggillation, Sugillation (suj-il-a f -sJiun) 
[sugillare, to beat black and blue]. An 
ecchymosis or bruise. 

Sulcate (sul'-kdt) [sulcus, a furrow]. Fur- 
rowed ; grooved. 

Sulcus (sul'-kus) [L. ]. A furrow or groove; 
applied especially to the fissures of the brain. 
For subheadings see Fissures. S., Intra- 
parietal, that dividing the superior from the 
inferior parietal lobule. S., Precentral, one 
situated in front of the fissure of Rolando 
and running nearly parallel with it. S. spi- 
ralis, the grooved extremity of the lamina 
spiralis of the cochlea. S., Vertical. Same 
as S. , Precentral. 

Sulfonal (suF-fo-nal). See Sulphonal. 

Sulph- (sulf-). See Sulpho-. 

Sulphaminol (sul-fam' '-in-ol) [sulphur, sul- 
phur ; amin~\, C 12 H 9 SN0 2 . Thioxydiphenyl- 
amin, a powder obtained by the action of 
sulphur on the salts of methoxydiphenylamin. 
It is used as an antiseptic in diseases of the 
antrum and frontal sinuses and in laryngeal 
tuberculosis. 

Sulphanilic Acid (sul-fan-il'-ik) [sulphur, 
sulphur]. See Acids, Table of. 

Sulphate (suF-fat) [sulphur, sulphur]. A 
salt of sulphuric acid. 

Sulphid (sul'-fid) [sulphur']. A compound 
of sulphur with an element or basic radicle. 

Sulphinid (suV fin-id). Saccharin. 

Sulphite (sul r -fif) [sulphur\ A salt of sul- 
phurous acid. 

Sulpho- (su/' '-fo-)[sulphur ■, sulphur]. A pre- 
fix denoting containing sulphur. 

Sulphocarbolic Acid (sul-fo-kar-bol'-ik). 
See Acids, Table of. 

Sulphonal (suV -fo-nal) [sulphur, sulphur], 
C 7 H 16 S 2 4 . Diethylsulphon - dimethylme- 
thane, a crystalline substance soluble in 15 
parts of boiling water and about 450 parts of 
cold water. It is used as an hypnotic in 
insomnia from functional causes. Dose gr. 
x-xl (0.65-2.6). 

Sulphophenol (sul-fo-fe f -nol). See Sulpho- 
carbolic Acid. 

Sulphosalicylic Acid. See Salicylsulphonic 
Acid. 

Sulphovinic Acid (sul-fo-vi'-nic), C 2 H 5 .- 
HS0 4 , ethylsulphuric acid, a monobasic acid 
formed by the action of sulphuric acid on 
alcohol. 

Sulphur (suV-fur) [L. , probably from Skt., 
culvari, sulphur]. A nonmetallic element 
found native in volcanic regions (volcanic S. ), 
and occurring combined with several metals, 



SULPHURATED 



606 



SUPPOSITORY 



especially iron and copper, in the form of 
sulphids, called iron and copper pyrites. S. 
can exist in various allotropic forms. The 
ordinary S. is a yellow, brittle solid, having a 
specific gravity of 2, and an atomic weight of 
31.98. Symbol S. Its valence is two, four, 
and six. S. combines with oxygen to form sul- 
phurous oxid (S. dioxid), S0 2 , and sulphuric 
oxid (S. trioxid), S0 3 , which by uniting with 
water form corresponding acids — sulphur- 
ous acid, H 2 S0 3 , and sulphuric acid, H 2 S0 4 . 
Other acids are also formed : hyposulphurous 
acid, H 2 S0 2 , thiosulphuric acid, H 2 S 2 3 , and 
a series of acids termed thionic acids, viz., 
H 2 S 2 6 , H 2 S 3 6 , H 2 S 4 6 , and .H 2 S 5 6 . 
With hydrogen S. forms the offensively- 
smelling gas, hydrogen sulphid (hydrosul- 
phuric acid or sulphureted hydrogen), H 2 S. 
With metals and other bases it forms 
sulphids. S. is laxative and diaphoretic. 
It has been used in hemorrhoids, chronic 
rheumatism, gout, and locally in diphtheria 
and in various diseases of the skin, especially 
acne and scabies. S. is used in the form of 
S. lotum (U. S. P.), washed sulphur, dose 
gss-^ss (2.0-16.0); S. prsecipitatum (U. 
S. P., B. P.), dose Jjj-iij (4.0-12.0); S. 
sublimatum (U. S. P., B. P.), sublimed S. 
S. iodid (Sulphuris iodidum* U. S. P., B. P.), 
S 2 I 3 , employed in various skin-diseases. 
From it is prepared Unguentum iodidi (B. P. ). 
Unguentum sulphuris (U. S. P., B. P.) is 
prepared from washed S. Sulphurous oxid, 
S0 2 , is employed as a disinfectant by fumi- 
gation. 

Sulphurated (std f -fu-ra-ted) [sulphur, sul- 
phur]. Combined with sulphur. S. Potassa. 
See Potassa sulphurata. 

Sulphuret (sul f -fu-ret)[sulphur\ A sulphid. 

Sulphureted (sulfu-ret f -ed) [sulphur, sul- 
phur]. Combined with sulphur. S. Hydro- 
gen. See Sulphur. 

Sulphuric (sul-fu f -rik) [sulphur, sulphur]. 
Combined with sulphur ; derived from sul- 
phur trioxid, S0 3 . S. Acid. See Acid, 
Sulphuric , and Sulphur. 

Sulphurous (sul-fu' '-rus or sul'-fu-rus) [sul- 
phur, sulphur]. 1. Of the nature of sul- 
phur. 2. Combined with sulphur ; derived 
from sulphur dioxid, S0 2 . S. Acid. See 
Acid, Sulphurous, and Sulphur. 

Sulphydrate (sulf- hi f - drat ) [sulphur, sul- 
phur; v6up, water]. A compound of a base 
with the univalent radicle, Sulphydryl, SH. 

Sulphydric Acid. Used improperly as a 
synonym of sulphureted hydrogen. 

Sumbul (sum' -bid}. The Ferula sumbul of 
the order Umbelliferse. The root (Sumbul, 
U. S. P., Sumbul radix, B. P.) contains 
angelic acid, C 5 H 8 2 , and a little valerianic 
acid, C 5 H 10 O 2 . S. is used as a nervine in 
neurasthenia, hysteria, and in anemia, 



chronic bronchitis, etc. Dose gss-ij (2.0— 
8.0). Tinctura sumbul (U. S. P., B. P.), 
tt\xx-f3J (1.3-4.0). 

Summer-complaint. See Cholera infantum. 

Summer-rash. Lichen tropicus. 

Sun-burn. Superficial inflammation of the 
skin caused by exposure to the sun. S.- 
stroke, insolation. 

Super- (su'-per-) [L., above or upon]. A 
prefix denoting above, upon, or excessive. 

Superalimentation (su -per - al- im - en - ta f - 
shun) [super, over; alimentation^. Over- 
feeding. 

Superciliary (su-per-siV -e-a-re)[super ,?k>ovz ; 
cilium, eyelash]. Pertaining to the eye- 
brow. S. Entropion, incurvation of hairs 
of the eyebrow against the conjunctiva. 

Supercilium (su-per-sil' '-e-uvi) [L.]. The 
eyebrow. 

Superextension (su-per-eks-ten' -shun) [super, 
over; exiendere, to extend]. Excessive 
extension. 

Superfecundation (su-per-fe-kun-da' '-shun) 
[super, over ;fecundus, fertile]. The fertili- 
zation of more than one ovum of the same 
ovulation resulting from separate acts of 
coitus. 

Superfetation ( su-per-fe-ta' '-shun ) [ super, 
over; fetus\ A fertilization of an ovum 
when there is another from a previous ovula- 
tion in the uterus. 

Superficial (su-per-fish' '-al ) [ sttper, over ; 
fades, face]. Confined to or pertaining to 
the surface. 

Superficialis (su-per-fish-e-a'-lis) [L.]. I. 
Superficial. 2. A superficial part, as, e. g., S. 
volse, a superficial branch of the radial artery. 

Superimpregnation ( su -per- im -preg-na'- 
shun) [super, over; i??ipregnation\. See 
Superfetation. 

Superior (su-pe'-re-or) [comparative of su- 
perus, high]. Higher; denoting the upper 
of two parts. 

Supernumerary (su-per-nu' '-mer-a-re) [super, 
over; numertis, a number]. Existing in 
more than the usual number. 

Supersalt (su f -per-sarvlt) . An acid salt. 

Supersaturate (su-per-saf '-u-rdt) [super, 
over; saturare, to saturate]. To saturate to 
excess ; to add more of a substance than a 
liquid can dissolve. 

Supination (su-pin a'-shun) [sitpinus, on the 
back]. I. The turning of the palm of the 
hand upward. 2. The condition of being 
supine. 

Supinator (su f - pin - a - tor) . See Muscles, 
Table of. 

Supplemental (sup-le-men' -tal) [sub ; plere, 
to fill]. Additional. S. Air. See Respira- 
tion. 

Suppository (sup - oz' - it - - re) [suppositori- 
um i from sub, under ; ponere, to place]. A 



SUPPRESSION 



607 



SUPRATROCHLEAR 



solid medicated compound designed to be in- 
troduced into the rectum, urethra, or vagina. 
Its consistency is such that while retaining 
its shape at ordinary temperatures, it readily 
melts at the temperature of the body. The 
basis of most suppositories is oil of theo- 
broma. For urethral suppositories a mix- 
ture of gelatin and glycerol is used. 

Suppression (sup-resh'-un) \_snb, under ; 
primere, to press]. A sudden cessation of 
secretion, as, e.g., S. of the urine or menses. 

Suppurant [sup' '-u-rant) [suppuration]. I. 
Promoting suppuration. 2. An agent pro- 
moting suppuration. 

Suppuration (sup-u-ra' 'shun) [sub, beneath ; 
pus]. The formation of pus. 

Suppurative (sup f -u-ra-tiv) [suppuration]. 
I. Producing pus. 2. An agent that favors 
suppuration. 

Supra- (sit f -prah-) [L., above]. A prefix 
signifying upon or above. 

Supraacromial (su -prah - ak - ro f - me - al) 
[supra, above ; acromion] . Situated above 
the acromion. 

Supraauricular {su- prah - aw - rik f - u- lar) 
[supra, above ; auricle]. Above the exter- 
nal ear. S. Point. See Craniometric 
Points. 

Suprachoroid (su -prah - ko' - roid) [supra, 
above; choroid]. Above the choroid or the 
choroid plexus. 

Supraclavicular (su- prah - kla- vik f - u- lar) 
[supra, above ; clavis, key] . Above the 
clavicle. 

Supracondylar, Supracondyloid (su-prah- 
kon' '-dil-ar, su-prah-kon' '-dil-oid) [supra, 
above; condyle] . Above the condyles. 

Supracostal (su-prah-kos' '-tal) [supra, above ; 
costa, rib]. Above the ribs. 

Supracotyloid (su-prah-kof -il-oid) [sttpra, 
above ; cotyloid] . Above the cotyloid cavity. 

Supraglenoid (su-prah-gle' -noid) [supra, 
above ; glenoid]. Above the glenoid cavity. 

Supraglottic (su-prah-glot* '-ik) [supra, above ; 
yXuTTig, glottis]. Above the glottis. 

Suprahyoid (suprah-hi'-oid ) [supra, above ; 
hyoid]. Above the hyoid bone. 

Supramalleolar (su-prah-mal-e' '-o-lar) [supra, 
above ; malleolus, malleolus] . Above the 
malleoli. 

Supramammary (su-prah-mam' '-a-re) [supra, 
above ; mamma, breast] . Above the mammae. 

Supramarginal (su-prah-mar' '-jin-al) [supra, 
above ; margo, margin]. Above an edge or 
margin, as, e. g., the S. convolution of the 
brain. 

Supramastoid (su-prah-mas / -toid) [supra, 
above; jiaaroq, nipple ; eldog, like]. Above 
the mastoid process. 

Supram axillary (su-prah-maks' '-il-a-re) [stt- 
t>ra, above; maxilla, maxilla]. Pertaining 
to trie superior maxilla. 



Supranuclear (su-prah->iu f -kle-ar) [supia, 
above ; nucleus]. Above a nucleus. 

Supraoccipital (su-prah-ok-sip' -it-al) [supra, 
above; occiput]. I. Above the occipital 
bone. 2. The upper part of the occipital bone. 

Supraorbital (su -prah - or f - bit - al) [supra, 
above ; orbita, orbit]. I. Above the orbit, 
as, e. g., the S. nerve. 2. Pertaining to the 
S. nerve. 

Suprapatellar (sttprah-pat-eP '-ar) [supra, 
above ; patella, patella]. Above the patella. 

Suprapelvic (su-prahpeV -vik)[supra, above; 

pelvis]. Above the pelvis. 

Suprapineal (su -prah -pi / - ne - al) [supra, 
above ; pineal]. Above the pineal gland. 

Suprapontine (su -prah - pon / - tin) [sttpra, 
above ; pons, bridge]. Above or in the su- 
perior part of the pons. 

Suprapubic (su-prahpu 1 '-bik) [supra, above ; 
pubis, pubis]. Above the pubes. 

Suprarenal (su-prah-re' -nal) [supra, above ; 
ren, the kidney]. I. Above the kidney, as, 
e.g., the S. capsule. 2. Pertaining to the 
suprarenal capsule. S. Body, S. Capsule, 
a small triangular organ situated above the 
kidney, and consisting of an external or corti- 
cal, and an internal or medullary portion. 
The cortex consists of polygonal cells dis- 
posed in three layers, the zona glomerulosa, 
zona fasciculata, and zona reticttlaris. 
Fibrous septa, derived from the capsule, 
extend into the organ and separate the groups 
of cells. The medulla contains cords and 
networks of polygonal cells, and in its 
center ganglion - cells and nonmedullated 
nerve-fibers. The function of the S. body is 
not definitely known — it is believed to bear 
some relation to pigment-production. 

Suprascapular (suprah-skap' '-u-lar) [supra, 
above ; scapula, the shoulder-blade]. Above 
or in the upper part of the scapula. 

Supraspinal (su -prah - spi' - nal) [supra, 
above ; spina, spine]. Above a spine. 

Supraspinales (su - prah - spi-na' -lez) . See 
Muscles, Table of. 

Supraspinatus (su- pra-spi-na f -tus) [supra, 
above ; spina, spine]. Above the spine, as 
the S. muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Supraspinous (su -prah - spi f - nus) [supra, 
above; spina, spine]. Above the spinous 
process of the scapula or of a vertebra. S. 
Fossa, the triangular depression above the 
spine of the scapula. 

Suprasternal (su - prah -stur f -nal) [supra, 
above ; sternum, sternum ] . Above the 
sternum. 

Supratemporal (su- prah-tet?^ -po-ral )[supra , 
over; tempus, time]. Above the temporal 
region. 

Supratrochlear (su-prah-trok' '-le-ar) [supra, 
above; trochlea]. Above the trochlea or 
pulley of the superior oblique muscle. 



SUPRAVAGINAL 



608 



SUTURE 



Supravaginal (su- prah-vaj' -in-al) [supra, 
over; vagina, vagina]. I. Above a sheath; on 
the outside of a sheath. 2. Above the vagina. 

Sura (sid-rah) [L.]. The calf of the leg. 

Sural (sid-ral) [sura, calf]. Pertaining to 
the calf of the leg. 

Surcingle (sur' -sin-gl) [super, over ; cingu- 
lum, a belt]. The tail of the corpus striatum. 

Surdity [sur'-dit-e) [surditas\ Deafness. 

Surdomutitas ( sur-do-?nu> ' -tit-as ) [stirdus, 
deaf; niutus, mute]. Deaf-mutism. 

Surgeon (sur'-jun) [OF. , cirurgien, from 
_^e/p,hand; spyeiv, to work]. One "who 
practices surgery. 

Surgery (sur' -jer-e) [OF. ,ci?'iugie, from^'p, 
hand; epyeiv, to work] . The branch of medi- 
cine dealing with diseases requiring operative 
procedure. S., Antiseptic, the application 
of antiseptic methods in the treatment of 
wounds. S., Major, that in which the 
operations are important and involve risks to 
life. S., Minor, that part of S. including 
procedures not involving danger to life, as, 
e. g., bandaging, the application of splints, 
dressings, sutures, counterirritation, cauter- 
ization, and blood-letting. S., Plastic, 
repair of defects by transference of tissue. 

Surgical (sur'-jik-al) [surgery']. 1. Per- 
taining to surgery. 2. Produced by S. opera- 
tions. S. Kidney, suppuration of the kid- 
ney due to disease of the genitourinary tract. 
S. Neck of the humerus, the constricted 
part of the shaft below the tuberosities, so 
called because it is a common seat of fracture. 

Sursumduction (sur-sum-duk r -shun) [sur- 
sum, up; ducere, to lead]. The power of 
the two eyes of fusing two images when 
one eye has a prism placed vertically before it. 

Susotoxin (su-so-tok' '-sin) [sus, pig; to^ikov, 
poison], C ]0 H 26 N 2 . A ptomain found in 
cultures of the bacillus of hog-cholera. 

Suspension (sus-petd -shun) [sub, under ; 
pendere, to hang]. Hanging; a mode of 
treatment of tabes dorsalis and other nervous 
diseases, in which the patient hangs by the 
neck, chin, and shoulders. 

Suspensory (sus-pen'-so-re) [sub, under ; 
pendere, to hang]. Serving for suspension, 
as, e. g., S. ligament, S. bandage. 

Sustentaculum {sus-len-tak f -u-lum) [susten- 
tare, to support]. A support. S. tali, a pro- 
cess of the os calcis supporting the astragalus. 

Susurrus {su-su' -rus)[\,.~\. A soft murmur. 

Sutural (sid -tu-ral) [sutura, suture]. Per- 
taining to a suture. 

Suture {su' ' -tur)[sutura, from suere, to sew]. 
I. A line of joining or closure, as, e. g. , a 
cranial S. The following are the most im- 
portant cranial sutures : S., Basilar, the 
junction between the basilar surface of the 
occipital bone and the posterior surface of the 
body of the sphenoid. S., Coronal, the 



union of the frontal with the parietal bones 
transversely across the vertex of the skull. 
S., Ethmofrontal, the union between the 
frontal and ethmoid bones. S., Ethmo- 
lacrimal, the union between the lacrimal 
and ethmoid bones. S., Ethmosphenoid, 
the union between the sphenoid and ethmoid 
bones. S., Frontal, a S. which at birth joins 
the two frontal bones from the vertex to the 
root of the nose, but which afterward becomes 
obliterated. S., Frontomalar, the union 
between the malar and frontal bones. S., 
Frontomaxillary, the union between the 
superior maxillary and frontal bones. S., 
Frontonasal, the union between the nasal 
and frontal bones. S., Frontoparietal. 
See S., Coronal. S., Frontosphenoid, the 
union between the alse of the sphenoid bone 
and the frontal bone. S., Frontotemporal, 
the union between the frontal and temporal 
bones. S., Intermaxillary, the union be- 
tween the superior maxillary bones. S., 
Internasal, the union between the nasal 
bones. S., Interparietal. See S., Sagittal. 
S., Jugal. See S., Sagittal. S., Lamb- 
doid, the union between the two superior 
borders of the occipital bone and the parietal 
bones. S., Longitudinal. See S., Sagittal. 
S., Mastooccipital. See S., Occipitomas- 
toid. S., Mastoparietal. See S., Parieto- 
mastoid. S., Maxillolacrimal, the union 
between the lacrimal and superior maxillary 
bones. S., Mediofrontal. See S. , Frontal. 
S., Metopic. See S., Frontal. S., Naso- 
maxillary, the union between the superior 
maxillary and nasal bones. S., Occipital. 
See S., Lambdoid. S., Occipitomastoid, 
the union between the mastoid portion of the 
temporal bone and the occipital bone. S. f 
Occipitoparietal. See S., Lambdoid. S., 
Palatine, the union between the palate 
bones. S., Parietomastoid, the union be- 
tween the mastoid portion of the temporal 
bone and the parietal bone. S., Petrooc- 
cipital, the union between the occipital bone 
and the petrous portion of the temporal. S., 
Petrosphenoid, the union between the great 
wing of the sphenoid bone and the petrous 
portion of the temporal. S., Sagittal, the 
union between the superior borders of the 
parietal bones. S., Sphenomalar, the 
union between the malar bone and the great 
wing of the sphenoid. S., Sphenoparietal, 
the union between the ala magna of the 
sphenoid bone and the parietal bone. S., 
Sphenotemporal, the union between the 
temporal and the sphenoid bone. S., 
Squamoparietal, S., Squamosal, the 
union between the squamous portion of the 
temporal bone and the parietal bone. S., 
Squamosphenoid, the union between the 
great wing of the sphenoid and the squamous 



SWALLOW'S NEST 



609 



SYMPATHETIC 



portion of the temporal bone. 2. A stitch or 
series of stitches used in closing the lips of 
a wound. S., Buried, one completely cov- 
ered by and not involving the skin. S., 
Catgut-, one in which the material em- 
ployed is catgut. S., Circular, one that is 
applied to the entire circumference of a 
divided part, as the intestine. S., Cob- 
blers', one made by arming a needle with two 
threads. S., Continuous, or Glovers', one 
in which the thread passes across the wound 
continually in the same direction, and is tied 
only at the beginning and end. S., Czerny's, 
for intestinal wounds, one in which the needle 
is passed from the serous surface through the 
wound, down to, but not including, the mucous 
membrane, and through the wound on the op- 
posite side, and out on the serous surface. S., 
Czerny-Lembert, the application of Lembert 
sutures after the Czerny sutures are in place. 
S., Dry, one carried through adhesive plaster 
strips applied to the lips of the wound. S., 
Hare-lip, or S., Twisted, one in which the 
edges of the wound are transfixed with pins 
and approximation secured by twisting or 
wrapping the ends of the pins with thread. 
S., Interrupted, one of a series of sutures 
passed through the margins of the wound, 
and each of which is tied separately. S., 
Lembert's, an intestinal S. for wounds in 
which the needle is passed transversely to the 
wound through the peritoneal and muscular 
coats, and out again on one side of the wound, 
and then carried across the wound and made 
to penetrate the two outer coats as before. S., 
Pin-. See S., Hare-lip. S., Quill-, S., 
Quilled, one in which a doubled thread is 
passed and tied over quills or pieces of a soft 
catheter. S., Relaxation-, one introduced 
some distance from the wound-margin, carried 
through its depths, and made to emerge at 
some distance on the opposite side, to relieve 
the tension of the wound-sutures proper. S., 
Shotted, one in which both ends of the S. 
are passed through a perforated shot, which 
is then tightly compressed. S., Subcutic- 
ular, a buried, continuous S., in which the 
needle is passed horizontally into the true 
skin back and forth until the wound is closed. 

Swallow's Nest. The nidus hirundinis, a 
deep fossa of the cerebellum between the 
commissure of the flocculus and the uvula. 

Swallowing. Deglutition. 

Swamp-sassafras. The Magnolia glauca, 
the bark of which is aromatic and diaphoretic. 

Sweat {swei) [AS., stvdt, sweat]. The secre- 
tion of the sudoriferous glands, consisting of 
a transparent, colorless, aqueous fluid, holding 
in solution neutral fats, volatile fatty acids, 
cholesterin, traces of albumin and urea, free 
lactic acid, sodium lactate, sodium chlorid, 
potassium chlorid, and traces of alkaline 
39 



phosphates. S. -gland, one of the small 
glands secreting the sweat, situated in the 
true skin and subcutaneous areolar tissue, 
consisting of a convoluted tube from which 
the excretory duct passes outward through the 
skin. In its passage through the epidermis 
the duct is more or less spiral. 

Sweating Sickness. See Miliaria. 

Swedish Movements. Certain systematic 
gymnastic exercises intended to exercise and 
develop the human body, and affect function, 
nutrition, etc. 

Sweet. Having a taste like that of sugar or 
honey. S. -bread, the thymus gland. 

Swine-fever. Hog-cholera. 

Swine-plague. An infectious disease of 
swine, due to the bacillus of swine-plague. 

Swoon. Syncope. 

Sycosiform {si-ko / -se-forni) \_sycosis ; forma, 
form]. Resembling sycosis. 

Sycosis (si-ko' -sis) [ovkov, a fig]. An in- 
flammatory disease affecting the hair-follicles, 
particularly of the beard, and characterized 
by papules, pustules, and tubercles, perfor- 
ated by hairs, together with infiltration of the 
skin and crusting. S. parasitaria, S., 
Parasitic, barber's itch, a disease of the 
hair-follicles, usually affecting the region cov- 
ered by the beard, and due to the presence 
of the trichophyton fungus. 

Sydenham's Chorea. See Chorea. 

Syllabic Utterance. Scanning speech. 

Sylvester's Method. See Artificial Respira- 
tion. 

Sylvian {sil> '-ve-an) . Described by the ana- 
tomist Sylvius (1478-1555). S. Artery, the 
middle cerebral artery, lying in the fissure of 
Sylvius. S. Aqueduct. See Aqueduct. S. 
Fissure. See Fissure. 

Sym- (sim-). The same as Syn-. 

Symbiosis (sim-be-o / -sis)\^avv, with.; /3«>c,life]. 
The intimate association of two different liv- 
ing organisms, dependent on each other. 

Symblepharon {sim-blef f -ar-oii) \o'vv, to- 
gether; (31e<papov, the eyelid]. Adhesion 
of the eyelids to the eyeball, known as 
Anterior S.,when the edge of the lid is ad- 
herent ; Posterior S., when the adhesion is 
at the conjunctival fold ; and Total S., when 
the entire lid is adherent. 

Syme's Operation. See Operations, Table of. 

Symmelus or Symelus {sim'-el-us) \ovv, to- 
gether; //f/loc, limb]. A species of monster 
characterized by imperfect development of 
the pelvis and lower extremities, with more 
or less intimate fusion of the latter. 

Symmetric, Symmetrical (sim-et'-rik, sim- 
et f -rik-al)\_avv, together ; fxerpov, a measure]. 
Pertaining to or exhibiting symmetry. S. 
Gangrene. See Sphaceloderma. 

Sympathetic (sim-path-ef'-ik) \ovv, with ; 
Tratiog, suffering]. I. Pertaining to or pro- 



SYMPATHIC 



610 



SYXDACTYLIA 



duced by sympathy. 2. Conveying sym- 
pathy or S. impulses, as, e.g., the S. Sys- 
tem, a system of ganglia (S. ganglia) 
forming a chain from the cranium to the end 
of the spinal column, connected together by 
nerve-fibers, and supplying the viscera and 
blood-vessels. At intervals the S. nerves and 
ganglia form plexuses (S. plexuses). See 
Plexus, and Ganglia, Table of . S. Irritation, 
irritation of an organ arising from irritation of 
another related organ, as, e. g., S. irritation 
of one eye from irritation of the other. S. 
Ophthalmia, inflammation of one eye arising 
subsequent to inflammation of the other eye. 

Sympathic (sim-path'-ik). See Sympathetic. 

Sympathy (sim f -path-e) [avv, together; vrad- 
oc, suffering]. The mutual relation between 
parts more or less distant, whereby a change 
in the one has an effect upon the other. 

Symphyseal (sim -fz / - e-al) [symphysis']. 
Pertaining to a symphysis. 

Symphysiotomy (sim-fiz-e-of '-o-me) [aitfi- 
ovcic, symphysis; roui/, a cutting]. The 
operation of dividing the symphysis pubis, for 
the purpose of increasing the diameters of 
the pelvic canal and facilitating labor. 

Symphysis (sim / -fz-is)[cvv, together; oiuv, 
to grow]. The line of junction of two 
bones, as, e.g., S. pubis. 

Symplocarpus fcetidus (sim-plo-kar* '-pus fet> '- 
id-us). Dracontium foetidum, or skunk- cab- 
bage, the rhizome of which is stimulant, 
antispasmodic, and narcotic, and has been 
used in asthma, chronic rheumatism, chorea, 
hysteria, etc. Dose gr. x-xx (0.65—1.3). 

Symptom [simp 1 '-tom)[cvv, together; -ruua, 
a falling]. The change in a patient occur- 
ring during disease and serving to point out its 
nature and location. See Signs and Symp- 
toms, Table of. S., Constitutional, S., 
General, one produced by the effect of 
the disease on the whole body. S., Local, 
one produced by localization of the disease 
in a special part. S., Objective, one ob- 
served by the physician. S., Subjective, 
one observed only by the patient. 

Symptomatic {si??ip-tom-at / -ik) [symptom']. 
I. Pertaining to or of the nature of a 
symptom. 2. Affecting symptoms, as, e. g., 
S. treatment. S. Anthrax. See Blackleg. 

Symptomatology {simp - lorn - at - ol'- -je) 
[symptom ; '/oyoc, treatise] . The science of 
symptoms ; the symptoms of disease taken 
together as a whole. 

Sympus (sim-pus)[civ, together; ~oic, foot]. 
A monster in which there is a coalescence 
of the lower limbs. 

Syn- (sin-) [civ]. A prefix signifying with 
or together. 

Synadelphus (sin-ad-el f -fus) [aw, with ; 
ans/6og, brother]. A monster having eight 
limbs with but one head and trunk. 



Synaesthesia (si)i-es-the f '-ze-ah) . See Synes- 
thesia. 

Synalgia (sin-aV -je-ali) [civ, together ; a/.} oc, 
pain]. Pain felt in a distant part from an 
injury or stimulation of another part. 

Synanthema (sin-an' '-thern-a.h) [cvvat-delv , 
to blossom together]. A group of efflores- 
cences on the skin. 

Synaptase (sin-ap' '-taz) . See Emulsin. 

Synarthrodia (sin ar-thrc/ -de-ah). See Syn- 
arthrosis. 

Synarthrodial (sin-ar-thro'-de-al) [civ, to- 
gether ; apdpov, a joint] . Pertaining to or 
of the nature of a synarthrosis. 

Synarthrosis (sin-ar-thro* '-sis)[cvv , together ; 
apflpov, joint] . A form of articulation in 
which the bones are immovably bound to- 
gether without any intervening synovial 
cavity. The forms are Suiura, in which 
processes are interlocked ; Schindylesis, in 
which a thin plate of one bone is inserted 
into a cleft of another ; and Gomphosis, in 
which a conic process is held by a socket. 

Syncephalus (sin-sef '-al-us) [civ, together; 
KEoa'/j], head]. A monster Mith two heads 
fused into one. 

Synchondrosis (sin-kon-dro' -sis) [civ, to- 
gether; ^di-'dpoc, a cartilage]. A joint in 
which the surfaces are connected by a 
growth of cartilage. 

Synchondrotomy (sin-kon-drof ' -o-me) [civ, 
together; ^-oi^poc, cartilage ; reuveiv, to cut]. 
A division of the cartilage uniting bones, 
especially of that of the symphysis pubis. 

Synchronous (sin* ' -kro-nus) [ci-v, together; 
Xpovoq, time]. Occurring at the same time. 

Synchysis scintillans (sin'-kis-is sin / -/il- 
lanz) [ci yxvcic, a mixing together]. The 
presence of bright, shining particles in the 
vitreous humor of the eye. 

Synclonus (sin' '-klo-nus) [civ, with ; tdovoc, 
clonus]. I. Clonic movements occurring 
simultaneously in several muscles. 2. A 
disease thus characterized, as, e. g. , chorea. 

Syncopal \ nn f -ko-pal)[c'w, together; ko-teiv, 
to strike or cut]. Pertaining to or character- 
ized by syncope. 

Syncope (sin'-ko-pe) [civ, together; Ko-reiv, 
to strike or cut]. Swooning or fainting, 
a partial or complete temporary suspension 
of the functions of respiration and circulation 
from cerebral anemia. 

Syncytial (sin-sit / -e-al)[civ, together ; Kvroq, 
a hollow] . Pertaining to a syncytium. 

Syncytium (sin-sit' -e-um) [civ, together ; 
k'itoc, a cell]. A mass of protoplasm with 
numerous nuclei. 

Syndactylia, Syndactylism, Syndactyly 
(sin-dak-til' '-e-ah, sin-dak f -til-izm, sin-dak'- 
til-e) [civ, together ; daKrv/.or, finger]. Ad- 
hesion between fingers or toes ; webbed fin- 
gers, webbed toes. 



SYNDECTOMY 



611 



SYPHILIS 



Syndectomy (sin-dek'-to-me) [avv, together; 
deetv, to bind; enro/ui/, a cutting out]. See 
Peritomy. 

Syndesfnitis (sin-dez-tni' ' -tis) [avv^ea/ioq, a 
ligament; trig, inflammation]. I. Inflam- 
mation of a ligament. 2. Conjunctivitis. 

Syndesmography (sin-dez-mog' -ra-fe) [avv- 
Seauog, ligament; ypd<peiv, to write]. The 
branch of anatomy treating of ligaments. 

Syndesmology {siit-dez-mol'-o-je) [avvdeofiog, 
ligament; Tioyoq, treatise]. See Syndesmo- 
graphy. 

Syndesmosis {sui-dcz-mo'-sis) [a'vvfieauoc, 
ligament]. A form of articulation in which 
the bones are connected by ligaments. 

Syndesmotomy [sin-dez-mof ' -o-me) [c'vvdea- 
uog, ligament ; rep-veiv, to cut]. I. Dissec- 
tion of the ligaments. 2. The division of a 
ligament. 

Syndrome (sin'-drom) [avv, together ; dpoju- 
oq, a running]. The aggregate symptoms 
of a disease ; a complex of symptoms. S. of 
Weber, paralysis of the oculomotor nerve of 
one side and of the extremities, the face, and 
the hypoglossal nerve of the other side. It 
is usually due to a lesion limited to the inferior 
and inner part of one cerebral peduncle. 

Synechia (sin-e-ki ; -ah or si-ne' '-ke-ah) [avv, 
together ; ix uv i to hold]. A morbid union 
of parts ; especially, adhesion of the iris to a 
neighboring part of the eye, termed Anterior 
S., when the adhesion is to the cornea ; 
Posterior S., when to the lens; and Total 
S., when the entire iris is adherent. 

Synechotomy (sin-ek-ot'-o me) \jynechia ; 
-Efiveiv, to cut]. The division of a synechia. 

Synergic (sin-ur'-jik) [avv, together ; epyov, 
work]. Pertaining to synergy. 

Synergist (sin f -nr-jist) [avv, together ; epyov, 
work]. An agent cooperating with another. 

Synergy (sin'-ur-je) [avv, together; epyov, 
work]. The cooperative action of two or 
more agents (synergists) or organs. 

Synesthesia (sin-es-the' '-ze-ak) [ovv, with ; 
aladrjaic, sensation]. A sensation felt in one 
part of the body as the result of an irritation 
of a distant organ or part. 

Syngenesis (sin-jen' ' -es-is) [avv, together ; 
yeveaig, generation]. I. The theory that 
the embryo is the product of the union 
of the male and female elements ; also the 
theory that the embryo contains within itself 
the germs of all future generations developed 
from it. 2. Reproduction by union of male 
and female elements. 

Syngignoscism (sin-jig' -no-sizm) [avv, to- 
gether; yiyvuoetv, to know]. Hypnotism, 
so termed from the agreeing of one mind 
with another. 

Synizesis [sin-iz-e' 'sis) [avv, together ; it-eiv, 
to sit]. Closure. S. pupillae, closure of 
the pupil. 



Synkinesis (sin-kin-e'-sis) [avv, together ; 
tiivrjaiQ, movement]. Involuntary movement 
taking place in one part of the body syn- 
chronously with or in consequence of a vol- 
untary or reflex movement in another part. 

Synneurosis (sin-mi-ro'-sis). See Syndes- 
mosis. 

Synocha (sin f -o-kali). See Synochus. 

Synochus (sin' '-o-kus) [avv, together; exeiv, 
to hold on]. Any continued fever. 

Synophthalmus {sin-off -thai' -mus). See 
Cyclops. 

Synorchism (sin-or'-kizni) [avv, together ; 
dpxiC, testicle]. Partial or complete fusion 
of the two testicles. 

Synostosis (sin-os-to'-sis) [avv, together ; 
bareov, bone] . A union of normally separate 
bones by osseous material. 

Synotus (sin-o'-tus) [avv, together ; ovg, ear]. 
A monster characterized by fused ears. 

Synovia (sin-o' ' -ve-ah) [avv, with ; cJov, an 
egg]. The clear, alkaline, lubricating fluid 
secreted within synovial membranes. 

Synovial (sin-o'-ve-al) [synovialis, from; avv, 
together; uov, egg]. Pertaining to the syno- 
via. S. Membrane. See Membrane. 

Synovitis (sin-o-vi'-tis) [synovia ; trig, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of a synovial 
membrane. 

Synthesis (sin r -thes-is) [avv, with ; TtO/jvai, 
to place]. In chemistry, the artificial for- 
mation of a compound by combining its con- 
stituents. 

Synthetic (sin-thef ' -ik) [avv, with ; riOr/vai, 
to place]. Pertaining to or produced by 
synthesis. 

Syntonin (sin'-to-nin) [av vrovog, contracted]. 
An acid-albumin obtained by the action of 
dilute hydrochloric acid upon the myosin of 
muscle. 

Syphilide (sif ; - il -id) [ syphilis ]. Any 
disease of the skin due to syphilis. Syphilides 
may be erythematous, macular, acneiform, 
lenticular, squamous, vesicular, pustular, 
bullous, tubercular, rupial, etc. S., Second- 
ary, any S. occurring during the secondary 
stage of syphilis. S., Tertiary, any S. oc- 
curring during the tertiary stage of syphilis. 

Syphilis (sif'-il-is) [origin obscure]. A 
chronic infectious disease, characterized by 
a variety of structural lesions of which the 
chancre, the mucous patch, and the gumma 
are the most distinctive. A bacillus has 
been found in the lesions by Lustgarten and 
others, but whether it is the real cause or not 
has not been definitely determined. The 
disease is generally acquired in sexual con- 
gress, hence its earliest manifestations appear 
upon the genital organs, but any abraded 
surface of the body, if brought in contact 
with the syphilitic poison, may give entrance 
to the infection. The earliest lesion of ac- 



SYPHILIS 



612 



SYRINGOMYELOCELE 



quired syphilis is the chancre, initial sclero- 
sis, or primary sore, which appears after a 
period of incubation varying from two to 
three weeks. It is usually a reddish-brown 
papule with an ulcerated central spot, and 
has a slight serous or purulent discharge. 
Taken between the fingers, it is found to 
have a peculiar cartilaginous hardness. Mi- 
croscopically it consists of an accumulation 
of round cells, epithelioid cells, with, perhaps, 
a giant cell here and there. The blood- 
vessels present a hyperplasia of the intima, to 
which in part the induration of the chancre 
is due. Very soon after the appearance of 
the chancre the nearest lymphatic glands 
become enlarged and indurated — the indolent 
buboes of syphilis. The mucous patch, con- 
dylo7na latum, moist papule, ox mucous tuber- 
cle is located upon mucous membranes, at 
mucocutaneous junctions, or where two skin- 
surfaces are in habitual contact, and is a flat, 
scarcely elevated patch, generally covered by a 
whitish pellicle. Thegumma or gummy tumor 
is a rounded nodule, varying in size from 
the dimensions of a pea to those of a small 
apple. Its favorite seats are the periosteum 
of flat bones, the membranes of the brain, 
the liver, spleen, and testicle. It is usually 
soft and contains in its interior a gelatinous 
"gummy" material. Another important 
though not distinctive lesion produced by 
syphilis is a diffuse sclerosis of the blood- 
vessels, especially of the parenchymatous 
organs. The clinical course of syphilis is 
generally divided into three stages : the 
primary (Primary S.), characterized by the 
presence of the chancre and the indolent 
bubo; the secondary (Secondary S.), by 
the mucous patch, cutaneous eruptions, sore 
throat, and general enlargement of the 
lymphatic glands ; the tertiary (Tertiary 
S.), by thegumma and by severe skin-lesions. 
Between the appearance of the chancre and 
the secondary manifestations a period of six 
weeks usually elapses. The tertiary phe- 
nomena follow the secondary after a stage of 
quiescence of variable length. S. also bears 
an important, but as yet obscure, relation to 
certain diseases of the nervous system, such 
as locomotor ataxy and paretic dementia. 
S. can be transmitted from parent to offspring 
(Hereditary S., Congenital S.). S., Ex- 
tragenital, S. in which the first lesion is 
situated elsewhere than on the genital organs. 
S. insontium, S. of the innocent, i. e., S. 
acquired in an innocent manner, or non- 
venereal S. S., Marital, S. acquired in 
lawful wedlock. S., Nonvenereal. Syno- 
nym of S. insontium. S. ceconomica, a 
form of syphilis insontium, in which the 
disease is acquired through eating and 
drinking or household utensils, or by inci- 



dental contact with syphilitic persons. S. 
technica, S. acquired in following one's 
occupation, as by physicians, midwives, 
nurses. S., Venereal, S. acquired in illegit- 
imate sexual intercourse. S., Visceral, S. 
of the viscera — the lesions are either inflam- 
matory or gummatous. 

Syphilitic (sif-il-if -ic) [syphilis']. Pertaining 
to or affected with syphilis. 

Syphilization {sif-il-i-za f -shun) [syphilis']. 
I. Inoculation with syphilis, especially in- 
oculation for the purpose of conferring im- 
munity to future attacks. 2. The state pro- 
duced by inoculation with syphilis. 

Syphiloderm (sif -il-o-derm)[syphilis ; depjua, 
skin]. See Syphilide. 

Syphilographer (sif-il-og'-ra-fer) [syphilis; 
ypdcpeiv, to write]. One who writes on 
syphilis. 

Syphilography (sif-il-og f -ra-fe) [syphilis; 
ypd<petv, to write]. A treatise on syphilis. 

Syphiloid (sif'-il-oid) [syphilis ; eldog, like], 
I. Resembling syphilis. 2. A disease resem- 
bling syphilis. 

Syphiloma [sif-il-o f -mah) [syphilis; b/ia, 
tumor]. A syphilitic gumma. 

Syphilophobia (sif-il-o-fo'-be-ali) [syphilis, 
syphilis; (poflog, dread]. I. A condition in 
which the patient imagines himself to be in- 
fected with syphilis. 2. A morbid dread of 
syphilitic infection. 

Syriac Ulcer. Synonym of Diphtheria. 

Syringe {sir'-inj) [avpiy^, a pipe]. An ap- 
paratus for injecting a liquid into a cavity. 

Syringitis (sir-in-ji' -tis) [avpty^, tube ; tr/r, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the Eusta- 
chian tube. 

Syringomyelia (sir-ing-go-mi-e f '-le-ah) [ovp- 
iy^, tube ; /iveAog, marrow]. A condition 
characterized by the presence of cavities in 
the substance of the spinal cord. It is be- 
lieved to be the result of faulty development 
either affecting the central canal, so that the 
latter remains in an embryonal condition, 
and sends a diverticulum into the posterior 
portion of the cord, which may become con- 
stricted off, or groups of embryonal neuroglia- 
cells remain in the neighborhood of the cen- 
tral canal or in the posterior portion of the 
spinal cord, and in later life take on active 
development and form a gliomatous tumor. 
The degeneration of the latter then gives rise 
to cavities in the cord. S. occurs usually 
between the ages of 20 and 30, and is 
characterized by progressive atrophy of the 
muscles, especially of the upper extremity, 
by loss of the pain-sense and temperature- 
sense, with preservation of the tactile and 
muscular sense (the so-called " dissociation- 
symptom"), and by vasomotor and trophic 
changes in the skin, joints, etc. 

Syringomyelocele (sir - ing ■- go-mi' '-el-o-sel) 



SYRINGOTOME 



G13 



TACIIE 



[ovpiy!-, tube ; fiveXdg, marrow ; KoiXla, 
cavity]. A form of spina bifida in which the 
protruding mass consists of membranes and 
nerve-substance, and the cavity of which 
communicates with the central canal of the 
spinal cord. 

Syringotome (sir-ing* -go-tom) [ovpiyg, tube ; 
ripvecv, to cut]. An instrument for incising 
a fistula. 

Syringotomy (sir-ing-got'-o-me) [ovpiyt;, 
tube: ropy, a cutting]. The operation of 
cutting a fistula, especially a fistula in ano. 

Syrup {sir' -up) [syropus, syrup]. I. A con- 
centrated solution of sugar in water (Syrupus, 
U. S. P. , B. P. ). 2. A preparation com- 
posed of a solution of a medicinal substance 
in syrup. 

Syrupy {sir' ' -up-e) [sir opus, syrup]. Resem- 
bling a syrup. 

Syssarcosis {sis-ar-ko'-sis) [avv, together ; 
Gap?, flesh]. The union of bone by the in- 
terposition of muscular tissue. 

Syssomus {sis-so'-/nus) [avv, together ; cupa, 



body]. A double monster joined by the 
trunks. 

System (sis'- tern) [avar?/pa, from avv, to- 
gether; IcTavai, to stand]. I. A methodic 
arrangement. 2. A combination of parts 
into a whole, as the digestive S., the nerv- 
ous S. 3. The body as a whole. S. -dis- 
ease, S. -lesion, a disease of the cerebro- 
spinal axis affecting a tract of nerve-fibers or 
nerve-cells having common anatomic rela- 
tions and physiologic properties. 

Systematic {sis-tem-at'-ih) [system]. Per- 
taining to or affecting a system. 

Systemic [sis-tern' -ik) [system]. I. Of or 
pertaining to a system. 2. Pertaining to the 
whole organism. 

Systole {sis'-to-le) [avv, together; areXketv, 
to place]. The contraction of the heart. 

Systolic {sis-tol'-ik) [systole]. Pertaining to 
the systole ; occurring during systole. 

Syzygium {siz-ij ' -e-um) [avfyyiog, yoked]. 
A genus of East Indian trees. S. jambo- 
lanum is used in diabetes. 



T 



T. I. An abbreviation for tension. 2. An 
abbreviation for temperature. 

Tabacosis {tab-ak-o' -sis) [tabacum, tobacco]. 
A state of poisoning produced by the exces- 
sive use of tobacco. 

Tabacum (tab-ak'-um). See Tobacco. 

Tabatiere anatomique {tahb-aht' - e-dr ahn- 
aht-om'-ek) [Fr., anatomic snuff-box]. The 
depression at the base of the thumb between 
the tendons of the extensor primi and exten- 
sor secundi internodii pollicis. 

Tabby-cat Striation. Peculiar markings 
occurring on muscles that have undergone 
extreme fatty degeneration, especially seen in 
the heart-muscle. 

Tabella {ta-bel'-ah) [L.]. A troche. 

Tabes (ta'-bez) [L.]. A wasting or con- 
sumption. T. dorsalis, locomotor ataxy, a 
disease dependent upon sclerosis of the pos- 
terior columns of the spinal cord. The symp- 
toms are lightning-pains, unsteadiness and 
incoordination of voluntary movements, ex- 
tending to the upper extremities ; disorders 
of vision, among others the Argyll Robertson 
pupil ; cutaneous anesthesia ; girdle-sense ; 
abolition of the patellar reflex ; diminution 
of sexual desire ; disturbance of the sphinc- 
ters. T., Hereditary. See Friedreich' 's 
Ataxia. T. mesenterica, tuberculous dis- 
ease of the mesenteric glands in children, 



with progressive wasting. T., Spasmodic, 
lateral sclerosis of the spinal cord. 

Tabetic (tab-et'-ik). See Tabic. 

Tabic {tab'-ik) [tabes, wasting]. I. Affected 
with tabes; of or pertaining to tabes. 2. 
Pertaining to or affected with tabes dorsalis. 

Tabid [tab' -id). See Tabic, 1st definition. 

Table {ta'-bl) [tabula']. I. A flat-topped 
piece of furniture, as, e. g., an operation T. , 
examining T. 2. A flat plate, especially 
one of bone, as, e. g. , a T. of the skull. 

Tablespoon. A large spoon, equivalent to 
about 15 c.c, or 4 fluidounces. 

Tablet {tab' -let) [tabula, a table]. A loz- 
enge ; a troche. 

Tabloid {tab'-loid) [tabula, table; eltioq, 
like] . A preparation resembling a flat troche, 
or lozenge. 

Tache {tahsh) [Fr.]. A spot. Taches 
blanches, certain white spots described by 
Hanot as occurring on the liver, especially 
on its convex surface, in infectious diseases. 
Microscopically they present a leukocytic 
infiltration and bacteria. T. bleuatre, a 
spot of a delicate blue tint, sometimes ob- 
served on the skin of typhoid fever patients. 
T. cerebrale, T. meningeale, the red line 
made when the finger-nail is drawn over the 
skin ; due to vasomotor paresis and occurring 
especially in meningeal irritation. 



TACHYCARDIA 



614 



TANSY 



Tachycardia (tak - e - kar f - de - ah) [ra y ri<c, 
quick ; napdia, heart]. Excessive rapidity 
of the heart's action. T., Essential, T. 
occurring in paroxysms, and due to functional 
disturbance of the cardiac nerves. 

Tactile {tak f -til) [tactus, touch]. Pertaining 
to the sense of touch. T. Cells, cells repre- 
senting special sensory nerve-endings, found 
in the deeper layers of the epidermis, or the 
adjacent stratum of corium. T. Corpuscles, 
special sensory nerve-endings exhibiting more 
complexity of structure than the T. cells. 

Tactus (tak'-tus) [tangere, to touch]. Touch. 
T. eruditus, T. expertus, special sensitive- 
ness of touch acquired by long experience. 

Tsedium vitae (te' '-de-umvi' '-te) [L.]. Weari- 
ness of life. 

Taenia (te'-ne-ah) [L., a band]. I. A band 

. or band-like structure. T. fornicis, one of 
the peduncles of the pineal gland. T. 
hippocampi, the corpus fimbriatum of the 
hippocampus major. T. semicircularis, a 
narrow band on the floor of the lateral ven- 
tricle, between the caudate nucleus and the 
optic thalamus. T. violacea, a bluish, longi- 
tudinal band, on the floor of the fourth ven- 
tricle. 2. See Tapeworm. 

Tagetes (ta-je f -tez). A genus of plants of 
the order Compositae. T. erecta and T. 
patula, French marigold, African marigold, 
are used as substitutes for calendula. 

Tagliacotian Operation (tah-le-ah-ko / -ske- 
an) [after Tagliacozzi, an Italian surgeon]. 
See Operations , Table of. 

Tagma (tag / -mah) [rdy/ua, that which has 
been arranged, from raoaeiv, to arrange]. 
An aggregate of molecules. 

Tail (fa/). I. The caudal extremity of an 
animal. 2.' Anything resembling a tail. 

Tailor's Spasm. An occupation-neurosis 
occurring in tailors, and characterized by 
spasm of the muscles of the arm and head. 

Talc, Talcum (talk) [Arab., talg, talc], 
4Mg0.5Si0 2 .H 2 0. A silicate of magnesium, 
a white, greasy powder, used as a dusting 
powder. It is also termed steatite or soap- 
stone ; the latter, however, contains also 
aluminum. 

Talipes (tal f -ip-ez) [talus, ankle; pes, foot]. 
Club-foot, a deformity depending upon con- 
traction of one or more muscles or tendons 
about the foot, either congenital or acquired. 
T. calcaneus, T. in which the patient walks 
upon the heel alone. T. equinus, T. in 
which the heel is elevated and the weight 
thrown upon the anterior portion of the foot. 
T. planus, flat-foot, splay-foot. T. valgus, 
T. in which the foot is everted. T. varus, a 
variety the reverse of the last, in which the 
foot is bent inward. Combinations of these 
occur, called T. equinovarus , T. equinoval- 
gus, T. calcaneovarus, T. calcaneovalgus, etc. 



Tallow (ta! f -o) [O. Dutch, talgh, tallow]. 
The fat extracted from suet, the solid fat of 
cattle and sheep and other ruminants. 

Talo- (ta'-lo) [talus, ankle]. A prefix de- 
noting pertaining to the ankle or to the as- 
tragalus. 

Talus (fa'-lus) [L.]. I. The astragalus. 2. 
The ankle. 

Tamarind (tavi r -ar-ind )[Arab., tanir, a ripe 
date; Hind, India]. The Tamarindus in- 
dica, a tree of the order Leguminosae. Its 
fruit (Tamarindus, U. S. P., B. P.) is laxa- 
tive and refrigerant. Dose 3J-^j (4.0-32.0). 

Tamar indien. An aromatic confection of 
senna. 

Tambour {tarn' -boor) [Fr.]. A drum ; 
a drum-like instrument used in physiologic 
experiments, and consisting of a metal 
cylinder over which is stretched an elastic 
membrane, and from which or to which 
passes a tube for transmitting a current of air. 
It is connected with another apparatus upon 
which changes in pressure in the T. are re- 
corded. 

Tampon (tam f -pon) [Fr.]. I. A plug of 
cotton, sponge, or other material, inserted 
into the vagina, nose, or other cavity. 2. 
To plug with a tampon. 

Tamponade (tam-pon-ad') [Fr.]. The act 
of plugging with a tampon. 

Tanacetum (tan-as-e'-tum). See Tansy. 

Tanghinia (tan-gin' -e-ah). The T. vene- 
nifera, the ordeal-bean of Madagascar, a car- 
diac and respiratory poison. Its active prin- 
ciple is tanghinin. 

Tangle. See Laminaria. 

Tannate (tan ; -dt) [tannin']. A salt of tan- 
nic acid. 

Tannic Acid. See Acid, Tannic. 

Tannigen (tan'-ij-en) [tannin; yevvav, to 
produce]. A grayish-yellow powder derived 
from tannic acid, and used as an intestinal 
astringent. 

Tannin (tan ; -in) . See Acid, Tannic. 

Tanret's Test. A test for albumin, consist- 
ing in the development of a precipitate when 
an albuminous solution is brought in contact 
with the reagent, composed of mercuric chlo- 
rid, potassium iodid, acetic acid, and distilled 
water. 

Tansy (fan'-ze) [O. Fr., tanasie, from Low 
L., tanacetiun, from aOavaala, immortality]. 
The Tanacetum vulgare, a plant of the order 
Compositae. The leaves and tops (Tanace- 
tum, U. S. P.) contain a bitter principle, 
tanacetin, C ]1 H :16 4 , tannic acid, and an es- 
sential oil (Oleum tanaceti). T. is an aro- 
matic bitter and irritant narcotic, and has 
been used in malaria, in hysteria, and as an 
emmenagogue and anthelmintic. In over- 
doses it produces abdominal pain, vomiting, 
epileptiform convulsions, and death from 



TAP 



615 



TARSUS 



failure of respiration. Dose gr. xxx-gj 
(2.0-4.0) ; of the oil mj-iv (0.065-0.26). 

Tap. I. A sudden slight blow. 2. To empty 
of fluid, as, e. g. , to tap a hydrocele. 

Tapetum {ta-pe f -tum) [rdm/q, a mat, or rug], 
I. The layer forming the roof of the poste- 
rior and middle cornua of the lateral ventri- 
cles of the brain ; it is composed of fibers from 
the corpus callosum. 2. The brilliant, 
greenish layer of the eyes of nocturnal ani- 
mals, which are by it visible in the dark. 
It is also known as the tapetum lucidum. 

Tapeworm. One of the Cestoda, a class of 
worms parasitic in man and the lower ani- 
mals. The adult worm {strobilus) consists 
of a head {scolex) and numerous segments 
{proglottides), which are capable of leading 
for some time a separate existence, are her- 
maphroditic, and contain numerous ova. If 
the ova are swallowed by the proper host, 
they develop into embryos {proscolices), 
which are transformed into the cysticerci, 
containing the scolices. If the meat of ani- 
mals containing living scolices is eaten, the 
latter develop into the mature tapeworm, or 
strobilus. T., Beef- (Taenia medioeanel- 
lata or saginata), also termed the unarmed 
T. , the cysticercus of which occurs in beef. 
T., Dogr (Taenia echinococcus), also called 
hydatid T. The mature parasite lives in the 
intestine of the dog, the scolices occur in the 
internal organs of man and give rise to the 
echinococcus or hydatid cysts. T., Fish-, 
T., Broad, T., Swiss (Bothriocephalus 
latus) , the cysticercus of which occurs in fish. 
T., Pork- (Taenia solium), also known as 
the armed T., from the presence of several 
hooklets on the head, is derived from pork 
which contains the cysticerci. Other tape- 
worms occasionally found in man are : Taenia 
cucumerina or elliptica, most frequent in the 
dog and cat ; Taenia nana has been found in 
man in Italy ; Taenia leptocephala, common 
in the mouse, has also been observed in man. 

Tapinocephalic {tap-in-o-sef-aV -ik) [ranei- 
voq, low; Kt(paWrj, head]. Affected with tap- 
inocephaly. 

Tapinocephaly {tap-in-o-sef '-al-e) [raizeivoq, 
low; KE^aTirj, head]. Flatness of the top of 
the cranium. 

Tapioca {tap-e-o' '-kali) [Sp. ]. A variety of 
starch obtained from the cassava or manioc 
plant, Jatropha manihot. It is used as a 
food. 

Tapotement (tap-ot-mon(g)) [Fr. ]. In mas- 
sage, the operation of percussing or tapping. 

Tapping [tapping). See Paracentesis. 

Tar {tahr) [AS. , teoru, tar]. An empyreu- 
matic liquid resin obtained by the destructive 
distillation of the wood of various species of 
Pinus, of the order Coniferae. Tar (Pix 
liquida, U- S. P., B. P.) contains a great 



variety of compounds, among which are 
pyroligneous acid, toluene, xylene, pseudo- 
cumene, cresol, phenol, guaiacol, creosol, 
paraffin, naphtalene, pyrocatechin, etc. It is 
employed in chronic bronchitis and in dis- 
eases of the urinary tract ; externally in 
tinea capitis, psoriasis, chronic eczema, and 
other affections of the skin. Preparations : 
Syrupus picis liquidae (U. S. P.), dose f^j- 
ij (4.0-8.0) ; Unguentum picis liquidae (U. 
S. P.,B. P.). 

Tarantism {tar'-an-tizm). A choreic affec- 
tion, ascribed to the bite of a tarantula, and 
supposed to be cured by dancing. 

Taraxacum {tar-aks' '-ak-um). Dandelion, 
the T. officinale (T. dens-leonis), a plant of 
the order Compositae. Its root (T., U. S. P., 
Taraxaci radix, B. P.) contains two crystal- 
line principles, taraxacin and taraxacerin, 
and is used in chronic congestion of the liver 
and spleen. Preparations and doses : De- 
coctum taraxaci (B. P.), f^ ij (64.0) ; Extrac- 
tum taraxaci (U. S. P., B. P.), gr. x (0.65) ; 
Extractum taraxaci fluidum (U. ( S. P.), f£j 
(4.0); Succus taraxaci (B. P.), f 5 ij— iv (8.0- 
16.0). 

Tardieu's Spots. Ecchymotic spots found 
beneath the pleura and the pericardium after 
death from strangling. They have also been 
observed in death from asphyxia due to 
other causes. 

Tarsal (tar' -sal) [rapaoq, instep]. I. Per- 
taining to the tarsus of the foot. 2. Pertain- 
ing to the tarsus of the eye. 

Tarsalgia {tar-sal' '-je-ah) [rapaoq, tarsus ; 
akyoq, a pain]. Pain, especially one of 
neuralgic character, in the tarsus. 

Tarsectomy {tar-seW -to-me) [rapaoq, tarsus ; 
ektojit], excision]. Excision of tarsal bones. 

Tarsitis [tar-si' -tis) [rapaoq, tarsus ; iriq, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the tarsus. 

Tarso- {tar' -so-) [rapaoq, tarsus]. A prefix 
denoting pertaining to the tarsus. 

Tarsometatarsal [tar -so - met - ah - tar'- sal ) 
[rapaoq, tarsus; metatarsus]. Relating to 
the tarsus and metatarsus. 

Tarsophalangeal [tar - so -fa - Ian' -je - a I) 
[rapaoq, tarsus; (pd/iay^, phalanx]. Per- 
taining to the tarsus and phalanges. 

Tarsoplasty {tar'-so-plas-te) [rapaoq, tarsus ; 
rrldaaeiv, to form]. Plastic surgery of the 
eyelid. 

Tarsorrhaphy {tar- sor f -a-fe) [rapadq, tar- 
sus; pafyrj, suture]. The operation of sewing 
the eyelids together for a part or the whole 
of their extent. 

Tarsotomy {tar-sot' -o-nie) [rapaoq, tarsus ; 
TOjir/, a cutting]. I. The operation of cutting 
into the tarsus. 2. Tarsectomy. 

Tarsus {tar'-sus) [rapaoq, tarsus]. I. The 
instep, consisting of the os calcis, astragalus, 
cuboid, scaphoid, internal, middle, and ex- 



TARTAR 



616 



TELOLECITHAL 



ternal cuneiform bones. 2. The cartilage of 
the eyelid, called the tarsal cartilage, a dense 
connective tissue forming the support of the 
lid. 

Tartar (tar' -tar) [Low L., tartarum, from 
Arab., durd, dregs]. I. A hard mineral 
deposited on the inside of wine-casks, and 
consisting mainly of acid potassium tartrate 
(Cream of T.). T. emetic, antimony and 
potassium tartrate. See Antimony. 2. A 
hard incrustation on the teeth, consisting of 
mineral and organic matter. 

Tartarated (tar' -tar-a-ted) [tartar - ]. Con- 
taining tartar. T. Antimony, tartar eme- 
tic. See Antimony . 

Tartaric Acid. See Acid, Tartaric. 

Tartarized (tar'-tar-lzd). See Tartarated. 

Tartarus (tar' -tar-us) [L.]. Tartar. 

Tartrate (tar'-trdt). A salt of tartaric acid. 

Tartrated (tar'-tra-ted). Containing tartar; 
combined with tartaric acid. 

Tashkend Ulcer (tas)i-kend'). See Sartian 
Disease. 

Taste (tdst). I. The sensation produced by 
stimulation of special organs in the tongue 
(T. -organs) by soluble bodies. 2. The 
faculty by which these sensations are appre- 
ciated. T., After-, a secondary T. per- 
ceived after the immediate T. has ceased. 
T.-bud, an oval, flask-shaped body, em- 
bedded in the epithelium of the tongue, and 
serving the sense of taste. 

Tattooing {tat-too' '-ing) [Tahitian]. The 
production of permanent colors in the skin 
by the introduction of foreign substances, 
such as carbon, India ink, etc., a common 
practice among sailors. T. of the Cornea, 
a method of hiding leukomatous spots. 

Taurin (taw'-rin) \taurus, bull], C 2 H 7 NS0 3 . 
Amidoethylsulphonic acid, a crystalline de- 
composition-product of bile. 

Taurocholic Acid (taxv-ro-kol'-ik). See 
Acid. 

Taxis (taks'-is) [rat-iq, from raaaeiv, to 
arrange] . An arranging ; a manipulation, 
especially manipulation for the reduction of 
hernia. 

T. -bandage. See Bandage. 

Te. Symbol for Tellurium. 

Tea (te) [Chinese]. I. The dried leaves of 
Thea chinensis,of the order Ternstroemiaceae, 
used for preparing a beverage, also called 
tea. 2. Any vegetable infusion used as a 
beverage. 

Teale's Amputation. See Operations, 
Table of. 

Tears. The secretion of the lacrimal gland. 

Tease (tez). To tear a tissue into its com- 
ponent parts with needles. 

Teaspoon. A small spoon holding about 
4c.c, or one fluidram. 

Teat {tit). Nipple. 



Tectocephaly (tek-to-sef '-al-e) [tectum, a 
cover; K£<pa/.q, head]. The state of having 
a roof-shaped skull. 

Tectorial (tek-to' -re-al) [tectorium, a cover]. 
Serving as a roof or covering. T. Mem- 
brane. See Membrane of Corti. 

Teel-oil. See Sesame-oil. 

Teething [AS., toft, tooth]. The eruption of 
the first teeth in an infant ; dentition. 

Tegmen (teg' -men) [tegere, to cover]. A 
cover. T. tympani, the roof of the tym- 
panic cavity. 

Tegmental (teg-men' ' -tal) [tegere, to cover]. 
Pertaining to the tegmentum. T. Nucleus, 
the red nucleus. See Nucleus. 

Tegmentum (teg - men' - turn) [tegere, to 
cover]. A covering ; specifically, the dorsal 
portion of the crus cerebri and pons Varolii. 

Tegument (teg'-u-ment) [tegere, to cover]. 
The integument. 

Teichmann's Crystals. Hemin-crystals. 

Teichopsia (ti-kop' -se-ah) [relxog, wall ; 
dipig, vision]. A temporary amblyopia, with 
subjective visual images like fortification- 
angles ; it is probably due to vasomotor dis- 
turbances of the visual center. 

Tela (te'-lah) [L.]. A web or tissue. T. 
choroidea, the membranous roof of the 
third and fourth ventricles of the brain. T. 
vasculosa, the choroid plexus. 

Telangiectasis (tel-an-je-ek' '-ta-sis) [rk/.oq, 
end; a> yelov, vessel ; enraGic, a stretching]. 
Dilatation of groups of capillaries or smaller 
blood-vessels. 

Telangiectatic (tel-an-je-ek-tat' -ik) [rt/.og, 
end; ay} elov, vessel ; enTaoiq, a stretching]. 
Pertainingto or characterized by telangiectasis. 

Telangioma (tel-an-je-o'-mah) [re/.oc, end; 
cr yelov, vessel ; bua, tumor]. A tumor com- 
posed of dilated capillaries. 

Telegony (tel-eg'-on-e) [re'/oc, end; yovij, 
semen]. The influence of the paternal seed 
upon the offspring of a woman or animal by 
a later husband or male. 

Telegrapher's Cramp. See Occupation- 
disease. 

Telepathy (te-lep' '-ath-e) [rrj/.e, far; Tzddoq, 
disease]. The action, real or supposed, of 
one mind upon another when the two persons 
are separated by a considerable distance ; 
thought-transference. 

Telluric (tel-lu'-rik) [tellus, earth]. Derived 
from the earth. 

Tellurium (tel-lu' '-re-um) [tellus, the earth]. 
Anonmetallic element of bluish- white color, 
having a specific gravity of 6.24, a quanti- 
valence of two, four, or six, an atomic weight 
of 128. Symbol Te. 

Telolecithal (tel-o-les' '-ith-al) [rkloq, end; 
/.eKifiog, yolk]. Of an ovum, having a rela- 
tively large mass of food-yolk placed eccen- 
trically. 



TELOLEMMA 



617 



TENOTOME 



Telolemma (tel - o- le?n'-ah) \rk\oq, end; 
Tiefijia, husk]. The membrane covering the 
eminence of Doyere, or the point of entrance 
of a motor nerve into a muscular fiber. 
Temperament (tem'-per-am-ent) \tempera- 
mentuni\. A term applied to mental dispo- 
sition and physical constitution of an individ- 
ual, as, e. g., the bilious, lymphatic, nervous, 
and sanguine temperaments. 

Temperature {tern' -per-a-tur) \temperaturd\. 
The degree of intensity of heat of a body, 
especially as measured by a scale termed a 
thermometer. T., Absolute, that reckoned 
from the absolute zero of temperature, esti- 
mated at — 273 C. T., Normal, the tem- 
perature of the body in a state of health, i. e., 
98. 6° F. T. -sense, the sense by which 
differences in temperature are appreciated, 
consisting of a sense for cold (cryesthesia) 
and a heat-sense {thermoesthesia) . These are 
represented on the surface by different nerve- 
endings, the so-called cold and hot points. 

Temple {tern' -pi) \tempus, time]. The por- 
tion of the head behind the eye and above 
the ear. 

Temporal {tern' -po-ral) \tempns, time (tem- 
ple)]. Pertaining to the temple, as, e. g., 
the T. bone, T. artery. 

Temporo- [tern' '-po-ro-) \tempus, time]. A 
prefix denoting pertaining to the temple. 

Temporoauricular {tem-po-ro-aw-rik' '-u-lar) 
\jempus, time ; auricular]. Pertaining to 
the temporal and auricular regions of the 
head. 

Temporooccipital (tern- por-o-ok-sip'- it - al) 
\tetnpus, time ; occiput, occiput]. Pertaining 
to the temple and the occiput. 

Temporofacial (tem-po-ro-fa'-shal) \tempns, 
time; fades, face]. Pertaining to the tem- 
ple and the face. 

Temporomalar (tem-po-ro-ma' -lar) \tempns, 
time; mala, cheek]. Pertaining to the tem- 
poral and malar bones. 

Temporomastoid [tern - po - ro - mas' - toid ) 
\tempns, time ; mastoid"]. Pertaining to the 
temporal and mastoid regions of the skull. 

Temporomaxillary {tem-po-ro-maks-il'-a-re) 
\tempits, time; maxilla, maxilla]. Pertain- 
ing to the temporal region and the upper jaw. 

Temporoparietal {tem-po- ro -par - i' - et-al) 
\jempus, time ; paries, wall]. I. Pertaining 
to the temporal and parietal bones. 2. Per- 
taining to the temporal and parietal lobes of 
the brain. 

Temporosphenoidal [tem-po-ro-sfe-noid' '-al) 
[tempus, time; sphenoid]. Pertaining to, or 
in relation with, the temporal and sphenoid 
bones. 

Tenacious [te -na' - shjis) [tenax, tough]. 
Tough; cohesive. 

Tenacity (te-nas' -it-e) \tenacitas\ Tough- 
ness. 



Tenaculum (ten-ak'-u-lum) [tenere, to hold]. 
A hook-shaped instrument for seizing and 
holding parts. 

Tendinitis (ten-din-i' '-tis) . See Tenontitis. 

Tendinous {ten* '-din-us) \tendon\. Pertain- 
ing to or having the nature of tendon. 

Tendo {ten' -do) [L.]. A tendon. T. 
Achillis, the common tendon of the gas- 
trocnemius and soleus muscles inserted into 
the heel. 

Tendon \tendere, to stretch]. A band of 
dense fibrous tissue forming the termination 
of a muscle and attaching the latter to a 
bone. T., Central, the aponeurosis in the 
center of the diaphragm. T. -reflex, a reflex 
produced by stimulating the tendon of a 
muscle. 

Tendosynovitis {ten- do-si-no-vi'-tis). See 
Tenosynovitis. 

Tenesmus [te-nez'-mus) \rdveiv, to stretch]. 
A straining, especially the painful straining 
to empty the bowels or bladder without the 
evacuation of feces or urine. 

Tenia (te'-ne-ah). See Tapeworm. 

Teniacide (te'-ne-as-id) [ttznia , tape worm ; 
ca>dere, to kill]. I. Destructive of tape- 
worms. 2. An agent that destroys tape- 
worms. 

Teniafuge {te f -ne-af-uj) \tania, tapeworm ; 

ficgare, to drive]. I. Expelling tapeworms. 
2. An agent that expels tapeworms. 

Tennis-arm, T. -elbow. A strain of the el- 
bow, said to be frequent in tennis-players. 

Teno- [ten'-o-) [revov, tendon]. A prefix 
meaning pertaining to a tendon. 

Tenon, Capsule of. A fibroelastic mem- 
brane surrounding the eyeball. It is covered 
by a continuous layer of endothelial plates, 
and corresponds to a synovial sac. 

Tenonitis {ten-on-i' '-tis) [Tenon, an anatom- 
ist; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
Tenon's capsule. 

Tenontitis (ten-on-ti'-tis) \revov, tendon ; 
trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of a 
tendon. 

Tenontography (ien-on-tog' '-ra- fe) \revov, 
tendon; ypacpetv, to write]. The descriptive 
anatomy of the tendons. 

Tenontology (ten-on-tol' -o-je) [tevuv, ten- 
don ; /tdyoc, treatise] . See Tenontography. 

Tenorrhaphy (fen-ot'-a-fe) [tevuv, tendon ; 
pa^rj, suture]. The uniting of a divided 
tendon by sutures. 

Tenosuture (ten-o-su' '-tur). Same as Ten- 
orrhaphy. 

Tenosynovitis {ten-o-sin-o-vi' ' -tis ) \t'evuv , 
tendon ; synovia, synovia ; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of a tendon and of its 
sheath. 

Tenotome (ten' - - torn) [revuv, tendon ; 
re/uveiv, to cut]. A knife for performing 
tenotomy. 



TENOTOMY 



618 



TEST 



Tenotomy (ten-of '-o-me) [revuv, tendon ; 
rejuveiv, to cut]. The operation of cutting a 
tendon. 

Tension (ten ; -shun) \_tendere, to stretch]. 
I. The act of stretching; the state of being 
stretched. 2. In electricity, the power of 
overcoming resistance. T., Intraocular, the 
pressure of the ocular contents upon the 
sclerotic coat. It may be estimated by 
means of an instrument called tonometer, or 
by palpation with the fingers, and is recorded 
by symbols as follows : Tn = normal ten- 
sion; T + I,T+ 2, T -f 3 indicate various 
degrees of increased T., and T — I, T — 2, 
T — 3 corresponding degrees of decreased 
T. T. of Gases, the tendency of a gas 
to expand on account of the mutual repulsion 
of its molecules. 

Tensor (ten'-sor) [tendere, to stretch]. A 
stretcher ; a muscle that serves to make a 
part tense. See Muscles, Table of. 

Tent [tenta~\ . An instrument made of com- 
pressed sponge, T., Sponge-, laminaria, T., 
Laminaria, tupelo, T., Tupelo-, or other 
material that increases in volume by the ab- 
sorption of water ; it is used chiefly for dilating 
the cervix of the uterus. 

Tenth Cranial Nerve. The pneumogastric 
or vagus nerve. 

Tentorium (ten-to' '-re-zwi) [tentorium, a 
tent] . The partition between the cerebrum 
and the cerebellum formed by an extension 
of the dura mater. 

Tephromyelitis (tef-ro-mi-el -i' '-tis) [re<pp6g, 
ashen; myelitis~\. See Poliomyelitis, 

Tephrosis (tef-ro f -sis) [re<ppog, ashen]. In- 
cineration. 

Tepid bath. See Bath. 

Teratic (ter-at f -ik) [repag, a monster]. 
Monstrous. 

Teratism (ter r -at-izm)[repag , a monster]. An 
anomaly of conformation, congenital or ac- 
quired. 

Teratogeny (ter-at-of '-en-e) [repag, a mons- 
ter; yevvav, to beget]. The formation or 
bringing forth of monsters. 

Teratoid (ter , -at-oid)[r'epag, monster; eUog, 
like]. Resembling a monster. T. Tumor, 
a complex tumor due to the growth of tissue 
embryologically misplaced. 

Teratology (ter-at-ol f -o-je) [repag, monster ; 
Tioyog, science]. The science of malforma- 
tions and monstrosities. 

Teratoma (ter-at-o'-mah) [repag, monster ; 
bjia, tumor]. A tumor containing teeth, hair, 
and other material not found in the part 
wherein it grows, and resulting from an em- 
bryonic misplacement of tissue or from the 
inclosure of parts of a rudimentary fetus. 

Terchlorid (ter-klo' -rid)[ter, three; ^Aw/x5c, 
green]. Synonym of Trichlorid. 

Terebene (ter f -eb-en) [repej3tvdog, terebinth- 



tree], C 10 H 16 . A hydrocarbon obtained by 
the oxidation of oil of turpentine by means 
of sulphuric acid. It is soluble in alcohol, 
and is used in bronchitis, dyspepsia, and 
diseases of the genitourinary tract. Dose 
rrtv-x (0.32-0.65). 

Terebinthina (ter-eb-in 1 ' -thin-ah) [repefiivdog, 
terebinth-tree]. See Turpentine. 

Terebinthinate (ter-eb-in' '-thin-at) [repe[3tv- 
dog, terebinth-tree]. 1. Containing turpen- 
tine. 2. A member or derivative of the tur- 
pentine-group. 

Terebration (ter-eb-ra' '-shun) [terebrare, to 
bore]. The operation of boring. 

Teres (te'-rez) [terere, to rub]. I. Round, 
as, e.g., the ligamentum T. 2. A muscle 
having a cylindrical shape, as, e.g.,T. major, 
T. minor. See Muscles, Table of. 

Ter in die [L.]. Three times daily. 

Term [repp,a, a limit]. A limit; the time 
during which anything lasts. 

Terminal (tur f '- min-al) [terminalis, from 
rep/xa, limit]. Pertaining to the end ; placed 
at or forming the end. 

Ternary (tur'-na-re) [ter, three times]. Of 
chemic compounds, made up of three elements 
or radicles. 

Teroxid (tur-oks r -id) [ter, three; of if, acid]. 
A trioxid. 

Terpene (tur f -pen) [a modified form of tere- 
bene^. One of a number of hydrocarbons 
having the formula C 10 H 16 , and contained in 
many volatile oils. 

Terpin (tur' '-pin). See Terebene. 

Terra (ter' -ah) [L.]. Earth. T. alba, white 
clay. T.japonica, catechu. T. ponderosa, 
baryta or barium sulphate. 

Terrain-cure (ter - an(gykur) [Fr.]. A 
method of treatment consisting in mountain - 
climbing, dietetics, etc., for plethora, corpu- 
lence, neurasthenia, chlorosis, incipient pul- 
monary tuberculosis, etc. 

Tersulphate (tur-suV -fat) [ter, thrice ; sul- 
phate]. A salt in which the base is united 
with three sulphuric acid radicles. 

Tertian (tur f -she-an) [tertius, third]. Recur- 
ring every other day, as, e.g., T. fever, a form 
of intermittent fever. 

Tertiary (tur f -she-a-re) [tertius, third] . Third 
in order. T. Syphilis. See Syphilis. 

Tessellated (tes f -el-a-ted) [tessellatus , from 
tessera , a square] . Formed into little squares ; 
checkered. T. Epithelium, flattened epi- 
thelial cells joined at their edges. 

Test [testum, crucible]. I. A trial. In 
chemistry, a characteristic reaction which 
distinguishes one body from others. 2. The 
reagent for producing a special reaction. T.- 
meal, one given for the purpose of studying 
the secretory power of the stomach. T.- 
paper, paper impregnated with a chemic re- 
agent, and used for detecting the presence of 



TESTA 



619 



TETRAPUS 



certain substances or conditions which cause 
a change in the color of the paper. T.- 
tube, a cylinder of thin glass closed at one 
end, used in various chemic procedures. T.- 
types, letters or figures of different sizes to 
test acuteness of vision. Those most com- 
monly employed are Snellen's test-types, a 
series of letters which at proper distances 
subtend an angle of five minutes. 

Testa (tes'-tah)[L.~\. A shell. T. ovi, egg- 
shell. T. praeparata, crushed and powdered 
oyster-shell. 

Testibrachium (tes-te-bra' '-ke-uni) [testis, tes- 
tis ; brachium, arm]. The process con- 
necting the cerebellum with the testis of the 
brain ; the superior peduncle of the cerebel- 
lum. 

Testicle (tes f -tik-l) [testicidus, dim. of testis']. 
See Testis, 1st definition. T., Irritable, 
neuralgia of the testicle. T., Undescended, 
the condition in which a testicle remains 
either in the pelvis or the inguinal canal. 

Testicular [tes-tikf -u-lar) [testiculits, a tes- 
ticle]. Pertaining to the testicle. T. Juice, 
a juice extracted from the testicles of animals, 
and used in the treatment of various nervous 
conditions. 

Testis {tesd-is) [L.]. I. One of the two 
glandular bodies in the scrotum that secrete 
the semen. T., Descent of, the passage of 
the testes through the inguinal canal into the 
scrotum. T. muliebris, the ovary. 2. One 
of the posterior pair of tubercles of the cor- 
pora quadrigemina. 

Tetanic (tet-an'-ik) [reravog, tetanus]. I. 
Pertaining to or resembling tetanus. 2. Pro- 
ducing tetanus. 

Tetaniform (tet-aid ' -efor?n)[reravoq, tetanus; 

forma, form]. Resembling tetanus. 

Tetanilla (tet-an-id -ah ) [reravog, tetanus]. 
Tetany. 

Tetanin (ted-an-in) [reravoc, tetanus], C 13 - 
H 30 N 2 O 4 . A ptomain obtained from cultures 
of the bacillus of tetanus in beef-broth, and 
from the tissues of patients suffering from 
tetanus. It produces symptoms of tetanus 
in the lower animals. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Tetanization [tet-an-i-za' '-shun) [reravoq, tet- 
anus]. The production of tetanus, or of 
tetanic spasms. 

Tetanoid (ted-an-oid) [reravog, tetanus; 
eldoc, resemblance]. Resembling tetanus. 

Tetanomotor (tet-an-o-mo' -tor) [reravog, tet- 
anus ; motor ; a mover] . An instrument for 
stimulating a nerve mechanically and produc- 
ing tetanus of the supplied muscle. 

Tetanotoxin {tet-an-o-toks f -in) [reravog, tet- 
anus ; rogucov, poison], C 5 H n N. A poison- 
ous ptomain obtained from cultures of the 
bacillus of tetanus. It produces first tremor, 
then paralysis and violent convulsions. See 
Ptomains, Table of 



Tetanus (tef ' -an-us) [reravog, from reiveiv, to 
stretch]. I. An infectious disease character- 
ized by tonic spasm of the voluntary muscles, 
an intense exaggeration of reflex activity, and 
peculiar convulsions. It is due to a bacillus, 
the bacillus of T. , and has a period of incuba- 
tion of from ten to twelve or more days. The 
first symptom is usually trismus or lock-jaw, 
which is soon followed by spasms of the other 
muscles. The poison may enter through a 
wound (traumatic T.); at times no point 
of entrance is discoverable (idiopathic T.). 
Puerperal T. follows labor. T. neonato- 
rum is due to infection of the umbilicus or 
the circumcision-wound. 

Tetany (ted-an-e) [tetanus]. A disease 
characterized by intermittent, bilateral, pain- 
ful, tonic spasms of the muscles, especially 
of the upper extremities. It is most common 
in young adults but may occur in others. 
The cause appears to be a toxic agent. It 
occurs in connection with typhoid fever, 
gastrointestinal inflammation, in rickets, dila- 
tation of the stomach, and after extirpation 
of the thyroid gland. 

Tetra- (ted -rah-) [rerpa, four]. A prefix 
meaning four. 

Tetrabasic [ted -rah-ba-sik) [rerpa, four ; 
fiaotg, base]. Having four atoms of replace- 
able hydrogen. 

Tetrabrachius (tet-i-ah-bra'-ke-us) [rerpa, 
four; j3pa%ic)v, arm]. A monster having 
four arms. 

Tetrachirus [tet-rah-kd -rtis) [rerpa, four; 
X^'i-P, hand]. A monster with four hands. 

Tetracoccus {tet-trah-kok f -us) [rerpa, four ; 
Koioiog, berry]. A micrococcus occurring in 
groups of four. 

Tetrachlorid (tet-rah-klo'-rid) [rerpa, four; 
chlorid]. A binary compound consisting 
of an element or radicle and four chlorin- 
atoms. 

Tetracid {tet-ras / -id) [rerpa, four; acid]. 
Having four atoms of hydrogen that are re- 
placeable by acid radicles. 

Tetrad (ted-rad) [rerpa, four]. An element 
having an atomicity of four. 

Tetraiodopyrrol (tet - trah-i-o-do -pir f -rol). 
See lodol. 

Tetramazia [tet-rah-md '-ze-ah) [rerpa, four; 
pa(,6g, breast] . The presence of four breasts 
or mammary glands. 

Tetramethylenediamin [tet-rah-meth-il-en- 
di-am / -in), C 4 H 8 (NH 2 ) 2 . Putrescin. 

Tetramethyl-putrescin (tet-rah-meth-il - pu- 
tres / -in), C 8 H 20 N 2 . A crystalline base de- 
rived from putrescin, having very poisonous 
properties. 

Tetranopsia {tet-ran-op f -se-ah) [rerpa, four; 
oipig, vision]. A contraction of the field of 
vision limited to one quadrant. 

Tetrapus [ted -rah- pus) [rerpa, four ; noug, 



TETRASCELUS 



620 



THENAR 



foot]. I. Having four feet. 2. A monster 
having four feet. 

Tetrascelus \fet-rasf-d-us\ [rerpa, four ; 
CKe/jog, leg]. A monster having four legs. 

Tetraster [tet-ras'-ter) [rerpa, four ; aari/p, 
star]. A karyokinetic figure characterized 
by an arrangement of four stars, due to a 
fourfold division of the nucleus. 

Tetratomic ( tet-rat-om'-ih ) [rerpa, four ; 
aropoc, indivisible]. I. Containing four 
atoms. 2. Having four atoms of replaceable 
hydrogen. 

Tetravalent {tet-rav f -al-ent). See Quad- 
rivalent. 

Tetronal (tet> '-ron-al) [rerpa, four], C 9 H, - 
S 2 4 . Diethylsulphondiethylniethane, an 
hypnotic resembling sul phonal. Dose gr. x- 
xx (0.65-1.3). 

Tetroxid {tet-roks f -id) [rerpa, four; oxid]. 
A binary compound composed of a base and 
four atoms of oxygen. 

Tetter {tef-ei-) [AS., teter]. A name for 
various skin-eruptions, particularly herpes, 
eczema, and psoriasis. 

Texas Fever. An infectious disease of cat- 
tle, characterized by high fever, hemoglobin- 
uria, and enlargement of the spleen. The 
disease is probably due to a specific organism. 

Textural {teks'-tu-ral) \textura, texture]. 
Pertaining to the tissues. 

Thalamencephalon {thal-am-en-sef r -al-oit) 
[6a7.auoQ, couch; ei-nefyaAov, the brain]. The 
posterior portion of the anterior brain-vesicle ; 
the interbrain. 

Thalamic (thal-am'-ih) [thalamus]. Per- 
taining to the optic thalamus. 

Thalamocortical [thai- am ■ - kor f - tik-al) 
[Oa/Muog, couch; cortex]. Pertaining to the 
optic thalamus and the cortex of the brain. 

Thalamolenticular {thal-am-o-len-tik' -u-lar) 
[dd'Aauog, chamber ; lenticular]. Pertaining 
to the optic thalamus and the lenticular nu- 
cleus. 

Thalamus {thal'-am-us) [dd'Aauog, couch]. 
A mass of gray matter at the base of the brain, 
developed from the wall of the vesicle of the 
third ventricle, and forming part of the wall 
of the latter cavity. The posterior part is 
called the pulvinar. The T. receives fibers 
from all parts of the cortex, and is also con- 
nected with the tegmentum and with fibers of 
the optic tract. It is also termed T. opticus, 
or optic T. 

Thalassotherapy {thal-as-o-ther r -ap-e) [6dl- 
clogcl, sea; fteparreia, treatment]. Treatment 
of disease by sea-voyages, sea-bathing, etc. 

Thallin {thai/ -in) [6a/il6g, a green shoot], 
C ]0 H ]3 OX. A liquid basic substance, 
the tetrahydroparamethyloxychinolin. The 
sulphate and tartrate are used as germicides 
and antipyretics, and have been employed in 
typhoid fever and the fever of phthisis. Dose 



gr. j-iv (0.065-0.26). In gonorrhea the sul- 
phate is employed as an injection in the 
strength of a 1. 5 per cent, solution. 

Thallium {thai' '-e-um)[6a/.Aoc. a green shoot]. 
A metallic element having an atomic weight 
of 203.7, a specific gravity of 1 1. 8 ; symbol, 
Tl. The salts are poisonous. See Elements, 
Table of. 

Thallophyte {thal f -o-fif) [6a/26g, a green 
shoot ; qvtov. a plant]. One of a class of verv 
low cryptogams. 

Thanato- {than' '-at-o-) [dararog, death]. A 
prefix denoting pertaining to death. 

Thanatognomonic {than-at-og-no-mer. - 
[Sdvarog, death ; yrupuv, sign]. Indicative 
of death. 

Thanatoid {than'-at-oid) [Oavaroc, death; 
eidog, like]. Resembling death. 

Thanatometer (than-at-om f -et-er) [fldraroc 
death ; perpor, measure] A thermometer 
introduced into a body-cavity to determine if 
the depression of temperature is so great as 
to be a sign of death. 

Thanatophobia (than-at-o-fo f -be-ah) [Sdva- 
rog, death; oo,3oc, dread]. A morbid fear 
of death. 

Thea {the' -ah) . Tea, the dried leaves of Thea 
chinensis. a shrub of the order Ternstrcemi- 
aceae, containing the alkaloid Thein, C 8 H 10 - 
N 4 2 , identical with caffein. T. is astringent 
and gently stimulant to the nervous system ; 
its infusion is used as a beverage. 

Thebain {the'-ba-in) [e^-,3ai, Thebes], C 19 - 
H 21 X0 3 . An alkaloid found in opium, anal- 
ogous to strychnin in its physiologic effects. 

Thebesius, Foramina of. See Foramina t 
Table of. 

Thebolactic Acid {theb-o-lak'-tiF). A variety 
of lactic acid occurring in opium. 

Theca {the' -kali) [tirjia], a sheath]. A sheath, 
especially one of a tendon. T. cerebri, the 
cranium. T. cordis, the pericardium. T. 
vertebralis, the membranes of the spinal 
cord. 

Thecal {the f -kal ) [Ofaf, a sheath]. Pertain- 
ing to a sheath. 

Thecitis [the-si f -tis) [Oipa], a sheath ; trie, in- 
flammation]. Inflammation of the sheath of 
a tendon. 

Thein {the f -in). See Thea. 

Thelyblast {thel f -e-blast) [6f ; '/.vg, female; 
t i'/.aGroc, germ]. The female element of the 
bisexual nucleus ; the ovum after the polar 
globules have been extruded. 

Thenad {the f -nad)[6evap, palm ; ad, toward]. 
Toward the thenar eminence. 

Thenal (the f -nal) [Sevap, the palm]. Per- 
taining to the palm, or the thenar eminence. 

Thenar {the'-nar) [Sevap, palm]. I. The 
palm of the hand. 2. The fleshy promi- 
nence of the palm corresponding to the base 
of the thumb, also called T. Eminence. 



TIT EOF. ROM A 



621 



THERMOMETER 



Theobroma {the-o-bro* '-mati) [0r6g, a god; 
Ip&jxa, food]. A genus of trees of the Ster- 
culiaceae. The seeds of T. cacao yield a 
fixed oil (Oleum theobromatis, U. S. P.), 
and contain the alkaloid theobromin, C 7 H 8 - 
N 4 0.,, which is closely related to caffein and 
xanthin. The seeds are used in the prepara- 
tion of chocolate and cocoa ; the oil (butter 
of cacao) is employed as an ingredient of 
cosmetic ointments and for making pills and 
suppositories. Theobromin acts similarly to 
caffein. The salicylate of sodium and theo- 
bromin, called Jiuretin, is an active diuretic. 
Dose gr. xv (i.o). 

Theobromin (the-o-bro'-min). See Theo- 
broma. 

Theomania (the-o-ma'-ne-ah) [Oeoc, a god ; 
pavia, madness]. I. Religious mania. 2. 
Insanity in which the patient believes him- 
self to be a divine being. 

Theophyllin (the-o-fil'-in)\thea, tea; tyvTCXov, 
leaf], C 7 H 8 N 4 2 . An alkaloid occurring in 
tea and isomeric with theobromin and with 
paraxanthin. 

Therapeutic (ther-ap-u' '-tik) [depn-irevTiKy, 
treatment]. Pertaining to therapeutics ; cura- 
tive. T. Test, a method of diagnosis by ad- 
ministering certain remedies known to influ- 
ence a given disease, e.g., quinin in malaria, 
potassium iodid and mercury in syphilis. 

Therapeutics {ther-ap-u 1 '-tiks) [OepairevrtK?/, 
Bspa-eia, treatment]. The branch of medi- 
cal science dealing with the treatment of dis- 
ease. 

Therapeutist (ther - ap - u r - tist) [depairEia., 
treatment]. One skilled in therapeutics. 

Therapy (ther f -ap-e) [BepaiTeia, treatment]. 
See Therapeutics. 

Theriaca \the-ri' '-ak-ah) \prjpLaKrj, from dr/pi- 
ov, a wild beast, because believed to be good 
against the poison of animals]. Treacle; 
molasses. T. Andromachi, Venice treacle, 
a compound containing nearly seventy ingre- 
dients, and used as an antidote against 
poisons. 

Therm [deparj, heat]. The amount of heat 
required to raise the temperature of one gram 
of water from o° C. to 1° C.; it is equal to 1000 
calories. 

Thermaesthesia (thur-mes-the'-ze-ah). See 
Thermesth esia . 

Thermal (thttr'-mal) [depptj, heat]. I. 
Pertaining to heat. 2. Hot, as, e.g., T. 
spring. 

Thermanesthesia (thur-man-es-the'-ze-ah). 
See Thurmoanesthesia. 

Thermesthesia (thu}--//ies-the / -ze-ah) [Otpprj, 
heat; aitrdrjoic, sensation]. I. The heat- 
sense. 2. Sensitiveness to heat. 

Thermic {thur'-mik) [Oeppq, heat]. Per- 
taining to heat. T. Fever, sunstroke ; heat- 
fever. 



Thermo- (thm-'-mo-) [Otpprj, heat]. A pre- 
fix meaning heat. 

Thermoanesthesia (thur-mo-an-es-the' -ze- 
ah) [dtpu?], heat ; anesthesia!. Loss of the 
perception of thermal impressions, a condi- 
tion sometimes present in syringomyelia. 

Thermocautery (thur-nio-kazv'-ter-e). See 
Cautery. 

Thermochroic (thur-mo-kro'-ik) \_6epprj, 
heat; xpoa, color]. Transmitting some 
thermal rays and absorbing others. 

Thermoelectricity ( thur-mo-e-lek-tris' '-it-e ) 
[Oepp?/, heat ; electricity]. Electricity gener- 
ated by heat. 

Thermogenesis (thur-mo-Jen'- es-is) [Oepprj, 
heat ; yevvav, to produce]. The production 
of heat. 

Thermogenetic, Thermogenic, Thermo- 
genous (thur-vio-jen-et f '-ik, thur-mo-jen' '-ik, 
thur-mof ' -en-us) \bkppi], heat ; yevvav, to pro- 
duce] . Pertaining to thermogenesis ; pro- 
ducing heat. 

Thermograph {thur f -7no-graf) [Osp/u?/, heat ; 
ypatyeiv, to write]. A device for registering 
variations of temperature automatically. 

Thermohyperesthesia ( thur - mo-hi-per-es- 
the' -se-ah) [depptj, heat ; inrep, above ; aia- 
Qrjciq, sensation]. Abnormal sensitiveness 
to the application of hot bodies. 

Thermoinhibitory ( thur-mo-in-hib' '-it-o-re) 
\Qkpprj, heat; inhibitory]. Inhibiting the 
production of heat. 

Thermolysis (thur-moV '-is-is) [deppr], heat ; 
Tivacq, a loosening]. I. Dissipation of ani- 
mal heat. 2. Chemic decomposition by 
means of heat. 

Thermolytic {thur-mo-lit' '-ik) [deppr], heat ; 
Ivclq, a loosening] . Pertaining to thermolysis. 

Thermometer (thur-mom f -et-er) \_6eppi], 
heat ; perpov, measure] . An instrument for 
measuring the intensity of heat, consisting of 
a substance capable of expanding and con- 
tracting, and a graduated scale by means of 
which variations in the volume of the sub- 
stance can be determined. In the ordinary 
T. the expansive substance is mercury (mer- 
curial T.), expanding into a vacuous capillary 
tube, the degree of heat being measured by the 
length of the column of mercury. T., Centi- 
grade, T., Celsius-, one in which the freez- 
ing-point is at o° and the boiling-point at 100 . 
T., Clinical, a self-registering thermometer 
for ascertaining the bodily temperature. T., 
Fahrenheit-, one in which the interval be- 
tween the freezing-point and the boiling-point 
is divided into 180 equal parts, each called a 
degree, the zero-point being 32 degrees or 
divisions below the freezing-point of water. 
T., Reaumur-, one in which the freezing- 
point of water is o° and the boiling-point 8o°. 
T., Self-registering, one that by means 
of an index shows the highest (maximum- 



THERMOMETRIC 



622 



THOMSEN'S DISEASE 



T.) or lowest (minimum-T.) temperature to 
which it has been exposed. T., Surface-, 
one for registering the surface-temperature 
of any portion of the body. 

Thermometric {thur - mo - met'- rik) \_6epjuj], 
heat; fierpuv, measure]. Pertaining to a 
thermometer. 

Thermometry {thur - mom'- et - re) [depjirj, 
heat; pierpov, measure]. The measuring of 
temperature by means of the thermometer. 

Thermopile {thur'- mo -fill) \_6ipp,?j, heat ; 
pile~\. A contrivance consisting of a series 
of connected metallic plates, in which, under 
the influence of heat, a current of electricity 
is produced, which acts upon a registering 
index. By means of it very minute amounts 
of heat can be measured. 

Thermopolypnea {thur - mo -pol- ip - ne'-ah) 
\_depin], heat ; Tro?ivg, many ; irveiv, to breathe]. 
Rapid respiration due to high temperature. 

Thermostat {thur' - mo- stai) [dkpfii], heat ; 
araroq, standing]. A device for automati- 
cally regulating and maintaining a constant 
temperature. 

Thermosystaltic ( thur - mo - sis - tal'- tik ) 
[Oepjir], heat ; avar&Ckziv , to contract]. Con- 
tracting under the influence of heat ; per- 
taining to muscular contraction due to heat. 

Thermotactic,. Thermotaxic {thur-mo-tak'- 
tik, thur-mo-taks'-ik) \dkpirq, heat; raaaztv, 
to arrange]. Regulating the heat of the 
body, as, e. g. , a T. center. 

Thermotaxis {thur-?)io-taks' -is) \_6epiirj, heat ; 
Tal~iQ, from rdoaeiv, to arrange]. The regu- 
lation of the bodily heat. 

Thermotherapy {thur-mo-ther' -ap-e ) [dep/u??, 
heat; deparrela, cure]. Treatment of disease 
by heat. 

Thiersch's Method of Skin-grafting. A 
method in which long, broad strips of skin 
are removed from the arm or leg and placed 
on a wound which has previously been de- 
prived of its granulations by means of a 
sharp curet. 

Thigh {thi ) [AS. , theoh, thigh] . The part of 
the lower limb extending from pelvis to knee. 

Thilanin {thi'-lan-in) [Btiiov, sulphur; lano- 
lin"]. A brownish-yellow substance derived 
from and resembling lanolin. It contains 3 
per cent, of sulphur, and is used in the treat- 
ment of eczema and other diseases of the skin. 

Thio- {thi'-o-)[6elov, sulphur]. A prefix de- 
noting containing sulphur. 

Thioacid {thi-o-as'-id). One of a group of 
acids produced by the substitution of sulphur 
for the oxygen in an oxygen-acid. 

Thioalcohol {thi-o-al'-ko-hol). See Mer- 
captan. 

Thiocyanic Acid {thi-o-si-an'-ih), CNHS. 
Sulphocyanic acid, a monobasic acid forming 
the thiocyanates or sulphocyanates. Potas- 
sium thiocyanate, CNKS, occurs in saliva. 



Thioether {thi- 0- e'-ther). See Alkyl-sul- 

phids. 

Thiol {thi'-oT) [Belov, sulphur]. A substance 
prepared from gas-oil by heating with sulphur, 
and occurring in a dry and a liquid form. It 
has been used as an application to ulcers and 
in diseases of the skin. 

Thionin {thi'-o-nin) [dtiov, sulphur], C 12 H 9 - 
N 3 S. A sulphur-compound of the aromatic 
group, used as a stain in microscopy. Its 
solutions are of a dark blue color. 

Thiophene {lhi'-o-fen) [Oelov, sulphur], C 4 - 
H 4 S. A hydrocarbon of the aromatic series ; 
a colorless, oily liquid, miscible with water. 
T. sodium sulphonate, C 4 H 3 S.NaS0 3 , is a 
white powder ; it is used in prurigo. The 
iodid, C 4 H 2 I 2 S, has been used as a substitute 
for iodoform. 

Thioresorcin {thi-o-rez-or' -sin) \6eIov, sul- 
phur; rawrm], C 6 H 4 (SO) r A compound 
of sulphur and resorcin used as a powder or 
ointment as a substitute for iodoform. 

Thiosinamin {thi-o-sin' -am-in) [6eiov, sul- 
phur ; sinapis, mustard] , C 4 H 8 N 2 S. A 
crystalline substance prepared from mustard- 
oil and ammonia. It is used in lupus, glan- 
dular enlargements, and night-sweats. 

Thiosulphuric Acid {thi-o-sul-fu' -rik)\6tiov, 
sulphur; sulphur], H 2 S 2 3 . An acid de- 
rived from sulphuric acid by the substitution 
of sulphur for part of the oxygen. 

Thiourea {thi-o-u-re'-ah) [dtiov, sulphur ; 
urea], CS(NH 2 ) 2 . Sulphocarbamid ; a deri- 
vative of urea in which sulphur replaces the 
oxygen of the latter. 

Third Cranial Nerve. The oculomotor 
nerve. See Nerves, Table of. 

Thirst {thurst) [AS., thurst]. A desire for 
drink. 

Thiry's Fistula {thee'-rez). A fistula for 
obtaining the intestinal juice. A piece of 
intestine about four inches long is separated 
from the bowel, without dividing the mes- 
entery and its blood-vessels. One end of the 
tube is closed, the other is stitched to the 
abdominal wound. The two ends of intestine 
from which the piece was cut out are then 
united by sutures. From the excised piece a 
pure intestinal juice is obtained. 

Thlipsencephalus {thlip - sen - sef- al- us) 
[6?a-ipc(;, pressure ; kyuafyaAov, brain]. A mon- 
ster in which there is extensive exposure of 
the base of the skull from nondevelopment 
of the occipital bone and even of the upper 
vertebra?. 

Thomsen's Disease [after J. Thomsen, a 
German physician]. Myotonia congenita, 
a disease commonly congenital and occurring 
in families, and characterized by tonic spasm 
or rigidity of the muscles, coming on when 
they are first put in action after a period of 
rest. As the muscles are used the stiffness 



THOMSONIANISM 



623 



THUMB 



gradually wears off. See Diseases, Table 

Thomsonianism {tom-so' '-ne-an-izm). A 
system of medicine introduced by Samuel 
Thomson ( 1 769-1843), of Massachusetts. It 
insisted on the use of vegetable remedies 
only. 

Thoracentesis (tho-ras-en-te' '-sis) [dupa!-, 
chest ; kevt?/oic, a piercing]. Puncture of 
the thorax for the removal of fluid. 

Thoracic (fAo-ras / -t&) [Oojpa^, thorax]. Per- 
taining to or situated in the chest or thorax, 
as, e.g., the T. aorta. T. Duct. See Duct. 
T. Index. See Index. 

Thoraco- (tho'-rak-o-) \dtdpa!;, thorax]. A 
prefix denoting pertaining to the thorax. 

Thoracocentesis (tho-rak-o-sen-te' '-sis). See 
Thoracentesis. 

Thoracodidymus {tho - rak - - did'- im - us) 
[diopa!-, chest; 616vuoq, double]. A double 
monster joined by the thoraces. 

Thoracodynia {tho-rak-o-din' ' -e-ah) [dupa^, 
thorax ; bdvvq, pain]. Pain in the chest. 

Thoracometer {tho-rak-om' '-et-er) \B£zpa!~, 
thorax ; perpov, a measure]. A stethometer. 

Thoracopagus {tho-rak-op' '-ag-us) [dcopa^, 
thorax ; Tzriyvvvat, to join]. A double mon- 
ster with portions of the thoraces coalescent. 

Thoracoplasty (tho' -rak-o-plas-te) \_66pa^, 
thorax; ttJAggslv, to form]. Plastic opera- 
tion upon the thorax. 

Thoracoscopy {tho-rak-os' -ko-pe) [Btopa!;, 
thorax ; anoiretv, to examine] . Examination 
of the chest, especially by the stethoscope. 

Thoracotomy {tho - rak - ot f - - me) [Oupa^, 
thorax ; repveiv, to cut] . Incision of the 
thorax or chest- wall. 

Thoradelphus (tho-rad-el f -fus) \66)pa^, tho- 
rax ; adeAOoc, brother]. A monster consist- 
ing of two individuals united above the um- 
bilicus, with one head, four lower, and two 
upper extremities. 

Thorax {tho f -raks) \p(opa^\ The chest ; the 
framework of bones and soft tissues, bounded 
by the diaphragm below, the ribs and ster- 
num in front, the ribs and dorsal portion of 
the vertebral column behind, and above by 
the structures in the lower part of the neck, 
and containing the heart enclosed in the peri- 
cardium, the lungs invested by the pleura, and 
the mediastinal structures. T., Regions of. 
See Regions. 

Thorn-apple. See Stramonium. 

Thornwaldt's Disease. See Diseases, Table 
of. 

Thorough-wort. See Eupatorhtm. 

Thought-transference. See Telepathy. 

Thread-worm. See Oxyuris. 

Three-day Fever. Synonym of Dengue. 

Threpsology {threp-soV -o-je) [Opeiptg, nutri- 
tion ; Aoyoq, treatise] . The science of nutri- 
tion. 



Threshold (thresh' -old). The lower limit of 
stimulus capable of producing an impression 
upon consciousness. 

Thrill. A fine vibration felt by the hand. 
A thrill may be felt on palpation over an 
aneurysm, over a heart the seat of valvular 
disease, and over hydatid cysts. T., Pur- 
ring, a thrill resembling that felt when the 
hand is placed on the back of a cat. 

Throat [throt) [AS., throte, throat]. I. The 
anterior part of the neck. 2. The pharynx 
and larynx ; the fauces. T., Sore, pharyn- 
gitis. 

Throb. A pulsation or beating. 

Throbbing [throb' '-ing). A rhythmic beat- 
ing. T. Aorta, exaggerated pulsation of 
the abdominal aorta perceptible to the pa- 
tient. 

Thrombo- {throm f -bo-) [flpopfiog, thrombus]. 
A prefix denoting pertaining to a thrombus. 

Thromboarteritis {throm - bo - ar - ter - i f - tis) 
[6p6pj3og, thrombus ; aprecpla, artery ; mc, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of an artery 
associated with thrombosis. 

Thromboid (throm f -boid) \6p6p($oc, throm- 
bus; eldoc, like]. Resembling a thrombus. 

Thrombophlebitis [throm - bo -fleb - i r - tis) 
\_6popi3og, thrombus ; 0?tii/>, vein ; ltlq, inflam- 
mation]. Inflammation of a vein associated 
with thrombosis. 

Thrombosis (throm-bo' -sis) {dpopfioq, throm- 
bus]. The formation of a thrombus. 

Thrombotic (throm-bof ' -ik) \_6popf3og, throm- 
bus]. Pertaining to or produced by throm- 
bosis. 

Thrombus (throm f -bus) [6p6pj3or, clot]. A 
clot of blood formed within the heart or 
blood-vessels, due usually to a slowing of 
the circulation or to alteration of the blood 
or vessel-walls. 

Through- Illumination. Transillumination. 

Through-drainage. A method of drainage 
in which a perforated tube is carried through 
the cavity to be drained, so that the latter 
can be flushed through and through by the 
injection of fluid into one end of the tube. 

Thrush. A form of stomatitis due to a spe- 
cific fungus, the Oidium albicans, or Saccha- 
romyces albicans, and characterized by the 
presence of diffuse, white patches. It occurs 
especially in weakly children, but. may affect 
adults depressed by wasting diseases. 

Thuja (thu f -yah, thu f -jaJi). A genus of trees 
of the order Coniferae. T. occidentalis, 
arbor vitae, has been used in intermittent 
fever, rheumatism, and scurvy, and as an 
emmenagogue. 

Thumb (thum). The digit on the extreme 
radial side of the hand, differing from the 
other digits in having but two phalanges, 
and in that its metacarpal bone is separately 
movable. 



THUS 



624 



TIC 



Thus [L. , tkus\. True frankincense, or oli- 
banum. 

Thymacetin (thi-mas f -et-iii) [dvuov, thyme ; 
acetum, vinegar] , C 6 H 2 ( CH 3 ) (C 3 H 7 ) (OC 2 H 5 )- 
XH(C 2 H s O). A derivative of thymol used 
as an antineuralgic. Dose gr. iij-xv (0.2- 
1.0). 

Thyme (tim) [dvuov, thyme]. The genus 
Thymus, of the order Labiatse. Thymus 
vulgaris yields a volatile oil (Oleum thymi, 
U. S. P.), in which are found cymene, thy- 
mene, and thymol. 

Thymic \thi' '- mic, also for first definition, 
ti / -7?iik) [dcpog, thyme]. I. Pertaining to or 
contained in thyrne. 2. Pertaining to the 
thymus gland. T. Asthma, a form of 
laryngismus stridulus, consisting in a tem- 
porary suspension of respiration, attributed 
to enlargement of the thymus. 

Thymol {ti' '-mo/, thi'-mol) [dviiov, thyme ; 
oleum, oil], C 10 H 13 HO. A phenol derived 
from the volatile oils of Thymus vulgaris, 
Monarda punctata, and Carum ajowan. It is 
a crystalline solid, melting at 44 C. , very 
slightly soluble in water, and is used as 
a local antiseptic and deodorant in ulcers, 
leukorrhea, and stomatitis, as an intestinal 
antiseptic, and as an anthelmintic. Dose gr. 
i-ij (0.065-0.13). 

Thymus {thi'-mics) [difiog, thymus]. The 
T. gland, an organ situated in the anterior 
superior mediastinum. It continues to de- 
velop until the second year of life, afterward 
remains stationary until about the fourteenth, 
and then undergoes fatty metamorphosis and 
atrophy. The T. consists of lobules largely 
composed of lymphadenoid tissue in which 
minute concentric bodies, the corpuscles of 
Hassal, are found. The latter are remnants 
of epithelial structures. 2. A genus of 
labiate plants. See Thyme. 

Thyreo- {thi r -re-o-}. See Thyro-. 

Thyro- (thi'-ro) [dvpeoc, a shield, and 
hence, from similarity of shape and func- 
tion, the thyroid gland or cartilage]. A 
prefix signifying relationship to the thyroid 
gland. 

Thyroarytenoid {thi - ro - ar - it' - en - oid) 
[dvpeoc, shield; arytenoid]. Pertaining to the 
thyroid and arytenoid cartilages, as, e. g. , the 
T. ligaments ; T. muscle (Thyroarytenoi- 
deus). 

Thyrocele {thi'-ro-sel) [dvpeoc, thyroid; 
tdfiu], a tumor]. A tumor affecting the thy- 
roid gland ; goiter. 

Thyroepiglottic [thi - ro - ep - e - glot f - ik) 
[dvpeoc, shield ; epiglottis] . Pertaining to 
the thyroid cartilage and the epiglottis, as, 
e.g., the T. muscle (Thyroepiglottideus). 

Thyrohyoid [thi-ro-hi' '-oid) [dvpeog, shield; 
hyoid]. Pertaining to the thyroid cartilage 
and hyoid bone, as, e. g., the T. membrane. 



Thyroid {thi f -roid) [dvpeoc, shield; eldoc, 
like]. 1. Shield- shaped. 2. Pertaining to 
the T. gland. 3. Pertaining to the T. carti- 
lage. 4. Pertaining to the T. foramen. T. 
Cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal carti- 
lages, united at an angle in front, called the 
pomum Adami. T. Foramen. See Fora- 
men, Obtiu-ator. T. Gland, one of the so- 
called ductless glands, lying in front of the 
trachea, and consisting of two lateral lobes, 
connected centrally by an isthmus. The or- 
gan is composed of follicles lined by epithe- 
lium, producing a peculiar colloid material. 
The function of the organ is not definitely 
known, but is supposed to be the production 
of some substance necessary to the body — an 
internal secretion that may counteract poisons 
produced in the system. Hypertrophy of the 
gland (goiter) is sometimes associated with a 
peculiar disease known as exophthalmic 
goiter ; absence of the gland leads to cretin- 
ism or myxedema. An extract prepared 
from the T. gland of animals (T. Extract) 
and other preparations of the gland are used 
medicinally. See Organotherapy. 

Thyroidectomy [thi-roi-dek' '-to-me) [dvpeoc, 
shield ; enronr), excision]. Excision of the 
thyroid gland. 

Thyroidin [thi-roi' '-din) [dvpeoc, shield ; 
eldoc, like]. An extract of the thyroid 
gland. 

Thyroiditis [thi-roi-di f -tis) [dvpeoc, shield ; 
ltlc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
thyroid gland. 

Thyroidotomy {thi-roi-dof '-o-me) [dvpeoc, 
shield; tout], a cutting]. Incision of the 
thyroid gland. 

Thyrotomy {thi-rot'-o-me) [dvpeoc, shield ; 
tout], a cutting] . Incision or splitting of the 
thyroid cartilage. 

Tibia {tib'-e-ah) [L. , shin]. The larger of 
the two bones of the leg, commonly called 
the shin-bone, articulating with the femur, 
fibula, and astragalus. 

Tibial {tib f -e-al) [tibia, tibia]. Pertaining 
to or in relation with the tibia, as, e. g., the 
T. muscle (Tibialis), T. artery, T. nerve. 

Tibio- (tib'-e-o-) [tibia, tibia]. A prefix 
meaning pertaining to the tibia. 

Tibiofemoral (tib-e-o-fem' '-or-al)[libia , tibia; 
femur, femur]. Pertaining to the tibia and 
the femur. 

Tibiofibular (tib-e-o-fib' -u-lar) [tibia, tibia ; 
fibula, fibula]. Pertaining to the tibia and 
the fibula. 

Tibiotarsal {tib-e-o-tar f -sal) [tibia, tibia ; 
rapooc, tarsus]. Pertaining to the tibia and 
the tarsus. 

Tic {tik) [Fr. ]. A twitching, especially of 
the facial muscles. T. convulsif, T., Con- 
vulsive, spasm of the facial muscles. T. 
douloureux, neuralgia of the trifacial nerve. 



TICK 



625 



TITILLATION 



Tick (tik). A name applied to several species 
of Acarus. 

Tickle (tik f -l). To touch so as to cause a 
peculiar sensation (tickling, or titillation), 
usually associated with laughing and reflex 
muscular movements. 

T. i. d. An abbreviation for ter in die, three 
times a day. 

Tidal Air. See Respiration. T. Wave. 
See Wave. 

Tiglium (tig'-le-um). The Croton tigliumof 
the order Euphorbiacese. It contains a fixed 
oil, croton oil (Oleum tiglii, U. S. P., Oleum 
crotonis, B. P.), which is a powerful local 
irritant, and is used, locally, as a counter- 
irritant in gout, rheumatism, neuralgia, glan- 
dular swellings, etc. It is an active purga- 
tive, especially useful in cases when a prompt 
effect is desired, as in mania, coma, etc. 
Dose I to 2 drops (0.065-0. 13). 

Tilia (til f -e-aK) [L. ]. A genus of exogenous 
trees — the linden, or bass wood. 

Timbre {tam'-ber) [Fr. ]. The peculiar 
quality of a tone, other than pitch and inten- 
sity, that makes it distinctive. It depends 
upon the overtones of the vibrating body. 

Tin. A silvery- white, metallic, malleable 
element, having a specific gravity of 7.3, an 
atomic weight of 118, an atomicity of two or 
four. Symbol Sn, from the Latin stannum. 
T. Chlorid, stannous chlorid, SnCl 2 -\- 2H 2 0, 
is used as a reagent. 

Tincture [tingk'-tur) [tinctura, from tingere, 
to tinge]. I. A solution of the medicinal 
principles of a substance in a fluid other than 
water or glycerol. 2. Specifically, an alco- 
holic solution of a medicinal substance. T., 
Ammoniated, one made with ammoniated 
alcohol. T., Ethereal, one made with 
ether. 

Tinea {tin f -e-ah) [L. , a moth, a worm]. 
Ringworm; a generic term applied to a 
class of skin-diseases caused by parasitic 
fungi, formerly applied to many spreading 
cutaneous diseases. T. amiantacea, T. as- 
bestina, seborrhea. T. circinata. See T. 
trichophytina . T. cruris. See T. tricho- 

phytina. T. decalvans, alopecia areata. 
T. favosa, favus. T. furfuracea, seborrhcea 
sicca. T. imbricata, Tokelau ringworm, 
Bowditch Island ringworm, a disease occur- 
ring in the East Indies, and characterized by 
the formation of concentric scaly patches and 
intense itching. T. kerion, a markedly in- 
flammatory form of ringworm of the scalp 
(T. tonsurans), giving rise to the formation of 
an edematous, boggy swelling discharging a 
mucoid secretion. T. lupinosa, favus. T. 
sycosis. See T. trichophytina. T. tarsi, ble- 
pharitis ulcerosa. T. tonsurans. See T. tri- 
chophytina. T. trichophytina, ringworm, a 
spreading, contagious disease of the skin due 
40 



to a vegetable fungus, the Trichophyton. On 
the nonhairy parts of the body ( T. trichophy- 
tina corporis, T. circinata) it presents itself 
by spreading, scaly patches, tending to clear 
in the center. On the thighs and scrotum 
( T. trichophytina cruris) it is apt to assume 
the appearance of eczema, hence it is also 
called Eczema marginatum. The nails may 
be affected (T. trichophytina unguium), be- 
coming grayish, opaque, and brittle. On the 
scalp ( T. trichophytina capitis, T. tonsurans) 
it forms rounded, grayish, slightly elevated, 
scaly patches, with brittleness and loss of the 
hair. Ringworm of the bearded region ( T. 
trichophytina barbce, T. sycosis, parasitic syco- 
sis, barber's itch) forms at first rounded, 
scaly patches, which soon become nodular 
and lumpy, and tend to break down. T. 
versicolor, a disease of the skin due to a 
vegetable parasite, the Microsporon furfur. 
It is characterized by brownish-yellow mac- 
ules that coalesce to form extensive areas of 
eruption. There is usually slight itching. 

Tingible (linj v -ibl) \tingere, to tinge]. 
Capable of being stained ; stainable. 

Tinkling [tingk'-ling), A chinking sound, 
heard over a pneumothorax or a large pulmon- 
ary cavity ; also called metallic T. 

Tinnitus {tin-i f -tus or tin'-it-us) [tinnire, to 
tinkle]. A subjective ringing, roaring, or 
hissing sound heard in the ears, also called 
T. aurium. 

Tisane {te-zahn f ). See Ptisan. 

Tissue (tish r -u) [Fr. , tissu, from L. , texere, 
to weave]. An aggregation of similar cells 
and fibers, forming a distinct structure, and 
entering as such into the formation of an organ 
or organism. T. , Adipose, fatty tissue, a 
form of connective T. consisting of fat-cells 
lodged in the meshes of areolar T. T., Areo- 
lar, a form of connective T. consisting of 
cells and delicate, elastic fibers interlacing 
in every direction. T., Cancellous, the 
spongy T. of bones. T., Cartilaginous. 
See Cartilage. T., Connective, a general 
term for all those tissues of the body that 
support the essential elements or parenchyma. 
The most important varieties are adipose T., 
areolar T., osseous T. , cartilaginous T., elastic 
T. , fibrous T. , lymphoid T. T., Epithelial. 
See Epithelium. T., Erectile, a spongy T. 
that becomes expanded and hard when filled 
with blood. T., Lymphoid, a form of con- 
nective T. in which reticular meshes contain 
lymphoid cells. T., Mucous, a connective 
T. such as is present in the umbilical cord 
of the fetus. T., Muscular. See Muscle. 
T., Nervous. See Nerve. T., Osseous. 
See Bone. 

Titillation (tit-il-a / -shun)[_titillare, to tickle]. 
The act of tickling ; the sensation produced 
by tickling. 



TITRATION 



626 



TONIC 



Titration (tit-ra'-s/iun) [Fr., titre, standard 
of fineness]. Volumetric analysis by the 
aid of standard-solutions. 

Titubation {tit - u - ba f - shun) [titubare, to 
stagger]. A staggering gait seen especially 
in diseases of the cerebellum. 

Tl. Symbol of thallium. 

Tobacco {to-bak'-o) [Sp. , tabaco, tobacco]. 
The Nicotiana tabacum, a plant of the order 
Solanaceae, the dried leaves of which (Ta- 
bacum, U. S. P., Tabaci folia, B. P.) con- 
tain a liquid alkaloid, nicotin, C ]0 H U N 2 , 
which is also present in the seeds and root. 
Nicotin is one of the most active poisons 
known. Tobacco-smoke contains a series 
of bases, among which are pyridin, picolin, 
lutidin, collidin, parvolin, and others. T. 
is used as a sedative in nearly all parts of the 
world, being smoked, chewed, or used as 
snuff. Its physiologic action is that of a 
nauseant, antispasmodic, and depressant; it 
is also a local irritant. In medicine it has 
been employed as a relaxant in intestinal 
obstruction, being given in the form of an 
enema, but it is now rarely used except in 
asthma and locally in hemorrhoids. T.- 
amblyopia, amblyopia produced by the pro- 
longed and excessive use of T. T. -heart, 
an irritable state of the heart, characterized 
by irregular action and palpitation, produced 
by excessive indulgence in T. T., Indian. 
See Lobelia. 

Tocodynamometer {tok-o-di-nam-om' '-et-er) 
[ro/coc, birth ; dynamometer']. An instrument 
for measuring the force of the expulsive efforts 
of the uterus in childbirth. 

Tocology ( tok-oV-o-je) [tokoq, childbirth ; 
"Xdyog, science]. The science of obstetrics. 

Toe [AS., td\ A digit of the foot. T.- 
reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. 

Toilet (toi'-let) [OF., toilette, a cloth]. In 
surgery, the cleansing, washing, and dressing 
of an operative wound. 

Tokelau Ringworm. See Tinea imbricata. 

Tolerance [toV -er-ans) [tolerare, to bear]. 
The ability of enduring the influence of a 
drug or poison, particularly when acquired 
by a continued use of the substance. 

Tollen's Test. A test for glucose, consisting 
in the reduction of an ammoniacal solution 
of silver nitrate to metallic silver. 

Tolu {to - lu f ) [Santiago de Tolu in New 
Granada, where it was first obtained]. Bal- 
sam of tolu (Balsamum tolutanum, U. S. P., 
B. P.), a balsam obtained from Toluifera 
balsamum, of the order Leguminosse. It is 
used as a stimulant expectorant. Dose gr. 
x-xxx (0.65—2.0). Preparations and doses: 
Syrupus tolutanus, U. S. P. , B. P., f 3; j (4.0) ; 
Tinctura tolutana, U. S. P., B. P. , f^j-ij 
(4.0-8.0). 

Toluene (tol'-u-en) [tolu], C 7 Hg. Methyl- 



benzene ; a hydrocarbon obtained from coal- 
tar, and also produced in the dry distillation of 
tolu-balsam and many resins. 

Toluidin {tol-zi' -id-in) [tolu], C 7 H 7 .NH 2 . A 
homologue of anilin, prepared from toluene. 

Toluol {toV-ti-ol). Same as Toluene. 

Tomentum {to-meti' '-turn) [L.]. A lock of 
wool. T. cerebri, the network of small 
blood-vessels of the pia penetrating the cortex 
of the brain. 

Tome's Fibers. See Fibers of Tome. 

Tomomania {tom-o-ma r -ne-ah) [rofxr], a cut- 
ting; fiavia, madness]. An excessive de- 
sire to perform operations. 

Tone {ton) \rovog, from relveiv, to stretch]. 
I. A distinct sound. 2. The normal state 
of tension of a part or of the body. 

Tonga {tong f -gah). A mixture of various 
barks, probably of Premna taitensis and 
Raphidophora vitiensis, brought from the 
Feejee Islands, and used in neuralgia. Dose 
of a fluid extract f^ss (2.0). 

Tongue (tujig). The movable muscular or- 
gan attached to the floor of the mouth, and 
concerned in tasting, masticating, swallow- 
ing, and speaking. It consists of a number 
of muscles, and is covered by mucous mem- 
brane from which project numerous papillae, 
and in which are placed the terminal organs 
of taste. T., Black, a condition in which 
the dorsal surface of the tongue is covered 
with a black coating. T. -depressor, a 
spatula for pushing down the tongue dur- 
ing the examination of the mouth and throat. 
T., Fern-leaf Pattern, a name given to a T. 
presenting a well-marked central furrow 
(midrib) with lateral branches. T., Filmy, 
one with whitish, symmetric patches on both 
sides. T., Furred, a coated T., the papilke 
of which are prominent, giving the mucous 
membrane the appearance of a whitish fur. 
T., Geographic, one with localized thicken- 
ing of the epithelium, giving to the surface 
the appearance of a geographic chart. T., 
Hairy, one with a hyperplasia of the papillae, 
giving rise to hair-like projections. T., 
Strawberry, a hyperemic T., the fungiform 
papillae of which are very prominent ; it is 
seen especially in scarlet fever. T. -swal- 
lowing, a condition in which there is an ab- 
normal mobility of the organ, so that it falls 
backward, giving rise to danger of suffo- 
cation. T.-tie, a congenital shortening of 
the frenum of the T., interfering with its 
mobility ; ankyloglossia. T., Wooden, one 
the seat of actinomycosis. 

Tonic {ton ; -ik) [tovoq, tone]. I. Pertain- 
ing to tone ; producing normal tone or ten- 
sion. 2. An agent producing normal tone 
of an organ or part. T., Cardiac, one 
strengthening the heart-muscle. T., Intes- 
tinal, one strengthening the tone of the in- 



TONICITY 



627 



TORPID 



testines. T., Nervine, one increasing the 
tone of the nervous system. T., Stomachic, 
one increasing the tone of the stomach. T., 
Vascular, one increasing the tone or tension 
of the blood-vessels. 3. Characterized by 
continuous tension or contraction, as, e.g., 
a T. spasm, T. convulsion. 

Tonicity (to- nis f -it - e) \jovoq, tone]. The 
condition of normal tone or tension of organs ; 
a state of tone. 

Tonka Bean (tong f -kah ben). The seed of 
Dipteryx odorata, a tree of South America ; 
it contains coumarin, and is used as a flavor- 
ing agent. 

Tonometer (ton-om' '-et-er) [rovoc, tone, ten- 
sion ; usrpov, measure]. An instrument to 
measure tension, as, e. g. , that of the eyeball. 

Tonsil (Avj'-j//) \_tonsilla~\. I . A small, almond- 
shaped body, situated on each side of the 
fauces, between the anterior and posterior 
pillars of the soft palate. It consists of an 
aggregation of from ten to eighteen lymph- 
follicles, and is covered by mucous mem- 
brane, which dips into certain depressions 
called crypts. 2. A small lobe of the cere- 
bellar hemisphere, situated on the inferior 
mesial aspect. T., Faucial. See Tonsil, 
1st def T., Lingual, an accumulation of 
lymphadenoid tissue at the base of the 
tongue. T., Pharyngeal, a mass of lym- 
phadenoid tissue in the pharynx, between 
the Eustachian tubes. 

Tonsillar (ton'- sil -a?-) \_tonsilla, tonsil]. I. 
Pertaining to the tonsil, as, e. g., the T. artery. 
2. Affecting the tonsil, as, e.g., T. abscess. 

Tonsillitis (ton-sil-^-tis) \tonsilla, tonsil ; 
itiq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
tonsil. T., Follicular, a form in which the 
follicles are especially involved and project 
as whitish points from the surface of the 
tonsil. T., Herpetic, a form characterized 
by an eruption of herpetic vesicles, which 
soon rupture, leaving small, circular ulcers 
that coalesce and become covered with a 
fibrinous exudation. The disease has an 
acute onset, a continuous fever, and a critical 
decline, affects those subject to herpes else- 
where, and tends to recur. T., Lacunar. 
Same as T, Follicular. T., Mycotic, a 
form of T. due to fungi. T., Pustular, 
one characterized by the formation of pus- 
tules, as in small-pox. T., Suppurative. 
Synonym of Quinsy. 

Tonsillotome (ton' ' -sil-o-tom) \tonsilla, ton- 
sil ; Toiii], a cutting]. An instrument for 
removing or cutting off the tonsil. 

Tonsillotomy (ton - sil '- ot f - - me) [tonsilla, 
tonsil; tojit], a cutting]. The operation of 
cutting out the tonsil. 

Tonus (to'-nus) [tovoq, tone]. See Tone. 

Tooth (tooth) [AS., fo%, tooth]. One of the 
small, bone-like organs occupying the alve- 



olar processes of the upper and lower jaws, 
and serving for tearing and comminuting the 
food. The teeth begin to appear in the human 
being about the seventh month ; by the end 
of the third year, the eruption of the so-called 
temporary, deciduous, or milk-teeth, 
numbering 20, is completed. The permanent 
teeth begin to replace the deciduous teeth 
about the seventh year. In the adult, the 
permanent teeth number 32, or 16 in each 
jaw, and are divided as follows : 2 incisors, 
I canine, 2 bicuspids, and 3 molars in each 
lateral half of the jaw. Each tooth is com- 
posed of a crown, the exposed part, a con- 
stricted part, called the neck, and a part 
within the alveolus, called the fang or root. 
In structure a tooth consists of an outer hard 
substance, the enamel, encasing the crown ; 
the dentine, within the enamel ; and the 
pulp, a soft vascular tissue filling the pulp- 
cavity. The dentine of the root is surrounded 
by the ce?nent or crusta petrosa. T., Kye-, 
the upper canine tooth. Teeth, Hutch- 
inson's. See Hutchinson's Teeth. T., Stom- 
ach-, the lower canine tooth. T., Wisdom, 
the third molar tooth. 

Tophaceous (to - fa ' '- shus) [rd</>oc, stone]. 
Of the nature of tophi ; sandy, or gritty. 

Tophus (to'-fus) [roQog, stone]. 1. The 
hard, stone -like deposits occurring in gout, 
especially about the knuckles and the carti- 
lages of the ear, and consisting of sodium 
urate. 2. The tartar of the teeth. 

Topic, Topical (top'-ik, top'-ik-al) [roirog, 
place]. Local. 

Topoalgia (top-o-al f -je-ah) \tottoq , place ; 
aXyog, pain]. Localized pain, common in 
neurasthenia, and often appearing suddenly 
after emotional disturbances. 

Topographic (top-o-graf ' -ik) [roTroc, place ; 
ypatpeiv, to write]. Pertaining to a locality. 
T. Anatomy, the study of the regions 
occupied by a part, or in which anything oc- 
curs. 

Topography (top-og f -ra-fe) [tottoc, place ; 
■ypdtpeiv, to write]. A study of the regions 
of the body or its parts, as, e.g., cerebral T. 

Torcular Herophili (tor' -ku-lar her-off f -il-i) 
[L. , the wine-press of Herophilus]. The ex- 
panded extremity of the superior longitudinal 
sinus, placed in a depression on the inner 
surface of the occipital bone. It receives 
the blood from the occipital sinus, and from 
it is derived the lateral sinus of the side to 
which it is deflected. 

Tormen. See Tormina. 

Tormina (tor f - min - ah) \_pl. of tormen, a 
racking pain]. Griping pains in the bowels. 

Tornwaldt's Disease. See Thornwaldf s 
Disease. 

Torpid (tor r -pid) \torpere, to be numb]. 
Affected with torpor. 



TORPIDITY 



628 



TOXICOLOGY 



Torpidity (tor-pid'-it-e). See Torpor. 

Torpor (tor'-por) [L.]. Sluggishness, in- 
activity. T. retinae, dulled perceptive power 
of the retina. 

Torrefaction, Torrefication (tor-e-fak f - 
s/iun, tor-e-Jik-a' -shun) \torrefacere , to dry 
by heat] . Roasting ; drying by means of 
high heat. 

Torricellean Vacuum (to-re-tsheF -e-an)\_ Tor- 
ricelli, an Italian physicist]. The vacuum 
above the mercury-column of a barometer. 

Torsion [tor' -shun) \torquere, to twist]. A 
twisting. 

Torticollis (tor-te-col'-is) \tortus, twisted ; 
colhan, neck]. Wry-neck, a contraction of 
one or more of the cervical muscles, usually 
of one side, resulting in an abnormal position 
of the head. T., Rheumatic, stiff-neck, a 
form due to rheumatism of the sternocleido- 
mastoid or other muscle of the neck. T., 
Spasmodic, spasmodic contraction of the 
muscles of the neck of one side, especially 
the sternocleidomastoid, causing a drawing 
of the head toward the opposite side. 

Torula (tor f -u-lah) \torulus, a small tuft]. 
I. A genus of fungi reproducing by bud- 
ding, many species of which are alcoholic 
ferments. T. cerevisias. See Saccharomyces 
cerevisicz. 2. A chain of spheric bacteria. 

Torus (tor f -us) [L.]. I. A surface having 
a regular curvature, with two principal merid- 
ians of dissimilar curvature at right angles to 
each other. 2. An elevation or prominence. 
3. The tuber cinereum of the brain. T. fron- 
talis, a protuberance in the region of the 
frontal sinuses, at the root of the nose. T. 
palatinus, a protuberance on the surface of 
the hard palate, marking the point of junction 
of the intermaxillary and palatomaxillary 
sutures. 

Touch (tuch) [Fr ., toucher]. I. The tactile 
sense. 2. The act of judging by the tactile 
sense; palpation, especially palpation of a 
part with the finger, as rectal T., vaginal T. 
T. -corpuscle, a tactile corpuscle. 

Tour de Maitre (toor-d' '-matr) [Fr. , the 
master's turn]. A method of passing a 
catheter into the bladder in which it is intro- 
duced into the urethra with the convexity 
upward, the shaft lying obliquely across the 
left thigh of the patient, and as the point 
enters the bulb, the handle is swept around 
toward the abdomen, when the beak passes 
into the membranous urethra, and is carried 
into the bladder by depressing the shaft be- 
tween the patient's thighs. A sound may be 
introduced into the uterus in an analogous 
manner, by entering the instrument with the 
convexity upward, and then sweeping the 
shaft around. 

Tourette's Disease [Gilles de la Tourette, 
a French physician]. A convulsive form of 



tic, characterized by motor incoordination 
with echolalia and coprolalia. 

Tourniquet (toor f -nik-et) [Fr. , from tourner, 
to turn]. An instrument for controlling the 
circulation by means of compression, usually 
consisting of two metallic plates united by a 
thumb-screw, and a strap provided with a pad. 
The strap is fastened about the part, the pad 
being made to lie over the artery to be oc- 
cluded. The screw is placed diametrically 
opposite the pad, and the strap tightened by 
separating the metallic plates of the screw. 
T., Dupuytren's, one for compressing the 
abdominal aorta, consisting of a semicircle 
of metal with a pad at one extremity. T., 
Esmarch's, one consisting of a stout, elastic 
rubber band applied above the proximal turn 
of an elastic bandage passing around the part 
to be rendered bloodless. T., Field-, one 
consisting of a strap and buckle with a pad to 
be placed over the artery. T., Horse-shoe, 
one shaped like a horse-shoe, to compress 
only two points, and thus permit venous re- 
turn. T., Provisional, one applied loosely, 
so that it may be tightened at once upon the 
recurrence of hemorrhage. T., Signorini's. 
See T, Horse-shoe. 

Tow. The coarse part of flax or hemp, used 
as an absorbent. 

Tox-, Toxico-, Toxo- (toks-, toks f -ik-o-, 
toks f -o-) [rot-Lnov, poison]. A prefix signify- 
ing poisonous, or caused by a poison. 

Toxalbumin (toks-al-bu' '-mm) [to^lkov, poi- 
son; albumin']. A poisonous proteid. Tox- 
albumins have been obtained from cultures 
of bacteria and from certain plants. 

Toxemia (toks-e' '-me-ah) [to^ikov, poison ; 
aifxa, blood]. Blood-poisoning, a condition 
of the blood in which it contains poisonous 
products, either those produced by the body- 
cells or those due to the growth of microor- 
ganisms. 

Toxemic (toks-em / -ik, toks-e f -mik) [to^lkov, 
poison ; at/ua, blood]. Pertaining to, af- 
fected with, or caused by toxemia. 

Toxic (toks'-ik) [toZikov, poison]. Poison- 
ous ; produced by a poison. 

Toxicant (toks'-ik-ant) [to^lkSv, poison]. I. 
Poisonous or toxic. 2. A poisonous agent. 

Toxicity (toks-is' '-it-e) [rotjinov, poisonous]. 
The quality of being toxic. 

Toxicodendron (toks-ik-o-den' -dron). See 
Rhus. 

Toxicoderma (toks-ik-o-de?-' '-mah) [to^ikov, 
poison; Sep/na, skin]. Disease of the skin 
due to poison. 

Toxicogenic (toks - ik-o -jenf- ik) [to^ik6v, 
poison; yevvav, to produce]. Producing 
poisons. 

Toxicohemia (toks - ik - 0- he f - me- ah) . See 
Toxemia. 

Toxicology (toks-ik-oV '-o-je)[ro^iK6v, poison; 



TOXICOMANIA 



629 



TRACTORATION 



/.o;o<;, science]. The science of the nature 
and effects of poisons, their detection, and 
the treatment of their effects. 

Toxicomania (toks-ik-o-ma f -ne-ah) [^to^ikSp, 
poison; uavta, madness]. I. Morbid desire 
to consume poison. 2. Toxiphobia. 

Toxicosis Qoks-ik-o'-sis) [to^lkov, poison]. 
A state of poisoning. 

Toxiferous (toks-if'-er-us) [to^ikov, poison ; 
ferre, to bear]. Producing or conveying 
poison. 

Toxin (toks'-in) [to^lkov, poison]. I. Any 
poisonous substance, albuminous in nature, 
produced by the action of bacteria on organic 
matter. 2. Any poisonous substance, either 
albuminous or basic, produced by the action 
of bacteria on organic matter. 

Toxiphobia (toks-e-fo' '-be-ah) [to^lkov, poi- 
son ; <p63og, fear]. Morbid dread of being 
poisoned. 

Toxophylaxin (tox- o-fil- aks f -in) [ro^/cov, 
poison ; (pi>Aa^ , a protector] . See Phylaxin. 

Toxosozin (toks-o-so , -zin) [to^lkov, poison; 
atj^eiv, to save]. See Sozin. 

Toynbee's Experiment [ Toynbee, an Eng- 
lish otologist]. The rarefaction of the air 
of the middle ear by swallowing, with co- 
incident closure of the mouth and nares. 

Trabecula {tra-bek' -u-lah) [L., a small 
beam; pi. , Trabecid<z\ Any one of the 
fibrous bands extending from the capsule 
into the interior of an organ. 

Trabs cerebri (trabz ser'-eb-ri) [L.]. The 
corpus callosum. 

Trace (trds). A mark. T., Primitive. See 
Primitive Trace. 

Tracheal {tra'-ke-al) [rpax^ia, trachea]. 
Pertaining to, or produced in the trachea. 
T. Tugging, the downward tugging move- 
ment of the larynx, sometimes observed in 
aneurysm of the aortic arch. 

Trachealis Muscle {trak-e-a f -lis) [rpaxtia, 
trachea]. The intrinsic transverse muscle- 
fibers found in the trachea. 

Tracheitis (tra-ke-i' ' -tis) [rpaxda, trachea ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
trachea. 

Trachelo- (trak f -el-o-) [rp&xvAoc;, neck]. A 
prefix denoting pertaining to the neck. 

Trachelomastoid ( Irak - el- o- mas' - toid) 
[rpaj^/loc, neck; mastoid\ Pertaining to 
the neck and the mastoid process. 

Tracheoplasty (trak' ' -el-o-plas-te) [rp&xqhog, 
neck; irXaaauv, to mold]. Plastic operation 
on the neck of the uterus. 

Trachelorrhaphy (trak-el-or' '-a-fe) [rpdxrjAog, 
neck ; poffl^, suture] . Repair of a laceration 
of the cervix uteri. 

Trachelotomy (trak-el-of '-o-me) [rpaxv^og, 
neck; to/j.?/, a cutting]. Incision into the 
cervix uteri. 

Tracheobronchitis (tra - ke - o-brong -ki'-tis) 



\_rpaxela, trachea; (3puyx<>C, bronchus; mc, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the trachea 
and bronchi. 

Tracheocele (tra f -ke-o-sel) [rpax^'m, trachea; 
ktjai], tumor]. I. Protrusion of the mucous 
membrane of the trachea. 2. Goiter. 

Tracheoesophageal (tra-ke-o-e-sof-af -e-al) 
[rpaxtia, the trachea ; oioo<payog, esophagus]. 
Pertaining to the trachea and the esophagus. 

Tracheolaryngeal (tra -ke - o- lar-in f -je-al ) 
[rpaxtia, trachea ; Aapvyg, larynx] . Pertain- 
ing to the trachea and the larynx. 

Tracheoscopy [tra-ke-os'- ko -pe) [rpax^la, 
trachea; gkoke'lv, to inspect]. Inspection 
of the interior of the trachea by means of a 
laryngoscopic mirror and reflected light. 

Tracheostenosis (tra-ke-o-sten-o' '-sis) [jpa- 
jew, trachea; arevuotg, stenosis]. Stenosis 
of the trachea. 

Tracheotomy (tra - ke-ot r -o- me) [rpa^eZa , 
trachea ; to/j.jj, a cutting] . The operation of 
cutting into the trachea through the cricothy- 
roid membrane, or through the cricoid cartil- 
age and the upper part of the trachea. T., 
Inferior, one performed below the isthmus 
of the thyroid gland. T., Superior, one 
performed above the isthmus of the thyroid 
gland. T.-tube, a metal tube placed in the 
opening made in tracheotomy, and through 
which breathing is carried on. 

Trachoma (tra-ko' '-mah) \_rpaxi'C, rough]. 
Granular conjunctivitis, granular lids ; a con- 
tagious disease of the eyelids characterized 
by small, sago-like elevations on the conjunc- 
tiva, and later by cicatricial contraction and 
deformity of the lids. The friction of the 
elevations ( T. -granulations) against the cor- 
nea often produces ulcer or pannus. 

Trachomatous ( tra - ko f -mat -us) [rpax'i'Q , 
rough]. Affected with or pertaining to 
trachoma. 

Tract \tractus\ A distinct, more or less de- 
fined region having considerable length, es- 
pecially a collection of fibers, in the central 
nervous system. 

Traction (trak' '-shun) \trahere, to draw]. 
The act of drawing or pulling. T. -aneu- 
rysm, an aneurysm due to traction on the 
aorta by an incompletely atrophied ductus 
Botalli. T., Axis-, traction in the axis or di- 
rection of a channel, as of the pelvis, through 
which a body is to be drawn. Axis-T. For- 
ceps, an obstetric forceps for performing 
axis-traction in the delivery of the fetus. 
T. -diverticulum, a circumscribed saccula- 
tion of the esophagus from the traction of ad- 
hesions. T., Elastic, traction by an elastic 
force. 

Tractor (trak'-tor) [trahere, to draw]. I. 
An instrument for making traction. 2. See 
Perkinsism. 

Tractoration (trak-tor-a f -shun) [trahere t to 



TRACTUS 



630 



TRANSVERSE 



draw] . Treatment by metallic tractors. See 
Perkinsis/u. 

Tractus (trak'-tus). See Tract. 

Tragacanth [trag'- a - kanth) [rpayanavda ; 
rpdyoq, goat; anavda, thorn]. A gummy 
exudation from various species of Astragalus, 
of the order Leguminosae, constituting the 
Tragacantha of the U. S. P. and B. P. It 
resembles gum-arabic, and is used as a de- 
mulcent, and is added to water to suspend 
insoluble powders and for making troches. 
Preparations: Mucilago tragacanthae,U. S. P., 
B. P.; Pulvis tragacanthae compositus, B. P., 
dose gr. xxx-3 j (2.0-4.0) ; Glycerinum 
tragacanthae, B. P. 

Tragicus [traj'-ik-tts). See Muscles, Table 
of. 

Tragus [tra'-gus) [rpdyoq, goat]. The 
small prominence of cartilage projecting over 
the meatus of the external ear. 

Trance {trans) [transire, to pass over]. A 
form of abnormal sleep from which the 
patient ordinarily cannot be aroused, and 
which is dependent upon hysteria (hysteric 
T.) or hypnotism. 

Trans- [trans, across]. A prefix denoting 
through or across. 

Transection [tran-sek' -shun) [trans, across ; 
secare, to cut]. A section made across the 
long axis of a part. 

Transfer [trans' '-fer) [trans, across ; ferre, 
to cany] . The change of anesthesia or hy- 
peresthesia from one part of the body to 
another, a phenomenon present in some cases 
of hysteria. 

Transference [trans-fir' '-ens) [trans, across ; 
firre, to cam-]. I. See Transfer. 2. See 
Thought-tra nsfer. 

Transfix [trans-f.ks')[trans , across ;fgere, to 
fix]. To pierce through and through. 

Transfixion [trans-fik' -shun) [trans, across; 

figere, to fix]. The act of piercing through 
and through. 

Transforation [trans -for - a' - shun) [trans, 
across ; forare, to pierce]. The act of per- 
forating, as, e.g., T. of the fetal skull. 

Transformation [trans-for-ma' '-shun) [trans, 
across ; formare, to form] . A change of 
form or constitution ; degeneration. 

Transfusion (trans-fu' '-zhun) [trans, across ; 
fundere, to pour]. The pouring of liquid 
from one vessel to another ; especially the 
introduction into a vessel of the body of 
blood or other liquid. T., Arterial, T. of 
blood into an artery. T., Direct or Imme- 
diate, the T. of blood from one person to 
another without exposure of the blood to the 
air. T., Indirect or Mediate, the intro- 
duction of blood that was first drawn into a 
vessel. T., Venous, T. into a vein. 

Transillumination [trans-il-hi-min-a' '-shun) 
[tran s, through ; illuminare, to illuminate]. 



Illumination of the walls of a cavity by a 
light passed through them. 

Translation [trans-la' -shun) [trans, across; 

ferre, to bear]. A change of location. 

Translucent [tran s-lu f -sent) [trans, across; 
lucere, to shine]. Permitting a partial trans- 
mission of light ; somewhat transparent. 

Transmigration [trans-vii-gra' '-shun) [trans, 
across; migra re, to wander]. A wandering 
across or through ; as, e.g., T. of the ovum ; 
T. of the white corpuscles. T., External, 
the passage of an ovum from one ovary to 
the opposite oviduct without traversing the 
uterus. T., Internal, the passage of the 
ovum through its proper oviduct into the 
uterus and across to the opposite oviduct. 

Transmission [trans - mish' - tin) [trans, 
across ; mittere, to send] . The communica- 
tion or transfer of anything, especially 
disease, from one person or place to another. 

Transparent [trans-pa' -rent ) [traits, across ; 
parere, to appear]. Having the property of 
permitting the passage of light-rays without 
material obstruction, so that objects beyond 
the body can be seen. 

Transpiration ytrans-pir-a' -shun) [trans, 
across; spirare, to breathe]. I. The act of 
exhaling fluid or gas through the skin. 2. 
The material exhaled. 

Transplantation [trans -plan -ta f - shun) 
[trans, across; plantare, to plant]. The 
operation of transplanting or of applying to a 
part of the body tissues taken from another 
body or from another part of the same body. 
See Graft. 

Transposition [trans-po-zish' '-tin) [trans, 
across; ponere, to place]. A change of po- 
sition. T. of the Viscera, a change in the 
position of the viscera whereby they are 
placed on the side opposite to that normally 
occupied. 

Transudate [trans' -u-dat) [trans, through ; 
sudare, to perspire]. A liquid or other sub- 
stance produced by transudation. 

Transudation [trans- u - da'- shun) [trans, 
through; sudare, to perspire]. I. The pass- 
ing of fluid through a membrane, especially 
of blood-serum through the vessel-walls. 2. 
Transudate. 

Trans vers alis {trans - ver - sa'- It's) [trans, 
across; vertere, to turn]. Transverse; an 
artery (T. colli) or a muscle (T. abdominis) 
running transversely. See Arteries, Table 
of, and Muscles, Table of. T. Fascia, the 
fascia on the inner surface of the T. muscle, 
between the latter and the peritoneum. 

Transverse [trans-vers')[trans, across; ver- 
tere, to turn]. Cross-wise ; at right angles 
to the longitudinal axis of the body. T. 
Presentation, a presentation of the fetus at 
right angles to the longitudinal axis of the 
uterus. 



TRANSVERSUS 



631 



TRIANGLE 



Transversus (trans-ver'-sus) [E]. Trans- 
verse, as T. muscle. See Muscles s Table of 

Trapeziometacarpal (tra -pe -ze-o- met-ah- 
kar'-pal) [trapezium; metacarpal]. Per- 
taining to the trapezium and the metacarpus. 

Trapezium {tra-pe* -ze-urn) [rpdire^a, table]. 
I. The fust bone of the second row of carpal 
bones. 2. A tract of transverse fibers situated 
in the lower part of the pons, enclosing the 
superior olivary nucleus, and connected with 
the accessory auditory nucleus. 

Trapezius (tra-pe' -ze-us) [rpaireZa, table]. 
See Muscles, Table of. 

Trapezoid (trap'-ez-oid) [rpnire^a, a table; 
eISoq, like]. A geometric four-sided figure 
having two parallel and two diverging sides. 
T. Bone, or simply T., the second bone of 
the second row of the carpus. T. Ligament. 
See Ligaments, Table of. 

Trapp's Formula. A formula employed in 
the estimation of the quantity of solid mat- 
ters in urine. The last two figures of the 
specific gravity are multiplied by 2 (Trapp's 
coefficient) or by 2.33 (Haser's coefficient). 

Traube-Rosenstein Theory (trow-be-ro'- 
sen-stln). A theory that puerperal eclampsia 
is due to an anemia brought about by an ede- 
ma of the brain, the result of some poison 
circulating in the blood. 

Traube's Semilunar Space (trow' -bez). 
See Semilunar. T. Curves, T.-Hering's 
Curves, curves in the tracing of the blood- 
pressure occurring independent and after the 
cessation of the respiration. 

Trauma (tratv' -mah)[T pavp.a , a wound]. A 
wound ; an injury. 

Traumatic (traw-maf -ik) [rpav/ua, a wound]. 
Pertaining to or caused by a wound or in- 
jury. 

Traumaticin (tratv-maf '-is-in) [rpavua, trau- 
ma]. A solution of gutta-percha in chloro- 
form, used for closing superficial wounds. 

Traumatism ( traw'- mat - izm ) [ rpav[xa, 
wound]. I. The condition produced by 
trauma. 2. Improperly, trauma. 

Treacle (tre'- akl). The uncrystallized 
residue remaining after the refining of cane- 
sugar. 

Treatment (tret'-ment) [tractare, to treat]. 
The means employed in effecting the cure 
of disease ; the management of disease or 
of diseased patients. 

Trehalose (tre-hal'-os), C 12 H 22 O n . A carbo- 
hydrate resembling sugar, derived from ergot 
and from Trehala manna. 

Trematode (trem'- at - od) [rp^/ua, hole; 
eldog, like]. A member of the Trematoda, 
a class of worms, some of which are parasitic 
in man and the lower animals. 

Tremor (trem' -or) [tremere, to shake]. A 
trembling of the voluntary muscles. T., Fi- 
brillary, tremor caused by consecutive con- 



tractions of separate muscle-fibrillae. T., 
Intention-, one appearing on voluntary 
movement. T., Purring. Synonym of 
7'hrill, Purring. 

Tremulous (trem' '-u-lus) [tremere, to shake] . 
Trembling, quivering, as, e. g. , T. iris. 

Trendelenburg Posture. See Postures, 
Table of 

Trephine (tre-fln') [rpvTcavov, from rpvirav, 
to bore]. An instrument for cutting out a 
circular piece of bone, usually from the skull. 

Trephining (tre-f ' -ning) [trephine~\. The 
operation of cutting out a piece of bone with 
a trephine. 

Trepidation (trep-id-a' -shun) [trepidare , to 
tremble]. I. Trembling. 2. A peculiar 
oscillatory movement at times seen in the 
muscles after hemiplegia. 

Tri- [rpelg, or tres, three] . A prefix denot- 
ing three. 

Triacid (tri-as'-id) [tres, three; acidum, 
acid]. Of an alcohol, containing three atoms 
of hydrogen replaceable by a base. 

Triad (tri' -ad) [tres, three]. See Quantiv- 
alence. 

Trial-glasses, or T. -lenses. A graduated set 
of concave, convex, cylindric, and prismatic 
lenses used in testing vision. 

Triallylamin (tri-al-il-am'-in). A volatile 
base having the formula (C 3 H 5 ) 3 N. 

Triamin (tri- am' -in) . A compound derived 
from three molecules of ammonia in which 
the hydrogen has in part or wholly been re- 
placed by bases. 

Triangle (tri'-ang-gl) [tres, three; angulus, 
angle]. A figure having three sides and three 
angles. T. of Bryant. See T, Iliofemoral. 
T., Carotid, Inferior (T of necessity), lo- 
cated in the neck ; it is bounded in front by 
the median line of the neck, behind by the 
anterior margin of the sternomastoid, and 
above by the anterior belly of the omohyoid. 
Its floor is formed by the longus colli below 
and the scalenus anticus above. The com- 
mon carotid artery, internal jugular vein, 
vagus nerve, superficialis colli nerve, a 
branch of the communicans noni, the inferior 
thyroid artery, the recurrent laryngeal nerve, 
the sympathetic nerve, the trachea, thyroid 
gland, and larynx are the important structures 
within it. T., Carotid, Superior (T of elec- 
tion), a T. located in the neck; it is bounded 
behind by the sternomastoid, in front by the 
anterior belly of the omohyoid, and above 
by the posterior belly of the digastric. Its 
floor is formed by the thyrohyoid, hyoglos- 
sus, and inferior and middle constrictors of 
the pharynx. The important structures con- 
tained within it are the common carotid 
artery and its bifurcation into the external 
and internal carotids, the superior thyroid 
artery, the lingual artery, the facial artery, 



TRIANGLE 



632 



TRIANGLE 



the occipital and ascending laryngeal arteries, 
the internal jugular vein and the veins cor- 
responding to the arteries mentioned, the 
descendens noni, hypoglossal, pneumogastric, 
sympathetic, spinal accessor}', superior laryn- 
geal, and external laryngeal nerves. T., 
Cephalic, a T. on the anteroposterior plane 
of the skull, bounded by lines joining the 
occiput with the forehead and with the chin 
and a line joining the latter two. T., Digas- 
tric. See T., Sitbmaxillary. T. of Elbow, 
a T. lying in front of the elbow with the base 
directed upward toward the humerus, and 
bounded externally by the supinator longus 
and internally by the pronator radii teres. 
Its floor is formed by the brachialis anticus 
and supinator brevis. Its contents are the 
brachial artery and veins, the radial and 
ulnar arteries, the median and musculospiral 
nerves, and the tendon of the biceps. T. of 
Election. See 71, Carotid, Superior. T., 
Facial, a T. formed by lines uniting the 
basion with the alveolar and nasal points and 
a line joining the latter two. T., Frontal, 
a T. bounded by the maximum frontal dia- 
meter and lines joining its extremities and 
the glabella. T. of Hesselbach, a T. at 
the lower part of the abdomen, bounded 
below by the deep epigastric artery, on the 
outer side by Poupart's ligament, and on 
the inner side by the margin of the rec- 
tus muscle. T., Iliofemoral, a T. located 
at the hip. Its hypothenuse is formed by 
Nelaton's line, a second side by the con- 
tinuation outward of a line drawn through 
the two superior iliac spines, and the third 
by a line drawn at right angles to this from 
the summit of the greater trochanter. T., 
Inferior Occipital, a T. having the bimas- 
toid diameter for its base and the inion for 
its apex. T., Infraclavicular, a T. situated 
below the clavicle ; it is bounded above by 
the clavicle, below and to the inner side by 
the upper border of the great pectoral muscle, 
and to the outer side by the anterior border 
of the deltoid. It contains the axillary 
artery. T., Inguinal. Same as 71, Scar- 
pa's. T. of Lesser, a T. located in the 
neck. Its boundaries are as follows : at its 
upper border the hypoglossal nerve ; the two 
sides are formed by the anterior and posterior 
bellies of the digastric muscle. It is covered 
by the skin, superficial and deep fasciae, and 
apex of the submaxillary gland. The floor 
is formed by the hyoglossus muscle. It con- 
tains the ranine vein and hypoglossal nerve. 
T., Lumbocostoabdominal, a T. bounded 
anteriorly by the external oblique, superiorly 
by the lower border of the serratus posticus 
inferior and the point of the 1 2th rib, poste- 
riorly by the outer edge of the erector spins, 
and inferiorly by the internal oblique. T., 



Mylohyoid, the space bounded by the mylo- 
hyoid and the two bellies of the digastric. 
T. of Necessity. Same as 71, Carotid, In- 
ferior. T. of the Neck, Anterior, a tri- 
angle bounded anteriorly by a line extending 
from the chin to the sternum, posteriorly by 
the anterior margin of the sternomastoid, 
the base being formed by the lower border of 
the body of the inferior maxilla and a con- 
tinuation of this line to the mastoid process 
of the temporal bone. It is subdivided into 
three smaller triangles by the digastric muscle 
above and the anterior belly of the omohyoid 
below. These are named from below upward 
the inferior carotid, the superior carotid, 
and the sub ?n axillary. T. of the Neck, 
Posterior, a T. bounded anteriorly by the 
sternomastoid muscle, posteriorly by the an- 
terior margin of the trapezius ; the base is 
formed by the upper border of the clavicle ; 
the apex corresponds to the occiput. It is 
divided by the posterior belly of the omo- 
hyoid muscle into two triangles, the occipital 
or upper, and the subclavian or lower. T., 
Occipital, a T. with the following bound- 
aries : anteriorly, the sternomastoid muscle: 
posteriorly, the trapezius, and below, the 
omohyoid muscle. Its important contents 
are the spinal accessor} - nerve, the ascending 
and descending branches of the cervical 
plexus, and the transversalis colli artery and 
vein. T. of Petit, a T. bounded below by 
the crest of the ilium and laterally by the 
external oblique and latissimus dorsi. T. , 
Scarpa's, a T. located in the proximal third 
of the thigh. The boundaries are externally 
the sartorius muscle, internally the adductor 
longus muscle, and above Poupart's ligament. 
Its important contents are the femoral artery 
and vein, the anterior crural nerve, and the 
crural branch of the genitocrural nerve. T., 
Subclavian, a T. bounded above by the 
posterior belly of the omohyoid muscle, be- 
low by the upper border of the clavicle. Its 
base is formed by the sternomastoid muscle. 
It contains the subclavian artery and occa- 
sionally the vein, the brachial plexus of 
nerves, the suprascapular vessels, the trans- 
versalis colli artery and vein, and the external 
jugular vein. T., Submaxillary, a T. 
formed above by the lower border of the 
body of the inferior maxilla and a continua- 
tion of this line to the mastoid process of the 
temporal bone, below by the posterior belly 
of the digastric and the stylohyoid muscle, 
and anteriorly by the middle line of the 
neck. It contains the submaxillary gland, 
the facial artery and vein, the submental 
artery, the mylohyoid artery and nerve, and 
the stylomaxillary ligament, behind which is 
the external carotid artery. T., Suboccipi- 
tal, a T. in the posterior part of the neck, 



TRIANGULAR 



633 



TRICORNIS 



formed by the rectus capitis posticus major, 
and superior and inferior oblique muscles, and 
containing the vertebral artery. T., Supra- 
meatal, of McEwen, a space bounded by 
the lower posterior edge of the zygomatic 
root and the superior posterior edge of the 
external auditory canal. 

Triangular [trt-ang'-gu-lar)\triangle\. Hav- 
ing three sides or angles, as, e.g., the T. 
ligament. 

Triangularis {tri-ang-gu-la'-ris). A tri- 
angular muscle. See Muscles, Table of. 

Triatomic {tri-at-om'-ik) [tres, three; atom]. 
I. Consisting of three atoms. 2. Having 
three atoms of replaceable hydrogen. 

Tribadism [trib' '-ad-izm) [rpi{3eiv, to rub]. 
Sexual intercourse between women produced 
by friction of the genitals. 

Tribasic (tri-ba'-sik) [tres, three ; basis, a 
base]. Having three hydrogen-atoms re- 
placeable by bases. 

Tribrommethane {tri-brom-tnethf -an) [tres, 
three ; bromin ; methane] . Bromoform. 

Tribromid {tri-brom f -id) [rpelg, three ; (3pcj- 
pog, stench]. A compound of bromin con- 
taining three atoms of bromin to one of the 
base. 

Tricalcic {tri-kaP '-sik)[tres, three ; calcium']. 
Containing three atoms of calcium. 

Triceps {tri'-seps) [tres, three ; caput, head]. 
Three-headed ; a muscle having three heads 
of origin. See Muscles, Table of. 

Trichauxis {trik-awks / -is) [Opii], hair ; ai>x- 
T]aiq, increase]. Hypertrichosis. 

Trichiasis {trik-i f -as-is) [Op if;, a hair]. A 
state of abnormal position of the eyelashes, 
so that they produce irritation by friction 
upon the globe. T. of the Anus, an in- 
curvation of the hairs about the anus, so 
that they irritate the mucous membrane. 

Trichina {trik-i'-nah ) [Opii;, a hair] . A genus 
of nematode worms, of which one species, 
the T. spiralis, is parasitic in the hog and 
at times in man. See Trichinosis. 

Trichinosis (trik-hi-o' -sis) [trichina]. A 
disease produced by the ingestion of pork 
containing the Trichina spiralis. It is char- 
acterized by nausea, vertigo, fever, diar- 
rhea, prostration, stiffness and painful swell- 
ing of the muscles, edema of the face, and 
in some cases perspiration, insomnia, and 
delirium. 

Trichinous (trik '-in -us) [trichina]. In- 
fested with or containing trichinae. 

Trichloracetic Acid (tri-klor-as-e' '-tik). See 
Acid, Trichloracetic. 

Trichlorid (tri-klor'-id) [rpelg, three; chlo- 
rid]. A compound containing chlorin in 
the proportion of three atoms to one of the 
base. 

Trichlorphenol {tri- klor-fe' -nol) [rpelg, 
three ; ^wpdc, green ; phenol], C 6 H 2 C1 3 - 



(OH). A derivative of phenol used as a 
disinfectant. 

Tricho- (trik' -o-) [Opii;, hair]. A prefix de- 
noting pertaining to a hair. 

Trichocephalus (trik-osef -al-us)\0pii;, hair ; 
neydXi], head]. A genus of nematode worms, 
the thread worms. T. dispar is parasitic in 
the intestines, especially the large intestine. 

Trichoglossia (trik-o- glos' '-e-ah ) [Opii;, hair ; 
yTiuaaa, tongue]. Hairy tongue, a thickening 
of the papillae, producing an appearance as 
if the tongue were covered with hair. 

Trichoid (trik'-oid) [Opii;, hair; eldog, like]. 
Resembling hair. 

Trichology (trik-ol'-o-je) [Opii;, hair; loyog, 
science]. The science of the hair. 

Trichomatose [trik-o' '-mat-os) [Opii;, hair]. 
Matted together. 

Trichomatosis (trik - o - mat - o' - sis) [Opii;, 
hair] . An affection of the hair characterized 
by a matted condition due to fungoid growths. 
See Plica P clonic a. 

Trichomonas (trik-om'-o-nas) [Opii;, hair; 
fiovdg, a monad]. A genus of infusorians. 
T. vaginalis, a species occasionally found 
in the vagina. 

Trichomycosis {trik - o - mi - ko f - sis) [Opii;, 
hair ; [Mvurjg, a mushroom]. A disease of the 
hair produced by a vegetable parasite. 

Trichonosis, Trichonosus (trik-on-o'-sis, 
trik-on-o f -sus) [Opii;, hair; voaog, disease]. 
Any disease of the hair. 

Trichopathy [trik - op f - ath - e) [Opii;, hair ; 
iraOog, disease] . Any disease of the hair. 

Trichophyton (tri-koff r -it-on) [Opig, hair ; 
(pvrdv, a plant]. A fungus parasitic upon 
the hair, and causing tinea trichophytina, or 
ringworm. 

Trichorrhexis {trik-or-eks f -is) [Opii;, hair; 
prji-ig, a breaking]. Brittleness of the hair. 
T. nodosa, an atrophic condition of the 
hair, affecting more often the male beard, and 
characterized by irregular thickenings resem- 
bling nodes on the hair-shaft, the hairs often 
breaking with a ' 'green -stick fracture " im- 
mediately through a node. 

Trichosis {trik-o' '-sis). See Trichonosis. 

Trichotillomania {trik-o-til-o-ma'-ne-ah) 
[Opii;, hair; riXkeiv, to pluck out; /uavia, 
mania]. An uncontrollable impulse to pull 
out one's hair. 

Trichroic {tri-kro'-ik) [rpelg, three ; jpoa, 
color]. Possessing trichroism. 

Trichroism ( tri ; '- kro-izm)[r pelg , three ; XP° a > 
color]. The property of exhibiting three 
different colors when viewed under three dif- 
ferent aspects. 

Tricipital {tri - sip f - it-al) [triceps, three- 
headed]. I. Three-headed. 2. Pertaining 
to the triceps. 

Tricornis {tvi-kor r -nis) [tres, three ; cornu, 
horn]. Having three horns. 



TRICROTIC 



634 



TRISPLANCHNIC 



Tricrotic (tri-krot f -ik) [rpeic, three ; uporoc, 
stroke]. Having three waves corresponding 
to one pulse-beat. 

Tricrotism (tri '- krot - izm ) [rpeig, three ; 
uporoc, stroke]. The quality of being tri- 
crotic. 

Tricuspid (tri-kus' -pid) [tres, three ; cuspis, 
point]. I. Having three cusps, as, e. g., the 
T. valve. 2. Affecting or produced at the 
T. valve. 

Triethylamin (tri-eth-il-a?n' -m)[rpeig , three; 
ethyl ; amin~\, C 6 H 15 X. A ptomain obtained 
from putrid haddock. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Trifacial Nerve (tri-fa'-shal) [tres, three; 

fades, face]. The fifth cranial nerve, so- 
called because it divides into three main 
branches that supply the face. 

Trifolium (tri-fo' '-le-uni) [tres, three ; folium, 
leaf]. Clover. 

Trigeminal (tri-jem f -in-al) [tres, three ; 
ge minus, twin-born]. I. Triple; dividing 
into three parts, as, e. g., the T. nerve. 2. 
Pertaining to the T. nerve. See Trifacial. 

Trigeminus (tri-Jem / -in-us) [tres, three ; 
gemini, double]. The trifacial nerve. 

Trigger-finger. A condition in which flexion 
or extension of a finger is at first impeded, 
but finally accomplished with a jerk. 

Trigone (tri'-gon) [rpeig, three; yuvia, 
angle]. Triangle. T. of the bladder, 
Trigonum vesicae, or simply T., a smooth, 
triangular space on the inside of the bladder, 
immediately behind the orifice of the urethra. 
T., Olfactory, the gray root of origin of the 
olfactory tract. 

Trihydrate (tri-hi f -drat) [rpeic, three; hy- 
drate~\. A compound containing the hy- 
droxyl -radicle in the proportion of three to 
one atom of the base. 

Trihydric (tri-hi / -drik)[rpeic, three; hydric\. 
Containing three atoms of hydrogen replace- 
able by bases. 

Trihydroxid (tri-hi-droks f -id). See Trihy- 
drate. 

Triiodid (tri-i f -o-did) [rpeic, three; iodid\ 
A compound containing iodin in the propor- 
tion of three atoms to one of the base. 

Trimethylamin (tri-meth-il-am / -in) [tres, 
three; methyl; amin~\. A colorless liquid 
ptomain obtained from herring-brine and 
various animal and vegetable substances. See 
Ptomains, Table of. 

Trimethylenediamin ( tri - meth - il- en - di- 
am'-in) [tres, three ; methylene; dia»iin\ A 
ptomain obtained from cultures of the comma- 
bacillus on beef-broth. It causes convulsions 
and muscle-tremor. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Trimethyl-xanthin (tri-meth-il-zan' -thin) . 
See Caffein. 

Trinitrate (tri-n? y -trdt)[tres, three ; ?iitrate~\. 
A nitrate containing three nitric-acid radi- 
cles. 



Trinitrin (tri-ni' -trin) . See Nitroglycerin. 

Trinitrocellulose (tri-ni-tro-seV -u-los). See 
Pyroxylin. 

Trinitrophenol (tri-ni-tro-fe'-nol). See 
Picric Acid. 

Triocephalus (tri-o-sef'-al-us) [rpeig, three ; 
Keoa/.r/, head]. A monster characterized by 
an absence of the ocular, nasal, and buccal 
apparatus, the head being merely a small 
spheroidal mass. 

Triolein [tri - o' - le- in) [tres, three ; oleum, 
oil]. See Olein. 

Trional (tn v -on-al) [rpeic, three], C 2 H-- 
CH 3 — C— (S0 2 C 2 H 5 ) 2 . Diethylsulphoneme- 
thylmethane, an hypnotic. Dose gr. xv ( i.o). 

Triorchid (tri-or' ' -kid) [rpeic, three ; bpxic, 
a testicle]. I. Having three testicles. 2. 
An individual having three testicles. 

Trioxid (tri-oks' '-id) [rpeic, three; oxid\ 
A compound containing oxygen in the pro- 
portion of three atoms to one of the base. 

Tripalmitin (tri-pal f -mit-in) [rpeic, three ; 
pahnitin\. See Palmitin. 

Trhpier's Amputation. One differing from 
Chopart's only in that the portion of the os 
calcis below the sustentaculum tali is removed. 

Triple {trip' -I) [triplus, triple]. Three-fold. 
T. Phosphate, ammoniomagnesic phos- 
phate, a phosphate occurring in urine and in 
phosphatic calculi. 

Triplet (trip 7 - let) [triplus, triple]. I. One 
of three children born at one birth. 2. In 
optics, a svstem consisting of three lenses. 

Triplex (trif-lex) [L.]. Triple. T. Pills, 
Pilulae triplices, pills containing three princi- 
pal ingredients. 

Triploblastic (trip - lo - bias' - tik) [rpirr'/ooc, 
threefold ; j3/.aaroc, germ]. Possessing three 
blastodermic membranes. 

Triplopia (trip-lo' -pe-ah) [rpi~'/.6oc, triple ; 
urp, eye]. A disturbance of vision in which 
three images of a single object are seen. 

Triquetrous {tri-kwef '-rus) [triquetrtis, three- 
cornered]. Three-cornered, as, e. g., the T. 
bone (os triquetrum), a Wormian bone. See 
Triauetrum. 

Triquetrum (tri - kwet' - rum) [triauet?-us, 
three-cornered]. I. Any one of the Wor- 
mian bones. 2. The cuneiform bone of the 
carpus. 

Triradial, Triradiate (tri-ra / -de-al, tri-ra / - 
de-at) [tres, three ; radius, ray]. Radiating 
in three directions. 

Trismus (triz / -mus) [rpiauoc, from rp'uetv, to 
gnash]. Lockjaw, a tonic spasm of the mus- 
cles of mastication. T. nascentium, T. 
neonatorum, a form of T. occurring in new- 
born infants, and supposed to be due to septic 
infection of the umbilical stump. 

Trisplanchnic (tri - splangk f - nik) [rpeic, 
three; c-'/.dyxvov, viscus]. Distributed to 
the viscera of the three largest cavities of the 



TRISTEARIN 



635 TROUSSEAU'S PHENOMENON 



body, as the T. nerve (the sympathetic 

nerve). 

Tristearin {tri-ste* -ar-in) [rpelg, three ; ariap, 
fat], C 3 H 5 (C 18 H,, 5 0.,) 3 . See Stearin. 

Trisubstituted [tri - sub' - stit - u - ted ) [tres, 
three; substitucrc, to substitute]. Having 
three atoms or radicles substituted by other 
atoms or radicles. 

Trisulphid [tri-sul'-fid) [tres, three; sul- 
phitr~\ . A compound containing sulphur in 
the proportion of three atoms to one of the 
base. 

Triticeoglossus {trit-is-e-o-glos' -us) [triti- 
cum, wheat; y'luaoa, tongue]. An anoma- 
lous muscle having its origin from the aryten- 
oid cartilage and its insertion in the side of 
the tongue. 

Triticeous {trit-isk* -us) [triticum, wheat]. 
Having the shape of a grain of wheat. T. 
Nodule, corpus triticeum, a small cartilagin- 
ous nodule in the thyrohyoid ligament. 

Triticum {tritf -ik-urn) [L.]. A genus of the 
Gramineae. T. of the U. S. P. is the rhi- 
zome of Agropyrum repens, and is used in 
cystitis and irritable bladder. Dose of Ex- 
tractum tritici fluidum, U. S. P., f 3 iij— vj 
(120-24.0). T. sativum, T. vulgare, is 
wheat. 

Tritoxid [tri-toks' -id) [rpiroc, third ; bgvg, 
acid]. Same as Trioxict. 

Triturate {triF -ti-raf) [triturare, from terere, 
to rub]. I. To reduce to fine powder. 2. 
A finely divided powder. In the U. S. P., 
a medicinal substance rubbed up with milk- 
sugar. T., Tablet-, a T. compressed into 
tablet- form. 

Trituration {trit-u-ra' '-shun) [triturare, from 
terere, to rub]. The process of reducing a 
solid substance to a powder by rubbing. 

Trivalent [triv' ' -al-ent) [tres, three ; valere, 
to be worth]. Combining with or equivalent 
to three atoms of hydrogen. 

Trivalve [tri* '-valv)[tres, three; valva, door]. 
Having three valves. 

Trocar {pro' '-kar) [Fr., trois-qnarts, from its 
triangular point]. An instrument for pierc- 
ing the wall of a cavity in paracentesis. 

Trochanter (tro-kan'-ter) [rpoxavr-rjp, from 
rpo^dc, a wheel or pulley]. One of two pro- 
cesses on the upper extremity of the femur 
below the neck. The greater T. is situated 
on the outer, and the lesser T. on the inner 
side of the bone. 

Trochanteric (tro-han-ter' '-ik) [rpoxavrr/p, a 
trochanter]. Pertaining to a trochanter. 

Troche {tro'-ke) [rpoxoc, wheel]. A loz- 
enge. 

Trochiscus {tro-kis'-kus). See Troche. 

Trochlea [trok f -le-ah) [rpox^ua, pulley]. A 
part having the nature of a pulley. T. of 
the Humerus, a surface acting as a pulley 
at the lower extremity of the humerus. T. 



of the Superior Oblique, T. of the Orbit, 
the ligamentous ring or pulley, attached to 
the upper margin of the orbit, which trans- 
mits the tendon of the superior oblique mus- 
cle of the eye. 
Trochlear {troIF -le-ar) [rpoxiVia, a pulley]. 

1. Pertaining to or of the nature of a pulley. 

2. Pertaining to the T. muscle . 3. Per- 
taining to the T. nerve. 

Trochlearis {trok-le-a' ' -ris) [rpox^ia, a pul- 
ley]. Pulley-shaped, as, e.g., the T. muscle 
or simply T. , the superior oblique muscle 
of the eye. 

Trochoides {tro-koi* '-dez) [rpoxor, wheel]. A 
pivot-joint or pulley-joint, such as the atlanto- 
axial joint. 

Trommer's Test. A test for the presence 
of glucose, consisting in the reduction of an 
alkaline copper-solution. When the latter is 
boiled with the suspected fluid rendered al- 
kaline by the addition of sodium hydroxid, 
the copper is precipitated in the form of a 
bright, orange-red, basic oxid. 

Tropacocain {tro-pa-ko' -ka-in) [atropin ; 
cocain\. An alkaloid obtained from a small- 
leaved coca-plant of Java. 

Tropaeolin, Tropeolin (tro-pe / -o-/in). One 
of a group of orange anilin dyes, so called 
from the resemblance of their colors to those 
of the flowers of Tropaeolum, the garden-nas- 
turtium. Its solutions are turned brown by 
free acids and are used as a test for such 
acids. 

Tropein {tro f -pe-in) . A salt of tropin and 
an organic acid. 

Trophic [trof f -ik) [rpotyi/, nourishment]. 
Pertaining to nutrition. T. Center, a col- 
lection of ganglion-cells regulating the nu- 
trition of a nerve and through that of the 
part supplied. 

Trophoneurosis {trof-o-mi-ro' -sis) [rpotyr], 
nourishment; vevpov, nerve]. Any disease of 
a part due to disturbance of the nerves or 
nerve-centers with which it is connected. 

Trophoneurotic (trof-o-mi-rot' -ik) \_rpo(f>?/, 
nourishment; vsvpov, nerve]. Pertaining to 
or caused by a trophoneurosis. 

Tropic Acid [trop'-ik) [from atropin~\, C 9 H 10 - 

3 . An acid produced by treating atropin 
with baryta-water, alkalies, or acids. 

Tropidin {prop' - id - in) \atropin~\, C 8 H 13 N. 
A substance resulting from the decomposi- 
tion of atropin in the presence of hydro- 
chloric and glacial acetic acids ; it is an oily 
fluid having an odor like coniin. 

Tropin {trop'-in) [atropin], C 8 H 15 NO. A 
crystalline base obtained in the decomposi- 
tion of atropin. 

Tropometer {trop-om f -et-er) [rpoirr], a twin ; 
pieTpov, a measure]. An instrument for meas- 
uring the various rotations of the eyeball. 

Trousseau's Phenomenon or Sign {iroo- 



TROUSSEAU'S SPOTS 



636 



TUBERCULOCIDIX 



soz) [A. Trousseau, a French physician]. 
Spasm of the muscles of an extremity pro- 
duced by compression of its main artery or 
nerve ; it is observed in some cases of tetany. 

Trousseau's Spots. See Tache cerebrale. 

Troy Ounce. A unit in Troy weight, equal 
to 480 grains. 

Troy Weight. See Weights and Measures. 

True. Real ; not false. T. Aneurysm. 
See Aneurysm. T. Corpus luteum, the 
corpus luteum of pregnancy. T. Pelvis, 
that part of the pelvic cavity situated below 
the iliopectineal line. T. Ribs. See Ribs. 
T. Skin, the corium. T. Vocal Bands, 
the inferior bands, or those concerned in the 
production of the voice. 

Truncal (trung'-kal) \truncus, a trunk]. 
Pertaining to a trunk. 

Trunk [pruncus~\. I. The body except the 
head and limbs. 2. The main stem of a 
nerve or artery. 

Truss (trus) [Fr. , trousse~\ . An apparatus for 
maintaining a hernia in place after reduction. 

Trypsin [trip' -si n)[r piiptg, a rubbing]. The 
proteolytic ferment of the pancreatic juice, 
which in an alkaline medium converts pro- 
teids into peptones. 

Trypsinogen {tripsin' -o-je>i) [rpiipic, a rub- 
bing ; yevvav, to produce] . The zymogen 
from which trypsin is formed. 

Tryptic (trip'-tik) [rplipir, a rubbing]. Per- 
taining to or caused by trypsin. 

Tryptone (trip'- ton) [rpiipic, a rubbing]. 
Peptone formed by the action of trypsin. 

Tsuga (tsu'-gah). A genus of Coniferae, a 
species of which, T. canadensis, yields Can- 
ada pitch. 

Tubal (tu' ' -bal)\tuba, a tube]. Pertaining to 
a tube, especially the Fallopian tube or the 
renal tubules. 

Tube (tab) [tuba~\ . A hollow cylindric struc- 
ture, especially the Fallopian T. or the 
Eustachian T. T. -casts, casts of the renal 
tubules ; they indicate disease of the kidneys. 
T., Drainage-, a hollow tube of glass, rub- 
ber, or other material inserted into a wound 
or cavity to allow of the escape of fluids. 
T., Crooke's, T., Geissler's, T., Hittorf 's. 
See X-ravs. 

Tuber (tzd-ber) [tuber, a bump or swelling]. 
I. A thickened portion of an underground 
stem. 2. Any rounded swelling. T. cin- 
ereum, a tract of gray matter extending from 
the optic chiasm to the corpora mammillaria, 
and forming part of the floor of the third 
ventricle. 

Tubercle (tu f -bur-kl) [tuberculum, a tu- 
bercle]. I. A small nodule. 2. A rounded 
prominence on a bone. 3. The specific 
lesion produced by the tubercle-bacillus, con- 
sisting of a collection of round cells and epi- 
theliod cells, with at times giant-cells. T., 



Adductor-, a slight protuberance at the lower 
end of the internal supracondylar line of the 
femur, giving attachment to the tendon of the 
adductor magnus. T., Amygdaloid, a 
prominence on the roof of the descending 
cornuof the lateral ventricle. T., Anatomic, 
a wart-like tuberculous growth sometimes 
appearing on the hands of dissectors. T., 
Anterior, a tubercle at the anterior part of 
the extremity of the transverse process of cer- 
tain vertebrae. T.-bacillus. See Bacteria, 
Table of. T., Carotid, a prominence of the 
sixth cervical vertebra on the anterior part of 
its transverse process. T., Conoid, a broad 
projection of the clavicle on its posterior bor- 
der at the union of its middle and outer 
thirds, to which the conoid ligament is at- 
tached. T., Deltoid, a projection on the an- 
terior border of the clavicle, giving origin to 
a part of the deltoideus. T., Fibrous, a 
tubercle (3d def.) which has been modified 
by the formation of connective tissue within 
its structure. T., Genial, one of the 
tubercles on each side of the middle line on 
the inner surface of the lower maxilla. T., 
Genital, the rudimentary penis or clitoris in 
the urogenital region of the embryo in front of 
the cloaca. T., Gray. See T, Miliary. T. 
of Lower, a small eminence on the wall of the 
right auricle, between the orifices of the venae 
cavae. T., Lymphoid, a T. (3d def.) con- 
sisting chiefly of round or lymphoid cells. 
T., Mammillary. See Corpora albicantia. 
T., Miliary. See T, 3^ def. T., Olfac- 
tory. See Bulb, Olfactory. T., Painful, a 
painful nodule in the subcutaneous tissue in 
the region of the joints. T., Posterior, a T. 
at the posterior end of the lumbar and several 
of the thoracic vertebrae. T., Pterygoid, a 
T. on the inner surface of the inferior 
maxilla; it gives attachment to the internal 
pterygoid muscle. T. of Rolando, one of 
the rounded masses close under the surface 
of the lateral columns of the medulla ob- 
longata, formed by the enlarged dorsal horns 
of the gray matter. T., Scalene-, aT. on the 
first rib, giving attachment to the anterior 
scalene muscle. 

Tubercular (tu-btir' -ku-lar) [tuberculum, a 
tubercle]. Characterized by the formation 
of tubercles. 

Tuberculin (tu-bur f -ku-lin) [tuberculum , a 
tubercle]. A glycerol-extract of cultures of 
the bacillus of tuberculosis. It is a brownish, 
neutral liquid, soluble in water, and is used 
as a means of diagnosing tuberculosis, espe- 
cially in the domestic animals ; when injected 
into tuberculous individuals a reaction is 
produced which differs from that given by 
healthy individuals. It is also known as 
paratoloid. 

Tuberculocidin (tu-bur-ku-lo-si' '-din) [tuber- 



TUBERCULOSIS 



637 



TUMOR 



culum, tubercle ; ccedere, to kill]. An albu- 
mose obtained from tuberculin by precipita- 
tion with platinum chlorid. It is said to 
possess the beneficial effects of tuberculin 
without producing an injurious reaction. 

Tuberculosis (tu-bur-ku-lo' 'sis) [tubercu- 
lum, a tubercle]. An infectious disease due 
to the bacillus tuberculosis, discovered by 
Koch. The lesion produced by the growth of 
the bacillus is the tubercle (miliary or gray 
tubercle or nodule), a small, grayish, trans- 
lucent nodule, from T ^ to 2 mm. in diameter, 
firmly imbedded in the surrounding tissues. 
By the coalescence of neighboring tubercles 
larger masses, the so-called tuberculous in- 
filtrations, are produced. The tendency of 
tuberculous lesions is to undergo cheesy 
necrosis. For this degeneration two factors 
are responsible : the absence of blood-ves- 
sels and the action of peculiar poisons 
elaborated by the bacillus. The breaking 
down of tuberculous areas in the interior of 
organs gives rise to cavities, which may be 
seen in muscles, bones, brain, lymphatic 
glands, and elsewhere, but are most pro- 
nounced in the lungs. On surfaces — skin 
and mucous membranes — tuberculosis often 
leads to the formation of ulcers. The most 
frequent seats of tuberculosis are the lung, the 
intestinal tract, the lymphatic glands, the 
serous membranes, the bones, the skin, the tes- 
ticle, the epididymis, the brain, the Fallopian 
tubes, the uterus, the spleen. The symptoms 
of tuberculosis vary with the localization 
of the disease. A few general phenomena 
are common to nearly all forms, viz. : emaci- 
ation, loss of strength, anemia, fever, and 
sweats. T., Acute Miliary, an acute 
febrile disease, characterized by the forma- 
tion of minute tubercles in great numbers in 
various parts of the body. It is due to the 
discharge into the circulatory stream of 
tubercle-bacilli. Three forms are usually 
described : ( I ) a general or typhoid form ; (2 
one with marked pulmonary symptoms ; (3 
one in which cerebral symptoms predominate 
T., Avian, tuberculosis affecting birds. 
T., Bovine, tuberculosis occurring in cattle; 
pearl-disease. T., General Miliary. See 
T. , Acute Miliary. T., Laryngeal, tuber- 
culosis of the larynx, usually secondary to 
tuberculosis of the lungs, but in rare cases 
primary. T., Miliary, tuberculosis char- 
acterized by the formation deposit of miliary 
tubercles. T., Surgical, tuberculosis of 
parts amenable to surgical treatment, as the 
bones and joints. 

Tuberculous (tu-bur' '-ku-lus) [tubercuhtm, 
tubercle]. Affected with or caused by 
tuberculosis. 

Tuberculum (tu-bur' '-ku-lum) [L.]. See 
Tubercle. 



Tuberose (tu' '-ber-os) \tuber\. Resembling 
a tuber. 

Tuberosity (tu-ber-os / -it-e) [tuber, a swell- 
ing]. A protuberance on a bone. T., 
Greater, a rough projection on the outer side 
of the head of the humerus. T. of the 
Ischium, a thick, downward projection of 
the ischium, on which the body rests in sit- 
ting. T., Lesser, a small tuberosity in front 
of the head and on the inner side of the 
bicipital groove of the humerus. 

Tuberous (tu' '-ber-us) [tuberosus]. Like a 
tuber, as, e. g., T. angioma. 

Tuboabdominal (tu-bo-ab-dom' '-in-al) [tuba, 
a tube ; abdo?nen, abdomen]. Pertaining to 
a Fallopian tube and to the abdomen. 

Tuboovarian (tu-bo-o-va' '-re-an) [tuba, a 
tube; ovary']. Pertaining to the Fallopian 
tube and the ovary. 

Tubouterine [tuba, tube ; uterus, uterus]. 
Pertaining to the Fallopian tube and the 
uterus. 

Tubular (tid-bu-lar) [tubulus, a small tube]. 
I. Shaped like a tube. 2. Pertaining to or 
affecting tubules, as, e. g., T. nephritis. 3. Pro- 
duced in a tube, as, e.g., T. breathing. T. 
Membrane. See Neurilemma. 

Tubulature (tu' -bu-lat-tur) [tube, tube]. 
The short tube of a retort or receiver. 

Tubule (tid-bul) [tubulus, dim. of tubus, a 
tube]. A small tube. T., Seminiferous, 
any one of the tubules of the testicles. T., 
Uriniferous, one of the numerous winding 
tubules of the kidney. 

Tubulus (tu f -bu-lus) [L.]. A tubule. 

Tufnell's Treatment. A treatment for an- 
eurysm, consisting in absolute rest, a dry diet, 
and the administration of potassium iodid. 

Tuft, Malpighian. See Malpighian Bodies. 

Tugging, Tracheal. See Tracheal Tugging.- 

Tumefaction (tu-me-fak' -shun) [lumere, to 
swell ; facere, to make]. A swelling. 

Tumor (tu'-mor) [ttimere, to swell]. I. A 
swelling. 2. A new growth not the result of 
inflammation. The classification given on 
next page is based, at least as regards classes 
A and B, on the blastodermic origin of the 
dominant tissue of the tumor. T. albus, 
white swelling ; tuberculous enlargement of 
a joint. T., Benign, one which does not 
give rise to metastasis or recur after removal. 
T., Gubler's, a prominence on the back of the 
wrist seen in wrist-drop. T., Gummy, a 
syphilitic gumma. T., Heterologous, one 
composed of tissue differing from that in 
which it grows. T., Homologous, one 
composed of tissue resembling that from 
which it grows. T., Malignant, one which 
gives metastasis or recurs, or does both, and 
eventually destroys life. T. , Phantom. 
See Phantom-tumor. T., Splenic, a term 
sometimes applied to an enlarged spleen. 



TUNGSTEN 



638 



TURPENTINE 



A. Mesodermic Tumors. 



i. Sarcoma. 



Large. 
Small. 
Lympho- 
sarcoma. 
Large. 
Small. 



2. Fibroma. 

3. Myxoma. 

4. Lipoma. 

5. Chondroma. 

6. Osteoma. 

7. Hemangioma. 

8. Lymphangioma. 

9. Myoma. 



Round-cell. < 

Spindle- f 

cell. \ 

Giant-cell. 
Melanotic. 
Alveolar. 
Endothelioma. 
Angiosarcoma 
Cylindroma. 
Chloroma. 
Psammoma. 
Hard. 
Soft. 



Hyaline. 
Fibrous. 

O. durum or O. eburneum. 
O. spongiosum ; O. medul- 
lary. 
Telangiectatic. 
Cavernous. 
Simple. 
Cystic. 
Liomyoma. 
Rhabdomyoma. 



B. ECTODERMIC AND ENTODERMIC TUMORS. 



1. Glioma. 

2. Neuroma. 



3. Epithelioma. 



N. myelinicum. 
N. amvelinicum. 

Tubular. 



Adenoma. 

Carcinoma. 

Epithelial 
cvstoma. 



Racemose. 
Squamous. 
Cylindric. 
Glandular. 
C. simplex. 
C papilli- 
ferum. 



C. Teratoid Tumors or Teratomata. 

1. Dermoid cyst. 

2. Cholesteatoma. 

Tungsten (tung'-sten) [Swed. , heavy stone]. 
A metallic element having a specific gravity 
of 19. 1, an atomic weight of 1 83. 5. Symbol 
W (from the German name Wolf rani). It 
forms Tungstic Acid, H 2 Wo 4 , the latter 
combining with bases to form Tungstates, 
which are used as reagents. 

Tunic (tu'-nik) [tunica'] . A coat or mem- 
brane. 

Tunica (tu'-nik-ah) [L.]. A tunic. T. ad- 
ventitia, the outer coat of an artery. T. 
albuginea oculi, the sclerotic coat of the 
eye. T. albuginea ovarii, the compact 
connective tissue immediately under the epi- 
thelium of the cortex of the ovary. T. 
albuginea testis, the fibrous covering of the 
testis. T. intima, the inner coat of an 
artery. T. media, the middle coat of an 
artery. T. ruyschiana, the layer of capil- 
lary vessels of the choroid coat of the eye. 
T. vaginalis, the serous covering of the 
testis derived from the peritoneum. T. vas- 
culosa, the vascular layer of the testis, 
called also the pia mater of the testis. 



Tunnel-anemia. See Ankylostomiasis. 

Tunnel-disease. See Caisson-disease. 

Tupelo (tu'-pel-o). The Nyssa grandiden- 
tata, of the order Cornaceae. Its root has 
been used for making tents (T.-tent). 

Turbinal (tur'-bin-al) [turbo, top]. 1. Tur- 
binated. 2. A turbinated bone. 

Turbinated (tur' ' -bin-a-ted) [turbo, a top]. 
Top-shaped ; scroll-shaped. T. Bone, one 
of the three (superior, middle, and inferior) 
bony projections upon the outer wall of each 
nasal fossa. They are covered by an erectile 
vascular mucous membrane. 

Tiirck's Column. See Column. 

Turgescence ( tur- jes' -ens) [turgescere, to 
become swelled]. Swelling. 

Turgid (tur' -jid) [turgidus, swollen]. 
Swollen, congested. 

Turmeric {tur' -mer-ik) [turmerica, turmeric]. 
The Curcuma longa, a plant of the Zingibera- 
ceae. Its rhizome contains a yellow coloring 
matter, curcumin, C 14 H u 4 . Its solution in 
alcohol is turned reddish-brown by alkalies, 
and has been used as a test for the latter. 
Paper tinged with an alcoholic solution (T.- 
paper) may be used instead, 

Turning (turn'-ing). See Version. 

Turpentine (tur' -pen-tin) [repej3ivdog, tere- 
binth]. A concrete or liquid oleoresin ob- 
tained from various species of Coniferae. The 
ordinary or white T. (Terebinthina, U. S. 
P., Thus americanum, B. P.), derived from 
Pinus palustris and other species of Pinus, 
contains a volatile oil, oil or spirits of T. 
(Oleum terebinthina, U. S. P., B. P.). 
This when pure consists only of carbon and 
hydrogen, but on exposure absorbs oxygen. 
Oil of T. is stimulant, diuretic, and anthel- 
mintic ; in large doses it acts as a cathartic ; 
locally it is a rubefacient. In overdoses it 
acts as an irritant, especially to the kidneys, 
producing bloody urine and strangury. It is 
used as a stimulant in typhoid and other low 
fevers ; in tympanites ; as a hemostatic ; in 
chronic renal diseases, dysentery, and whoop- 
ing-cough ; as an inhalation in bronchitis ; as 
a cathartic in the form of enema, and as a 
teniafuge. Dose TT\v-xxx (0.32-2.0). Pre- 
parations: Confectio terebinthinae (B. P.). 
Dose f^ss-j (2.0-4.0). Enema terebinthinse 
(B. P.) ; Linimentum terebinthinse (U. S. P., 
B. P. ) ; Linimentum terebinthinae aceticum 
(B. P.) ; Oleum terebinthinae rectificatum (U. 
S. P.). Dose niv-xxx (0.32-2.0). Unguen- 
tum terebinthinae (B. P.). T., Canada 
(Terebinthina canadensis, U. S. P., B. P.), is 
obtained from Pinus balsamea, and under the 
name of Canada balsam is used as a mount- 
ing medium in microscopy. T., Chian, 
collected on the island of Chios, from the 
Pistacia terebinthus, was formerly used in 
cancer. T., Common European, T., 



TURPETH 



639 



TYPHOMALARIAL 



Bordeux, is obtained from several species 
of pine, chiefly Pinus sylvestris and Piaus 
maritima. It yields large quantities of oil 
of T. T., Strasburg, is derived from Abies 
picea. T., Venice, is obtained from Larix 
europaea, and yields oil of T. 

Turpeth {tur'-peth) [Pers., lurbad, a purga- 
tive root]. The Ipomoea turpethum, a pur- 
gative plant resembling jalap, found in Asia. 
T. -mineral, subsulphate of mercury, used 
as an emetic. See Me re toy. 

Tussilago {tus-il-a'-go). A genus of plants 
of the order Composite. The leaves of T. 
farfara, coltsfoot, and also other parts of the 
plant are used as a demulcent in pulmonary 
affections associated with cough. 

Tussis {tus'-is) [L.]. A cough. T. con- 
vulsiva, whooping-cough. 

Tussive ( tus f -iv) [tussis, cough]. Pertain- 
ing to or caused by cough. 

Tutamina oculi {tu-tamf-in- ah ok'-u-li). 
The appendages of the eyes. 

Twelfth Cranial Nerve. The hypoglossal 
nerve. See Nerves, Table of. 

Twin. One of two individuals born at the 
same birth. 

Tyloma (ti-lo'-mah) [ rvlog, callus]. A 
callus. 

Tylosis [ti-lo f -sis) [ri'/loc, callus]. A state 
characterized by the formation of callus. 

Tympanic (tim-pan'-ik) [rbfi-aavov, a drum]. 
Pertaining to the tympanum. T. Bone, T. 
Plate, the thin plate of bone separating the 
tympanum from the cranial cavity. T. 
Membrane. See Membrane. T. Tegmen, 
the bony plate forming the roof of the tym- 
panum. 

Tympanites [tint -pan - i f - tez) [rvjntavov, 
drum]. A distention of the abdominal walls 
from accumulation of gas in the intestines or 
peritoneal cavity. 

Tympanitic [ti/n-pan-it'-ik) [rvfiiravov, a 
drum]. Caused by or of the nature of 
tympanites. T. Resonance, the note ob- 
tained on percussing a cavity distended with 
gas. 

Tympanitis [tim-pan-i' -tis) [rbfiTravov, drum ; 
itlq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
tympanum ; otitis media. 

Tympanoeustachian [tint -pan - o-u-sta'-ke- 
an) [~v[nravov, drum ; Eustachius, an ana- 
tomist]. Pertaining to the tympanum and 
the Eustachian tube. 

Tympanohyal [tim-pan-o-hi / -a/) \rvfnravov, 
drum; voeidijg, hyoid]. A small cartilage 
of the human fetus subsequently fusing with 
the styloid process of the temporal bone. 

Tympanum [tim' ' -pan-tan) [ r v/uira, vov, drum]. 
The middle ear. 

Typhlitis [tif-li' '-tis) \rv^?,6q, cecum ; itiq, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the cecum. 

Typhoid {ti / -foid) \rv(poq, stupor; eldog, 



like]. Resembling typhus. T. Fever, 
enteric fever, abdominal typhus, ileotyphus. 
An infectious disease caused by the bacillus 
typhosus discovered by Eberth. It is intro- 
duced into the body with the food and drink- 
ing water, and is found in the intestines, 
the spleen, and the fecal discharges, but 
may also occur in the various complicat- 
ing lesions. The principal lesions of typhoid 
fever are an enlargement and necrosis of 
Peyer's patches, and enlargement of the 
spleen and the mesenteric glands. The 
mucous membrane of the intestines is also the 
seat of a catarrhal inflammation. After a 
period of incubation of from two to three 
weeks the disease sets in with weakness, 
headache, vague pains, a tendency to diar- 
rhea, and nose-bleed. The temperature 
gradually rises, being higher each evening 
than the previous evening, and reaches its 
maximum (io4°-io5° F.) in from one to two 
weeks. It then remains at this level for from 
one to two weeks, and finally sinks by lysis. 
The pulse is soft and dicrotic, but often not 
as rapid as would be expected from the high 
temperature. The tongue is at first coated on 
the dorsum and red at the tip and edges, but 
soon becomes dry, brown, and tremulous, and, 
like the teeth and lips, covered with sordes. 
There is usually complete anorexia, the 
bowels are loose, the stools having a peculiar 
" pea-soup ' ' color. At times constipation 
exists. Slight congestion of the lungs with 
cough is usually present. On the seventh, 
eighth, or ninth day the peculiar eruption ap- 
pears — it consists of small, slightly-elevated, 
rose-colored spots, disappearing on pressure, 
and coming out in successive crops. Nervous 
symptoms are prominent in typhoid fever, 
and are headache, slight deafness, stupor, 
muttering delirium, carphologia, subsultus 
tendinum, and coma vigil. Complications 
are frequent, the most important being intes- 
tinal hemorrhage, perforation of the bowel, 
peritonitis, pneumonia, and nephritis. Re- 
lapses are fairly common, although second 
attacks are rare. Abortive typhoid is charac- 
terized by an abrupt onset of symptoms, which 
subside quickly, convalescence following in 
a few days. Walking typhoid is a variety in 
which the symptoms are so mild that the 
patient disregards them and walks about. 
Grave accidents may in such a case develop 
suddenly. T. State, the condition of stupor 
and hebetude, with dry, brown tongue, sordes 
on the teeth, rapid, feeble pulse, incontinence 
of feces and urine, and rapid wasting, seen in 
typhoid fever and other continued fevers. 
Typhomalarial (ti'-fo-mal-a'-re-al) [rvdog, 
stupor : malaria']. Exhibiting symptoms of 
both typhoid and malarial fevers. T. Fever, 
a fever having symptoms both of typhoid and 



TYPHOMANIA 



640 



ULCUS 



of malarial fever, but probably malarial in 
nature. 

Typhomania (ti-fo-ma f -ne-ah)[rv(pog, stupor; 
pavia, madness]. The lethargic state, with 
delirium, sometimes observed in typhus, ty- 
phoid, and other low fevers. 

Typhotoxin {ti-fo-toks f -in) [rvfog, stupor ; 
ro\uibv, poison]. A ptomain produced by 
the typhoid bacillus. It is isomeric with the 
base C 7 H n N0 2 , obtained from putrefying 
horseflesh, and induces lethargy, paralysis, 
and death. 

Typhous {ti'-fus) [rv<pog, stupor]. Pertain- 
ing to or having the nature of typhus. 

Typhus {ti'-fus) [rv<pog, stupor]. Jail-fever, 
ship-fever. An acute contagious disease 
chiefly characterized by a petechial rash, 
marked nervous symptoms, and a high fever, 
ending by crisis in from ten to fourteen days. 
The only peculiar lesion noted postmortem is 
a dark fluid state of the blood, and a staining 
of the endocardium and intima of the blood- 
vessels. After a period of incubation of from 
a few hours to two weeks, the disease sets in 
abruptly with pains in the head, back, and 
limbs, the fever rising rapidly to 104 or 
105 F. The nervous symptoms resemble 
those of typhoid fever. The eruption ap- 
pears on the fourth or fifth day as rose-col- 



ored spots scattered all over the body, and 
quickly becoming hemorrhagic. It does not 
disappearonpressure. The chief complications 
are hyperpyrexia, pneumonia, and nephritis. 

Tyrein [fi f -re-in) [rvpog, cheese]. Coagu- 
lated casein. 

Tyroid (ti'-roid) [rvpog, cheese ; eldog, like]. 
Cheese-like. 

Tyroma {ti-ro f -maK) [rvpog, cheese]. 1. A 
caseous mass. 2. A tuberculous tumor. 

Tyrosin {ti> -rosin) [rvpog, cheese], C 9 H n - 
N0 3 . A crystalline amidoacid, a decomposi- 
tion-product of proteids. 

Tyrosis {ti-ro f -sis) [rvpog, cheese]. Casea- 
tion. 

Tyrotoxicon {ti-ro-toks' '-ik-oti) [rvpog, cheese ; 
ro^iKov, poison]. A ptomain obtained from 
poisonous cheese, milk, ice-cream, etc. It 
induces vertigo, nausea, vomiting, chills, 
rigors, severe pains in the epigastric region, 
dilatation of the pupils, griping and purging, 
a sensation of numbness or pins and needles, 
especially in the limbs, and marked prostra- 
tion, or even death. The poison is thought 
to be the cause of the summer-diarrhea of 
infants. See Ptomains, Table of. 

Tyson, Glands of. The sebaceous glands 
secreting the smegma of the prepuce and of 
the labia pudendi. 



u 



Uffelmann's Test. A test for the presence 
of lactic acid in the stomach, performed by 
adding a little of the filtered gastric contents 
to a mixture of ferric chlorid and dilute 
phenol-solution. If lactic acid is present the 
purple color is changed to yellow. 

Ulcer {iri'-ser) [ulcus\ A loss of substance 
occurring on the skin or mucous membrane, 
and due to a gradual necrosis of the tissues. 
U., Atheromatous. A loss of substance in 
the wall of an artery or the endocardium, 
due to the breaking down of an atheromatous 
patch. U., Chancroidal. See Chancroid. 
U., Curling's, an ulcer of the duodenum ob- 
served after severe burns of the body. U., 
Follicular, a small ulcer on a mucous mem- 
brane having its origin in a lymph-follicle. 
U., Fungous, one covered by fungous granu- 
lations. U., Indolent, one with an indu- 
rated, elevated edge, and a nongranulating 
floor, usually occurring on the leg. U., In- 
flamed, one surrounded by marked inflam- 
mation. U., Jacob's. See [/., Rodent. U., 
Marjolin's, an ulcer having for its seat an 



old cicatrix. U., Perforating, an ulcer that 
perforates the tissues of a part, particularly 
the foot or the stomach. U., Phagedenic, 
one which rapidly eats away the tissues. U., 
Phlegmonous. Synonym of U., Inflamed. 
U., Rodent, a form of ulcer, probably epitheli- 
omatous, which gradually involves and eats 
away soft tissues and bones. U., Round, 
the peptic ulcer of the stomach. U., Ser- 
piginous, one healing in one place while 
spreading in another. U., Tuberculous, 
one due to the tubercle-bacillus. U., Vari- 
cose, an ulcer due to varicose veins. 

Ulcerate [uV-ser-at ) [ulcus, ulcer] . To be- 
come converted into or affected with an 
ulcer. 

Ulceration {ul-ser-a' '-shun) [ulcus, a sore]. 
The formation of an ulcer ; a process of 
liquefaction-necrosis or molecular death on a 
free surface. 

Ulcerative [uF-ser-a - tiv) [ulcus, ulcer] . 
Pertaining to ulceration ; characterized by 
ulceration. 

Ulcus [ul f -kus) [L.]. See Ulcer. 



ULITIS 



641 



UNION 



Ulitis {u-li'-tis) [ovXov, gum; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the gums. 

Ulmus (ul'-mus) [L.]. The Ulmus fulva, 
or elm, of the order Urticaceoe. Its bark 
(Ulmus, U. S. P., elm, slippery elm) is used 
as a demulcent in diarrhea, dysentery, and 
diseases of the urinary tract; as a poultice in 
inflammations, and in the form of tents for 
dilating the os uteri. Preparation : Mucilago 
ulmi, U. S. P. 

Ulna (iil'-nah) [L., a cubit]. The bone on 
the inner side of the forearm, articulating 
with the humerus and the head of the radius 
above and with the radius below. 

Ulnar {ul'-nar) [ulnaris, ulnar]. I. Per- 
taining to or in relation with the ulna, as, 
e. g., the U. artery, U. nerve. 2. Pertaining 
to the U. artery or U. nerve. 

Ulnaris {ul-na'-ris) [L.]. I. Ulnar. 2. 
The U. muscle, a muscle on the ulnar side 
of the forearm. 

Ulnocarpal [id-no-kar' '-pal) [ulna, ulna ; 
KaprroQ, carpus]. Pertaining to the ulna and 
the carpus. 

Ulnoradial (til-?io-ra' '-de-al) [ulna, ulna ; 
radius, radius]. Pertaining to the ulna and 
the radius. 

Uloid (u / -loid) [ova?/, scar; eldog, like]. 
Scar-like. 

Ulorrhagia (ul-or-a' '-je-ali) [ovXov, gum ; 
priyvvvai, to burst forth]. Bleeding from the 
gums. 

Ultimate (ul'-tim-dt) [ultimus, superl. of 
ultra, beyond]. Farthest; most remote; 
last ; final. U. Principle. See Principle. 

Ultimum {ul'-tim-uni) [L.]. Last. U. 
moriens (last dying). I. The right auricle; 
so called from the belief that it is the last 
part of the heart to cease its contractions. 
2. The upper part of the trapezius muscle 
which usually escapes in progressive muscu- 
lar atrophy. 

Umbilical {um-bil'-ik-al) [umbilicus, the 
navel]. I. Pertaining to the umbilicus, as, 
e. g. , the U. cord, U. vessels. 2. Pertaining 
to the U. cord or U. vessels. U. Region, 
the central of the regions into which the 
abdomen is divided for purposes of phys- 
ical diagnosis. U. Ring, the aperture, 
closed in the adult, through which the um- 
bilical vessels pass in fetal life. U. Souffle, 
the peculiar sound heard occasionally over 
the umbilical cord of the fetus. U. Vesicle, 
the part of the yolk-sac remaining outside 
of the embryo and supplying nutriment to it 
through the omphalomesenteric duct. 

Umbilicated {um-bil f -ik-a-ted) [umbilicus, 
navel]. Having a depression like that of the 
navel. 

Umbilication {iim-bil-ik-a' '-skun) [umbilicus, 
navel]. I. A depression like that of the 
navel. 2. The state of being umbilicated. 
41 



Umbilicus (urn - bil - i f - kus) [L.]. The 
navel, the round, depressed cicatrix in the 
median line of the abdomen, marking the 
site of the aperture which in fetal life gave 
passage to the umbilical vessels. 

Umbo {iim f -bo) [L.]. A boss, or bossela- 
tion ; any central convex eminence, as, e. g., 
the U. of the membrana tympani. 

Unavoidable Hemorrhage. See Hemor- 
rhage. 

Uncia [uti'-se-ah) [L. ]. An ounce. 

Unciform {itn f -se-form ) [uncus, a hook ; 
forma, form]. Hook-shaped. U. Bone, 
a hook-shaped bone in the second row of 
the carpus. U. Process, a hook-shaped 
process on the ethmoid and other bones. 

Uncinate [un / - sin -at ) [ uncus, hook] . 
Hooked. U. Convolution, U. Gyrus, the 
continuation of the hippocampal convolution, 
or gyrus fornicatus, ending in a hook-like 
process near the end of the temporal lobe. 

Unction {tin k f - shun) [unguere, to anoint]. 
I. The act of anointing. 2. An ointment. 

Unctuous [link' '-tu-us) [unguere, to anoint]. 
Greasy, oily. 

Uncus {ung'-kus) [L.]. I. A hook. 2. 
The hook -like anterior extremity of the un- 
cinate gyrus of the brain. 

Undulation {itn-du-la' '-shun) [tindulatio, 
from zinda, a wave]. A wave-like motion. 

Ungual (ung'-gwal) [ungziis, a claw]. I. 
Pertaining to a nail. 2. Resembling a nail 
in size, as the U. bone (the lacrimal bone). 

Unguent {un f -gwent) [unguentwn, oint- 
ment]. See Ointment. 

Unguiculate ( ting -gwik f - zi - lat ) [unguis, 
nail] . Having nails or claws. 

Unguis (ung / -gzais) [L.]. I. A nail. 2. 
The lacrimal bone. 

Uni- (u f -ne-) [units, one]. A prefix de- 
noting one. 

Uniaxial {ii-ne-aks f -e-al) [unus, one ; axis, 
axis]. Having but one axis. 

Unicellular (u-ne-sel' '-u-lar) [unus, one ; 
cellula, dim. of cella, a cell]. Composed of 
but one cell. 

Unicorn (u'-ne-korn) [unus, one; cornu, 
horn]. Having a single horn. 

Unilateral {11-ne-laf ' -er-al) [unus, one ; latus, 
side]. Pertaining to or affecting but one 
side. 

Unilocular (u- ne - lok ; - u - lor) [unus, one ; 
loculus, dim. of locus, a place]. Having but 
one loculus or cavity. 

Uninuclear, Uninucleated (u-ne-nu'-kle- 
ar, u-ne-nu f ' -kle-a-ted) [unus, one ; nucleus, 
nucleus]. Having but a single nucleus. 

Uniocular {ti-ne-ok' ' -u-lar) [unus, one ; ocu- 
lus, eye]. Pertaining to or performed with 
one eye. 

Union {un f - yuri) [unio, oneness]. See 
He alius:. 



UNIPARA 



642 



URESIS 



Unipara (u-nip f -ar-aJt) [unus, one ; parere, 
to bear]. A woman who has borne but one 
child. 

Uniparous (u-nip' '-ar-us) [unus, one; parere, 
to produce]. Having borne but one child. 

Unipolar (u-7te-po / -lar) \_unus, one ; polus, a 
pole]. I. Having but one pole or process. 
2. Pertaining to one pole. 

Unisexual (u - ne - seks'-u-al) [unus, one; 
sexus, sex] . Provided with the sexual organs 
of one sex only. 

Unit (id -nit ) [unus, one]. I . A single thing ; 
a group considered as a whole, 'or as forming 
one of many similar groups composing a 
more complex body. U., Physiologic, a 
term used by Herbert Spencer to express a 
unit between the chemic and the morpho- 
logic units in complexity, and of an aggrega- 
tion of which units the body is composed, 
and which represents the character of the 
species. 2. A quantity with which others 
are compared. The most important units 
are: The Electric Units — U. of Capacity, 
the farad ; U. of Current, the ampere ; U of 
Electromotive Force, the volt ; U. of Poiuer, 
the watt ; U. of Quantity, the coulomb ; U 
of Resistance, the ohm. U. of Force, the 
dyne; U. of Heat, the calorie; U. of 
Light, the light of a standard candle, i. e., 
a spermaceti-candle burning 1 20 grains per 
hour; U. of Length, U. of Volume, U. 
of Weight. See Weights and Measures. 
U. of Work, the erg. U., Serum-, U., 
Immunizing, according to Behring, one 
cubic centimeter of an antitoxic blood-serum, 
of which 0.1 c.c protects a guinea-pig of 500 
grams against 10 times the fatal dose of 
diphtheria-toxin. 

Unitary (id-nit-a-re) [unus, one]. I. Per- 
taining to or having the qualities of a unit. 
2. Pertaining to monsters having the organs 
of a single individual. 

Univalent (u-niv' -al-ent) [unus, one ; valere, 
to be worth]. Having a valence of one; 
capable of replacing a single hydrogen-atom 
in combination. 

Unorganized (un-or' '-gan-lzd) [tin, not; 
bpyavov, organ]. Without organs; not ar- 
ranged in the form of an organ or organs. 

Unpolarized (un-po'-lar-lzd) [un, not; 
polus, pole]. Not polarized. 

Unstriated (un-strd-a-ted) [tin, not; stria, 
stripe]. Not striated, as, e.g., U. muscle. 

Ununited (un-u-nd-ted) [un, not; untis, 
one]. Not united, as, e. g., an U. fracture. 

Unwell. I. Ill ; sick. 2. Menstruating. 

Urachus (id-ra-kus) [ovpov, urine ; £X £lv > 
to hold]. The allantoic stalk connecting 
in the fetus the bladder with the allantois, 
in after-life represented by a fibrous cord 
passing from the apex of the bladder to the 
umbilicus. 



Ural (id-ral) [ovpov, urine]. Chloral-ureth- 
ane, CC1 3 CH : OH.NHC0 2 C 2 H 5 . An hyp- 
notic. Dose gr.x-xx (0.65-1.3). 

Uramin (u-rand-in). See Guanidin. 

Uranalysis (u-ran-ad -is-is). See Urinalysis. 

Uraniscoplasty (u-ran-is' ' -ko-plas-te) [ovpav- 
iokoq, palate ; rr/idcaetv, to form]. A plastic 
operation for the repair of cleft palate. 

Uraniscorrhaphy (u-ran-is-kor' ' -a-fe) [ovpav- 
tOKog, palate ; pad?/, suture]. Suture of a 
palatal cleft; staphylorrhaphy. 

Uranium (u-ra r -ne-uni) [Uranus, Uranus]. 
A heavy white metal. See Elements, Table 
of. Its phosphate and nitrate are used as tests 
for phosphoric acid. The salts are very poi- 
sonous. 

Uranoplasty (id -ran-o-plas-te). Same as 
Ura niscoplasty. 

Urare, Urari (u-ra/d-re). See Curare. 

Urate (u'-ral) [ovpov, urine]. A salt of 
uric acid. 

Uratic (u-raf '-ik) [ovpov, urine]. Pertaining 
to or characterized by urates. U. Dia- 
thesis, a condition in which there is a ten- 
dency to the deposition of urates in the joints 
and elsewhere ; a tendency to gout. 

Uratoma (u-ra-to' -niah) [urate ; bpa, tumor]. 
A concretion composed of urates, and occur- 
ring chiefly about the joints ; a tophus. 

Urea (u-re / -al/) [ovpov, urine], CO(NH 2 ) 2 . 
The chief nitrogenous constituent of urine, 
and principal end-product of tissue-metamor- 
phosis ; it occurs also in the blood, the lymph, 
and the liver. 

Ureameter (u-re-and -e-ter) [urea ; perpov, 
measure]. An apparatus for determining 
the amount of urea contained in a liquid. 

Ureametry (11-re-and-et-re) [urea ; perpnv, 
measure]. The determination of the amount 
of urea in a liquid. 

UTedema(u-re-de / -maA)[ovpov, urine ; oWrjpa, 
a swelling]. Distention of tissues from ex- 
travasation of urine. 

Uredo (u-re'-do) [ttredo, a blight]. I. A 
genus of fungi. 2. Urticaria. 

Ureid (id -re-id) [urea']. A compound of 
urea and an acid radicle. 

Uremia (11-re' ' -me-ah) [ovpov, urine ; dipa, 
blood]. The symptoms due to the retention 
in the blood of excrementitious substances 
normally excreted by the kidneys ; it is char- 
acterized by headache, vertigo, vomiting, 
amaurosis, convulsions, coma, sometimes 
hemiplegia, and a urinous odor of the breath. 

Uremic (u-rem'-ik, u-re' ' -mifc) [ovpov, urine ; 
alpa, blood]. Due to or characterized by 
uremia. 

Ureometer (u-re-ond '-et-er) [urea; perpov, 
measure]. See Ureameter. 

Ureometry (u-re-om'-et-re). See Ureametry. 

Uresis (u-re f -sis) [ovp?]oic~\. Same as £>?'- 
nation. . 



-URET 



643 



URIDROSIS 



-uret {-u f -ret). A suffix denoting a binary 
compound of carbon, sulphur, etc., with 
another element ; in modern chemistry the 
suffix id is used. 

Ureter (u-re'-ter) [ovprjrfjp, ureter]. The 
long, narrow tube conveying the urine from 
the pelvis of the kidney to the bladder. 

Ureteral (u- re f -ter - al) [ovprjrrjp, ureter]. 
Pertaining to the ureter. 

Ureteralgia (u - re - ter- al' - je-ah) [ovprjrrjp, 
ureter; akyoq, pain]. Neuralgic pain in the 
ureter. 

Ureteric (u - re - ter' - ik) [ovprjrfjp, ureter] . 
Pertaining to the ureter. 

Ureteritis {ii-re-ter-i' '-tis) [ovprjrrjp', ureter ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of a ure- 
ter. 

Ureterolith (u-re' ' -ler-o-lith)[ovprjrfj p, ureter; 
Mdog, stone]. Calculus in the ureter. 

Ureterotomy (u-re- ter- ot'-o-me) [ovprjrrjp, 
ureter; rojifj, a cutting]. Incision of the 
ureter. 

Ureterouterine (u-re-ter-o-nf -ter-iti) [ovprjrrjp, 
ureter; uterus, uterus]. Pertaining to the 
ureter and the uterus. 

Ureterovaginal (u-re-ter-o-vaj f -in-al) [ovp- 
rjrrjp, ureter ; vagina, vagina]. Pertaining to 
the ureter and the vagina. 

Urethane (u' '-reth-an) [ovpov, urine ; ether']. 
I. NH^COjGjHj, ethyl carbamate. An hyp- 
notic. Dose gr. xx-lx (1.3—2.6). 2. In a 
wider sense, any ester of carbamic acid is 
called a urethane. 

Urethra (u-re' ' -thrah) [ovprjdpa, urethra]. 
The canal through which the urine is dis- 
charged, extending from the neck of the blad- 
der to the meatus urinarius. It is divided in 
the man into the prostatic portion , the mem- 
branous portion, and the spongy or penile por- 
tion, and is from 8 to 9 inches long. In the 
woman it is about 1^ inches in length. 

Urethral (it-re f -thral) [ovprjdpa, urethra]. 
Pertaining to the urethra ; produced in or 
arising from the urethra, as, e.g., U. fever. 
U. Arthritis, gonorrheal rheumatism. 

Urethralgia (u-re-thral' '-je-ah) [ovprjdpa, ure- 
thra ; alyoq, pain]. Neuralgic pain in the 
urethra. 

Urethritis (u-re-thri' '-tis) [ovprjdpa, urethra ; 
ircg, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
urethra. U., Anterior, inflammation of the 
part situated anterior to the anterior layer of 
the triangular ligament. U., Posterior, in- 
flammation of the prostatic and membranous 
portions. U., Simple, a nonspecific inflam- 
mation of the urethra. U., Specific, that 
due to the gonococcus ; gonorrhea. 

Urethro- (u-re' '-thro-) [ovprjdpa, urethra]. A 
prefix denoting pertaining to the urethra. 

Urethrocele (u-re' -thro-sel) [ovprjdpa, ure- 
thra; idj'Arj, a tumor]. A protrusion of the 
wall of the female urethra. 



Urethrometer (u-re-throm f -et-er) [ovprjdpa, 
urethra; /uerpov, measure]. An instrument 
for determining the caliber of the urethra or 
for measuring the lumen of a stricture. 

Urethroplasty {u-re' ' -thro-plas-te) [ovprjdpa, 
urethra; TT/Xaaoeiv, to form]. Plastic opera- 
tion upon the urethra. 

Urethrorrhagia (u-re-thror-a' -je-ah) [ovprj- 
dpa, urethra; ptjyvvvai, to burst forth]. 
Hemorrhage from the urethra. 

Urethrorrhea (u - re - thror-c'-ah) [ovprjdpa, 
urethra; poia, a flow]. A morbid discharge 
from the urethra. 

Urethroscope {u - re f - thro - shop) [ovpifipa, 
urethra; cKOTrnv, to view]. An instrument 
for inspecting the interior of the urethra. 

Urethroscopy {ii-re-thros' -ko-pe) [ovprjdpa, 
urethra ; ano-nelv, to view]. Inspection of 
the urethra. 

Urethrospasm {u-re 1 ' -thro-spaz?n) [ovprjdpa, 
urethra; airaajjiog, spasm]. A spasmodic 
stricture of the urethra. 

Urethrostenosis (u-re-thro-sten-o / -sis) [ovprj- 
dpa, urethra; arevuatg, a constriction]. 
Stricture of the urethra. 

Urethrotome (ti-re / -thro-tom) [ovprjdpa, ure- 
thra ; rojurj, a cutting]. An instrument used 
for performing urethrotomy. 

Urethrotomy {u-re-throf '-o-me) [ovprjdpa, 
urethra; tojxtj , a cutting] . The operation of 
cutting a stricture of the urethra. U., Ex- 
ternal, division of a stricture by an incision 
from without. U., Internal, division of a 
urethral stricture from within the urethra. 

Urethrovaginal ( tc - re - thro - vaf - in - al) 
[ovprjdpa, urethra; vagina, vagina]. Per- 
taining to the urethra and the vagina. 

Urethrovesical [u-re-thro-ves' '-ik-al) [ovprj- 
dpa, urethra; vesica, bladder]. Pertaining 
to the urethra and the bladder. 

Uric Acid (u'-rih) [ovpov, urine], C 5 H 4 N 4 3 . 
A dibasic acid ; one of the nitrogenous end- 
products of metabolism. It is found in the 
urine and in the spleen. Its accumulation in 
the blood (lithemia, uricacidemia) is associated 
with marked disturbances, and according to 
some writers produces the phenomena of 
gout. It may also form urinary calculi. 

Uricacidemia [u-rik-as-id-e / -me-ah) [ovpov, 
urine; acidus. acid; a\jia, blood]. The 
presence of an excess of uric acid in the 
blood ; also the condition associated with an 
excess of uric acid in the blood, and charac- 
terized by various nervous symptoms, and 
perhaps also responsible for the phenomena 
of gout. 

Uricemia (zt-re-se'-me-ah). See Uricacide- 
mia. 

Uridrosis (u - rid '- ro f ' - sis) [017)01;, urine; 
Upcog, sweat]. The secretion of a sweat 
containing urea, uric acid, or other urinary 
constituents which may be deposited in 



URINA 



644 



UROMELUS 



crystalline form upon the skin (U. crystal - 
lina). 

Urina (u-ri'-nah) [L.]. Urine. 

Urinal {it r -rin-al) [urina, urine] . A vessel 
for receiving urine. 

Urinalysis {ii-rin-al' '-is-is) [urina, urine ; 
?.va/g, a loosening]. Analysis of the urine. 

Urinary [uf -rin-a-re) [urina, urine]. Per- 
taining to the urine. U. Organs, the organs 
concerned in the secretion and excretion of 
the urine, including the kidneys, ureters, 
bladder, and urethra. U. Sediment, the 
deposit formed after urine has been allowed 
to stand for some hours in a vessel. 

Urinate {ii' '-rin-dt) [urin, urine]. To dis- 
charge urine from the bladder. 

Urination [u-rin-af -shun} [urina, urine]. 
The act of voiding urine. 

Urine (u f -rin) [urina'] . The fluid excreted 
by the kidneys. In health urine has an amber 
color, a slightly acid reaction, a faint odor, a 
saline taste, and a specific gravity of about 
1018. The average quantity excreted in 24 
hours is about 1200 c.c, or 40 ounces, of 
which about 62.5 grams are solids. Among the 
solids urea is the most important, of which 
35 grams are excreted in the day. Other 
solid constituents are uric acid (0.75 grams 
in the day),hippuric acid, creatinin and other 
extractives, sodium chlorid, phosphates and 
sulphates of calcium, magnesium, potassium, 
and sodium. The most important abnormal 
constituents, present in disease, are albumin, 
sugar, blood, pus, acetone, diacetic acid, fat, 
chyle, tube-casts, various cells, and bacteria. 

Urinemia {u-rin-e' -me-ah) [urina, urine; 
al/ia, blood] . The presence of urinary con- 
stituents in the blood ; uremia. 

Uriniferous {u-rin-if f -er-us) [urina, urine ; 

ferre, to bear]. Carrying or conveying 
urine, as, e. g., U. tubule. 

Uriniparous {u-rin-ip' '-ar-us) [urina, urine; 
parere, to produce]. Secreting urine. 

Urinogenital (u - rin - -jen f - it-al) [urina, 
urine; yevvav, to produce]. Urogenital. 

Urinology [u-rin-oV-o-je). See Urology. 

Urinometer [u-rin-om'-et-er) [urina, urine ; 
fierpov, measure]. An hydrometer for ascer- 
taining the specific gravity of urine. 

Urinometry {11-rin-om' ' -et-re) [urina, urine ; 
fierpov, measure]. The determination of the 
specific gravity of the urine by means of the 
urinometer. 

Urinose, Urinous («'- rin - os, u f - rin - us) 
[urina, urine]. Having the characters of 
urine, as, e. g. , a U. odor. 

Uro- [u'-ro-) [ovpov, urine]. A prefix denot- 
ing pertaining to urine or uric acid. 

Urobacillus {ti-ro-bas-iV -us) [ovpov, urine; 
bacillus']. A bacillus occurring in urine. 
See Bacteria, Table of. 

Urobilin {ti-ro-biV -in) [ovpov. urine ; bills, 



bile], C 32 H 40 N 4 O 7 . A yellowish-brown, 
amorphous pigment derived from bilirubin. 
It is the principal pigment of the urine, and 
is increased in febrile and other conditions. 
U. -jaundice, a jaundice supposed to be 
due to the presence of U. in the blood. 

Urobilinuria {ti - ro - bil - in-u' -re-ah) [ovpov, 
urine; bills, bile; urina, urine]. The pres- 
ence of an excess of urobilin in the urine. 

Urocanin {u-ro-kan'-in). See Urocaninic 
Acid. 

Urocaninic Acid [u-ro-kan-in'-ik) [ovpov, 
urine; cam's, dog], C fi H 6 N 2 2 + 2H 2 0. An 
acid found in the urine of dogs when there 
is a diminution in the amount of urea. By 
heating it is decomposed into carbonic acid, 
water, and a base, Urocanin, C n H 10 N 4 O. 

Urocele (u'-ro-sel) [ovpov, urine; kt/'/.tj, a 
tumor]. A swelling of the scrotum from 
extravasation of urine. 

Urochrome {u f -ro-krd7ii)[ovpov, urine ; jpeJ- 
fia, color]. A yellow coloring matter found 
in urine. 

Urocyanogen (u - ro - si- an'- -gen) [ovpov, 
urine ; nvavoc, blue]. A blue pigment found 
in urine. 

Urcedema [ti-re-de f -mali). See Uredema. 

Uroerythrin {11-ro-er' '-ith-rin) [ovpov, urine ; 
kpvOpog. red]. An amorphous, reddish pig- 
ment with an acid reaction, occurring in the 
urine in rheumatic and other diseases. 

Urofuscohematin ( u-ro-fus-ko-hem'-at-in ) 
[ovpov, urine; fuscus, dark; alua, blood]. 
A red pigment derived from hematin, occur- 
ring in the urine. 

Urogenital (u-ro-Jen'-it-al) [ovpov, urine; 
yevvav, to produce]. Pertaining to the urin- 
ary and genital organs. U, Sinus, the 
anterior part of the cloaca, into which the 
urogenital ducts open. 

Uroglaucin (u-ro-gla-v' '-sin) [ovpov, urine ; 
y/avKog, green]. A blue pigment, at times 
occurring in urine, as, e. g., in scarlet fever, 
and supposed to result from the oxidation of 
a chromogen. 

Urogravimeter (u-ro-grav-im'-et-er). See 
Urinometer. 

Urohematin [u-ro-hem'-at-in) [ovpov, urine ; 
hematin]. The coloring-matter of the urine, 
so called because it is a modified hematin. 

Urolith [tc f -ro-lith) [ovpov, urine; ?j6oc, a 
stone]. A calculus occurring in the urine. 

Urology {ii-roV -o-je) [ovpov, urine; /oyog, 
science]. The study of the urine. 

Urolutein (u - ro - lu' '- te - in) [ovpov, urine; 
luteus, yellow], A yellow pigment some- 
times found in urine. 

Uromelanin (u-ro-?nel' -an-in) [ovpov, urine ; 
melanin]. A black pigment sometimes found 
in the urine, derived from the decomposition 
of urochrome. 

Uromelus [ti-rom f -e-lus) [ovpd, tail ; p.e)joc, 



UROMETER 



645 



USTULATION 



limb]. A monster in which there is more or 
less complete fusion of the limbs, with but a 
single foot. 

Urometer (u-rom'-et-cr). See Uri)ionietcr. 

Uropittin (u-ro-f>// / -i;i) [ovpov, urine ; ttittq, 
pitch], C 9 H 10 N 2 O 3 . A nitrogenous deriva- 
tive of urochrome. 

Uroplania {ii-ro-pla* ' -ne-ah) [ovpov, urine ; 
Trldvi], a wandering]. The presence of 
urine in other localities than the urinary 
organs ; the discharge of urine from an ab- 
normal orifice. 

Uropoiesis (u-ro-poi-e / -sis ) [ovpov, urine ; 
KOiietv, to make]. The secretion of the 
urine by the kidneys. 

Uropoietic [ti-ro- poi-et f -ik) [ovpov, urine ; 
-oteeiv, to make]. Concerned in uropoiesis. 

Urorhodin(«-n?-7W / -/«) [ovpov, urine; poSov, 
rose]. A red pigment found in urine and 
derived from uroxanthin. 

Urorosein {ii-ro-ro' '-ze-in ) [ovpov, urine ; 
rosa, rose]. A rose-colored pigment found 
in the urine in various diseases. 

Urorubin {u-ro-ru' '-bin) [ovpov, urine ; ruber, 
red]. A red pigment obtained by treating 
urine with hydrochloric acid, and also in the 
preparation of uropittin. 

Urorubrohematin ( ti-ro-ru-bro-hem' '-at-in) 
[ovpov, urine; ruber, red; hematin~\. A pig- 
ment obtained from urine of leprous patients. 

Urosacin {ii-ro'-sas-in). See Urorhodin. 

Uroscopy (ii-ros' '-ko-pe) [ovpov, urine ; cko- 
ireiv, to view]. Examination of the urine. 

Urosepsis {u-ro-sep/ -sis) [ovpov, urine ; ffippig, 
sepsis]. The condition of intoxication due 
to the extravasation of urine. 

Uroseptic {ii-ro-sep f -tik) [ovpov, urine ; sepsis]. 
Relating to or characterized by urosepsis. 

Urostealith (ti-ro-ste'-al-ith) [ovpov, urine ; 
GTsap, fat; AiOog, stone]. A fat-like substance 
occurring in some urinary calculi. 

Urotheobromin {tt-ro-the-o-bro f -min). See 
Paraxanthin. 

Urotoxic (u-ro-toks'-ik) [ovpov, urine ; rogc- 
kov, poison]. I. Pertaining to. poisonous 
substances eliminated in the urine. 2. Per- 
taining to poisoning by urine or some of its 
constituents. U. Coefficient, the number 
of urotoxies formed in 24 hours by one kilo- 
gram of an individual. The normal urotoxic 
coefficient in man is about 0.4, i.e. , a man 
produces for each kilogram of body-weight 
.4 urotoxies, or sufficient poison to kill 400 
grams of animal. 

Urotoxy (ti r -ro-toks-e) [ovpov, urine ; to^ikov, 
poison]. The unit of toxicity of urine — the 
amount necessary to kill a kilogram of living 
substance. 

Uroxanthin {ti-ro-zan' -thin) [ovpov, urine ; 
t;av6oQ, yellow]. A yellow pigment occur- 
ring in human urine and yielding indigo-blue 
on oxidation. 



Urrhodin (u'-rod-in). See UrorJiodin. 

Ursin (ur'-sin). See Arbutin. 

Urtica {ttr f ~tik-aK)\\ji.\ Nettle. I. A genus 
of plants of the order Urticaceae. U. dioica, 
the common nettle, and U. urens, the dwarf 
nettle, are used as diuretics, local irritants, 
and hemostatics. 2. A wheel. 

Urticaria (ur-tik-a' '-re-ah) [urtica, a nettle]. 
Nettle-rash, hives ; a disease of the skin char- 
acterized by the* development of wheals, 
which give rise to sensations of burning and 
itching. They appear suddenly in large or 
small numbers, remain for from a few minutes 
to several hours, and disappear suddenly. 
The disease may be acute or chronic, and is 
due to agencies acting upon the vasomotor 
system, such as gastrointestinal disorders, the 
ingestion of certain foods, as shell-fish, straw- 
berries, etc. U. bullosa, U. characterized 
by the formation of bullae. U. factitia, 
U., Factitious, dermographia, dermograph- 
ism, the form produced in individuals with 
an irritable skin by any slight external 
irritation. U., Giant-, U. gigans. See U. 
oedematosa. U. haemorrhagica, purpura 
urticans, a variety characterized by hemor- 
rhage into the wheals from. rupture of the 
extremely congested capillaries. U. medica- 
mentosa, U. from the use of certain drugs. 
U. oedematosa, giant-urticaria, a variety 
characterized by the sudden appearance 
of large, soft, edematous swellings of the 
skin and subcutaneous tissue, which may 
measure several inches in diameter. U. 
papulosa, lichen urticatus, a form occurring 
in children, in which, as a result of the in- 
flammatory effusion, a small, solid papule re- 
mains after the subsidence of the wheal. U. 
pigmentosa, a rare type which begins 
within the first few months of life and con- 
sists of large, reddish, wheal-like tubercles 
that eventually change to a brownish-red or 
yellowish color. U. tuberosa, a form in 
which the wheals assume a tuberous form 
and become very large, as big as a walnut, 
hen's egg, or even larger. U. vesiculosa, 
U. characterized by the presence of vesicles. 

Urticarial, Urticarious (ur-tik-a'-re-al, ur- 
tik-a' '-re-us) [urticaria, nettle-rash]. Per- 
taining to urticaria. 

Urtication {ur-tik-a f -shun) [urtica, nettle]. 
I. Flagellation with nettles, a method of 
treatment formerly employed in paralysis 
and to produce local irritation. 2. A sen- 
sation as if one had been stung by nettles. 

Ustilago {us-til-a' '-go) [L.]. A genus of 
parasitic fungi, the smuts. U. maydis, corn- 
smut, a fungus parasitic upon maize or Indian 
corn. In properties it resembles ergot of 
rye. 

Ustulation {us-tu-la r -shun) [ustulatio~\. The 
act of roasting, drying, or parching. 



USTUS 



646 



UVULOPTOSIS 



Ustus (us / -tus) [urere, to burn]. Calcined; 
burned. 

Uterine (u'-ter-in) [uterus]. Pertaining to 
the uterus. 

Uteritis {ii-ter-i' -tis) [uterus, uterus ; trig, 
inflammation]. See Metritis. 

Utero- (u'-ter-o-) [uterus, uterus]. A prefix 
denoting pertaining to the uterus. 

Uteroabdominal {u-ter - o - ab - dom f -in-al) 
[uterus ; abdomen] . Pertaining to the 
uterus and the abdomen. 

Uterofixation {u-ter-o-jiks-a'-shuii). See 
Hysteropexy. 

Uterogestation {ti-ter-o-jes-ta' -shun) [uterus ; 
gestatio, gestation]. Gestation within the 
cavity of the uterus. 

Uteroovarian [u-ter-o-o-va' '-re-an) [uterus; 
ovary]. Pertaining to the uterus and the 
ovaries. 

Uteropexia, Uteropexy {ii-ter-o-peks f -e-ah, 
u' ' -ter-o-peks-e). See Hysteropexy. 

Uteroplacental {ii-ter-o-pla -sen f -tal ) [uterus; 

placenta]. Pertaining to the uterus and the 
placenta. 

Uterosacral [u - ter - o - sa f -kral ) [uterus ; 
sacrum]. Pertaining to the uterus and the 
sacrum. 

Uterotomy {ti-ter-ot'-o-me). See Hystero- 
tomy. 

Uterus (u'-ter-us) [L.]. The womb, the 
organ of gestation, receiving the ovum in its 
cavity, retaining and supporting it during the 
development of the fetus, and becoming the 
principal agent in its expulsion during parturi- 
tion. It is a pear-shaped, muscular organ, 
three inches long, two inches wide, and one 
inch thick, and is divided into three portions, 
the fundus, the body, and the cervix. The 
fundus is the upper and broad portion ; the 
body gradually narrows to the neck, which is 
the contracted portion. The orifice, os uteri, 
communicates with the vagina. The inner 
surface is covered with mucous membrane con- 
tinuous with that of the vagina. The outer sur- 
face of the fundus and body is covered with 
peritoneum. The whole organ is suspended 
in the pelvis by means of the broad ligaments. 
The Fallopian tubes enter, one on either side 
of the fundus, at the cornua of the organ. U= 
bicornis, a uterus divided into two horns or 
compartments on account of an arrest of de- 
velopment. U. cordiformis, a heart-shaped 
uterus, a form due to faulty development. U. 
duplex, a uterus that is double from failure 
of the Mullerian ducts to unite. U., Gravid, 
a pregnant uterus. U. masculinus, the little 
passage formed by the sinus pocularis in the 
substance of the prostate. U. unicornis, a 



uterus having but a single lateral half with 
usually only one Fallopian tube ; it is the result 
of faulty development. 

Utricle {u'-trik-l} [utriculus, dim. of uter, a 
small bag]. I. A delicate membranous sac 
communicating with the semicircular canals 
of the ear. 2. The sinus pocularis of the 
prostate gland. 

Utricular [ti-trik' '-u- tar) [utricle]. I. Per- 
taining to the utricle. 2. Pertaining to the 
uterus. 

Utriculus {u-trik' '-u-his) [L.]. See Utricle. 
U. hominis. See Uterus masculinus. 

Uva {u'-vah) [L.]. A grape. U. ursi, the 
Arctostaphylos uva ursi, or bearberry, of the 
order Ericaceae. Its leaves (Uva ursi, U. S. 
P., Uvae ursi folia, B. P.) contain a bitter, 
crystalline glucosid, arbutin, C 12 H 15 7 , split- 
ting up into glucose and hydroquinone, 
C 6 H 6 2 . Uva ursi is astringent and tonic, 
and is used in chronic nephritis, pyelitis, 
cystitis, incontinence of urine, gleet, leukor- 
rhea, etc. Dose gr. xx-^j (1.3-4.0). Pre- 
parations and doses : Extractum uvae ursi 
(U. S. P. ),gr. xv-xxx (I.0—2.0) ; Extractum 
uvae ursi fluidum (U. S. P.), f^j (4.0); In- 
fusum uvae ursi (B. P.), f^j-ij (32.0-64.0). 

Uvea (u'-ve-ah) [uva, grape]. The pig- 
mented layer of the eye, comprising the iris, 
ciliary body, and choroid. 

Uveal [u'-ve-al) [uvea, a grape]. Pertain- 
ing to the uvea. 

Uveitis {ti-ve-i' -tis) [uvea ; irig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the uvea. 

Uvula [uv / -zi-lah)[L,.]. The conic appendix 
hanging from the free edge of the soft palate 
and formed by muscles (azygos uvulae, levator 
and tensor palati) , mucous membrane, and con- 
nective tissue. U. of the Cerebellum, a small 
lobule of the inferior vermis of the cerebellum, 
forming the posterior boundary of the fourth 
ventricle. U., Vesical, a prominence at 
the internal orifice of the urethra. 

Uvulaptosis [ilv-u-lap-to f -sis) [uvula, uvula; 
irrciGiq, falling]. A relaxed and pendulous 
condition of the uvula. 

Uvular {iiv'-u-lar) [uvula]. Pertaining to 
the uvula. 

Uvulatome {uv f '-u-lat-oni) [uvula, uvula ; 
Topi], cutting]. An instrument used in per- 
forming uvulatomy. 

Uvulatomy (uv-u-lat'-o-me) [uvula, uvula ; 
roar], a cutting]. The operation of cutting 
off the uvula. 

Uvulitis {iiv-u-li f -tis) [uvula, uvula ; irtq, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the uvula. 

Uvuloptosis {uv-u- lop-to' '-sis). See Uvulap- 
tosis. 



G47 



VALERIC ACID 



V 



V. I. Abbreviation of vision, or acuity of 
vision. 2. The symbol of vanadium. 

Vaccina [vak-si'-nak). See Vaccinia. 

Vaccinal [yak^-sin-al) [racca, a cow]. Per- 
taining to vaccination or to vaccine. 

Vaccinate (rak'-sin-dt) \_vacca, a cow]. I. 
To inoculate with the virus of vaccinia. 2. 
To inoculate with any virus in order to 
produce immunity against an infectious dis- 
ease. 

Vaccination {vak- sin -of -shun) [yacca, a 
cow]. Inoculation with the virus of cow- 
pox in order to protect from small-pox. 

Vaccinator (yak'-sin-a-tor) [yacca, a cow]. 
One who vaccinates. 

Vaccine (yak'-se)i) [z'acca, cow]. The vi- 
rus used in performing vaccination. V., 
Bovine, that derived from the cow. V., 
Humanized, that from vaccinal vesicles of 
man. V. -lymph. See Vaccine. 

Vaccinella iyak-sin-el' '-ah) [yacca, cow]. 
Spurious vaccinia. 

Vaccinia (yak-sin' ' -e-ah)[yacca, cow]. Cow- 
pox, a contagious disease of cows transmis- 
sible to man by vaccination and conferring 
immunity against small-pox. In the human 
subject inoculated with cow-pox a small 
papule appears at the site of inoculation in 
from one to three days, which becomes a 
vesicle about the fifth day, and at the end of 
the first week is pustular, umbilicated, and 
surrounded by a red areola. Desiccation 
begins in the second week and a scab forms, 
which soon falls off, leaving a white, pitted 
cicatrix. 

Vacciniola (yak-sin-i' '-o-laJi) [dim. of vac- 
cinia]. A secondary eruption, sometimes 
following vaccinia and resembling the erup- 
tion of small-pox. 

Vaccinophobia {yak-sin-o-fo' '-be-ah) [yacca, 
cow ; oo^og, fear] . Morbid dread of vaccina- 
tion. 

Vaccinosyphilis {vak-siii-o-sif -il-is) [vacca, 
cow; syphilis, syphilis]. Syphilis conveyed 
by vaccination with contaminated virus. 

Vacuolar {yak f -ti-o-lar) [yacuus, empty]. 
Pertaining to or of the nature of a vacuole. 

Vacuolation (yak-u-o-la'-shun) [vacuus, 
empty] . The formation of vacuoles ; the 
state of being vacuolated. 

Vacuole [vak f -u-ol) [vacuus, empty]. A 
clear space filled with air or fluid in the 
interior of a cell. 

Vacuum {yak'-u-tim) [L.]. A space from 
which the air has been exhausted. 

Vagabonds' Disease. Parasitic melano- 
derma, a pigmentation of the skin from 
chronic irritation by pediculi. 



Vagal (va / -gal) [vagare, to wander]. Per- 
taining to the vagus nerve. 

Vagina (z ■a-ji'-nah)[L.~\. 1. A sheath. 2. The 
musculomembranous canal extending from 
the vulval opening to the cervix uteri, en- 
sheathing the latter and the penis during 
copulation. V. cordis, the pericardium. V. 
femoris, the fascia lata. 

Vaginal {yaj f -in-al) [vagina, a sheath]. I. 
Pertaining to or of the nature of a sheath, as, 
e. g., the V. tunic (tunica vaginalis of the 
testicle). 2. Pertaining to the vagina. 

Vaginalis {yaj-in-a' '-lis) [vagina, a sheath]. 
Vaginal. 

Vaginismus [yaj -in - iz f - mus) [vagina, 
sheath]. Painful spasm of the vagina. 

Vaginitis yaj-in-i' -tis) [vagina, sheath ; 
ircg, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
vagina. 

Vagino- [yaf-in-o-) [vagina, vagina]. A 
prefix denoting pertaining to the vagina. 

Vaginovesical iyaj-in-o-ves' '-ik-al). See 
Vesicovaginal. 

Vagitus (va-jV -tus) [vagire, to cry]. The 
cry of an infant. V. uterinus, the cry of a 
child while still in the uterus. 

Vagotomy (va-got'-o-me) [vagus, vagus ; 
TOfii], a cutting] . Division of the vagus nerve. 

Vagus [va f -gus) [vagare, to wander]. The 
pneumogastric nerve. See Nerves, Table 
of. V. -pneumonia, pneumonia following 
section of the vagi in the lower animals, and 
due to the aspiration of food into the air-pas- 
sages. 

Valence, Valency (va / - lens, va / - len - se) 
[valere, to be worth]. The relative com- 
bining capacity of an atom compared with 
that of the atom of hydrogen. 

Valerian {yal-e f -re-an). The Valeriana offi- 
cinalis and other species of the order Vale- 
rianeae. Its root (Valeriana, U. S. P. , Va- 
leriana? rhizoma, B. P.) contains a volatile 
oil, from which valerianic acid is obtained. 
V. is employed as a mild nervous stimulant 
in hysteria, migrain, low fevers, etc. Dose 
of the oil, rt^iv-v (0.26-0.32). Preparations 
and doses : Extractum Valerianae fluidum, 
U. S. P., f^j (4.0); Infusum Valerianae, 
B. P., f^j-ij (32.0-64.0); Tinctura Vale- 
rianae, U. S. P. , B. P. , and Tinctura Vale- 
rianae ammoniata, U. S. P., B. P., f^j-iij 
(4.0-12.0). 

Valerianate (val-e / -re-an-dt). A salt of 
valerianic acid. The following are official : 
those of ammonium, iron, quinin, and zinc. 

Valerianic Acid {val-e-re-an f -ik). See Acid, 
Valeric. 

Valeric Acid [ya-le r -rik). See Acid. 



VALGUS 



648 



VARICES 



Valgus {val'-gus) [L.]. Bowed out. Genu 
valgum, bow-legged ; Talipes valgus, Pes val- 
gus, or simply V., splay-foot, a condition in 
which the arch of the foot is depressed so that 
the inner side of the sole rests upon the ground. 

Vallecula (val-ek' -u-lah) [yallis, valley]. A 
shallow groove or depression. V. cerebelli, 
the depression between the cerebellar hemi- 
spheres. 

Valleix's Points. Painful points observed 
in neuralgia at the point of exit of the nerve. 
See Points douloureux. 

Vallet's Mass. See Ferritin. 

Valley of the Cerebellum. See Vallecula 
cerebelli. 

Valli-Ritter's Law. See Law. 

Valsalva's Experiment [ Valsalva, an Italian 
anatomist]. Inflation of the tympanic cavity 
by expiring forcibly when the mouth and 
nose are tightly closed. 

Valsalva's Sinus. See Simis. 

Value, Globular (valeur globulaire). A frac- 
tion of which the numerator is the percentage 
of hemoglobin, and the denominator the per- 
centage of red corpuscles. It indicates the 
percentage of hemoglobin in a corpuscle. 

Valve (valv) [valva, door]. I. A device 
placed in a tube or canal so as to permit free 
passage one way, but not in the opposite di- 
rection. 2. A fold of membrane acting as a 
valve, as V. of the heart. V., Aortic, the 
valve consisting of three semilunar segments, 
situated at the junction of the aorta with the 
heart. V., Bauhein's, the ileocecal V. V., 
Bicuspid. See V. , Mitral. V., Coronary, 
the valve protecting the orifice of the coronary 
sinus and preventing regurgitation of blood 
during the contraction of the right auricle. V., 
Eustachian, that between the inferior vena 
cava and the right auricle of the fetus. V. of 
Hasner, an imperfect V. at the inferior mea- 
tus of the nose. V., Heister's, a fold of 
mucous membrane at the neck of the gall- 
bladder. V., Ileocecal, the folds of mucous 
membrane at the junction of the ileum and 
cecum. V. of Kerkring, any one of the val- 
vules conniventes. V., Mitral, the V. that con- 
trols the opening from the left auricle to the 
left ventricle ; it is constituted of two leaflets. 
V., Pulmonary, the valve composed of 
three semilunar leaflets, and situated at the 
junction of the pulmonary artery and the 
right ventricle. V., Semilunar, the three 
valves guarding the orifice of the pulmon- 
ary artery and aorta. V.-test (Azoulay* s), 
auscultation of the heart while the patient 
is lying with the arms raised perpendicu- 
larly and the legs lifted obliquely. V. of 
Thebesius, the coronary valve or fold of 
the endocardium of the right auricle which 
protects the coronary sinus. V., Tricuspid, 
that which controls the opening from the 



right auricle to the right ventricle ; it consists 
of three segments. V. of Varolius, the 
ileocecal valve. V. of Vieussens, a thin 
leaf of medullary substance forming the 
roof of the anterior portion of the fourth 
ventricle of the brain. 

Valvula (val' -vu-lah) [dim. of valva , a 
valve]. A small valve. Valvulae conni- 
ventes (valves of Kerkring), the transverse 
folds of mucous membrane of the small in- 
testine. 

Valvular (vaV-vu-lar) [valvula, a small 
valve]. Pertaining to or originating at a 
valve. 

Valvulitis (val-vu-li'-tis) [valvula, a small 
valve ; ing, inflammation]. Inflammation of 
a valve, especially of a cardiac valve. 

Vanadium (van- a / -de-um) [Vanadis, a god- 
dess of the Scandinavian mythology]. A 
rare metallic element. See Elements, Table 
of. 

Vanilla (van -W -ah) [L.]. A genus of 
plants of the order Orchidese. The fruit of 
V. planifolia (V., U. S. P.) contains an aro- 
matic crystalline principle, Vanillin, C 6 H 3 .- 
OCH3.OH.COH =C 8 H 8 3 , which is the 
methyl-ether of protocatechuic aldehyd. V. 
is used as a flavoring agent and as an ingre- 
dient of a test-solution for hydrochloric acid 
(phloroglucin-vanillin test). 

Vanillism (van-il'-izm) [vanilla']. A form 
of dermatitis, characterized by marked itch- 
ing, occurring among vanilla-workers. 

Van Swieten's Liquor or Solution (van 
swe / -tenz). A solution of mercuric chlorid 
2 grains, alcohol 3 drams, distilled water 
sufficient to make 4 ounces. 

Vapor (ya f -por s ) [L.]. A gas, especially the 
gaseous form of a substance which at ordi- 
nary temperatures is liquid or solid. 

Vapores uterini. Synonym of Hysteria. 

Vaporarium (va-por-a' '-re-um) [L.]. A 
vapor-bath ; an establishment for giving va- 
por-baths. 

Vaporization (va-por-i-za' '-shun) [vapor, 
vapor]. The conversion of a solid or liquid 
into a vapor. 

Vaporize (va / '-por-lz) [vapor, vapor].. To 
convert into vapor. 

Varicella (var-is-eV '-ah) [dim. of variola, 
small-pox]. Chicken-pox; an acute, conta- 
gious disease of childhood, characterized by 
an eruption of transparent vesicles, which 
appear in successive crops on different parts 
of the body. The incubation-period is about 
two weeks. The disease is usually mild, 
and runs its course in two or three days. In 
rare cases complications, such as nephritis, 
develop. 

Varicelloid (var-is-el'-oid) [varicella, vari- 
cella; eldog, like]. Resembling varicella. 

Varices [var f -is-ez) [L.]. Plural of Varix. 



VARICIFORM 



649 



VASOMOTOR 



Variciform {yar-is* f -if-orni) \varix t a swollen 
vein ; forma, a form]. Having the form of 
a varix. 

V a.x'\cocz\t{7a r' -ik-c-sel)[vaiix , varix; k?]Xt], 
a tumor]. Dilatation of the veins of the 
spermatic cord, forming a soft, elastic swell- 
ing. 

Varicose {var^-ik-os) [varix, varix]. I. Of 
blood-vessels, swollen, knotted, and tortuous. 
2. Due to V. veins, as V. ulcer. V. Aneu- 
rysm. See Aneurysm. 

Varicosity (var-ik-os'-it-e) [varix, varix]. 
The condition of being varicose ; a varicose 
portion of a vein. 

Variola {va-ri' -o-lah) [varius, variegated, 
spotted]. Small-pox, a contagious infectious 
disease ushered in with severe febrile symp- 
toms, which, in the course of two or three 
days, are followed by a papular eruption 
spreading over all parts of the body. Dur- 
ing the succeeding two weeks the eruption 
passes through the stage of vesicles and 
pustules, the latter going on to the formation 
of crusts. The falling off of the crusts 
leaves a pitted appearance of the skin (pock- 
marks). The period of incubation is about 
thirteen days. V. confluens, V., Con- 
fluent, a severe form, in which the pustules 
spread and run together. V., Discrete, a 
form in which the pustules preserve their 
distinct individuality. V., Hemorrhagic, 
small-pox in which hemorrhage occurs into 
the vesicles, which gives them a blackish 
appearance. V., Malignant, black small- 
pox, a severe and very fatal form of the 
hemorrhagic type. V., Mitigated, V., 
Modified. See Varioloid. 

Variolation, Variolization [var-e-o-la'-shun, 
var-e-o-li-za' '-shun) [variola, variola]. The 
inoculation of small-pox. 

Varioliform {var-i' ' -o-liform) [variola, vari- 
ola ; forma, form]. Resembling variola. 

Varioloid [var'-e-o-loid) [variola, variola; 
eldog, like]. A mild form of variola occur- 
ring in persons that have been vaccinated or 
inoculated with small-pox virus. 

Variolous {var-i f -o-lus) [variola]. Pertain- 
ing to or having the nature of variola. 

Varix (va'-rihs) [varus, crooked]. A di- 
lated and tortuous vein. V., Aneurysmal. 
See Aneurysmal Varix, under Aneurysj?i, 
Arteriovenous. V. lymphaticus, dilatation 
of the lymphatic vessels, especially that due 
to the Filaria sanguinis hominis. 

Varus [va'-rus). Bowed in. Genu varum, 
in-knee ; Talipes varus, Pes varus, or sim- 
ply V. , cross-foot, a condition in which the 
foot is turned inward. 

Vas (vas) [L.]. A vessel. V. aberrans, a 
blind tube projecting from the lower part of 
the epididymis. V. deferens, the excretory 
duct of the testis. 



Vasa (va'-zah) [L. ]. Plural of vas, a vessel. 
V. afferentia, the branches of a lymphatic 
or lacteal vessel entering a lymphatic gland. 
V. brevia (short vessels), the gastric branches 
of the splenic artery. V. efferentia. I. 
The terminal ducts of the rete testis. 2. The 
efferent vessels of lymphatic glands. V. 
intestini tenuis, small vessels arising from 
the superior mesenteric artery and distributed 
to the jejunum and ileum. V. recta, the 
tubules of the rete testis. V. vasorum, the 
vessels supplying the arteries and veins with 
blood. V. vorticosa. See Vence vorticosce. 

Vascular {yas f -ku-lar) [yasculum, a small 
vessel]. Consisting of, pertaining to, or 
provided with vessels. 

Vascularity (yas-ku-lar' -it-e) [vasculum, a 
small vessel]. The quality of being vascular. 

Vascularization ( vas - ku - lar-i -za'- shun ) 
[vasculum, a small vessel]. The process of 
becoming vascular. 

Vasculum {vas f - ku - lum) [L.]. A small 
vessel. V. aberrans. See Vas aberrans. 

Vaselin (yaz'-el-in) [Ger., Wasser, water ; 
e/iaiov, oil]. See Petrolatum. 

Vasifactive (ya-ze-fak f - tiv) [vas, vessel ; 
facere, make]. Giving rise to new blood- 
vessels. 

Vaso- (va / -zo-) [vas, a vessel] . A prefix de- 
noting pertaining to a vessel. 

Vasoconstrictor {ya-zo-kon-strik' '-tor) [vas, 
vessel; constringere, to constrict]. See 
Vasomotor. 

Vasodentine {ya-zo-den' '-tin) [vas, vessel ; 
dens, a tooth]. Dentine possessing blood- 
vessels. 

Vasodilator {ya-zo-di-la' -tor) [vas, vessel ; 
dilator, a dilator]. See Vasomotor. 

Vasofactive (ya - zo -fak f - tiv) . See Vaso- 
formative. 

Vasoformative [va - zo -for'- mat - hi) [vas, 
vessel ; for?nare, to form] . Forming or pro- 
ducing vessels. 

Vasohypertonic (va-zo-hi-per-ton' -ik). See 
Vasomotor. 

Vasohypotonic (ya-zo-hi-po-ton' '-ik). See 
Vasomotor. 

Vasoinhibitory iya-zo-in-hib' '-it-o-re) [vas, 
vessel ; inhibere, to inhibit]. Inhibiting 
vasomotor action, especially vasoconstrictor 
action. 

Vasomotor (ya-zo-mo / -tor) [vas, vessel ; 
motor, from movere, to move]. Regulating 
the tension of blood vessels. V. Centers, 
centers situated in the medulla oblongata and 
spinal cord, and governing the caliber of the 
blood-vessels. V. Nerves, the nerves pass- 
ing to the blood-vessels ; they are of two 
kinds, the vasoconstrictor (vasohypertonic) 
nerves, or those stimulation of which causes 
contraction of the blood-vessels, and the 
vasodilator (vasohypotonic) nerves, stimula- 



VASOTONIC 



650 



VEIN 



tion of which causes dilatation of the ves- 
sels . 

Vasotonic (va - zo - ton ' - ik) \yas, vessel ; 
tonic']. Pertaining to the normal tone of the 
blood-vessels. 

Vastus (yas f -tus). I. Large; extensive. 
2. A large muscle of the thigh. See Mus- 
cles, lable of. 

Vater's Ampulla (fah f -terz) [ Vater, a Ger- 
man anatomist]. See Ampulla. 

Vater's Corpuscles. See Pacinian Corpus- 
cles. 

Vectis (yek'-tis) [vehere, to carry]. An in- 
strument similar to the single blade of a 
forceps, used in hastening the delivery of the 
fetal head in labor. 

Vegetable (vej'-et-abl) [vegetare, to quick- 
en]. I. A plant, especially one used as 
food. 2. See Vegetal. V. Albumin. See 
Phytalbiunose. V. Proteids. See Proteid. 
V. Sulphur. See Lycopodium. 

Vegetal (vej'-et-al) [vegetare, to quicken]. 
Of or pertaining to plants ; characteristic of 
plants. 

Vegetarian (vej-et-a' '-re-art) [yegetare, to 
quicken]. One who lives on vegetable food 
alone. 

Vegetarianism (vej-et-a' ' -re-an-izm) [yege- 
tare, to quicken]. I. The doctrine that 
vegetable food is the only kind proper for 
man. 2. The practice of living only on 
vegetable food. 

Vegetation (vej-et-a' -shun) [yegetare, to 
quicken]. An outgrowth resembling a plant 
in outline, as the fibrinous projections on the 
cardiac valves in endocarditis, papillomata, 
polypoid growths, etc. V., Adenoid, growths 
of lymphoid tissue in the nasopharyngeal 
cavity. 

Vegetative (vej f -et - a-tiv) [vegetare, to 
quicken] . Having the power of growth, like 
a plant. 

Vehicle (ve f -hik-l) [vehiculum, from vehere, 
to carry]. An excipient or substance serv- 
ing as a medium of administration of medi- 
cines. 

Vein (van) [vena]. A blood-vessel carrying 
blood from the tissues to the heart. Veins, 
like arteries, have three coats, but less well 
developed ; many also possess valves. V., 
Angular, a continuation of the frontal vein 
downward to become the facial at the lower 
margin of the orbit. V., Axillary, a large 
vein formed by the junction of the brachial 
veins. Veins, Azygos (three in number), 
situated in front of the bodies of the thoracic 
vertebrae ; they are a means of communication 
between the superior and inferior venae cavae. 
V., Basilar, a large vein passing back 
over the crus cerebri to unite with the veins 
of Galen. V., Basilic, a vein on the inner 
side of the arm. Veins, Brachial, the veins 



accompanying the brachial artery. V., 
Brachiocephalic. See V., Innominate. 
Veins of Breschet, the veins of the diploe. 
V., Cephalic, a large vein of the arm, formed 
by the union of the median cephalic and 
superficial radial and opening into the axillary 
vein. V., Coronary, i. The great cardiac 
vein, a vein opening into the coronary sinus 
of the heart. 2. See V., Gastric. Veins, 
Emissary, small veins passing through the 
cranial foramina and connecting the cerebral 
sinuses with external veins. V., Facial, a 
continuation of the angular vein ; it joins the 
internal jugular at the level of the hyoid bone. 
V., Femoral, Common, a short, thick 
trunk corresponding to the femoral artery ; it 
becomes the external iliac at Poupart's liga- 
ment. V., Femoral, Deep, a vein accom- 
panying the femoral artery ; it empties into - 
the superficial femoral. V., Femoral, 
Superficial, a name given to the femoral vein 
before it is joined by the deep femoral vein 
to form the common femoral vein. Veins 
of Galen, two large veins of the brain, con- 
tinuations of the internal cerebral veins, and 
opening into the straight sinus. V., Gas- 
tric, a vein accompanying the artery of the 
same name. Veins, Hemiazygos, small, 
accessory veins of the azygos veins. Veins, 
Hemorrhoidal, a plexus of veins surround- 
ing the rectum. V., Iliac, Common, a 
vein formed opposite the sacroiliac synchon- 
drosis by the confluence of the external and 
internal iliac veins. V., Iliac, External, a 
continuation upward of the common femoral ; 
it extends from the lower border of Poupart's 
ligament to the lower border of the sacroiliac 
synchondrosis. V., Iliac, Internal, a short 
trunk extending from the great sacroiliac syn- 
chondrosis. Veins, Innominate, two large 
valveless veins returning the blood from the 
head, neck, and upper extremity. V., 
Jugular, Anterior, a vein beginning at 
the level of the chin and ending at the 
clavicle in the external jugular vein. V., 
Jugular, External, a vein formed at the 
angle of the lower jaw by the union of the 
posterior auricular and temporom axillary 
veins ; it empties into the subclavian. V., 
Jugular, Internal, a continuation of the 
lateral sinus, beginning at the jugular fossa, 
accompanying the internal and common 
carotid arteries, and joining the subclavian 
vein to form the innominate. V. of Marshall. 
See V., Oblique. V., Median Basilic, a 
vein uniting with the superficial ulnar to form 
the basilic. V., Median Cephalic, a vein 
uniting with the superficial radial to form the 
cephalic. V., Median, Deep, a vein formed 
by the union of the outer vena comes of the 
ulnar artery and the muscular and radial re- 
current veins. V., Median, Superficial, 



\ l.I.AMENTOUS 



651 



VENTILATION 



one starting at the anterior plexus of the 
wrist and uniting with the deep median to 
form the median. V., Oblique [of Mar- 
shall), a vein crossing the dorsal portion of 
the left auricle of the heart. It is the rem- 
nant of the left duct of Cuvier. V., Oph- 
thalmic, a short trunk carrying the blood 
from the eye and emptying into the cavernous 
sinus. V., Popliteal, one formed by the 
union of the vence comites of the anterior 
and posterior tibial arteries ; it accompanies 
the popliteal artery, and becomes the femoral 
vein at the junction of the lower with the 
middle third of the thigh. V., Portal, a 
short trunk entering the liver at the trans- 
verse fissure and formed by the junction of the 
superior mesenteric and splenic veins. Veins, 
Pulmonary, four veins, two from each lung, 
returning the aerated blood from the lungs 
to the heart. V., Radial, Superficial, a 
vein accompanying the musculocutaneous 
nerve up the radial side of the forearm. V., 
Renal, a vein accompanying the renal artery. 
V., Saphenous, Long or Internal, a long 
superficial vein running up the inner aspect of 
the leg and thigh, terminating in the femoral 
vein below Poupart's ligament. V., Sa- 
phenous, Short or External, a superficial 
vein running up the outer aspect of the foot, 
leg, and back of the calf, and emptying into the 
popliteal vein. V., Spermatic, one return- 
ing the blood from the testicle ; on the right 
side it terminates in the inferior vena cava and 
on the left in the left renal vein. V. , Splenic, 
one returning the blood from the spleen, 
and forming the portal vein by its union with 
the superior mesenteric vein. V., Sub- 
clavian, a continuation of the axillary vein, 
uniting with the internal jugular vein to form 
the innominate vein at the sternoclavicular ar- 
ticulation. V., Temporomaxillary, one 
formed by the union of the temporal and 
internal maxillary veins in the parotid gland ; 
it terminates in the external jugular. V. of 
Trolard, a vein of the cerebrum passing 
along the posterior branch of the fissure of 
Sylvius and emptying into the superior 
petrosal sinus. V., Ulnar, one running from 
the wrist up the anterior and inner surface of 
the forearm. V., Umbilical, a vein con- 
veying the blood from the placenta to the 
fetus. 

Velamentous {yel-am-en'-tus) [velavien, a 
veil]. Resembling a veil. 

Vella's Fistula. An intestinal fistula for 
obtaining gastric juice. 

Vellication {vel-ik-a f -shun ) [vellieare, to 
twitch]. Spasmodic twitching of muscular 
fibers. 

Velosynthesis (ve - lo - sin'- thes - is). See 
Staphylorrhaphy. 

Velpeau's Bandage {veV-poz) [ Velpeau, 



a French surgeon]. A bandage used in 
fractured clavicle. 

Velum [ve'-lum) [velum, veil, sail]. A veil 
or veil-like structure. V., Anterior Medul- 
lary. See Vieussens, Valve of. V. inter- 
positum, the membranous roof of the third 
ventricle. V. palati, the soft palate. V., 
Posterior Medullary, the commissure of the 
flocculus of the cerebellum. 

Vena [ye f -naJi) [L.]. A vein. See Vein. 
V. cava inferior, a vein formed by the 
junction of the two common iliac veins and 
emptying into the right auricle of the heart. 
It receives lumbar, right spermatic, renal, 
suprarenal, phrenic, and hepatic veins. V. 
cava superior, a vein formed by the union 
of the innominate veins, and conveying 
the blood from the upper half of the body 
to the right auricle. V. comes, Venae 
comites, a vein or veins accompanying 
an artery in its course. Venae Galeni, 
the two trunks formed by the union of the 
vein of the corpus striatum and that of the 
choroid plexus; they empty into the straight 
sinus. Venae Thebesii, small veins by 
which blood passes from the walls of the 
heart to the right auricle. Venae vorticosae, 
the venous network and trunks of the 
choroid coat of the eye. 

Venenation [yen-en-a' '-shun) [yenenum , a 
poison]. The condition of a poisoning. 

Venenatus (ven - en - a / - tus) [yenenum, a 
poison]. Poisonous. 

Venereal (yen-e' -re-al) [Venus, the goddess 
of love]. Pertaining to or produced by 
sexual intercourse. V. Diseases, gonorrhea, 
syphilis, and chancroid. 

Venery (ven'-er-e) [ Venus, the goddess of 
love]. Sexual intercourse. 

Venesection (yen-e-sek' '-shun) [vena, vein ; 
secare, to cut]. See Blood-letting. 

Venom [yen' ' -o]>i)\yenenum, poison]. Poison, 
especially a poison secreted by certain rep- 
tiles and insects. 

Venomous (yen* -om-tis) \yencnum, a, poi- 
son]. Poisonous; secreting venom. 

Venosity (ven-os'-it-e) [vena, vein]. A 
condition in which the arterial blood shows 
venous qualities. 

Venous (ve'-mis) [venosus~\. Pertaining to 
or produced in a vein. V. Hum, the mur- 
mur or rushing sound heard in auscultation 
of a vein. 

Venter {yen'-ter) [L.]. 1. The belly or 
abdomen. 2. The belly of a muscle. 3. 
The cavity of the abdomen. 4. The con- 
cavity of any expanded part, as, e. g., the V. 
of the scapula, V. of the ilium. 

Ventilation (yen-til-a'-shun) [yentilare, to 
fan]. The act or process of supplying fresh 
air; the act or process of purifying the air 
of a place. 



YEXTRAD 



652 



VERRUCOSE, VERRUCOUS 



Ventrad {ven'-trad) [venter, belly ; ad, to- 
ward]. Toward the ventral aspect. 

Ventral {zen'-tral) [venter, belly]. Per- 
taining to the belly. 

Ventricle {vcii'-frik-l) [yentriculus, dim. of 
\-r, a belly]. A small cavity or pouch. 
V. of Arantius. a culdesac at the lower end 
of the fourth V. Ventricles of the Brain, 
cavities in the interior of the brain, compris- 
ing the two lateral ventricles, the third, and 
the fourth ventricles. V. of Cord, the central 
canal of the spinal cord. V. of Larynx, a de- 
pression between the true and false vocal 
bands. V.. Left, of Heart, that upon the 
dorsal and left side of the heart, and which, 
through the aorta, forces the blood through- 
out the body. V.. Right, of Heart, that 
forcing the blood through the pulmonary ar- 
tery into the lungs. 

Ventricular {zen-trik'-u-tar) [zentri cuius, 
a ventricle]. Pertaining to a ventricle. V. 
Aqueduct. See Aqueductus SyhriL 

Ventrofixation {ven-tro-fiks-a f -shun) [venter, 
belly; fixation]. The stitching of a dis- 
placed uterus to the abdominal wall. 

Ventroinguinal {ven-tro-in* '-gzvin-al) [ven- 
ter, belly ; inguinal]. Pertaining to the 
abdomen and the groin. 

Ventrotomy [ven-trotf-o-me) [venter, belly; 
to fiii, a cut]. Celiotomy. 

Venule. Venula ; : :>:' -ul,ven' -u-lah)[yenula, 
dim. oil en::, a vein]. A small vein. 

Veratrin : :r-at'-rin). Veratrina (U. S. P.), 
a mixture of alkaloids obtained from the seeds 
of Asagrsea officinalis ( Sabadilla), of the order 
Liliacese. It is a local irritant, and produces 
tetanic convulsions followed by paralysis ; 
first stimulates, then paralyzes the vasomotor 
center. It is used externally, in the form of 
an ointment, in rheumatism, gout, and neural- 
gia. Preparations : Unguentum veratrinsr U. 
S. P. . B.P. ; Oleatum veratrime (U. S. P.). 

Veratroii:.. -f-roi'-din). See Veratrum. 

Veratrum zcr-at'-ruvi). A genus of plants 
of the order Liliaceae . The rhizome and roots 
of V. viride, American hellebore (V. viride, 
U. S. P.: Veratri viridis rhizoma. B. P. .con- 
tain the alkaloids jervin and veratroidin. 
The former is a depressant to the vasomotor 
centers and the motor centers of the spinal 
cord. In toxic doses it produces slowness 
of the pulse, fall in blood-pressure, relax- 
ation, epileptiform convulsions, paralysis, and 
death from failure of the respiration. Vera- 
troidin is irritant and produces vomiting and 
purging : it is also depressant to the motor 
centers of the spinal cord and to the pulse. 
When veratrum viride is administered the com- 
bined action of the alkaloids is obtained, and 
consists chiefly in slowing of the pulse and 
lessening of blood-pressure, with vomiting in 
the case of large doses. It is employed in 



sthenic inflammations, as pneumonia, perito- 
nitis, in puerperal eclampsia, and in excessive 
cardiac hypertrophy. Preparations and doses : 
Extractum veratri viridis fluidum (U. S. P.), 
n\j-iij (0.065-0.20); Tinctura veratri viridis 
iU. S. P.. B. P.), HLJ-fij (0.065-0.20). V. 
album, white hellebore, resembles V. viride 
in general properties. 

Verbascum \zir-bas'-kum) [L.]. Mullein, 
a genus of plants of the order Scrophulariaceie. 
The leaves and flowers of V. thapsus have 
been used as demulcent in catarrhal inflam- 
mation of mucous membranes and as an ap- 
plication to hemorrhoids. 

Verdigris \per*-dig-ris\ [Er., verd de gris, 
probably from \^.,zirijis. green.; ces, brass]. 
Copper acetate. 

Verheyen, Stars of. Venous plexuses of 
stellate form situated on the surface of the 
kidney, beneath its capsule. 

Vermicide iver' -mis-la) [vermis, a worm; 
e (ere, to kill]. An agent that destroys in- 
testinal worms. 

Vermicular {ver-mik* -u-lar) [vermis, worm]. 
Wcrm-like. 

Vermiculation {zer-mik-u-la 1 '-shun) [vermis, 
worm]. A worm-like motion; peristaltic 
motion. 

Vermiform (z-er'-mif-. [yt is, vora ; 

forma, a form]. Wonn-shaped. V. Ap- 
pendix. See Appendix. V. Process, In- 
ferior. V., Superior, the inferior and super- 
ior surfaces of the middle lobe of the cere- 
bellum. 

Vermifuge {ver'-mif-ilj) [vermis, worm ; 
fugare, to expel] . An agent that expels in- 
testinal worms. 

Vermination 1 zer-min-a' -sJiun ) [ vermis, 
worm]. Infestion with worms. 

Verminous [Zcr'-miu-us) [vermis, worm]. 
Infested with worms. 

Vermis zc?'-mis) [L.]. I. A worm. 2. 
The middle lobe of the cerebellum. 

Vernal [yer^-nai 2 ernaSs, of the spring]. 
Pertaining to the spring. V. Conjunctivitis, 
a form of conjunctivitis recurring each spring 
or summer, and disappearing with frost 

Vernin (z-er'-nin), C 16 H, X.0- A leuko- 
main-base found in young vetch, clover, 
ergot, etc., and yielding guanin on heating 
with hydrochloric acid. 

Vernix caseosa [L., cheesy varnish]. A 
sebaceous deposit covering the surface of 
the fetus. 

Verruca (zer - ru' - kah) [L.]. Wart. V. 
necrogenica, anatomic tubercle, dissection- 
tubercle, a warty excrescence found on the 
fingers of those who frequently handle the 
: ; -ues of tuberculous subjects. 

Verrucose, Verrucous : t ■■■'-:< -'-. '•'. r, : 
kus) [yerrucca, wart]. Warty; covered 
with or having warts. 



VERSION 



653 



VESICLE 



Version (ver*-zAun) \vertere, to turn]. Turn- 
ing; an operation whereby one part of the 
fetus is made to replace another at the mouth 
of the uterus. V., Bipolar, V. by acting 
upon both poles of the fetus. V., Cephalic, 
turning of the fetus so as to bring the head to 
present. V., Combined, bipolar V., con- 
si sting of a combination of external and in- 
ternal V. V., External, that effected by ex- 
ternal manipulation. V., Internal, that per- 
formed by entering the hand within the 
uterus. V., Podalic, that in which one or 
both feet are brought to the mouth of the 
uterus. V., Spontaneous, the process 
whereby, without external influence, a trans- 
verse position is changed into a longitudinal 
one. 

Vertebra [ver'-teb-rali) [vertere, to turn]. 
One of the bones forming the spinal or verte- 
bral column. There are 33 vertebrae, divided 
into 7 cervical, 12 thoracic or dorsal, 5 lum- 
bar, 5 sacral (the sacrum), 4 coccygeal (the 
coccyx). A typical vertebra consists of a body 
and an arch, the latter being formed by two 
pedicles and two laminre. The arch supports 
seven processes : 4 articular, 2 transverse, 
and I spinous. V., Basilar, the last lumbar 
vertebra. V. dentata, the axis. V. pro- 
minens, the seventh cervical vertebra. 

Vertebral [ver'-teb-ral) [vertebra]. I. Per- 
taining to or characteristic of a vertebra ; 
made up of or possessing vertebrae. 2. Per- 
taining to the vertebral artery. V. Artery. 
See Arteries, Table of. 

Vertebrarterial [ver-teb-rar-te / -re-al) [ver- 
tebra, vertebra; aprepeta, artery]. Giving 
passage to the vertebral artery, as the V. for- 
amina in the transverse processes of the cer- 
vical vertebrae. 

Vertebrate, Vertebrated [ver'-teb-rat, ver f - 
teb-ra-ted) [vertebra, vertebra]. Having a 
vertebral column ; resembling a vertebral 
column in flexibility, as, e.g., a V. catheter. 

Vertebro- [ver' -teb-ro-) [vertebra, vertebra]. 
A prefix denoting pertaining to a vertebra. 

Vertebrochondral [ver-teb - ro - kon f - drat) 
[vertebra, vertebra ; ^ovf^poc, cartilage] . 
Connecting the costal cartilages with the 
vertebrae. 

Vertebrocostal (ver-teb-ro-kos'-tal) [verte- 
bra, vertebra; costa, rib]. Pertaining to the 
vertebrae and the ribs. 

Vertebroiliac {yer-teb-ro-il'-e-ak) [vertebra, 
vertebra; ilium, ilium]. Pertaining to the 
vertebrae and the ilium. 

Vertebrosacral [ver-teb-ro-sa'-kral) [verte- 
bra, vertebra ; sacrum, sacrum]. Pertaining 
to the vertebrae and the sacrum. 

Vertebrosternal {ver-teb-ro-stur f -nal) [ver- 
tebra, vertebra; ste7'iium~\. Extending from 
the spinal column to the sternum. V. Ribs, 
the true ribs. 



Vertex [ver*-teks) [L. ]. The crown or top 
of the head. V. -presentation, a presenta- 
tion of the vertex of the fetal skull. 

Vertical [ver'-tiA-al) [vertex]. I. Pertain- 
ing to the vertex. 2. Perpendicular. 

Verticomental [ver-tik-o-men r -tal ) [vertex, 
vertex; mcntuin, chin]. Pertaining to the 
vertex and the chin. 

Vertiginous [ver-ti/ y -iu-t/s)[verlere, to turn]. 
Resembling or affected with vertigo. 

Vertigo [ver' -tig-o)VL,. , from vertere, to turn]. 
Giddiness, dizziness ; a sensation of lack of 
equilibrium. It may be due to disease of the 
ears [auditory or aural V.), the eyes {ocular 
V.), the brain {cerebral V.), the stomach [gas- 
tric V.), the blood, etc. V., Epileptic, ver- 
tigo associated with or preceding an attack 
of epilepsy. V., Essential, one not due to 
any discoverable cause. V., Labyrinthine. 
See Meniere'' 's Disease. V., Objective, one 
in which objects seem to the patient to move. 
V., Paralyzing. See Gerlier's Disease. V., 
Subjective, one in which the patient has a 
sensation as if he himself were moving. 

Verumontanum [ver-u-mon-ta' '-num) [veru, 
a spit ; nwns, a mountain]. The caput gal- 
linaginis, a longitudinal ridge on the floor of 
the prostatic urethra. 

Vesalius, Foramen of. A small foramen in 
the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, trans- 
mitting a small vein. 

Vesica [ves'-ik-ali) [L.]. The bladder. 

Vesical [ves / -ik-al) [vesica, a bladder]. 
Pertaining to the bladder. V. Calculus, a 
stone in the bladder. V. Crisis, severe 
paroxysmal pain in the bladder occurring in 
locomotor ataxia. 

Vesicant [ves'-ik-ant) [vesicare, to blister]. 
I. Blistering. 2. A blistering agent. 

Vesication [ves-ik-a'-shun) [vesicare, to 
blister]. The formation of a blister; a 
blister. 

Vesicatory [ves' ' -ik-at-o-re) [vesicare, to blis- 
ter]. I. Blistering. 2. A blistering agent. 

Vesicle [ves f -ik-l) [vesicula, dim. of vesica, 
bladder]. I. A small bladder; especially a 
small sac containing fluid. V., Allantoic, 
the internal hollow portion of the allantois. 
V., Auditory, an ectodermic sac, a part of 
the cerebral vesicle, from which the internal ear 
is formed. V., Blastodermic. See Blasto- 
derm. V., Cerebral, an expansion of the 
anterior extremity of the neural tube of the 
embryo, subsequently forming the brain. V., 
Germinal, the nucleus of the ovum. V., 
Graafian. See Follicle, Graafian. V., 
Optic, a hollow process of the cerebral vesicle 
forming the essential part of the eye. V., 
Otic. See V., Auditory. V., Seminal, 
one of the two little sacs situated at the base 
of the bladder and serving as reservoirs for 
the semen. V., Umbilical. See Yolk-sac. 



VESICO- 



654 



VICARIOUS 



2. A small blister on the skin, as, e. g., an 
herpetic or small-pox vesicle. 

Vesico- {ves f -ik-o-) [vesica, bladder]. A 
prefix denoting pertaining to the bladder. 

Vesicoabdominal {ves-ik-o-ab-dom' '-in - al) 
[vesica, bladder ; abdomen, abdomen]. Per- 
taining to the abdomen and the urinary blad- 
der. 

Vesicocele {ves f -ik-o-sel) [vesica, bladder ; 
K7]7ir], hernia] . Hernia of the bladder. 

Vesicocervical {ves-ik-o-ser'-vik-al) [ves- 
ica, bladder; cervix, cervix]. Pertaining to 
the cervix uteri and the urinary bladder. 

Vesicoprostatic {ves-ik-o-pros-taf '-ik ) [ves- 
ica, bladder ; ivpooTaTTjQ, prostate]. Pertain- 
ing to the prostate gland and the urinary 
bladder. 

Vesicorectal {ves-ik-o-rek f -tal) [vesica, blad- 
der ; rectum, rectum]. Pertaining to the 
bladder and the rectum. 

Vesicospinal {ves -ik- o - spi'- nal) [vesica, 
bladder; spina, spine]. Pertaining to the 
urinary bladder and the spinal cord. 

Vesicoumbilical {ves - ik-o-um - bil f - ik - al) 
[vesica, bladder ; umbilicus, umbilicus]. Per- 
taining to the umbilicus and the urinary 

. bladder. 

Vesicouterine {ves-ik-o- u' - ter-in) [vesica, 
bladder; uterus, uterus]. Pertaining to the 
uterus and the urinary bladder. 

Vesicovaginal {ves-ik-o-vaj' '-in-al ) [vesica, 
bladder ; vagina, vagina] . Pertaining to 
the bladder and the vagina. 

Vesicula {ves-ik' '-u-lah ) [dim. of vesica, a 
bladder]. A vesicle. V. graafiana. See 
Follicle, Graafian. Vesiculae Nabothi. 
See Ovule, second definition. V. prostatica, 
the sinus pocularis. Vesiculae seminales. 
See Vesicle, Seminal. 

Vesicular {ves-ik f -u-lar) [vesicula, a little 
bladder]. I. Pertaining to or composed of 
vesicles. 2. Produced in vesicles, as, e. g., V. 
breathing, V. murmur. V. Column, a 
column of ganglion -cells at the base of the 
posterior horn of the spinal cord. V. Col- 
umn, Posterior. See Column of Clarke. V. 
Eczema, eczema attended with the forma- 
tion of vesicles. V. Rale, the crepitant rale. 

Vesiculated {ves-ik' '-u- la-ted) [vesicula, a 
little bladder]. Composed of vesicles. 

Vesiculation (ves-ik-u-la' -shun) [vesicula, a 
little bladder]. The formation of vesicles ; 
the state of becoming vesiculated. 

Vesiculitis {ves-ik-u-li' '-tis)[vesicula, vesicle ; 
trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the 
seminal vesicles. 

Vesiculobronchial {ves - ik -u-lo- brong f - 
ke-al)[vesicula, vesicle ; (Ipoyxog, bronchus]. 
Both vesicular and bronchial. 

Vesiculocavernous {ves - ik - u - lo-kav f - er- 
nus) [vesicula, vesicle ; cavernous'] . Both 
vesicular and cavernous. 



Vesiculotympanitic {ves - ik - u-lo-tim-pan- 
it f -ik) [vesicula, vesicle; Tv/nravov, drum]. 
Both vesicular and tympanitic. 

Vessel {ves' -el) [Fr., from vasculuni, vessel]. 
A receptacle for fluids, especially a tube or 
canal for conveying blood or lymph. 

Vestibular {ves -tib'-u- lar) [vestibulum, 
porch]. Pertaining to the vestibule. 

Vestibule {ves' '-tib-ul ) [vestibulum, a porch]. 
An approach ; an antechamber. V. of the 
Ear, the oval cavity of the internal ear, 
which forms the entrance to the cochlea. 
V. of the Nose, the anterior part of the 
nostrils. V. of the Vagina, V. of the 
Vulva, a triangular space below the clitoris 
and between the nymphae. 

Vestigial {ves-tij' '-e-al) [vestigium, a vestige]. 
Of the nature of a vestige or trace ; rudi- 
mentary. V. Fold, a fibrous band of the 
pericardium representing the obliterated left 
innominate vein. 

Vesuvin {ves-u' ' -vin) [ Vesuvius, a volcano 
near Naples]. Bismarck brown, triamido- 
benzol ; it is used as a stain in microscopy. 

Veterinarian {vet - er-in-a' '-re-an) [yeterin- 
arius, from veterina, a beast of burden]. 
One who practices veterinary medicine. 

Veterinary {vet' - er - in - a-re) [veterinarius, 
from veterina, a beast of burden]. Pertain- 
ing to the domestic animals. V. Medicine, 
medicine as applied to the domestic animals. 

Via {yi f -ah) [L.]. A way. Viae naturales, 
the natural passages. See Prima vice. 

Viability {vi-ab-il'-it-e) [viabilis, viable]. 
The state of being viable. 

Viable {vi r -ab-l) [viabilis, viable]. Capable 
of living ; likely to live ; applied to a fetus 
capable of living outside of the uterus. 

Vial {vi'-al) [<pia?ii]]. A small bottle. 

Vibex {vi f -beks) [L. ,//., Vibices\ A linear 
ecchymosis. 

Vibrate {vi f -brdt) [vibrare, to shake]. To 
move to and fro. 

Vibratile {vi' '-bra-til) [vibrare, to shake]. 
Moving to and fro ; vibrating. 

Vibration {vi-bra' '-shun) [vibrare, to shake] . 
The act of moving to and fro. 

Vibrio {vib f -re-o) [vibrare, to vibrate]. A 
genusof Schizomycetes. SeeBacteria, Table of. 

Vibrissa {vib-ris' '-ah) [L.]. One of the 
hairs near the opening of the anterior nares. 

Viburnum {vi-bur'-nuni). A genus of the 
Caprifoliaceae. V. opulus, cranberry-tree, 
cramp-bark (V. opulus, U. S. P.), is used in 
dysmenorrhea, scurvy, asthma, etc. Dose of 
Extractum viburin opuli fluidum, U. S. P. , 
f gj-ij (4.0-8.0). V. prunifolium, U. S. P., 
is used in dysmenorrhea, threatened abortion, 
menorrhagia, etc. Dose of Extractum viburin 
prunifolii fluidum, U. S. P., fgj-ij (4-O-8.0). 

Vicarious {vi-ka'-re-us) [vices, changes]. 
Taking the place of something else ; of an 



VICE 



655 



VISCOSE 



habitual discharge, occurring in an abnormal 
situation, as, e. g., V. menstruation. 
Vice (vis) [tritium, vice]. I. A physical 
defect, as, e. g. , a vice of conformation. 2. 
A moral defect ; a bad habit. 
Vichy Water [ve-she). A mildly laxative 
and antacid mineral water obtained from 
Vichy, in France, and used in rheumatic and 
gouty conditions and in disorders of the liver. 

Vicq d'Azyr's Bundle (vik-dah-zerz) [ Vicq 
a'Azyr, a French anatomist]. A bundle of 
nerve-fibers passing from the mammillary 
body to the anterior nucleus of the optic 
thalamus. 

Vidian {vid'-e-an). Described by or named 
after Vidus, an Italian anatomist, as, e. g., the 
V. canal in the sphenoid bone ; the V. artery, 
which traverses the V. canal ; the V. nerve, 
which also passes through the V. canal, and 
is formed by the union of the great petrosal 
nerve and carotid branches of the sym- 
pathetic, and enters Meckel's ganglion. 

Vienna Paste (ye -en' -ah). See Potassium. 

Vieussens, Valve of [ Vieussens, a French 
anatomist], A thin lamina of gray matter 
stretched between the two processus e 
cerebello ad testes, and forming the roof of 
the aqueduct of Sylvius and of part of the 
fourth ventricle. 

Vigouroux's Sign (vig-oo-rooz). See Signs 
and Symptoms, Table of. 

Villatte's Liquor. A preparation used for 
injecting into carious bones, consisting of 
zinc sulphate and copper sulphate, each 
15 grains, liquor plumbi subacetatis, half 
a dram, and dilute acetic acid, three and 
a half drams. 

Villose, Villous (vil'-os, vil'-us) [villus, 
a tuft of hair] . Pertaining to a villus ; cov- 
ered with villi ; characterized by the forma- 
tion of villus-like projections. 

Villosity (yil-os r -it-e) [villus, a tuft of hair]. 
The state of being villous. 

Villus (vil f -us) [L. , a tuft of hair]. I. One 
of the minute club-shaped projections from the 
mucous membrane of the intestine, consisting 
of a lacteal vessel, an arteriole, and a vein, 
enclosed in a layer of epithelium. 2. One 
of the vascular tufts of the chorion. 

Vinasse (ve-nas / ) [Fr.]. Potash obtained 
from the marc or residue of the wine-press. 

Vinculum (vin'-ku- lum) [L.]. A band. 
Vincula accessoria tendinum, the slen- 
der tendinous filaments which connect the 
phalanges with the flexor tendons. 

Vinegar {vin'-e-gar) [Fr. , vin, wine; aigre, 
sour]. I. An impure solution of acetic acid, 
obtained by acetous fermentation of wine, 
beer, cider, etc. , or by the dry distillation of 
wood. It is used as a condiment. 2. A 
solution of a medicinal substance in vinegar or 
acetic acid. The vinegars are those of 



cantharides (Acetum cantharidis, B. P.), of 
ipecac (Acetum ipecacuanhce, B. P.), of 
opium (Acetum opii, U. S. P.), and of squill 
(Acetum scilke, U. S. P., B. P.). 

Vinous {yi f -nus) [vinum, wine]. Having 
the nature of wine ; containing wine. 

Vinum (yi f -num) [L.]. See Wi?ie. 

Viola (vi'-o-lah) [L.]. A genus of plants of 
the Violaceae, including V. tricolor, hearts- 
ease, V. odorata, V. cucullata. V. odorata 
as well as other species are used in bron- 
chitis. 

Violet (vi'-o-let) [viola, violet]. I. One of 
the colors of the spectrum, very closely re- 
sembling the purple of violets and possessing 
the greatest refrangibility of the spectral 
colors. 2. A violet dye-stuff. V., Gentian, 
a violet anilin dye used for staining in histo- 
logic and bacteriologic work. V., Methyl-. 
See Methyl-violet. 

Violinist's Cramp, Violin-player's Cramp. 
An occupation-neurosis occurring in violin- 
players, and characterized by spasm of the 
fingers used in playing. 

Virgin (yur f -jin) [ virgo\ A woman who 
has never had sexual intercourse. 

Virginal (vur' '-jin-al) [virgo, a virgin]. Per- 
taining to virginity. 

Virginity (yur-jin' '-it-e) [virgo, a virgin]. 
The condition of being a virgin. 

Virile (vir'-il) [yirilis, from vir, a man]. 
Pertaining to or characteristic of the man. 
V. Member, the penis. 

Virility (yir-il ' ' '-it- e) [virilitas\ The condi- 
tion of being virile ; procreative power. 

Virtual Focus (yur'-tu-al fo r -kus). See 
Focus. 

Virus (vi'-rus) [L. ]. The poison of an infec- 
tious disease, especially one found in the 
secretion or tissues of an individual or animal 
suffering from an infectious disease. V., 
Humanized, vaccine-lymph taken from the 
vaccine-pustule of a human subject. 

Vis [L. ]. Force; energy; power. V. a 
fronte, a force that attracts. V. a tergo, a 
force that pushes something before it. V. 
formativa, energy manifesting itself in the 
formation of new tissue to replace that which 
has been destroyed. V. medicatrix naturae, 
the healing power of nature apart from 
medicinal treatment. 

Visceral (vis r -er-al)[viscus, aviscus]. Per- 
taining to a viscus. V. Clefts. See Cleft, 
Visceral. 

Viscid (vis f -id) [yiscidus\ Sticky; adhe- 
sive ; glutinous. 

Viscidity (vis-id* -it-e) [viscidus, viscid] . The 
state of being viscid. Same as Viscosity. 

Viscin (vis / -in) [viscum, bird-lime]. A mu- 
cilaginous extract of mistletoe. 

Viscose (vis f -kos) [viscum, bird-lime]. A 
gummy product of viscous fermentation. 



VISCOSE, VISCOUS 



656 



VOLA 



Viscose, Viscous {yis f -kos, vis r - kus). 
Viscid. 

Viscosity (vis-kos / -it-e). The state of being 
viscous. 

Viscum {yis f -kum) [L.]. Mistletoe, a genus 
of plants of the order Loranthacese , growing 
as parasites upon trees. V. album, European 
mistletoe, and V. flavescens, or Phoraden- 
dron flavescens, American mistletoe, con- 
tain a viscid principle, viscin, which is the 
chief constituent. 

Viscus {vis* -kus) [L. : pi., Viscera]. Any 
one of the organs enclosed within one of the 
four great cavities, the cranium, thorax, ab- 
dominal cavity, or pelvis ; especially one 
within the abdominal cavity. 

Visible (viz'-ibl) \yidere, to see]. Capable 
of being seen. 

Visibility (yiz-ib-W '-it-e) [videre, to see]. 
The state of being visible. 

Vision {yizh'-uri) [videre, to see]. The act 
of seeing ; sight. V., Binocular. See 
Binocular. V., Central, vision with the 
macula lutea. V., Direct. See V, Central. 
V., Double. See Diplopia. V., Indirect, 
vision with other parts of the retina than the 
macula. V., Solid, or V., Stereoscopic, the 
perception of relief or depth of objects ob- 
tained by binocular vision. 

Visual \yizh f -u-al) [yisualis, from videre, 
to see] . Pertaining to vision. V. Purple, 
a pigmentary substance in the retina reacting 
to light in a peculiar manner, and thought to 
be intimately connected with vision. See 
Rhodopsin. 

Visuoauditory [yiz-u-o-aw' '-dit-o-re) \yidere, 
to see ; audire, to hear]. Pertaining to 
hearing and seeing ; of nerve- fibers, connect- 

- ing the visual and auditory centers. 

Vital {yi f -tal) [vita,\\(e]. Pertaining to life. 
V. Capacity, the volume of air that can be 
expelled from the lungs after a full inspiration. 
V. Statistics, statistics of the births, deaths, 
marriages, and diseases in a community. 

Vitalism (yi'-tal-izm) \yita, life]. The doc- 
trine that ascribes the phenomena exhibited 
by living organisms to the action of a vital 
force distinct from mechanic or chemic force. 

Vitalist [yi f -tal-ist) [vita, life]. A believer 
in vitalism. 

Vitals {vi'-talz) [vita, life]. A vulgar term 
for the organs essential to life. 

Vitellary [vit r -el-a-re) [vitellus, yolk]. Per- 
taining to the vitellus. 

Vitellin {vit-el f -in) [vitellus, yolk] . A globu- 
lin found in egg-yolk. 

Vitelline {yit-el'-in, vit'-el-in) [vitellus, 
yolk]. Pertaining to the vitellus or yolk. 
V. Artery, an artery passing from the yolk- 
sac to the primitive aorta of the embryo. 
V. Duct, the omphalomesenteric duct. 
V. Membrane, the true membrane of the 



ovum, lying inside of the zona pellucida. V. 
Veins, veins returning the blood from the 
yolk-sac to the primitive heart of the embryo. 

Vitellus {vit-el' -us)[Yj.]. A yolk, specifically 
the yolk of the egg of the common fowl, 

' Gallus domesticus. 

Vitiligo (yit-il-i' '-go) [L.]. Piebald skin, a 
disease of the skin characterized by a disap- 
pearance of the natural pigment, occurring in 
patches and leaving whitish areas. 

Vitiligoidea {yit-il-ig-oi ' - de- ah) [vitiligo ; 
eldog, like]. Xanthoma. 

Vitreous {yit f -re-us) [vitreus, from vitrum, 
glass]. Glassy. V. Chamber, the portion of 
the globe of the eye posterior to the crystalline 
lens. V. Degeneration, hyaline degenera- 
tion. V. Humor, V. Body, or simply the 
Vitreous, the transparent, jelly-like substance 
filling the posterior chamber of the eye. V. 
Table, the hard, brittle, inner table of the 
skull. 

Vitriol {yit f -re-ol) [vitriolum, from vitrum, 
glass]. I. Sulphuric acid, more commonly 
called oil of V. 2. Any crystalline salt of sul- 
phuric acid. V., Blue, copper sulphate. V., 
Green, ferrous sulphate or copperas. V., 
White, zinc sulphate. 

Vitrum {yit'-rum) [L.]. Glass. 

Vivification {yiv-if-ik-a' '-shun) [vivus, living ; 
facei'e, to make]. The act of making alive 
or of converting into living tissue. 

Viviparity (viv-ip-ar'-it-e) [vivus, alive; 
parere, to bring forth]. The bringing forth 
of living offspring ; the state of being vivi- 
parous. 

Viviparous ( viv-ip f -ar-us ) [ vivus, alive ; 
parere, to bring forth]. Bringing forth the 
young alive, distinguished from oviparous. 

Vivisection [yiv-is-ek' '-shun) [vivus, alive ; 
secare, to cut]. The dissection of a living 
animal ; experimentation upon an animal 
while still alive. 

Vivisector ( viv-is-ek' '-tor ) [ vivus, alive ; 
secare, to cut]. One who practises vivisec- 
tion. 

Vleminckx's Solution. An application used 
for treating acne, consisting of lime I part, 
sulphur 2 parts, and water 20 parts. 

Vocal {yo f -kal) [vox, the voice]. Pertain- 
ing to the voice ; pertaining to the organs 
producing the voice. V. Bands, V. Cords. 
See Larynx. V. Fremitus, the thrill con- 
veyed to the hand when applied to the chest 
during speaking. V. Resonance, the re- 
sonance produced by the voice as heard on 
auscultating the lung. 

Voice (vois) [vox]. The sounds, especially 
articulate sounds, produced by the vibration 
of the vocal bands and modified by the reso- 
nance-organs. 

Vola {yo'-lah) [L.]. The palm of the hand 
or the sole of the foot. 



VOLAR 



657 



VULVOVAGINITIS 



Volar (vo'-lar) [vola~\. Pertaining to the 
palm or the sole. 

Volatile (vol'-at-il) [volatilis, from volare, 
to fly]. Passing into vapor at ordinary tem- 
peratures ; evaporating. V. Oils. See Oils, 
Essential. 

Volatilization {yol-at-il-i-za' -shioi) [volare, 
to fly]. The act of volatilizing. 

Volatilize (voV -at-il-lz) [volare, to fly]. To 
convert into vapor by means of heat ; to pass 
into vapor. 

Volsella {yol-seV -alt) [vellere, to pluck]. A 
forceps having one or more hooks at the end 
of each blade. 

Volt [volt] [from Volta, an Italian scientist]. 
The unit of electromotive force, or the force 
sufficient to cause a current of one ampere to 
flow against a resistance of one ohm. V.- 
ampere, the amount of pressure developed 
by a current of one ampere having an electro- 
motive force of one volt ; also called a watt. 

Voltaic [vol-ta'-ik). Described by or 

named after Volta, an Italian scientist. V. 
Electricity, galvanism. 

Voltaism {yoV-ta-izni). See Galvanism. 

Voltameter (vol-tam'-et-er) [volt ; jierpov, a 
measure]. An instrument for ascertaining 
the electromotive force of a current in volts. 

Voltmeter (yolt'-me-ter) [volt; jierpov, meas- 
ure]. A synonym of Voltameter. 

Voltolini's Disease {yol-to-le f -nez). See 
Diseases, Table of. 

Volumetric {vol-u-mef '-rik) [yolumen, a roll ; 
jierpov, measure]. Pertaining to measure- 
ment by volume. V. Analysis. See An- 
alysis. 

Volumometer {vol-u-mom' '-e-ter) [vohimsn, 
volume; jierpov, measure]. An apparatus 
used for the purpose of measuring changes in 
volume. 

Voluntary (vol'-un-ta-re) [voluntaries']. 
Under the control of the will ; performed by 
an exercise of the will. V. Muscle, striped 
muscle. 

Volvulus (vol'-vu-lus) [ volvere, to roll] . 
A twisting of the bowel so as to occlude 
the lumen, occurring most frequently in the 
sigmoid flexure. 

Vomer {vo'-mer) [L., a plowshare]. The 
thin plate of bone situated vertically between 
the nasal fossae, and forming the posterior 
portion of the septum of the nose. 

Vomerine (vo / -mer-in) [vomer, vomer]. Per- 
taining to the vomer. 

Vomica [vom f -ik-ali) [vomere, to vomit]. A 
cavity formed by the breaking down of 
tissue ; especially a cavity in the lung. 



Vomit (vom f -it) [vomere, to vomit]. I. To 
expel from the stomach by vomiting. 2. 
Vomited matter. V., Bilious, vomit stained 
with bile. V., Black, the characteristic 
vomit of yellow fever, a dark fluid consisting 
of blood and the contents of the stomach. 
V., Coffee-ground, vomit consisting of 
broken-down blood and the contents of the 
stomach ; it is frequently seen in carcinoma 
of the stomach. 

Vomiting (vom f -it-ing) [vomere, to vomit]. 
The forcible ejection of the contents of the 
stomach through the mouth. V., Perni- 
cious, a variety of vomiting occasionally seen 
in pregnancy and becoming at times so ex- 
cessive as to threaten life. V., Stercora- 
ceous, the ejection of fecal matter in the 
vomit, usually due to intestinal obstruction. 

Vomito negro {vo-me f -to na f -gro) . I . Black 
vomit. 2. Yellow fever. 

Vomiturition {vom-it-u-rish f -un) [vomituri- 
tion. Ineffectual attempt at vomiting; retch- 
ing. _ 

Vomitus [yom ; -it-us] [vomere, to vomit]. I. 
Vomited matter. 2. The act of vomiting. 
V. cruentus, bloody vomit. 

Vox [voks] [L.]. Voice. 

Vulcanite (vul'-kan-it) [ Vulcan, the god of 
fire]. Vulcanized caoutchouc. 

Vulcanize [yitV -kan-lz) [ Vulcan, the god of 
fire]. To subject india-rubber to the process 
of vulcanization, a process wherein it is 
treated with sulphur at a high temperature, 
and thereby is rendered either flexible or 
very hard (vulcanite). 

Vulnerary {vul' ' -ner-a-re)[vulnus, a wound]. 

1. Pertaining to wounds ; healing wounds. 

2. An agent useful in healing wounds. 
Vulnus (vul'-nus) [L.]. A wound. 
Vulsella {vul-seV-a)i). See Volsella. 
Vulva (vul'-vah) [volvere, to roll up]. The 

external organs of generation in the woman. 

Vulval, Vulvar (vul'-val, vul'-var) [yulva\ 
Pertaining to the vulva. 

Vulvitis {vul-vi' '-tis) [vulva, vulva ; ltlq, 
inflammation]. Inflammation of the vulva. 

Vulvo- (vul'-vo-) [vulva, vulva]. A prefix 
denoting pertaining to the vulva. 

Vulvovaginal {vul- vo-vaj f - in - al) [vulva, 
vulva; vagina, vagina]. Pertaining to the 
vulva and the vagina. V. Gland, a small 
gland situated on each side of the vulva 
near the vagina ; the gland of Bartholin. 

Vulvovaginitis {vul-vo-vaj-in-i' '-tis) [vul- 
va, vulva; vagina, vagina; trig, inflamma- 
tion]. Inflammation of the vulva and the 
vagina. 



42 



w 



658 



WAVY RESPIRATION 



w 



W. The symbol of tungsten (wolfram). 

Wachendorf's Membrane. The pupillary 
membrane. 

Wafer (wa'-fer). A thin layer composed of 
moistened flour, and used to enclose pow- 
ders that are taken internally. 

Wagner's Corpuscles. Oval-shaped bodies 
at the termination of nerve-fibers, concerned 
in the sense of touch. 

Wahoo (wah-hoo'). See Euonymus. 

Waldenburg's Apparatus {wahV - den- 
boorgz). An apparatus constructed on the 
principle of a gasometer, and used for com- 
pressing or rarefying air, which is inhaled, 
or into which the patient exhales. 

Wallerian Degeneration {wal-le* '-re-an) 
[from Waller, an English physician]. De- 
generation of nerves after separation from 
their trophic centers. 

Wall-eye. A colloquial name for leukoma 
of the cornea. 

Walnut {wol'-nut). See Juglans. 

Wandering {won' -der-ing). I. Moving 
about, as, e. g. f W. cells. 2. Abnormally 
movable, as, e. g., W. spleen. 

Warburg's Tincture. A very complex 
liquid first prepared by Dr. Warburg, and 
employed as an antiperiodic and diaphoretic. 
It is used especially in pernicious forms of 
malaria. Its composition is as follows : 
Aqueous extract of aloes, 28 grains ; 
rhubarb, 448 grains ; angelica-seed, 448 
grains ; elecampane, 224 grains ; saffron, 
224 grains; fennel, 224 grains ; gentian, 1 12 
grains; zedoary-root, 112 grains; cubeb, 112 
grains; myrrh, 1 12 grains; white agaric, 
112 grains; camphor, 1 12 grains; quinin 
sulphate, 1 280 grains ; dilute alcohol, enough 
to make 8 pints. 

Ward's Paste. Confection of black pepper. 

Wardrop's Disease. Malignant onychitis. 

Wardrop's Operation. See Operations, 
Table of. 

Warehousemen's Itch. Palmar eczema oc- 
curring among the workmen in warehouses. 

Warm-blooded. A term applied to animals 
that maintain a uniform temperature, what- 
ever the changes in the surrounding medium. 

Warming Plaster. See Cantharis and 
Pitch. 

Warren's Fat Columns. Slender columns 
of fatty tissue passing from the subcutaneous 
adipose tissue to the base of the hair-follicles. 
They are well developed over the dorsum of 
the body, particularly near the median line. 

Wart [AS., wearte, wart]. A hyperplasia 
of the papilla? of the skin forming a small 
projection. See Verruca. W., Anatomic, 



W., Postmortem-. See Tubercle, Ana- 
tomic. 

Warty. Resembling a wart ; covered with 
warts. 

Wash. See Lotion. W., Black. See Mer- 
cury. W., Yellow. See Mercury. 

Washerwoman's Itch. Eczema of the 
hands occurring in washerwomen. 

Washing Soda. Sodium carbonate. 

Wasting Palsy. See Progressive Muscular 
Atrophy. 

Watchmaker's Cramp. An occupation-neu- 
rosis occurring in watchmakers, and charac- 
terized by painful cramps of the muscles of 
the hands. 

Water (waw'-ter). I. A transparent, in- 
odorous, tasteless fluid, boiling at 2 1 2° F. 
(ioo° C), and freezing at 32 F. (o° C). 
Chemically it is hydrogen monoxid, H 2 0. 2. 
A mineral water. 3. A solution of a medicinal 
substance in water, as, e. g., W. of ammonia 
(Aqua ammonia?), chlorin-W. (Aqua chlori), 
etc. W.-bag, a rubber bag in which water 
of varying degrees of temperature can be in- 
troduced for topical application. W.-bed. 
See Bed. W. -brash. See Pyrosis. W. 
of Crystallization, the water contained in 
certain crystals, to which their crystalline 
structure is due. W. -glass, solution of 
sodium silicate. W. -hammer Pulse. See 
Corrigan's Pulse. W., Hard, water contain- 
ing soluble calcium salts, and not readily 
forming a lather with soap. W., Javelle, a 

■ solution of potassium hypochlorite, KCIO. 
W., Mineral, a natural water containing 
mineral substances in solution. 

Waterborne. Of a disease, produced by 
contaminated drinking water. 

Water on the Brain. Hydrocephalus. 

Watt [wot) [after James Watt, a Scottish 
engineer]. One voltampere. See Volt. 

Wave (wav)[AS., ivafian, to waver in mind]. 
I . A movement in a body which is propagated 
with a continuous motion, each particle of 
the body vibrating through a fixed path, usu- 
ally a closed curve. 2. One of the curves in 
a series of curves representing a wave-like 
motion. W. -length, the distance between 
corresponding points, usually the crests, of 
two adjacent waves. W., Tidal, in the 
sphygmogram, the wave succeeding the per- 
cussion-wave, and due to the volume of blood 
poured out from the heart reaching the art- 
eries. 

Wavy Respiration. Cog-wheel respiration, 
a type of breathing in which inspiration' or 
expiration is not continuous, but jerky and 
interrupted. 



WAX 



659 



WEIGHT 



Wax [waks). See Cera. 

Waxy {waks^-e). Pertaining to or resem- 
bling wax. W. Cast, a tube-cast composed 
of amyloid or similar material. W. De- 
generation, amyloid degeneration. W. 
Kidney, W. Liver, amyloid kidney or liver. 

Wean {win) [AS., wenian, to accustom]. 
To cease to give suck to an infant by accus- 
toming it to take food from other sources than 
the mother's breast. 

Webbed Fingers, Webbed Toes. Union 
of adjacent fingers or toes by a thin band of 
tissue. 

Weber {web'er). Same as Coulomb. 

Weber's Law {web'-erz) [H. Weber, a Ger- 
man physiologist]. A law that when a 
stimulus is increased in geometric propor- 
tion, the sensation is increased in arithmetic 
proportion, or, in other words, the reaction 
varies as the logarithm of the stimulus. 

Weber's Test. A test for hearing performed 
by placing a vibrating tuning-fork on the 
vertex. In case of disease of the external 
or middle ear of one side, it will be heard 
best on the affected side ; in case of disease 
of the internal ear of one side, it will be 
heard best on the unaffected side. 

Weeping Eczema. Moist eczema. 

Weeping Sinew. See Ganglion, 2d definition. 

Weigert's Fibrin-stain {?vi' '-gurtz) [ Wei- 



gert, a German pathologist]. A stain for fi- 
brin, consisting in the application of a solution 
of gentian-violet, then one of iodin in potas- 
sium iodid, followed by one of anilin-oil and 
xylol. Fibrin is stained blue. 

Weigert's Method. I. A method of staining 
the myelin of nerve-fibers with hematoxylin. 
2. A method of staining the neuroglia accord- 
ing to a modified Weigert's fibrin-method, after 
the tissue has been fixed in formalin , subjected 
to a mordant of copper acetate, acetic acid, 
and chromalum, and a reducing agent com- 
posed of potassium permanganate and a solu- 
tion of sodium sulphite containing a chro- 
mogen derived from naphthalin. 

Weight (wdt). The force with which bodies 
tend to approach the earth's center. W., 
Atomic. See Atomic. W., Molecular. 
See Molecular. Weights and Measures: 
The U. S. standard unit of weight is the Troy 
Pound ; the standard unit of liquid measure 
is the Winchester Wine Gallon, containing 
231 cubic inches. The Imperial Gallon, 
adopted by Great Britain, contains 277.274 
cubic inches. The standard unit of the U. 
S. and British linear measure is the yard. 
The actual standard of length of the U. S. 
is a brass scale 82 inches long in the U. S. 
Treasury Department. The yard is between 
the 27th and the 63d inch of this scale. 



TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 









TROY WEIGHT. 


Grains. 








24 = 


1 dwt. 






480 = 


20 dwts. 


= I oz. 




5760 = 


240 dwts. 


= 12 OZ. 


= i lb. — 22.816 cu. in. of distilled 

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 




Drams. 


Ounces. 






16 = 


1 = 


437-5 grains Troy. 




256 = 


16 = 


1 lb. = 1. 2153 lb. Troy. 




6,400 = 


400 = 


25 lbs. = 1 quarter. 




25,600 = 


1,600 = 


100 " = 4 quarters = 1 cwt. 




512,000 = 


32,000 == 


2000 " =80 " = 20 " 



APOTHECARIES' weight. 

Grains. 
20 = 1 scruple. 
60 = 3 scruples = 1 dram. 
480 =24 " =8 drams = 1 oz. 

5760 = 288 " =96 " =12 ounces 



lb. 



1 ton. 

APOTHECARIES' MEASURE. 

60 minims = 1 fluidram. 

8 fluidrams = 1 fluidounce. 
16 fluidounces = 1 pint. 

2 pints = 1 quart. 

4 quarts = 1 gallon. 



LIQUID, OR WINE-MEASURE. 



Gills 














1 


= 


7.2187 cu. 


in. 








4 


= 


1 pint 


= 


28.875 cu 


. in. 


8 


= 


2 pints 


= 


1 quart 


= 


55.75 cu. in, 


32 


= 


8 " 


= 


4 quarts 


= 


1 gallon. 


2016 


= 


504 " 


= 


252 " 


= 


63 gallons 


4032 


= 


1008 " 


= 


504 " 


= 


126 " 


8064 


= 


2016 " 


= 


1008 " 


= 


252 " 



= 1 hogshead. 

= 2 hogsheads = 1 pipe. 

= 4 =2 pipes 



1 tun. 



SQUARE MEASURE. 

Sq. Inches. Sq. Feet. 

144= 1 

1296 = 9 = 1 sq. yard. 
39,204 = 272.25 = 30.25 sq. yards = 1 perch. 
1,568,160=10,890 =1210 " " = 40 perches 
6,272,640 = 43,560 = 4840 " " = 160 " 



1 rood. 

4 roods = 1 acre. 



Inches. 

12 = 
36 = 
72 = 
198 



WEIGHT 660 WEIGHT 

TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.— Continued. 



1 

3 

6 

16.5 
7,920 = 660 
63,360 = 5280 



foot, 
feet 



1 
2 

5-5 
220 
1760 



LINEAR MEASURE. 



yard, 
yards = 



1 fathom. 
2.75 fathoms 
= no 



= 1 perch. 

= 40 perches 
= 320 



1 furlong. 

8 furlongs = 1 



mile. 



SOLID MEASURE. 

Cu. in. 
1,728 = 1 cubic foot. 
46,656 = 27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard. 



DRY MEASURE. 

Pints. 

1 = 33-6 cubic inches. 

2 = 1 quart = 67.2 cubic inches. 

8=4 quarts = 1 gallon = 268.8 cubic inches. 
16 = 8 " =2 gallons = 1 peck = 537.6 cubic in. 
64 = 32 " =8 '• =4 pecks = 1 bushel. 



METRIC WEIGHTS. 







Gram. 


Troy Gr. 




Milligram 


= 


.001 


= -01543 




Centigram 


= 


.01 


= -15432 


Avoir. 


Decigram 


= 


.1 


= 1-54323 


Oz. Avoir. Lb. 


Gram 


= 


1 


= I5-43235 = 


.03528 = .0022047 


Decagram 


= 


10 


= 


.3528 = .022047 


Hectogram 


= 


100 


= 


3.52758 = .2204737 


Kilogram 


— 


1000 


= 


35.2758 = 2.204737 


Myriogram 


= 


10,000 


= 


= 22.04737 


Quintal 


= 


100,000 


= 


= 220.4737 


Tonneau 


= 


1,000,000 


= 


= 2204.737 



METRIC DRY AND LIQUID MEASURE. 



Milliliter 

Centiliter 

Deciliter 

Liter 

Decaliter 

Hectoliter 

Kiloliter 

Myrialiter 



Lit. 



U. 



u. 

= 100 = 



10,000 



S. Cu 

.061 



= .61 
= 6.1 



In 

-{ 
-{ 
-\ 



= 61.02 = 



610.16 
S. Cu. 
3-531 



Ft. 



=1 

35-31 = -j 

353-1 — j 



Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 
f Liquid 
1 Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry- 
Liquid 

Dry 

Liquid 

Dry 



.00845 
.0018 
.0845 
.018 

.845 
.18 
2.113 
1.8 
2.641 
9.08 
26.414 
2.837 
264. 141 

28.374 
2641.4 

283.7 



U.S. 

gill. 

pint. 

gill. 

pint. 

gill = 0.2113 pint. 

pint. 

pints = 1.057 quarts. 

pints = .908 quart. 

gallons. 



quarts = 

gallons. 

bushels. 

gallons. 

bushels. 

gallons. 

bushels. 



1. 135 pints. 



METRIC LINEAR MEASURE. 



Meter. 


U. S. In. 


Ft. 




Millimeter* = .001 


= -03937 = 


.00328 




Centimeterf = .01 


= -3937 = 


.03280 Yd. 




Decimeter = .1 


= 3-937 = 


.32807 = .10936 




Meter = 1 


= 39-3685 = 


3.2807 = 1.0936 




Decameter = 10 




32.807 = 10.936 


Mile. 


Hectometer = 100 


= = 


328.07 = 109.36 = 


.0621347 


Kilometer = 1000 


= = 


3,280.7 = 1093.6 = 


.6213466 


Myriameter = 10,000 


= = 


32,807 = 10,936 = 


6.213466 


* Nearly the ^ of an inch. 


t Full % of an inch. 





METRIC SQUARE MEASURE. 



Sq. Meter. U. S. Sq. In. 
Sq. Centimeter = .01 = .155 

Sq. Decimeter = .1 = 15.5 

Centiare = 1 = 1549-88 

Are =10 — 154,988 

Hectare = 100 

Sq. Kilometer = .38607 Sq. Mile. 
Sq. Myriameter = 38.607 



Sq. Ft. Sq. Yd. 




.10763 = .01196 


Acre. 


10.763 = 1. 196 = 


.00025 


1076.3 = 119. 6 = 


.0247 


107,630 = 11,959 = 


2.47 


= 


247 


= 


24,708 



WEIL'S DISEASE 



661 



WESTPHAL'S CONTRACTION 



TABLE FOR CONVERTING METRIC WEIGHTS INTO TROY WEIGHTS. 





3 < 
z 

(J CO 

< £ 

w 3 


Approximate 

Equivalents 

in Troy 

Weights. 


to 
S 
< 




>- 

w° 
z 

h " 

to 
< H 
X z 
m w 


Approximate 

Equivalents 

in Troy 

Weights. 


to 
S 
< 

O 


H 

gb 

z 

h - 
U t/2 
< f- 

X z 

M W 

^ J 


Approximate 

Equivalents 

in Troy 

Weights. 


to 

s 

< 


M 

V 

<J 

s 




in 

E 
a 

u 

Q 


in 
U 

"5. 

3 

V- 



If) 


in 

c 

u 

O 


in 
U 



a 
O 


in 

s 

u 

Q 


HI 

"5. 

3 

u 




in 

a 
'S3 

u 




in 

V 

u 

s 




in 

S 
1- 
Q 


in 
V 

"5. 

s 

u 

02 


in 
B 

O 


O.OI 
O.02 
0.03 
O.O4 
O.O5 
O.06 
O.O7 
O.08 
O.O9 
O.I 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

0.5 
0.6 
0.7 
0.8 
0.9 

1.0 

2.0 


0.1543 
0.3086 
0.4630 
0.6173 
0.7717 
0.9260 
1.0803 

1-2347 
1.3890 

1-543 
3.086 
4-630 
6-173 
7.716 

9-259 
10.803 
12.346 
13-889 
15432 
30.865 






I 


1 

B 

1 
3 

6 
T5 

7 
TT 

3 

f 
1 

ii 

3 

45 
6i 
71 
9i 

iof 

I2 3 

14 

15* 

10* 


3-o 
4.0 
5-o 
6.0 
7.0 
8.0 
9.0 
10.0 

II. 
12.0 
I3.O 
I4.O 
I5.O 
I6.0 
17.0 
18.0 
I9.O 
20.0 
21.0 
22.0 


46.297 
61.729 
77.162 

92-594 
108.026 

123.459 
138.891 

154-323 
169.756 
185.188 
200.621 
216.053 
231.485 
246.918 
262.350 
277.782 
293.215 
308.647 
324.079 
339-512 




1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
4 
4 
4 
5 
5 
5 


2 

1 
2 

1 
2 

1 
1 
2 

1 
1 
2 

1 
1 


6£ 

If 

17* 

I2| 

8 

3* 
18ft 
143 

9l 

5^ 
3 

16 

«J 

61% 

23 
I7S 
13* 

83 
4tV 
195 


23.0 
24.0 
25.0 
26.0 
27.0 
28.0 
29.0 
30.0 
31.0 
32.0 
40.0 
45-o 
50.0 
60.0 
70.0 
80.0 
90.0 
100.0 


354-944 
370.376 
385.809 
401.241 
416.673 
432.106 
447.538 
462.970 
478.403 

493.835 
617.294 
694.456 
771.617 

925.94I 
1080.264 
1234.588 
1388.91 1 
I543.235 


1 
I 

I 
I 
I 

2 

2 

2 

2 




5 
6 

6 
6 
6 
7 
7 
7 
7 

2 

3 
4 
7 
2 

4 

7 
1 


2 

I 
2 
2 

I 
2 
2 

I 
2 

I 

I 
2 


5 
»| 

5l 
ij 

.6-1 

i2rV 

7* 

3 

18* 
13* 
i7tV 
io£ 

"i 

6 

1 
X 

Hi 

9 

3* 



TABLE FOR CONVERTING TROY WEIGHTS INTO METRIC WEIGHTS. 



to* 
Z 


co 
S 


co" 
Z 


CO 

S 


co 

Z 


to 
2 


z 

H 


CO 

S 


CO 

Z 


CO 

2 


CO* 

z 


«5 

2 


co' 

Z 


CO 

2 


CO 

Z 


CO 

2 


< 


< 


< 


<: 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


< 


K 


M 


ei 


a 


a 


a 


Bi 


Di 


at 


« 


« 


as 


Bi 


Bi 


a 


ei 


O 


O 


O 


O 


O 


O 


O 


O 


O 


O 





O 


O 





O 


O 


I 


O.0648 


16 


1 -037 


31 


2.009 


46 


2.980 


61 


3-952 


76 


4.924 


91 


5.896 


300 


19.440 


2 


0.1296 


17 


1. 102 


32 


2.073 


47 


3-045 


62 


4.017 


77 


4.989 


92 


5-96I 


360 


23.328 


3 


0.1944 


18 


1. 166 


33 


2.138 


48 


3. 1 IO 


63 


4.082 


78 


5-054 


93 


6.026 


400 


25.920 


4 


0.2592 


19 


1. 231 


34 


2.203 


49 


3-175 


64 


4.147 


79 


5.118 


94 


6.O9O 


480 


31.103 


5 


0.3240 


20 


1.296 


35 


2.268 


50 


3.234 


65 


4.211 


80 


5-I83 


95 


6-155 


500 


32.396 


6 


O.3888 


21 


1.361 


36 


2.332 


5i 


3.304 


66 


4.276 


81 


5.248 


96 


6.220 


600 


38.875 


7 


0.4536 


22 


1.426 


37 


2-397 


52 


3.369 


67 


4-341 


82 


5-313 


97 


6.285 


700 


45-354 


8 


0.5184 


23 


1.490 


38 


2.462 


53 


3-434 


68 


4.406 


83 


5-378 


98 


6-350 


800 


5 '-833 


9 


O.5832 


24 


1-555 


39 


2.527 


54 


3-499 


69 


4.471 


84 


5-442 


99 


6.4I4 


900 


58-313 


10 


0.6480 


25 


1.620 


40 


2.592 


55 


3-564 


70 


4-535 


85 


5-507 


100 


6.479 


960 


62.207 


11 


0.7130 


26 


1.685 


4i 


2.656 


56 


3-628 


71 


4.600 


86 


5-572 


120 


7.776 


1000 


64.792 


12 


0.7776 


27 


1-749 


42 


2.721 


57 


3-693 


72 


4.665 


87 


5-637 


150 


9719 






13 


0.8424 


28 


1.814 


43 


2.786 


58 


3-758 


73 


4-730 


88 


5.702 


180 


II.664 






H 


0.9072 


29 


1.869 


44 


2.851 


59 


3-823 


74 


4-795 


89 


5.766 


200 


12.958 






15 


O.972 


30 


1.944 


45 


2.916 


60 


3.888 


75 


4-859 


90 


5-83I 


240 


15-552 







Weil's Disease [wllz). See Diseases, Table 
of. 

Weir Mitchell Treatment {wer mit-chel) 
[S. Weir Mitchell, an American neurologist]. 
The rest-cure, a treatment for certain func- 
tional nervous conditions, consisting in abso- 
lute rest in bed, with massage, electricity, 
and the administration of abundant food, espe- 
cially milk. 



Wen. A sebaceous cyst. 

Werlhoff's Disease [P. G. Werlhof, a Ger- 
man physician]. Purpura hsemorrhagica. 
See Diseases, Table of. 

Wernicke's Sign. See Reaction, He?niopic 
Pupillary. 

Westphal's Nucleus. See Nucleus. 

Westphal's Paradoxic Contraction. The 
contraction of a muscle, as the tibialis anti- 



WESTPHAL'S SIGN 



662 



WINE 



cus, caused by the passive approximation of 
its extremities, observed in cases of combined 
sclerosis of the posterior and lateral columns, 
in paralysis agitans, and other diseases. 

Westphal's Sign or Symptom. The loss 
of the knee-jerk in locomotor ataxia. 

Wet-pack. See Pack. 

Wharton's Duct [Thomas Wharton, an 
English anatomist]. The duct of the sub- 
maxillary gland. 

Wharton's Jelly, Whartonian Jelly. The 
mucoid tissue of the umbilical cord. 

Wheal (kwel) [AS., hw'ele, wheal]. A whitish 
or pinkish elevation, developing suddenly upon 
the skin, and lasting usually but a short time. 
Wheals are produced by urticaria, the bites 
of insects, or the sting of a nettle. It is also 
called pomphus, or urtica. 

Whealhouse's Operation. A variety of ex- 
ternal urethrotomy. 

Wheat {hwet). See Triticum. 

Wheeze {hwez). To breathe hard; to 
breathe with difficulty and with an audible 
whistling sound. 

Whey {kwa). The liquid part of milk sepa- 
rating from the curd. W.-cure, the admin- 
istration of whey as a method of treating 
certain diseases. 

Whip- worm {hwip' '- wurni) . The Tricho- 
cephalus dispar. 

Whisky, "Whiskey {Awls' -ke) [Gael. , uisge, 
water]. See Spiritus frumenti. W.-nose. 
See Acne rosacea. 

Whisper {hwis'-per). A low, soft, sibilant 
sound produced by the passage of the breath 
through the glottis without throwing the 
vocal cords into vibration. 

Whispering Pectoriloquy. See Pectorilo- 
quy. 

White {Jnvlt) [AS., hwit, white]. I. Hav- 
ing a color produced by reflection of all the 
rays of the spectrum ; opposed to black. 
2. Any white substance, as W. of egg. 
W. Cell, W. Corpuscle, the leukocyte. 
W. Commissure, the anterior commissure 
of the spinal cord. W. Lead, basic lead 
carbonate. W. Leg. See Phlegmasia alba 
dolens. W. Leprosy, vitiligo. W. Line, 
the linea alba. W. Matter, the part of the 
brain and spinal cord consisting of medul- 
lated nerve-fibers, and having a white color. 
W. Mustard, sinapis alba. See Mustard. 
W., Pearl-, bismuth subnitrate. W. Pneu- 
monia, pneumonia alba. W. Precipitate, 
hydrargyrum ammoniatum. See Mercury. 
W. Softening, softening of nerve-substance 
in which the affected area presents a whitish 
color, due to fatty degeneration following 
anemia. W. Substance of Schwann, the 
myelin-sheath of medullated nerve-fibers. 
W. Swelling, tuberculous arthritis. W. 
Vitriol, zinc sulphate. 



Whites {hwltz). See Leukorrhea. 

Whitlow {kwit'-lo). See Panaris. W., 
Painless. See Morvan's Disease, in Dis- 
eases, Table of. 

Whooping-cough {hoo f -ping-kawf). An 
infectious disease characterized by catarrhal 
inflammation of the air-passages and peculiar 
paroxysms of cough ending in a loud whoop- 
ing inspiration. It is most frequent in chil- 
dren, and is probably due to a specific micro- 
organism. The disease begins with symptoms 
of coryza and bronchitis, which in from one 
to two weeks are followed by the so-called 
paroxysmal stage, characterized by a violent 
cough, at the close of which occurs a loud 
whoop and often vomiting. This stage lasts 
from three to four weeks and is succeeded by 
the stage of decline. Complications, such as 
catarrhal pneumonia, emphysema, atelectasis, 
hernia, cerebral hemorrhage, and others, may 
occur. 

Wickersheimer's Fluid {wik' -ers-hi-merz). 
A fluid employed for the preservation of ana- 
tomic specimens, consisting of arsenious acid, 
sodium chlorid, potassium sulphate, carbon- 
ate, and nitrate, dissolved in a mixture of gly- 
cerol, methyl-alcohol, and water. 

Wilde's Incision [ Wilde, an Irish otologist]. 
See Operations y Table of. 

Williams' Tracheal Tone. The peculiar 
resonance sometimes found in the second 
intercostal space in cases of very large 
pleural effusion. It is a dull tympanitic 
resonance, becoming higher on opening the 
mouth, and arising from the vibrations of 
air in a large bronchus surrounded by com- 
pressed lung. 

Willis, Chords of [T. Willis, an English 
anatomist]. Fibrous bands which extend 
transversely across the inferior angle of the 
superior longitudinal sinus. 

Willis, Circle of. See Circle. 

Willow {wil'-o) [AS., welig, willow]. Salix, 
a genus of trees of the order Salicacese, the 
bark and leaves of which contain salicin. 
Salix alba and Salix nigra have been used in 
spermatorrhea, neuralgia, and malaria. 

Winckel's Disease. An epidemic disease 
of children, characterized by cyanosis, jaun- 
dice, and hemoglobinuria. See Diseases, 
Table of. 

Windage {zuin'-dej). The compression of 
air said to be produced by the passage of a 
ball close to the body, and to give rise to an 
injury called wind-contusion. 

Windlass, Spanish. A form of tourniquet 
consisting of a handkerchief tied about a 
part and twisted by means of a stick. 

Window {win' -do). I. An aperture in a 
wall for the admission of light and air. 2. 
A small aperture in a bone. See Fenestra. 

Wine {win) [vinuni]. I. The fermented 



WINEGLASS 



663 



WURALI 



juice of the grape.. W., Red (Vinum ru- 
brum, U. S. P.), is the fermented juice of 
fresh colored grapes. The most important 
varieties are claret or Bordeaux and port. 
W., White (Vinum album, U. S. P.), is the 
fermented juice of grapes freed from seeds, 
stems, and skins. The most important varie- 
ties are sherry {Vinum xericum), Madeira, 
Catawba, etc. Wines consist chiefly of wa- 
ter and alcohol, the latter varying from 6 to 
22 per cent, (from io to 14 per cent, in the 
official wines). In addition, they contain 
volatile oil, enanthic ether, grape - sugar, 
traces of glycerol, coloring matter, tannic, 
malic, phosphoric, carbonic, and acetic acids, 
potassium bitartrate, and calcium tartrate. 
Wine is used as a beverage in most civilized 
countries, and in medicine as a stimulant like 
alcohol. 2. A solution of a medicinal sub- 
stance in wine. 

Wineglass. A measure holding nearly two 
fluidounces. 

Wing. See Ala. 

Winogradsky, Nitrifying Bacillus of. See 
Bacteria, Table of. 

Winslow, Foramen of [J. B. Winslow, a 
Danish anatomist] . See Foramina, Table of. 

Winslow, Ligament of. The posterior 
ligament of the knee-joint. 

Wintergreen. See Ganltheria. 

Winter-itch. See Pruritus hiemalis. 

Wintrich's Sign. The change in the pitch 
of the percussion-note over a pulmonary 
cavity when the mouth is open or closed. 

Wirsung, Canal of [wer' '-soong]. The ex- 
cretory duct of the pancreas. 

Wisdom-tooth. The last molar tooth, which 
is the last of all the teeth to appear. 

Witch-hazel. See Hamamelis. 

Wolffian {wool f -fe-a?i). Described by C. F. 
Wolff, a German anatomist. W. Body, 
the mesonephros, or primordial kidney, the 
central portion of the segmental organs of 
the embryo. Its excretory duct is the W. 
Duct. 

Wood. The hard part of trees ; the part 
within the bark. W. -alcohol, methyl- 
alcohol. W.-oil. See Gurjun Balsam. 
W. -spirit, methyl-alcohol. W. -vinegar, 
vinegar obtained by the dry distillation of 
wood. 

Wooden Tongue. See Actinomycosis. 

Wool-fat. See Lanolin. Wool-sorters' 
Disease, anthrax. 

Wborara [rvoo-rar' '-all). See Curare. 

Word-blindness. See Aphasia. W.- 
deafness. See Deafness. 



Working Distance. In a microscope, the 
distance between the object and the objective. 

Worm (zvurm). I. A member of the class 
Vermes, of the division Invertebrata, es- 
pecially one parasitic in man or animals. 
W., Bladder-, the Taenia echinococcus. W., 
Guinea-, W., Medina-, the Filaria medi- 
nensis. See Filaria. W., Pin-, W., Seat-. 
See Oxyuris. W., Thread-. See Oxyuris 
and Trichocephalus. W.,Whip-. See Tri- 
chocephalus. 

Wormian Bone ( wur / - me - an ) [Olaus 
Worm, a Danish physician, 1588-1654]. 
Any one of the small supernumerary bones 
found in the sutures of the skull. 

Wormseed (inur?/^ -sed ) . I. See Chenopo- 
dizim. 2. See Santonica. 

Wormwood [wicr??i / -wood). See Absinthum. 

Worsted Test. See Holmgren ' s Test. 

Woulfe's Bottles. An apparatus consisting 
of a series of three-necked bottles connected 
by suitable tubes and used for washing gases 
or saturating liquids therewith. 

Wound (woond) [AS., wund, wound]. A 
solution of continuity of an external or internal 
surface of the body. W., Contused, one 
produced by a blunt body. W., Incised, 
one caused by a cutting instrument. W., 
Lacerated, one in which the tissues are torn. 
W., Open, one having a free external open- 
ing. W., Poisoned, one in which septic 
materials are introduced. W., Punctured, 
one made by a pointed instrument. W., 
Subcutaneous, one with a very small ex- 
ternal opening in the skin. 

Wrisberg, Cartilages of [H. A. Wrisberg, 
a German anatomist]. See Cartilage. W., 
Nerve of: I. A small branch of the brach- 
ial plexus supplying the skin of the arm. 
2. A small nerve arising from the medulla 
oblongata and coursing between the facial 
and auditory nerves. See Nerves, Table of. 

Wrist (rist) [AS., wrtsi\. The part joining 
the fore-arm and the hand. See Carpus. 
W. -clonus. See Reflexes, Table of. W.- 
drop, a paralysis of the extensor muscles of 
the wrist and fingers causing a dropping of 
the hand. W. -joint, the articulation be- 
tween the fore-arm and the hand. 

Writer's Cramp. An occupation-neurosis 
occurring in those who write a great deal, 
and characterized by painful spasm of the 
fingers when an effort at writing is made. 

Writing Hand. A peculiar position assumed 
by the hand in paralysis agitans. 

Wry-neck (ri'-nek). See Torticollis. 

Wurali (wu-ra / -le). Same as Curare. 



XANTHELASMA 



664 



XEROSIS 






Xanthelasma (zan-thel-az' -mah) [EarQbg, 
yellow; k?.aaua, a lamina]. See Xanthoma. 

Xanthic \zan'-thik\ [Eavdbg, yellow]. I. 
Yellow. 2. Pertaining to xanthin. 

Xanthin {zan f -thin) [Eavdbg, yellow], C 5 H 4 - 
N 4 2 . A leukomain found in nearly all the 
tissues and liquids of the animal economy, 
and also in many plants ; it occurs in minute 
quantities in urine, also in guano. It is 
formed in the decomposition of nuclein by 
dilute acids. It is a colorless powder, almost 
insoluble in cold water, but readily soluble 
in dilute acids and alkalies, and acts as a 
muscle-stimulant, especially to the heart. 

Xanthinuria [zan-thin-u' '-re-ak) [Eavdbg, 
yellow; urina, urine]. The presence of 
xanthin in excess in the urine. 

Xantho- [zan'-tho-) [EavOug, yellow]. A pre- 
fix meaning yellow. 

Xanthochromia (zan-tho-kro f -me-ah)\_EavQbg, 
yellow; ^pw/ya, a color]. A yellowish dis- 
coloration of the skin. 

Xanthocreatinin (zan - tho - kre - at' - in - in) 
[EavOog, yellow; aptag, flesh], C 5 H 10 N 4 O. 
A leukomain found in muscle, crystallizing in 
yellow crystals and resembling kreatinin. It 
produces depression, somnolence, fatigue, 
frequent defecation, and vomiting. See Leu- 
ko?7iains, Table of. 

Xanthocyanopia, Xanthocyanopsia [zan- 
tho-si-an-o ' -pe-ah, zan-tho-si-an-op f - se-ah) 
[EavBbg, yellow; tcvavog, blue; bxpig, sight]. 
A defect of color-vision in which yellow and 
blue are perceived, while red is imperceptible. 

Xanthoderma, Xanthodermia {zan-tho- 
der f -mah, zan-tho-der f -me-ah) [Eavdbg, yel- 
low ; bepua, skin]. A yellow discoloration 
of the skin. 

Xanthodontous (zan-tho-don'-tus) \_Eav66g, 
yellow; bdovg, tooth]. Having yellow 
teeth. 

Xanthokreatinin. See Xanthocreatinin. 

Xanthoma [zan-tho' '-mah) [Eavdbg, yellow ; 
bua, tumor]. Xanthelasma; anew growth 
of the skin occurring as flat or slightly raised 
patches, or nodules from a pin's head to a bean 
in size, and of a yellowish color. The flat 
lesions [X. plamim) usually occur about the 
eyelids ; the elevated or tubercular variety 
(X. tuberculatum, X. tuberosum) on the neck, 
trunk, and extremities. Histologically the 
lesions consist of connective tissue under- 
going a partial fatty degeneration. X. dia- 
beticorum, a rare disease of the skin asso- 
ciated with diabetes mellitus, the. lesions of 
which are denser and firmer than those of true 
xanthoma, and are dull-red. discrete, and 
solid, with a yellowish point at the apex. 



Xanthopathy {zan-thop f -ath-e) [Eo-vdbg, yel- 
low; rrddog, a suffering]. See Xanthoder- 
ma. 

Xanthophane [zan' -tho -fan) [Eavdog, yellow ; 
QalvtLV, to show]. A yellow pigment found 
in the retinal cones. 

Xanthoproteic {zan-tho-pro' -te-ik) \E,av%g, 
yellow ; pi-otein~\. Derived from or related 
to xanthoprotein. X. Reaction, the deep- 
orange color obtained by the addition of am- 
monia to proteids that have been heated with 
strong nitric acid. 

Xanthoprotein {zan-tho-pro' -te-in) [Eavdbg, 
yellow ; protein]. A yellowish substance 
formed from proteids by the action of nitric 
acid. 

Xanthopsia (zan-thop' -se-ah) [Eavdbg, yel- 
low; bilug, vision]. Yellow vision, the condi- 
tion in which objects look yellow. 

Xanthoxylum [zan-thoks' '-il-uni) [Eavdbg, yel- 
low ; Ei/.ov, wood]. Prickly ash, a genus of 
trees of the order Rutacese. The bark of X. 
americanum and X. Clava-Herculis (X., U. 
S. P.) contains a crystalline principle, xan- 
thoxylin, and is irritant, stimulant, and 
slightly diaphoretic. It is used in chronic 
rheumatism and as an emmenagogue. Dose 
gr. x-gss (0.65-2.0). Dose of Extractum 
xanthoxyli fluidum, U. S. P., f^ss-j (2.0- 
4.0). 

Xenogenesis ( zen - -jen' - es -is) [ Eevog, 
stranger; jtreovc, birth]. See Heterogenesis. 

Xero- (ze'-ro) [Et/pbg, dry]. A prefix mean- 
ing dry. 

Xeroderma, Xerodermia ( ze-ro-der'-mah, 
ze-ro-der f -me-ah) [Eqpbg, dry ; dipua, skin]. 
I. An abnormal dryness of the skin. 2. A 
disease characterized by dryness and harsh- 
ness of the skin, discoloration, and a fine scaly 
desquamation ; by some it is considered a mild 
form of ichthyosis. X. pigmentosum, atro- 
phoderma pigmentosum, angioma pigmento- 
sum atrophicum, melanosis lenticularis pro- 
gressiva, Kaposi's disease ; a rare disease 
of the skin, usually beginning in childhood, 
and characterized by disseminated pigment- 
spots, telangiectasis, atrophy of muscles, and 
contraction of the skin, generally followed by 
the development of ulcers, and ending in 
death. 

Xeroma (ze-ro'-mah). See Xa-ophthalmia. 

Xerophthalmia {ze-roff-thal 1 '-me-ah) [Erjpbg, 
dry ; b(pda?,p6g, eye]. A dry and thickened 
condition of the conjunctiva, sometimes fol- 
lowing chronic conjunctivitis or disease of 
the lacrimal apparatus. 

Xerosis {ze-ro'-sis) [Erjpbg, dry]. A state of 
dryness, especially of the skin (see Xeroder- 



XEROSTOMIA 



665 



YOLK 



ma) or of the conjunctiva (see Xerophthal- 
mia). 

Xerostomia (ze-ro-sto'-me-ali) [i-qpdg, dry ; 
OToua, mouth]. Dry mouth, a peculiar con- 
dition characterized by suppression of the 
secretion of the salivary and buccal glands. 

Xerotic {ze-rotf-ik) [^>/pof, dry]. Charac- 
terized by xerosis ; dry. 

X-rays, or Rontgen -rays. The peculiar 
ether-rays or waves discovered by Prof. 
Rontgen of Wiirzburg. A vacuum-tube of 
glass (called a Geissier Tube, a Hittorf s or a 
Crookes 1 Tube) is used with two wires sealed 
through the glass. These wires are connected 
with the two poles of a battery, and Rontgen 
found that the rays from the cathode {Cathode 
Rays) had peculiar penetrative powers 
through matter opaque to other ether-rays, 
and by means of these rays photographs 
("Shadowgrams") may be taken of bones, 
metallic substances, etc., situated in the tis- 
sues. Herz, and especially Lenard, prior to 
Rontgen, had discovered this penetrating 
power of the cathode rays, but failed to make 
the application suggested by Rontgen. 

Xiphisternum {ztf- is - tur f - mem) [tjitpog, 



sword; arkpvov, breast-bone]. The xiphoid 
cartilage. 

Xiphocostal (zif-o-kos'-tal) [t;i<pos, sword ; 
costa, rib]. Pertaining to the xiphoid carti 
lages and the ribs. 

Xiphodymus (zif-od'-im-us) [S-ityoQ, sword ; 
di6vfiog, double]. A double monster with 
united pelvic and thoracic cavities, two legs, 
and with an occasional rudimentary third 
leg. 

Xiphopagus (zif-op' '-ag-tis) [f /0oc, sword ; 
■jrayoc, fixed]. A monster united by the 
xiphoid cartilages. 

Xylene [zi'-len) \_$jvloi>, wood]. See Xylol. 

Xylo- {zi> ' -lo-) \j;'v\ov, wood]. A prefix 
meaning pertaining to or derived from wood. 

Xyloidin {zi-loi' ' -din) \j;vkov, wood ; elSog, 
like], C 6 H 9 N0 7 . A white, inflammable 
substance obtained by the action of nitric acid 
upon starch or various forms of woody fiber. 

Xylol (zi f -lol) \_t;'v~Aov, wood; oleum, oil], 
C 8 H 10 . Dimethyl-benzene, a volatile hydro- 
carbon used in microscopy as a clearing-agent 
and as a solvent for Canada balsam. 

Xyphoid {zif-oid) [C'</>of, sword ; eldog, like] . 
Sword-shaped, ensiform. 



Y-ligament. The iliofemoral ligament. See 
Ligaments, Table of. 

Yard. A measure used in the U. S. and in 
England, equal to three feet. 

Yarrow (yar'-o). See Achillea. 

Yawning (yaw'-ning) [AS. , gdnian, to 
yawn]. An involuntary stretching of the 
muscles accompanied by a deep inspiration, 
occurring during the drowsy state preceding 
the onset of sleep. 

Yaws (yawz). See Trambesia. 

Yeast (yest) [AS., gist, yeast]. The name 
applied, to various species of Sacchai-omyces. 
Yeast acts as a ferment producing the alcoholic 
fermentation. Y., Beer-, Y., Brewer's, the 
Cerevisise fermentum of the B. P., produced 
by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is used 
as a stimulant and locally as a poultice (Cata- 
plasma fermenti, B. P. ) and deodorant to gan- 
grenous ulcers. Y. -poultice, a poultice con- 
taining yeast. 

Yellow (yeF-o) [AS., geolo, yellow]. Of a 
color like that of gold ; producing such a 
color. Y. Fever, an acute infectious disease 
of tropical and subtropical regions of Amer- 
ica, and probably due to a specific organism. 
After a period of incubation varying from a 



few hours to several days, the disease begins 
with a chill and pain in the head, back, and 
limbs. The temperature rises rapidly to from 
I03°-I05° F. , vomiting occurs, the bowels are 
confined, the urine scanty and albuminous. 
A remission follows, after which, in severe 
cases, the temperature rises to its original 
height, jaundice develops, and the vomited 
material becomes dark from the presence of 
blood (black vomit). Hemorrhages may 
occur from the intestinal mucous membrane. 
The disease is very fatal, death occurring in 
the typhoid state or from uremia. Y. Pre- 
cipitate, yellow oxid of mercury. Y.-root. 
See Hydrastis. Y. Spot, the macula lutea. 
Y. Wash, a lotion of yellow oxid of mercury. 

Yerba Santa (yar'-bah sanf-tah) [Sp., sacred 
herbs]. See Eriodictyon. 

Yolk [AS., geoleca, yolk]. I. The nutritive 
part of an ovum, consisting chiefly of Y.- 
cells or Y. -granules. Y.-sac, the umbili- 
cal vesicle, the sac containing the food of the 
embryo. 2. The yellow portion of the egg 
of birds. The yolk of the hen's egg is the 
Vitellus of the U. S. P. (Ovi vitellus, B. P.), 
and forms a constituent of Glyceritum vitelli 
(U. S. P.). 



YOUNG'S RULE 



666 



ZINC 



Young's Rule. A rule of dosage in chil- 
dren. The dose is obtained by adding 12 to 
the age and dividing the result by the age, 
and making the quotient the denominator of 
a fraction the numerator of which is I. The 
fraction represents the proportion of the 
adult dose to be given to the child. 

Young-Helmholtz Theory of Color-vision. 
Color-vision depends upon the presence in 



the retina of three different sets of fibers which 
respond to stimulation by a sensation of red. 
green , or violet respectively. All other colors 
are simply combinations of the three primary 
colors. The excitation of any one set is a 
matter of wave-length. The longest waves 
excite the red, the shortest the violet, and 
those of intermediate length the green 
fibers. 



Zanaloin [za-nal'-o-in) [Zanzibar ; a'/orj, 
aloes]. The aloin derived from Zanzibar 
aloes. 

Zea [ze f -ah) [Jfa, a sort of grain]. A genus 
of grasses. Z. mays, maize, Indian corn ; 
also its stigmas (Z. , U. S. P.). It has been 
used as a diuretic in cystitis, gonorrhea, and 
cardiac dropsy. 

Zeiss's Glands. Sebaceous glands the ducts 
of which open on the free edge of the lids. 

Zenker's Degeneration. A form of degen- 
eration of muscular fibers by which they are 
rendered brittle, so that they readily give 
way if the muscle be forcibly contracted. 

Zeoscope (ze' -o-skop) [a«r, to boil ; okott£jv, 
to view]. An apparatus for determining the 
alcoholic strength of a liquid by means of its 
boiling point. 

Zinc. A bluish- white metal having a specific 
gravity of from 6.9 to 7.2, an atomic weight 
of 65.1, and a valence of 2. Symbol, Zn. 

.In nature it occurs in two principal forms, as 
a sulphid, called blende, and as a carbonate 
and silicate, termed calamine. When melted 
and poured into water it becomes granular 
(Zincum granulatum, B. P. ). Zinc is used to 
prepare zinc sulphate and zinc chlorid, and 
for generating hydrogen. The compounds of 
zinc are poisonous, and the slow ingestion of 
it produces a chronic intoxication resembling, 
but less severe than, that produced by lead. 
Z. acetate (Zinci acetas, U. S. P., B. P.), 
Zn(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 . 2H 2 0, is used locally in oph- 
thalmia and gonorrhea, in solutions of from 
1-2 grains to the fluidounce 10.065— 0.13 to 
30 c.c. ) of water. Z. bromid (Zinci bromi- 
dum, U. S. P.), ZnBr 2 , has been used in 
epilepsy. Dose gr. j— ij (0.061-0. 13). Z. 
carbonate (Zinci carbonas prsecipitatus , U. 
S. P.; Zinci carbonas, B. P.), (ZnC0 3 ) 2 .3- 
Zn(HO)„ is used, generally in the form of 
prepared calamine, as a dusting-powder on 
excoriated surfaces or in the form of a cerate. 
Z. chlorid (Zinci cbloridum, U. S. P., B. P.j, 



ZnCl 2 , is used chiefly as an escharotic in car- 
cinoma and spreading ulcers, as an injection 
in gonorrhea, and as an astringent in conjunc- 
tivitis. It is also employed as a disinfectant 
and for preserving anatomic preparations. 
Liquor zinci chloridi (U. S. P. , B. P.) is 
used as disinfectant and preservative. Bur- 
nett' s if/;. fluid is a solution of zinc 
chlorid. Z. cyanid, Zn CN) 2 , has been 
used in chorea, epilepsy, neuralgia, gastral- 
gia, and uterine colic. Dose gr. %—} (0.016— 
0.065). Z. ferrocyanid, ZnTe CN) 6 -f- 3- 
H,0,. is used like Z. cyanid. Dose gr. j-iv 
(0.065-0.26). Z. iodid (Zinci iodidi, U. S. 
P.^, Znl 2 , has been used in chorea, scrofula, 
and hysteria, and locally as an astringent, like 
the chlorid. Dose gr. ss— ij (0.032-0.13). 
Z. lactate, ZniC 3 H 5 2 ) 2 .3H 2 0, has been 
used in epilepsy. Dose gr. ij-x fo. 13-0.65). 
Z. oxid (Zinci oxidum, U. S. P., B. P.), 
ZnO, is an amorphous white powder, and is 
used internally in chorea, epilepsy, whooping- 
cough, and gastrointestinal catarrh ; locally, 
as a desiccant to excoriated surfaces, in the 
form of powder or ointment (Unguentum 
zinci oxidi, U. S. P.; Unguentum zinci, B. 
P.). Dose gr. ij-viij (0.13-0.52). Z. phos- 
phid (Zinci phosphidum, U. S. P.), Zn 3 P.,. is 
used in medicine as a substitute for phos- 
phorus. Dose gr. ^ (0.003). Z. sulphate 
1 Zinci sulphas, U. S. P. ,B. P.), ZnSo i? white 
vitriol, is tonic, astringent, and emetic. It is 
used in gastric catarrh, as an emetic, and lo- 
cally in ophthalmia, gonorrhea, leukorrhea, 
and as a caustic in ulcers, condylomata, etc. 
In overdoses it is a gastrointestinal irritant. 
Dose gr. %—% (0.016—0.032) ; as an emetic, 
gr. x-xxx (0.65-2.0). Z. sulphocarbolate 
( Zinci sulphocarbolas, B. P.), Zn(C 6 H 5 SO. -.- 
H.,0, is used as an antiseptic and astringent. 
Z. valerianate 'Zinci valerianas, U. S. P., 
B. P.), Zn(C 5 H 9 2 , ) 2 .2H 2 0, is used in neu- 
ralgia, epilepsy, hysteria, and diabetes insipi- 
dus. Dose gr. j-ij (0.065-0. 13). 



ZINGIBER 



6G7 



ZOOPHOBIA 



Zingiber {zin'-jib-er) [&yyifieptg, ginger]. 
Ginger, a genus of plants of the Scitaminese. 
The rhizome of Z. officinale contains a volatile 
oil, and is used as a stimulant and carminative 
in dyspepsia, flatulence, and intestinal atony; 
externally it is rubefacient. Dose, gr. x-xx 
(0.65-I.3). Preparations and doses: Ex- 
tractum zingiberis fluidum (U. S. P.), TT^x-xx 
(0.65-I.3); Oleoresina zingiberis (U. S. P.), 
rr\j (0.065); Pulvis aromaticus (U. S. P., 
Pulvis cinnamomi compositus, B. P.), gr. 
x-xxx (0.65-2.0) ; Pulvis rhei compositus 
(U. S. P., B. P.), 3 ss-3J (2.0-4.0); 
Syrupus zingiberis (U. S. P., B. P.), f^j 
(4.0) ; Tinctura zingiberis (U. S. P., B. P.), 
^ss-j (2.0-4.0); Tinctura zingiberis fortior 
(B. P.), n\v-xx (0.32-I.3) ; Trochisci zingib- 
eris (U. S. P.), each containing TT\nj of the 
tincture. 

Zinn, Ligament of. See Ligament. 

Zinn, Zonule of. See Zonule. 

Zn. The symbol for zinc. 

Zoanthropy (zo-atf '-thro-pe') [C,Ciov, animal ; 
avdpu-og, a man]. A form of insanity in 
which the person imagines himself trans- 
formed into or inhabited by an animal. 

Zoetrope {zo'-e-trop) [£«#, life ; rpeTreiv, to 
turn]. An instrument that by the revolution 
of a series of pictures before the eye gives 
the appearance of a person or animal in 
motion, the pictures successively representing 
single phases of a compound act. 

Zona(zo / -na/i)[L.]. 1. A belt or girdle. Z. 
arcuata, the inner zone of the basilar mem- 
brane, extending from the lower edge of the 
spiral groove of the cochlea to the external 
edge of the base of the outer rods of Corti. 
Z. cartilaginea, the limbus of the spiral 
lamina. Z. ciliaris, the ciliary processes 
collectively. Z. denticulata, the inner 
zone of the basilar membrane, together 
with the limbus of the spiral lamina. Z. 
fasciculata, the central portion of the cor- 
tex of the suprarenal capsule, composed 
of tube-like transverse bands. Z. glo- 
merulosa, a part of the cortical portion 
of the suprarenal capsule, having a net-like 
appearance on section, situated near the sur- 
face of the organ. Z. orbicularis, a thick- 
ening of the capsular ligament around the 
acetabulum. Z. pectinata, the outer portion 
of the basilar membrane, extending from the 
rods of Corti to the spiral ligament. Z. 
pellucida, the thick, solid, elastic envelop 
of the ovum, corresponding to the cell- wall 
of a cell ; it is also called the vitelline mem- 
brane. Z. tecta, the inner portion of the 
basilar membrane, bearing the organ of Corti. 
2. See Herpes zoster. Z. ophthalmica. 
Herpes zoster of the ophthalmic nerve. 

Zonal (zo'-nal) [zona, zone]. Pertaining to 
a girdle or to a band-like structure. 



Zone (zon) [zona, band]. See Zona. Z., 
Cornu-radicular, the external part of 
Burdach's column abutting on the middle 
third of the internal border of the posterior 
horn, and representing approximately the 
posterior root-zone. Z., Hysterogenous, 
a region, as the ovarian or submammary region, 
where pressure in hysteric women calls forth 
an hysteric attack. 

Zonesthesia {zon-es-the f -ze-ah)[{,CdVT] , a belt ; 
aiodi/cig, sensation]. See Girdle-sensation. 

Zonular {zon'-u-lar) [zonula, a little zone]. 
Pertaining to or in the shape of a zone or 
band, as, e.g., Z. cataract. 

Zonule (zon f -iil) [zonula, a little zone]. A 
small band. Z. of Zinn, the suspensory liga- 
ment of the crystalline lens of the eye. 

Zoo- (zo / -o) [C,(bov, an animal]. A prefix 
meaning animal, or pertaining to an animal. 

Zoobiology (zo-o-bi-ol' '-o-gy) [(tiov, animal ; 
(3iog, life; Myog, science]. Animal biology. 

Zoochemia, Zoochemistry (zo-o-ke'-me-ah, 
zo - - kem' '- is - tre) [(.Ciov, animal; xVf- £ia f 
chemistry']. The chemistry of animal life 
and tissues. 

Zoodynamics (zo-o-di-nam' -iks) [£,C)ov, ani- 
mal ; dvva/iig, power]. Animal physiology. 

Zoogenesis {zo-o-jen f -es-is) [C,C)ov, animal ; 
yevvav, to beget]. The generation of ani- 
mal forms. 

Zoogenous (zo-oj'-en-tis) [C<pov, animal ; 
yevvav, to beget]. Developed or derived 
from animals. 

Zooglea [zo-og / -le-ali) [C,C>ov, animal ; yloiog, 
a sticky substance]. A stage in the life- 
history of certain bacteria, in which they lie 
embedded in a gelatinous matrix. 

Zoograft (zo'-o-graft) [(,£)ov, animal ; graft ]. 
A graft of tissue derived from an animal. 

Zoografting {zo-o-graf / -ting) [C^ov, animal; 
graft~\. Grafting with tissue taken from the 
lower animals. 

Zooid (zo / -oid) [(tiov, animal ; eldog, like]. I. 
Resembling an animal. 2. Any one of a series 
of more or less independent forms resulting 
from the development of a single ovum. 

Zoology (zo-oF -o-je) [^ov, animal ; Tidyog, a 
treatise]. That branch of biology treating of 
the form, nature, and classification of animals. 

Zoonomia, Zoonomy {zo-o-no f -me-ah, zo- 
on f -o-me) [C,Ciov, animal ; vdfiog, law] . The 
principles or laws of animal life ; zoobiology. 

Zooparasite [zo-o-par' '-as -if) [(.tiov, animal ; 
irapdciTog, parasite]. An animal parasite. 

Zoopathology {zo-o-path-oV -o-je) [(,(hov, ani- 
mal ; izadog, suffering; \6yog, science]. The 
science of the diseases of animals. 

Zoophagous {zo-off' '-ag-us) [l,Q>ov, animal ; 
(payeiv, to eat]. Subsisting on animal food. 

Zoophobia izo-o-fo' '-be-ah ) [^0>ov, animal ; 
(p6Qog, fear]. Morbid dread of certain ani- 
mals. 



ZOOSPERM 



668 



ZYMOTIC 



Zoosperm (zo / '- o - spurm) [ r uav t animal; 
crripua, seed]. See Spermatozoon. 

Zoospore (zo f -o-spor) \f.usov, animal ; GTopoc, 
seed]. A motile spore. 

Zootomist (zo - ot f - o- mist) [f<iov, animal ; 
toiit], a cutting] . One who dissects animals ; 
a comparative anatomist. 

Zootomy (zo-of '-o-me) [vwor. animal ; ~ojur/, a 
cutting]. The dissection of animals. 

Zoster (zos / -ter) [^oxrnyp, a girdle]. See 
Herpes zoster. 

Zygapophysis (zig-ap-off -is-is) [C,vyov, yoke ; 
apophysis]. The articular process of a ver- 
tebra. 

Zygoma (zi-go f -mah) [gvyupa, the cheek- 
bone] . The arch formed by the union of the 
zygomatic process of the temporal bone and 
the malar bone. 

Zygomatic (zi-go-maf '-ik)\_^vyuu.a, zygoma]. 
Pertaining to the zygoma. 

Zygomaticus (zi-go-mat' -ik-us) [Ziyuua, zy- 
goma]. One of several small subcutaneous 
muscles arising from or in relation with the 
zygoma. See Jluscles, Table of. 

Zymase (zi'-?nds). See Microzyme. 

Zyme, Zymin (zim, zi'-min) {^vutj, leaven]. 
An organized ferment. Cf. Enzyme. 

Zymic (zi ; -mik) [£vfat* leaven]. Of or per- 
taining to organized ferments. 

Zymo- [zi'-mo) [Cvfl, leaven]. A prefix 



meaning pertaining to or produced by fer- 
mentation. 

Zymogen (zi'-mo-jen) [ r vfOf, leaven; }ewav, 
to produce]. The substance existing in the 
glands secreting a digestive juice, and which, 
when set free, splits into a ferment (enzyme) 
and a proteid. 

Zymogenic (zi-mo-jen'-ik) \_Ci\utj, leaven ; 
yewav, to produce]. I. Causing* fermenta- 
tion. 2. Pertaining to or producing a zymogen. 

Zymology (zi- mo/ / -o-je) \^'vu.t], leaven; 
~A&) oq, science]. The science dealing with 
fermentation. 

Zymometer (zi-mom' '-et-er) \JiiuTj, leaven ; 
jusrpov, measure]. An instrument for meas- 
uring fermentation. 

Zymophyte (zi ' - mo -fit) [s l ',"^j leaven ; 
ovrov, plant]. A microorganism producing 
fermentation. 

Zymose {zi f -mos) [C,iur], leaven]. See En- 
zyme. 

Zymosimeter (zi- mo-si m f -et-er). See Zy- 
viometer. 

Zymosis (zi-mo / -sis)\Cvfn r i, leaven]. I. Fer- 
mentation. 2. The condition of one affected 
with a zymotic disease. 3. An infectious 
disease. 

Zymotic (zi-mot'-ik) [CvfBf, leaven]. Per- 
taining to zymosis ; produced by zymosis. 
Z. Disease, an infectious disease. 



APPENDIX A. 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

By Judson Daland, m. d., 
Of Philadelphia. 

The writer has given considerable thought to the question of classification of mineral 
waters, and after a thorough study of those hitherto brought forward, is strongly of the 
opinion that the heading under which a spring is placed should indicate, as near as may 
be, the chief therapeutic action of that spring. 

While a purely chemical classification, such as the excellent one suggested by Dr. A. C. 
Peale, of the U. S. Geological Survey,* is scientifically more accurate, it is feared that 
the practical physician would be confused when he came to make his selection, by the 
large number of subdivisions necessitated by this plan of division. 

Though realizing fully the imperfection of the present classification, it has seemed that 
the needs of those consulting this work would be best subserved by its adoption. 

Occasionally a spring possesses the marked characteristics of more than one class. Such 
springs are entered under both groups. 

All analyses have been reduced to the U. S. gallon of 231 cubic inches, so as to simplify 
the comparative study of the value of the different waters, and for the sake of brevity, the 
principal ingredients are represented by their chemical formulae as follows : — 



Lithium bicarbonate, 


. Li(C0 3 ) 2 , 


Ferrum bicarbonate, 


. .Fe(HC0 3 )3, 


Ammonium bicarbonate, 


. NH 4 HC0 3 , 


carbonate, . 


. . FeC0 3 , 


Sodium biborate, . . . 


. 2B 2 3 +ioH 2 0, 


sulphate, 


. . FeS0 4 , 


carbonate, . . 


. Na^COg, 


oxide, . . . 


. . FeO, 


bicarbonate, 


. Na 2 HC03, 


Calcium sulphate, . 


, . . CaS0 4 , 


chloride, . . . 


. NaCl, 


bicarbonate, 


. . Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 , 


sulphate, . . . 


. Na 2 SO„ 


carbonate, . 


. . CaC0 3 , 


Magnesium carbonate, . 


. MgC0 3 , 


chloride, 


» • • V-'3-V^Igj 


bicarbonate, 


• Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 , 


phosphate, 


• • .Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 , 


chloride, . 


• MgCl 2 , 


H 2 S. Sulphuretted I13 


rdrogen gas, 


sulphate, . 


. MgS0 4 . 


C0 2 . Carbonic acid g 


as. 



I. DIURETIC WATERS. 

These springs owe their action chiefly to the increased quantity of water taken by 
patients, who thus flush out all the emunctories, especially stimulating the flow of urine. 



* In a paper read before the American Climatological Association. 

669 



670 



In practical medicine, waters of this class are used very extensively, and justly so. They 
are of undoubted value in many conditions. It is needless to dwell upon the great benefit 
to be derived from the increased use of ordinary, pure drinking water, as this is universally 
recognized, but in practice it is found that patients take these diuretic waters more willingly, 
in larger amounts and for a longer time than the ordinary drinking water, of which they 
soon become satiated. Ordinarily it is best to take a large tumbler of this water before 
breakfast, between meals and at bed-time, thus using two to three pints in the twenty-four 
hours. I may be permitted to mention a few of the ordinary conditions in which these 
waters produce their best results ; and as first in importance are the diatheses, lithaemic, 
gouty, rheumatic, oxalic, phosphatic and uric acid. Good results have also been obtained 
in renal calculus, acute and chronic congestion of the kidneys, acute nephritis and at times 
in the course of chronic Bright' s disease and diabetes. As the use of pure water, in large 
amounts, produces an increase in the amount of bile and at the same time renders it more 
thin, as was proven several years ago by Bidder and Schmidt, these waters are used with 
excellent result in acute and chronic hepatic congestion, catarrhal inflammation of the 
mucous membrane lining the biliary passages, known as catarrhal jaundice and gall stone, 
both during the attack and in the interval. 

I append a few analyses in full of typical springs belonging to this group, followed by 
a full list of springs of this class, with amount of each active ingredient in a U. S. gallon 
of 231 cubic inches : — 



SWEET SPRINGS, BEDFORD, PENNSYLVANIA. 
(Analyst, F. A. Genth.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Carbonate of calcium, . . . .0.522 grs. 

" magnesium, . . . 0.135 " 
Silicic acid, 0.654 " 



1.311 " 

Free carbonic acid .66 cu. in. Temp. 
52.7 F. 

SUMMIT MINERAL SPRING, HARRISON, CUM- 
BERLAND COUNTY, MAINE. 

(Analyst, F. L. Bartlett.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Carbonate of sodium and potas- 
sium, 1.4019 grs. 

Chloride of sodium, I 7 I 3 " 

Carbonate of calcium, 99°4 " 

Carbonate of magnesium, . . .2476 " 
Oxide of iron and aluminium, distinct trace. 

Silicum, 9800 grs. 

Silicic acid (in solution). 

Organic and volatile matter, . . .2375 " 



POLAND SPRING, SOUTH POLAND, MAINE. 
(Analyst, C. F. Chandler.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Sulphate of potassa, .... 0.1562 grs. 

Chloride of sodium, 0.2636 " 

Carbonate of sodium, .... 0.1333 " 
" calcium, .... 1. 2287 " 

" magnesium, . . 0.5412 " 

Oxide of iron and alumina, traces. 

Silica, I-H97 " 

Organic and volatile matter, . . 0.2332 " 



Total, 



3-6759 



BERKELEY SPRINGS, MORGAN COUNTY, 
WEST VIRGINIA. 

(Analyst, A. A. Hayes.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Calcium carbonate, 5.000 grs. 

Sodium chloride, 896 " 

Calcium chloride, 208 " 

Magnesium sulphate, 360 " 

Calcium crenate, 3 .640 " 

Ferrous crenate, 080 " 

" silicate, .640 " 

Loss, 064 " 



Temperature, 46 F. Total, . 4.0287 



Temperature, 74 F. Total, . 10.888 " 



671 



CAPON SPRINGS, HAMPSHIRE COUNTY, 
WEST VIRGINIA. 

(Analyst, J. W. Mallet.) 
OneU. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Sulphate of calcium, « .477 grs. 

" potassium, 136 " 

Crenate of iron, 080 " 

Chloride of sodium, 240 " 

Carbonate of calcium, .... 6.701 " 

" sodium 475 " 

" magnesium, ... .160 " 

" iron, 033 " 

Alumina, 014 " 

Organic matter, 164 " 



9-774 

Carbonic acid, 6.898 

Nitrogen, 2.962 

Oxygen, 1. 416 

Temperature, 65. 50 F. 



CRESSON MAGNESIA SPRING, CAMBRIA 
COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. 
(Analyst, F. A. Genth.) 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains— 

Sulphate of calcium, 0.109 grs. 

Chloride of magnesium, . . . 0.559 " 

" calcium, 1304 " 

" sodium, 1.229 " 

Bicarbonate of iron, 0.017 " 

" manganese, . . trace 

" magnesium, . . 0.414 " 

" calcium, . . . 0.022 " 

" sodium, . . . I.425 " 

" potassium, . . 0.206 " 

Phosphate of calcium, .... 0.004 " 

Alumina, 0.008 " 

Silicic acid, 0.914 " 

Nitrous acid, trace 

Carbonic acid, 0.663 " 



BEDFORD CHALYBEATE SPRING, BEDFORD 
COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Sulphate of calcium, 2-74 1 g rs « 

Phosphate of calcium, 033 " 

Carbonate of calcium, .... 8.885 " 
" magnesium, . . . 1. 201 " 

" iron, 442 " 

" manganese, . , . trace 

" sodium, 395 " 

" potassium, . . . .132 " 

Chloride of sodium, 120" 

Silicic acid, 793 " 



6.874 



Carbonic acid, 



14.942 " 
12 cu. in. 



All Healing Spring, Catoosa County, Georgia. MgC0 3 7, CaS0 4 39. 

Alum Spring, Onslow County, North Carolina. 

Artesian Well, Winslow, Camden County, New Jersey. 

Ashley Springs, North Carolina. 

Augusta Springs, Augusta County, Virginia. See Stribling Springs. 

Bath or Berkeley Springs, Morgan County, Virginia. 74 F. 

Birchdale Spring, Concord, N. H. 

Black Barren Spring, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 

Bryant's Springs, Lincoln County, Kentucky. Numbers I, II and III. 



672 

Buffalo Lithia Springs, Mecklenburg County, Virginia. CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 Y, 39, 

Li(C0 3 ) 2 2, H 2 S, 6.68 cubic inches. Temperature 6o c F. 
Capon Springs, Hampshire County, West Virginia. 65. 5 ° F. 
Chalk Creek Hot Springs, Chalk Creek, Colorado. 130 F. 
Chalybeate Spring, Bedford Springs, Bedford County, Pennsylvania. CaC0 3 9, CaSO^ 3, 

FeC0 3 trace, C0 2 21 cubic inches. 52.70 F. 
Chenowith Chalybeate Spring, Bedford County, Pennsylvania. 
Cherry Hill Phosphate Spring, Otsego County, New York. Ca^PO^ 14. 
Cherry Valley Phosphate Spring, Otsego County, New York. 
Clymerara Spring, Manor of Maryland, Maryland. 
Cola Springs, Browns Mills, New Jersey. 
Concord Spring, Concord, New Hampshire. 
Daggy Spring. See Greencastle. 
Dew Drop Spring. See Greencastle. 
Epsom Spring, in "Wyandotte Cave, Indiana. MgS0 4 24. 
Estill Chalybeate Spring, Estill County, Kentucky. C0 2 41 cubic inches. 
Estill Red Sulphur Spring, Estill County, Kentucky. C0 2 40 H 2 S .56 cubic inches. 
Farmville Lithia Water, Farmville, Virginia. NaCl 5, NaSO^ 3, Li(C0 3 ) 2 3, Fe(C0 3 ) 2 I, 

KVVLXSOJ, 2. 
Fayette Spring, Fayette County, Pennsylvania. 
Field Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky. 

Florida Spring, Montgomery County, New York. (NaHC0 3 ) 2 22. 
Glen Alpine Springs, Burke County, North Carolina. 
Greencastle Daggy Spring. Ca C0 3 14. 

Greencastle Dew Drop Spring, Putnam County, Indiana. CaC0 3 12. 
Grove Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky. CaC0 3 IO. 
Hawkin's Mineral Springs, Wayne County, Indiana. 

Healing Spring (New), Bath County, Virginia. Ca C0 3 18, C0 2 5 cubic inches. 88° F. 
« « (Old) " " " Ca C0 3 18, C0 2 4 " " 85° F. 

Hot Springs, Garland County, Arkansas. 93 to 105 F. 
Howard Well, Lincoln County, Kentucky. 
Hubbardston Well, Iona County, Michigan. CaC0 3 1 7. 
Jerusalem Mineral Spring, Carman, New Hampshire. 
Jordan Chalybeate Spring, Rockbridge County, Virginia. Co 2 6. 
Kimberling Springs, Bland County, Virginia. 
Lebanon Spring, Columbia County, New York. 73 F. 
Leslie Spring, Ingham County, Michigan. CaC0 3 18. C0 2 12 cubic inches. 
Limestone Spring, Bedford Springs, Bedford County, Pennsylvania. CaC0 3 7, C0 2 21 

cubic inches. 5 1. 8° F. 
McVittey's Saltillo Springs, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. Ca (HC0 3 ) 2 10. 
Magnesia Spring (Cresson Springs), Cambria County, Pennsylvania. 
Magnesia Spring. See Versailles Spring. 
Marion Artesian Well, Grant County, Indiana. 

Marranetta Mineral Spring, Harrisonburg, Virginia. CaC0 3 15, Mg C0 3 7. 50 F. 
Massanutten Spring, Rockingham County, Virginia. 59-7° F. 
Mineral Spring, ten feet from May's, Bedford County, Pennsylvania. 
Mineral Spring, at the Mound in Madison County, Indiana. 



673 

Minnequa Spring, Bradford County, Pennsylvania. 

Missioquoi Springs, Franklin County, Vermont. NaHC0 3 8. C0 2 ? 

Monitor Spring. See Versailles Spring. 

New Spring. See Healing Spring. 

Northport Mineral Spring, Northport, Maine. 

Nucleoli's Springs, Grayson County, North Carolina. 

Old Spring. See Healing Spring. 

Orkney Springs (Bear's Wallow Spring), Shenandoah County, Virginia. C0 2 5. 

Orkney Springs (Healing Spring), Shenandoah County, Virginia. C0 2 3. 

Ourry Spring. See Versailles Spring. 

Perry Springs, Pike County, Illinois. CaC0 3 14. 48 to 50 F. 

Pine Grove Mineral Spring, Dover, Stratford County, New Hampshire. 45 F. 

Plummer Bromine Arsenic Spring, Ashe County, North Carolina. 

Poland Mineral Spring, South Poland, Maine. 

Rawley Springs, Rockingham County, Virginia. 

Red Sulphur Spring. See Estill Springs. 

Red Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, West Virginia. 54 F. 

Rock Spring, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 

Saltillo Spring. See McVittey's Spring. 

Santa Barbara Hot Sulphur Springs, near Santa Barbara, California. NajCOg 17. 112 

to 122° F. 
St. Helena White Sulphur Springs, No. 7, Napa County, California. CaCl -j- Na 2 S0 4 27, 

64.5 to 97 F. 
Stone Sulphur Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky. 
Stremmel's Gettysburg Lithia Spring, Adams County, Pennsylvania. 
Stribling's Chalybeate Spring, Augusta County, Virginia. 
Stribling's Sulphur Spring, Augusta County, Virginia. 
Sweet Springs, Bedford, Pennsylvania. Temperature 52. 7 F. 
Thompson's Springs, Ashe County, North Carolina. 
Underwood Spring, Falmouth Foreside, Maine. 
Van Cleuve's Mineral Spring, Crawfordsville, Indiana. CaC0 3 10. 
Versailles Magnesia Springs, Brown County, Illinois. C0 2 24 cubic inches. 5 8° F. 
Versailles Monitor Springs, Brown County, Illinois. 
Versailles Ourry Springs, Brown County, Illinois. 

Virginia Arsenic, Bromine and Lithia Spring, Roanoke, Virginia. CaC0 3 6, Mg SO 43. 
Warner Spring, Albion, Michigan. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 17. 

White Cliff Mineral Springs, Monroe County, Tennessee. Three grains of Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 . 
Yellow Springs, Green County, Ohio. 5 2° F. 

II. IRON WATERS. 
These owe their virtues to the presence of iron, which usually exists in the form of the 
bicarbonate of the protoxide, held in solution by an excess of carbonic acid gas. The 
amount of carbon dioxide is often considerable, rendering the water decidedly acidulous. 
In many of our mineral springs, like those at Cresson, for instance, the iron exists as 
ferrous sulphate, with more or less ferric sulphate from the oxidation of the former. 

The ordinary indications for the use of iron are well met by the use of the waters 
belonging to this class. 
43 



674 

Those springs containing sulphate of magnesium and sodium, and alkalies, in addition 
to iron, such as those chalybeate springs, containing alum, give excellent results in chronic 
gastric or intestinal catarrhal inflammation, especially -when associated with diarrhoea. 
Thorp's Spring, Texas, or the New Almaden Vichy, of California, should be of special 
service in chlorosis as well as in the ordinary anaemias. The following list comprises the 
most important members of this group, together with several examples w T here the analysis 
is given in detail : — 



Iron and 

churchill alum, virginia. 

One U. S- Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Sulphate of magnesium, . . . 86.064 grs 

" calcium, .... 88.S32 " 

" potassium, . . . 2.440 " 

" ammonium, . . 0.640 " 

" sodium, .... 1.944 " 

Chloride of sodium, 4.624 " 

Persulphate of the sesquioxide of 

iron, 51.264 " 

Bisulphate of the sesquioxide of 

iron, 83.352 « 

Sulphate of protoxide of iron, 24.184 " 

Persulphate of alumina, . . . 72.928 " 

Silica, 10.424 " 

Phosphoric acid, trace 

426.696 " 



Alum Waters. 

bath alum springs, bath county, va. 

(Analyst, A. A. Hayes.) 
One U.S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Chloride of sodium, 
Sulphate of calcium, 

" " magnesium, 

" " potassium, 
Crenate of ammonium, 
Silicate of sodium, . . 
Protosulphate of iron, 

Alumina, 

Silica, 

43.084 

Free carbonic acid, 8 cubic inches. 



2-539 grs. 

1.282 " 

0.258 " 

1.776 « 

3- x 5o " 

21.776 " 

12.293 " 



CRESSON ALUM SPRINGS, CAMBRIA COUNTY, 
PENNA. 

One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 



Sulphate of ferric oxide, 


. • 83.390 


grs. 


M U 


aluminium, . 


. 21.205 


« 


11 a 


ferrous oxide, 


. 16.253 


M 


« H 


magnesium. . 


. 27.699 


a 


« a 


calcium, . . 


. 40.202 


<< 


a tt 


lithium, . . 


. 0.047 


K 


U a 


sodium, . . 


. 0.704 


H 


u it 


potassium, 


. 0.426 


« 




. 0.023 


U 


Bicarbonate of iron, . . 


• 3-784 


U 


« 


" manganese. 


. trace 




<< 


" calcium, . . 






Phosphate of calcium, 


. trace 




Silicic acid, 




1.868 


« 



H5-5 6 5 



SHARON CHALYBEATE SPRING, SCHOHARIE 
COUNTY, N. Y. 



One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — ■ 
Sulphate of magnesium, . . . 20.56 grs. 

" " calcium, 16.27 " 

" " sodium, 12.35 " 

" " iron, 24.00 " 

73.18 " 
Sulphuretted hydrogen, I cubic inch. 
Temperature, 48 F. 



Simple Iron Water. 

schuyler chalybeate spring, schuy- 
ler county, ill. 

(Analyst, Dr. Blaney.) 
One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 





Grains. 


Grains. 


Sulphate of calcium, . 


• 73-936 


73.986 


" " magnesium, 


2.984 


2.982 


" " iron, . . 


. 69.960 


69.959 


Alkaline sulphate, . . 


• 7-832 




" phosphate, 


. 


7-836 




. 1.31a 


i-3 J 5 



NEW ALMADEN VICHY, SANTA CLARA 
COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. 

One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Sodium bicarbonate, 201 grs. 

" chloride, 33 " 

Calcium sulphate, ^ ti 

" carbonate, J 

Magnesium sulphate, 12 " 

Ferri carbonate, 5 " 



156.024 156.028 
Iron and Aperients. 

thorp's spring, hood county, texas. 
One U.S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Ferri carbonate, 40 grs. 

Sodium sulphate, 80 " 

" carbonate, 100 " 



220 



325 



Free carbonic acid gas, 238 cu. in. 



Adirondack Spring, Whitehall, New York. CaC0 3 15, MgC0 3 13, FeC0 3 4, C0 2 54.15 

cubic inches. 5 2° F. 
Bath Alum Spring, Bath County, Va. No. I. Alum 9, CaFeO 14, C0 2 II cu. in. No. 2. 

FeO 21, Alum 12 C0 2 8 cu. in. 
Bedford Alum Springs, Bedford County, Virginia. FeS0 4 23^, MgS0 4 , 13, CaS0 4 19. 
Catter Spring. See Rock Enon Spring. 
Cave Spring, Bath County, Virginia. FeC0 3 2. 
Church Hill Alum Springs, Near Richmond, Va. Fe 2 (S0 4 ) 3 135, FeSO, 24, MgS0 4 86, 

CaSO, 89, A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 73- 
Columbia Springs, Columbia County, N. Y, NaCl 84, CaS0 4 65, MgCl 2 31, CaCl 3 22, 

FeCl 3 3^, H 2 S 4.48 cubic inches. 
Congress Spring, Santa Clara Co., California. NaC0 3 123, NaCl 1 18, FeC0 3 13. 
Crab Orchard Acid Spring, Genesee County, New York. H 2 S0 4 8^, CaS0 4 40, FeS0 4 14. 
Cresson Springs, Cambria County, Pennsylvania. 

Iron Spring. FeS0 4 and Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 29, CaS0 4 49, MgS0 4 23. 

Alum Spring. FeS0 4 and Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 53, CaS0 4 40, MgS0 4 28, and A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 21 
grains. 
Fauquier White Sulphur Springs, Fauquier County. West Virginia. FeS0 4 2. 55 F. 
Geyser Spa Spring, Sonoma County, California. NaHC0 3 23, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 10, FeC0 3 4. 
Iron Ute Manitou Spring, Colorado. CaC0 3 70, NajCOg 70, FeC0 3 7, C0 2 ?. 44 F. 



676 

Jordan Rockbridge Alum, Rockbridge County, Virginia. FeS0 4 i8}4 C0 2 6 cu. in. 
Kittanning Mineral Spring, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. FeS0 4 24^, MgS0 4 27, 

CaS0 4 65. 
Linwood Spring, Linwood, Iowa. FeC0 3 27, NaCl 93, NaHC0 3 40, MgCl 2 23. 
Manitou Spring. See Iron Ute. 

Napa Soda Spring, Napa County, California. FeC0 3 16, MgC0 3 52. 68° F. 
Napa Soda Spring, Napa County, California. MgC0 3 26, NaHC0 3 13, Fe 2 (C0 3 ) 3 8. 

68° F. 
New Almaden Vichy, Santa Clara County, California. NaHC0 3 201, NaCl 33, CaS0 4 

and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 73, MgS0 4 12, FeC0 3 5, C0 2 238 cubic inches. 
New London Alum Springs, Campbell County, Virginia. FeS0 4 23^, MgS0 4 13, 

CaS0 4 19. 
Oak Orchard Spring, Genesee County, N. Y. H 2 S0 4 133, FeS0 4 33, CaS0 4 13. 
Ocean Spring, Jackson County, Mississippi. FeO 5, NaCl 48. 
Ojo Caliente Spring, Ojo Caliente, New Mexico. N^COg 115, NaCl 32, FeC0 3 6. 

ioo° F. 
Owasso, Chalybeate, Owasso, Shiawassee County, Michigan. FeC0 3 12, MgC0 3 II. 
Pacific Congress Spring, ten miles S. W. Santa Clara, California. FeC0 3 14, NaCl and 

NajCOg 242. 50 F. 
Pacific Congress Spring, near Santa Clara, California. NaCl 1 19, Na2C0 3 123, FeCOj 

14. 5o°F. 
Ranch Spring, Estes Park, Colorado. Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 2. 58 F. 
Richfield Iron Spring, Otsego County, New York. CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 17, Mg(HC0 3 ) 3 

12, FeO 5, C0 2 16. 46 F. 
River Spring, Estes Park, Colorado. Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 4. 58 F. 
Rockbridge Alum Spring, Rockbridge County, Virginia. FeS0 4 5, Alumina 18. 
Rock Enon Spring, Frederick County, Va. FeC0 3 14, MgS0 4 13. 
Saline Chalybeate Spring, Schuyler County, Illinois. Fe 2 (S0 4 ) 3 70, CaS0 4 74. 
Schuyler County Springs, Schuyler County, Illinois. CaS0 4 74, FeS0 4 70. 
Sharon Chalybeate Spring, Schoharie County, New York. FeS0 4 24, MgS0 4 21. 48 F. 
Sparta Artesian Well, Sparta, Monroe County, Wisconsin. FeC0 3 9 grains. 
Stribling Springs, Augusta County, Virginia. K 2 A1 2 (S0 4 ) 4 16, FeS0 2 9, CaS0 4 12. 
Stryker's Mineral Water, Stryker, Ohio. K 2 S0 4 185, MgCl 2 119, NaCl 232, FeC0 3 10. 
Tar Spring, Crawford County, Indiana. FeC0 3 4, CaC0 3 21. 
Thorp's Spring, Hood County, Texas. FeC0 3 40, Na^S^ 80, Na2C0 3 100. 
Variety Springs, Augusta County, Virginia. FeS0 4 5 (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 12, CaS0 4 13. 

III. CARBONIC ACID WATERS. 

These owe their chief virtue to the presence of carbonic acid gas, though many of them 
contain alkalies and alkaline earths in sufficient quantity to give them a special action. 

Though springs of this class are very numerous, it is remarkable to observe how fre- 
quently information as to the exact amount of free carbonic gas is wanting, and that has 
been noted where the analysis, as regards the mineral constituents, has been conducted 
with great care and accuracy. Then, too, it would appear, in many instances, the water 
is sent some distance for analysis, so that considerable escapes and the water at the spring 
actually contains a larger quantity of the gas than is shown by the analysis. Many springs 
containing free carbonic acid gas also contain such large quantities of active inorganic 



677 



substances as to compel us to classify them under some one of the other groups. The 
waters belonging to this class are peculiarly agreeable both to the palate and to the eye. 
Their bright, sparkling appearance constantly tempts one to their use, and thus patients 
receive large quantities of water almost without effort. Fever patients find these waters 
very agreeable, and the addition of this gas acts as a sedative to the gastro-mucous mem- 
brane, and when taken cold and in sips relieves nausea and tends to check vomiting. This 
water when added to milk is admirably received by some patients with irritable stomach, 
and occasionally milk will be accepted in this form when it is absolutely refused in its pure 
state. Another very popular use to which these waters are put is in diluting wines. 

Wherever a water surcharged with the gas is indicated, these springs are of especial 
value, particularly those containing a moderate amount of the alkalies. The following 
analyses are offered as examples of this group, to which belong the well-known Apollinaris, 
Giesshiibel and Vichy springs : — 



SWEET SPRINGS, WEST VIRGINIA. 
(Analyst, W. B. Rogers.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Chloride of sodium, 0-136 grs 

" " magnesium. . . . 0.312 

" " calcium, 0.144 

Sulphate of sodium, 6.344 

" " magnesium, . . . 10.392 

" " calcium, 1 3. 1 68 

Carbonate of sodium, .... 

" " calcium, . . . .30.556 
" " magnesium, . . . 0.824 

Oxide of iron, 0.144 

Silicic acid, O.02 1 

Iodine, trace 

Earthy phosphates, trace 



Free carbonic acid, 



62.041 
cubic inches. 



CLYSMIC NATURAL SPRING WATER, WAU- 
KESHA, WISCONSIN. 
(Analyst, Rathbene.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Chloride of sodium, 1.170 grs. 

Sulphate of potassa, 0.456 

Sulphate of soda, 0.560 

Bicarbonate of lime, 16.044 

Bicarbonate of magnesia, . .13.563 

Bicarbonate of iron, 0.038 

Bicarbonate of soda, .... 1. 261 

Phosphate of soda, 0.032 

Silica, 0.722 

Organic matter, 1.616 

Alumina, trace 

Carbonic acid (?) 



SUMMIT SODA 



35462 



GIESSHUBLER (NEAR CARLSBAD), BOHEMIA. 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Sodium carbonate, 56.768 grs. 

Calcium " 12.672 " 

Magnesium " 2.720 " 

Ferrous " 0.032 " 

Potassium " 5.248 " 

" sulphate, 1.776 " 

" chloride, 3.008 '' 

Silica, 5.248 " 

Aluminae, 0.136 " 

^936 



SPRINGS, ALPINE COUNTY, 
CALIFORNIA. 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Bicarbonate of calcium, . . . .43.20 grs. 
Carbonate of magnesium, . . . 4.20 " 
" " sodium, .... 9.50 " 
Chloride " " . . . . . 26.22 '• 

Oxide of iron, 1. 75 " 

Silica, 2.06 " 

Alumina, 1.75 " 

Potassium, trace 

88.68 
Carbonic acid, 186.35 cubic inches. 



APOLLINARIS SPRING, NEUENAHR, RHENISH PRUSSIA. 
(Analyst, Mohr.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Chloride of sodium, ..... 20.79 g rs - 

Sulphate of soda, 12.2 " 

Carbonate of soda, 55-°7 " 

" « lime, 14.6 " 

" " magnesia 2 3-93 " 

Oxide of iron, 0.22 " 

Silicic acid, 1.08 " 

127.89 
Carbonic acid, 376 cubic inches. 



678 

Bladon Sulphur Spring, Choctaw County, Alabama. C0 2 86 cubic inches, and H 2 S 

I.30 cubic inches. 
Bladon Vichy Spring, Choctaw County, Alabama. C0 2 no cubic inches. 
Blue Lick Springs, Maysville, Kentucky. NaCl 8, MgCl 76, CaS0 4 59, C0 2 46 cubic 

inches, H 2 S 6 cubic inches. 
Clarendon Gaseous Spring, Rutland County, Vermont. C0 2 46.16 cubic inches. 50 F. 
Clysmic Spring, Waukesha, Wisconsin. Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 14, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 16, C0 2 amount not 

given. 
Saratoga Vichy Springs, Saratoga County, New York. NaCl 128, Na^COg 82, Ca(HC0 3 ), 

95, MgC0 3 41, C0 2 3.83 cubic inches. 
Summit Soda Springs, Alpine County, California. NaCl 26, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 43, C0 2 186.35 

cubic inches. 
Sweet Chalybeate Spring, Alleghany County, West Virginia. CaS0 4 33, C0 2 104 cubic 

inches. 75 F. 
Sweet Springs, Monroe County, West Virginia. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 43, C0 2 85.86 cubic 

inches. 74 F. 

IV. PURGATIVE WATERS. 

These waters depend for their action largely upon sulphate of sodium and magnesium 
and associated salts held in solution. An examination of the analyses of the springs thus 
classified shows that chloride of sodium, carbonates of the alkalies and alkaline earths 
with free carbonic acid are very frequently associated. 

Some of these springs contain so small an amount of salts that their action is but mildly 
laxative, while others are actively purgative. 

When a gentle saline laxative is indicated these waters often give better results than the 
same amount of Epsom or Glauber's salts dissolved in pure water, and are therefore of 
greater service. 

In congestion of the liver, chronic gastric catarrh, with atony, jaundice, lithaemia, gout, 
and in the obese, the regular use of a water of this class, properly selected and adminis- 
tered, yields excellent results. 

Most of the Saratoga waters are purgative and are more agreeable than many others, 
from the large quantity of free carbonic acid gas present. Analyses in full are given of 
Congress, Hathorn and Seltzer, as examples of these important and valuable springs. 

Following the typical examples here given will be found analyses of Carlsbad, Hunyadi 
Janos, Friedrichshall and Ofner Rakozy. 

CRAB ORCHARD SPRINGS, LINCOLN COUNTY, KY. 
(Analyst, Prof. A. Peters.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cubic inches) contains — 

Sulphate of magnesium, . 205.280 grs. 
" " calcium, . . 10.792 " 

Silica," 3-264 " 

Loss and moisture, . . . 34.584 " 
4QI-454 " 

Carbonate of calcium, magnesium, iron and silica. 



Carbonate of magnesium. 


7.640 grs 


" " iron, . . 


trace 


" " calcium, 


. 53-I84 " 


Chloride of sodium, . 


17,728 " 


Sulphate of potassium, , 


9.912 " 


" " sodium, 


59.072 " 



679 



PAGASSA HOT SPRINGS, 2$ MILES FROM HEADWATERS OF SAN JUAN RIVER, COL. 

(Analyst, Prof. O. Loew.) 

One U. S. gallon (231 cubic inches) contains- 

No. 1. 
Grains. 

Carbonate of sodium, 2.745 

" " lithium, 0.415 

" " calcium, 34-456 

" " magnesium, .... 2.832 

Sulphate of potassium, 4.164 

" " sodium, 129.449 

Chloride sodium, 1 7.082 

Silicic acid, 3-3 2 9 

Organic matter trace 



No. 2. 


No. 3. 


No. 4. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


1-945 






trace 


trace 




34-748 


3I-834 


34.298 


2.289 


2.149 


2.127 


4.076 


3.872 


4.I46 


128.597 


130.769 


131. 160 


17.146 


18.227 


17.409 


3-043 


3- 2 30 


2.230 


trace 


trace 


trace 



194.472 



191.844 



190.181 



Temperature from 101 to 140 F. 

LOUISVILLE, OR DUPONT'S ARTESIAN WELL, LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY. 

One U. S. gallon (231 cubic inches) contains — 



191.370 



Carbonate of sodium, . . 1.896 grs. 

" " magnesium, 1.632 " 

" " iron, . . . 0.256 " 

" " calcium, . 4.160 " 

Chloride of potassium, . 4.224 " 

" " sodium, . . 621.520 " 

" " magnesium, . 14.776 " 

" " aluminum, . 1. 208 " 

" " calcium, . . 65.728 " 

" " lithium, . . 0.104 " 

Sulphate of potassium, . 3.224 " 
Carbonic acid, 6.16 cubic inches. 
Nitrogen, 1.36 cubic inches. 



Sulphate of sodium, . 

" " magnesium, 

" " aluminum, 

" " calcium, . 
Phosphate of sodium, . 
Iodide of magnesium, 
Bromide of magnesium, 

Silica, 

Organic matter, . . . 

Loss, 

911.672 " 
Sulphuretted hydrogen, 2.00 cubic inches. 



72.296 


grs. 


77-336 


M 


01.800 


(( 


29.432 


a 


1-544 


«< 


•352 


.< 


.464 


a 


.888 


a 


.712 


tt 


8.120 


11 



SARATOGA SPRINGS, SARATOGA COUNTY, N. Y. 
(Analyst, C. F. Chandler.) 

One U. S. gallon (231 cubic inches) contains — 

Congress. Hathorn. 

Grains. Grains. 

Carbonate of sodium, ...... 7-47 2 2.976 

" " magnesium, 75.152 104.756 

" " iron, 0.248 0.808 

" " calcium, 99-99 2 118.520 

" " lithium, 2.992 

" " strontium, trace trace 

" « barium, 0.760 1.424 

Chloride of potassium, 8.048 9-59 2 

" " sodium, 400.440 509.960 

Sulphate of potassium, 0.888 trace 

Phosphate of sodium, 0.016 0.008 

Iodide of " 0.138 0.200 

Bromide of " 8.552 1.556 

Fluoride of calcium, trace trace 

Biborate of sodium, trace 

Alumina, trace 0.128 

Silicon, " 0.840 1.256 

Organic matter, trace trace 



Carbonic acid gas, 



602.636 750.992 

362.00 cu. in. 376.00 cu. in. 



Seltzer. 
Grains. 
20.416 
23.904 

I.240 

62432 

O.568 

trace 

trace 

I -33 6 

134.288 

o.552 

trace 
0.032 
0.632 

trace 

trace 
0.376 
2.560 

trace 

248.33 6 
320.00 cu. 



in. 



Alburgh Springs, Grand Isle County, Vermont, 15 grains of NajSO^ and K,S0 4 . 

Avon New Bath, Livingston County, New York. CaC0 3 27, NajSC^ and NaQ 44. 50 F. 

Ballston Springs, Saratoga Count}*, New York — 

Ballston Artesian Lithia Well. NaCl 750, CaCO s 165, MgC0 3 107, LLC0 3 6, C0 2 

426 cubic inches. 52 F. 
Franklin Artesian Well. NaCl 659, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 202, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 178, NaHC0 3 94, 

KC1 34, LiHC0 3 7, C0 2 460 cubic inches. 52 F. 
Sans Souci. NaCl 144, CaC0 3 43, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 39, FeC0 3 6. 
United States. NaCl 425, CaC0 3 29, C0 2 244 cubic inches. 50 F. 
Washington Lithia Well. NaCl 645, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 158, CaHCO s 178, LLHCO II, 
Fe(HCO s ) 2 2, C0 2 338 cubic inches. 49 F. 
Bedford Springs, Bedford County, Pennsylvania — 

Anderson magnesia. CaS0 4 100, MgS0 4 40. 57. 2° F. 
Anderson magnesia. Iron CaS0 4 90, MgS0 4 39, FeC0 3 trace. 5 7. 2° F. 
• Bedford Sulphur. CaS0 4 73, MgS0 4 ^^, H 2 S trace, C0 2 6 cubic inches. 62. 6° F. 
Beer Springs, Oregon, MgS0 4 48, MgC0 3 12, CaC0 3 15, NaQ 9. 
Benham's Carburetted Saline Spring, Crawford County, Indiana. NaCl 4850, CaCO s 640, 

MgC0 3 173, MgS0 4 84, Na^C^ 21, FeC0 3 9. 
Bryant's Mineral Well, Lincoln County, Kentucky. MgS0 4 53, CaS0 4 56. 
Butterworth Springs, Kent County, Michigan. CaS0 4 75, MgClj 42. 54 F. 
Charleston Artesian Well, Charleston, South Carolina. N^CC^ 52, MgS0 4 12. 87 F. 
Cherry Valley Bath House Spring, Otsego County, New York. CaS0 4 85, MgC0 3 and 

MgS0 4 42, Na^ II. 
Cooper's Artesian Well, Hinds County, Mississippi. MgS0 4 23, Na,S0 4 12, CaS0 4 42. 

50°F. 
Crab Orchard, Foley's Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky, 
Crab Orchard, Sowder's Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky. MgS0 4 173, CaS0 4 91, 

NaCl 57, C0 2 ?. 
Crab Orchard Springs, Lincoln County, Kentucky. MgS0 4 205, Na2S0 4 59. 
Crab Orchard Salts. Contain in 100 grains MgS0 4 63. 
Eaton's White Sulphur Spring, Crawford County, Indiana. NaCl 121, MgS0 4 42, MgC0 3 

16, CaC0 3 46. 59° F. 
Estill Spring. See Irvine Spring. 
Foley's Spring. See Crab Orchard Springs. 
Fruit Port Artesian Well, Ottawa County, Michigan. NaQ 464, CaCL, in, MgCl 47, 

Na2S0 4 46, FeC0 3 5.44 grains. 48 F. 
Glenn Springs, Spartanburgh County, South Carolina. MgS0 4 96, NajS0 4 40, H 2 S 24 

cubic inches. 
Greenville Spring. See Harrodsburg Springs. 
Harrodsburg Springs, Mercer County Kentucky — 

Greenville Spring. MgS0 4 129, CaS0 4 88, MgC0 3 23. 
Saloon Spring. MgS0 4 223, CaS0 4 82, Fe^HCO^j 4. 
Hartford Sulphur Spring, Crawford County, Indiana. NaQ 59, MgS0 4 and Na. 2 S0 4 20, 

CaC0 3 20. 
Hot Springs, Canon City, Colorado. NajS0 4 166, Na^CC^ 155, Ca 2 C0 3 66. 102 F. 
Hot Sulphur Springs, Middle Park, ninety miles from Denver, Colorado. NajS0 4 25, 
N^COg 22. Temperature no to 117 F. 



681 

Idaho Warm Springs, Clear Creek County, Colorado. NajCO, 31, NajSC^ 29. 106 F. 
Indian Spring, Butts County, Georgia. MgS0 4 572, CaS0 4 57, K 2 S0 4 27. 63 F. 
Irvine Spring, Estill C6unty, Kentucky. MgS0 4 263, CaS0 4 aqd CaC0 3 62. 
Le Roy Springs, Le Roy Station on the Northern Pacific Railroad, Wyoming. NajSOf 

117, NaCl 270, MgC0 3 51, CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 100. 
Louisville, or Du Pont's Artesian Well, Louisville, Kentucky. NaCl 622, MgS0 4 77, 

NajSO^ 72. 
Midland Spring, Midland County, Michigan. K 2 S0 4 68, Na 2 S0 4 18. 47 F. 
Mineral Spring, in dry wash leading from Detrital Valley (Forty-mile Desert) to the Colo- 
rado River, Arizona. NaCl 232, MgS0 4 101, CaS0 4 76, NajSO^ 30. 
Pagosa Hot Springs, twenty-five miles from the headwater of the San Juan River, 
Colorado — 

No. 1. Na^O^ 129. No. 3. Na^C^ 131. 

No. 2. Na 2 S0 4 129. No. 4. Na^C^ 131. 

Porter's Sulpho-Chalybeate Spring, Denver, Colorado. Na^SO^ 27, CaC0 3 10. 
Rhea Springs, Rhea County, Tennessee. 70 grains of CaS0 4 . 
Saloon Spring. See Harrodsburg Springs. 
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County, New York — 

Champion. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 227, NaCl 702, Mgi HC0 3 ) 2 194, C0 2 462. 49 F. 
Columbian. NaCl 267, CaC0 3 68, MgC0 3 28, FeCo 3 6, Co 2 272 cubic inches. 
Congress. NaCl 400, CaC0 3 100, MgC0 3 75, NaBr 9, Li 2 C0 3 3, C0 3 392 cubic 

inches. 5 2° F. 
Crystal. NaCl 336, CaC0 3 71, MgC0 3 45, Li 2 C0 3 3, C0 2 312 cubic inches. 50 F. 
Empire. NaCl 507, CaC0 3 76, MgCo 3 25, C0 2 344 cubic inches. 
Eureka. NaCl 117, CaC0 3 41, MgC0 3 29, FeC0 3 3, C0 2 232 cubic inches. 
Excelsior. NaCl 371, CaC0 3 77, MgC0 3 32, FeC0 3 3, NaC0 3 15. 
Geyser. NaCl 562, CaC0 3 1 18, MgC0 3 $3, Na^Og 49, Li 2 CO s 4, C0 2 456 cubic 

inches. 46 F. 
Glacier. NaCl 702, CaC0 3 158, MgC0 3 115, Li 2 C0 3 6, KC1 40, C0 2 465.44 cubic inches. 
Hamilton. NaCl 299, CaC0 3 98, MgC0 3 39, FeC0 3 5, Na2C0 3 34, C0 2 320. 
Hathom. NaCl 510, CaC0 3 1 18, MgC0 3 105, C0 2 376 cubic inches. 
High Rock. NaCl 390, CaC0 3 92, MgC0 3 33, C0 2 408 cubic inches. 52 F. 
Pavilion. NaCl 460, CaC0 3 83, MgC0 3 45, Li 2 C0 3 6, C0 2 328 cubic inches. 
Putnam Spring. NaCl 214, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 68, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 51, C0 2 348 cubic inches. 

51° F. 
Red Spring. NaCl 70, CaC0 3 59, MgC0 3 21. 

Saratoga Alum. NaCl 565, CaC0 3 57, MgC0 3 20, C0 2 212 cubic inches. 
Seltzer. NaCl 134, CaC0 3 62, MgC0 3 24, C0 2 320 cubic inches. 50 F. 
Star. NaCl 398, CaC0 3 86, MgC0 3 37, C0 2 400 cubic inches. 52 F. 
Triton Spring. NaCl 238, CaC0 3 91, MgC0 3 42, Li 2 C0 3 3 grains, C0 2 360 cubic 

inches. 6o° F. 
United States. NaCl 142, CaC0 3 65, MgC0 3 43, Li 2 C0 3 3, C0 2 240 cubic inches. 
Union. NaCl 458, CaC0 3 67, MgC0 3 65, C0 2 384.96 cubic inches. 48 F. 
Vichy. See Alkaline Waters. 

Walton or Iodine. NaCl 187, MgC0 3 75, CaC0 3 26, C0 2 330 cubic inches. 
Washington Spring. NaCl 183, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 84, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 66, CO a 364 cubic inches. 
45° F. 



G82 

Seltzer Spring, Boulder County, Colorado. Na 2 S0 4 108, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 43. Temperature, 40 F. 

Seltzer, Springdale, Colorado. NajSC^ 230, Ca2C0 3 85, FeC0 3 8. 

Spring Lake Well, Ottawa County, Michigan. NaCl 406, CaCl 2 , H3, NajSC^ 47, MgCl 

36. 52° F. 
Sowder's Spring. See Crab Orchard Springs. 

Warm Spring, at edge of Salt Lake City, Utah. MgS0 4 60, NaCl 234. 
Warren Springs, Warren County, North Carolina. CaCl 11, CaS0 4 and CaC0 3 and 

CaCl 2 10, MgS0 4 8. 
White Creek Springs, twelve miles from Nashville, Tennessee. 55 grains of CaC0 3 and 

CaS0 4 . 

V. ALKALINE WATERS. 

These owe their alkalinity to the preponderance of carbonate and bicarbonate of sodium, 
and also, though in small quantities, the carbonate of potassium, lithium, calcium and 
magnesium. These waters are frequently surcharged with carbonic acid gas, which 
enhances their therapeutic value very considerably, as it renders them more palatable and 
converts the alkaline taste, so unpleasant to many, into an agreeable acidity. These 
springs may be cold or hot, and may contain lime, salt or iron in varying amount. 

Typical examples of this class, that is, springs containing sodium carbonate or bicarbo- 
nate with free carbonic acid gas, are, unfortunately, less numerous than we would wish, in 
view of their enormous importance in so many chronic diseases. Most of our alkaline 
springs contain other mineral substances which render them less valuable in the treatment 
of disease. The conditions in which these waters produce their best effects are the follow- 
ing : Chronic gastric catarrh, especially with hyperacidity, and catarrhal inflammation of 
mucous membrane of the biliary passages. Good results have also been obtained in acute 
catarrhal nephritis, and not a few observers have seen diabetics improve under its use. 
In acute cystitis and urethritis springs of this class do good by diluting the urine and 
diminishing its acidity, and so alleviate suffering and hasten recovery ; at times brilliant 
results are obtained in certain diathetic conditions, such as lithaemia, gout and chronic 
rheumatism. From this brief summary it is evident that these waters constitute a most 
important addition to our means of combating disease. 

Our country is so rich in mineral waters, it is in the highest degree probable that 
numerous springs belonging to this class are in existence and only need analysis to make 
known their value. It is to be hoped that before long many additions will be made to 
our meagre list of springs belonging to this group. 

The following analyses are examples of this class, and I would particularly call atten- 
tion to that of Vichy, in France, as a type of an alkaline water : — 

SARATOGA VICHY SPRING, SARATOGA CO., N. Y. 

Contains in one U. S. gallon of 231 cubic inches — 

Chloride of sodium, 128.689 

" " potassium, I4- I][ 3 

Bromide of sodium, 0.990 

Iodide of sodium, trace. 

Fluoride of calcium, trace. 

Bicarbonate of lithia, 1. 760 

" « soda, 82.873 

" " magnesia, .... 41.503 

269.928 



G83 



269.928 

Bicarbonate of lime, 95.522 

" " strontia, trace. 

" " baryta, ..... 0.593 

" " iron, 0.052 

Sulphate of potassa, ...... trace. 

Phosphate of soda, trace. 

Alumina, °-473 

Silica, . 0.758 

Organic matter, trace. 

Total, 367.326 
Carbonic acid gas in one gallon, 383.071 cubic inches. 
Temperature 50 F. 



VICHY GRANDE GRILLE AND HOPITAL 
SPRINGS. 
(Analyst, Mossier.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Grande-Grille. Hopital. 
Grains. Grains. 

Carbonate of soda, . . 259.03 254.75 

" " lime, . . 12.23 18.62 

" " magnesia, 2.28 2.05 

" " iron, . . 0.60 2.73 

Chloride of Sodium, . 23.94 8.36 

Sulphate of soda, . . 42.33 47-65 

340.41 334-16 

Free carbonic acid 90-100 cu. in. 



OJO CALIENTE SPRING, OJO CALIENTE, NEW 
MEXICO. 
(Analyst, O. C. Marsh.) 
One U. S. gallon ^231 cu. in.) contains— 

Sodium carbonate, 



Lithium " 
Calcium " 
Magnesium " 
Iron " 

Potassium sulphate, 
Sodium " 

" chloride, 
Silica, ..... 



Carbonic acid undetermined. 
Temperature ioo° F. 



1 15.019 grs 
0.123 

2-435 
1.273 

5.910 
" 3.019 

7.942 
32.209 

0123 
168.053 



Adams Springs, Lake County, California. MgC0 3 99, Na 2 C0 3 57, CaC0 3 29, C0 2 300 

cubic inches. 
Borax Springs. See Hot Borate Springs. 

California Seltzer Springs, Mendocino County, Cal. CaC0 3 67, MgC0 3 43, Na^Og 35. 
Carlisle, near Pueblo, Colorado. 6o° F. 
Clinton Spring, Cliff Street, New York City. NaCl 58, MgC0 3 35, CaC0 3 30, C0 2 68^ 

cubic inches. 
Congress Spring, Santa Clara County, California. Na 2 C0 3 123, NaCl 118, FeC0 3 13. 
Hot Borate Springs, Borax Lake, Lake County, California. NH 4 HC0 3 108, 103, NaCl 

85, NaHC0 3 77. 
Indian Spring, Martin County, Indiana. NaCl 39, CaC0 3 -4- CaS0 4 53, MgC0 3 -4- MgSO, 

49- 53° F. 
Iron Duke, Canon City, Colorado. Na 2 C0 3 156, NaCl 170. 
Olympian Springs, Bath County, Kentucky. NaCl 166, MgCl 2 55. 
Richfield Sulphur Spring, Otsego County, New York. CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 92, 

MgS0 4 and Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 39, NaCl 21, H 2 S 4 cubic inches. 48 F. 
Saratoga Vichy Springs, Saratoga County, New York. NaCl 128, Na 2 HC0 3 82, 

CaHC0 3 95, C0 2 383 cubic inches. 



684 

Sharon Magnesia Spring, Schoharie County, New York. CaS0 4 76, MgS0 4 -j- Mg(HCO ) 2 

53, H 2 S 3.3 cubic inches. 48 F. 
Snowden Mineral Spring, Valley of Yoncalla, two miles south of Drain's Station, Oregon. 

MgCl 145, NaCl 173, CaCl 2 115. 
St. Louis Magnetic Spring, St. Louis, Gratiot County, Michigan. NaHC0 3 86 ; Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 

56,CaSO,5 4 . 50° F. 
Vichy Springs. See New Almaden Springs. 
West Baden Springs, Orange County, Indiana. NaCl 78, CaC0 3 41, MgC0 3 39, MgS0 4 

36, MgCl 2 11. 
Wilhoit Springs, Clackamas County, Oregon. MgC0 3 85, N&jCOg 88, NaCl 201, FeO 6, 

C0 2 338.41 cubic inches. 
Wilson's Saline Chalybeate, Lexington, Fayette County, Kentucky. CaCl 2 33, MgCl 2 18, 

MgC0 3 15, FeC0 3 2)4, C0 2 33 cubic inches. 

VI. SALINE WATERS. 

These waters are solutions of common salt, containing, also, small quantities of the chlorides 
of the alkalies and alkaline earths, and occasionally minute traces of iodine and bromine. 
It is plain that the effects produced by these springs are due to chloride of sodium and the 
increased amount of water consumed. This salt, when taken into the stomach, dissolves 
albumin and starches ; promotes the digestion and absorption of food ; supplies the intes- 
tines with chyme rich in albumin and starches ; enters the blood, which carries it to all 
the tissues of the body, after supplying its own needs. 

In solutions of suitable strength it produces an agreeable effect on mucous membranes, 
favoring free and healthy secretion. It is quickly absorbed, but when taken highly con- 
centrated acts as an irritant and produces emesis and diarrhoea. The therapeutic dose 
is from one to five drachms daily. 

The usefulness of these waters is very restricted, and is indicated by what has been 
said as to its physiological action. Good results may be expected in certain dyspepsias, 
with defective gastric secretion and sluggishness of the bowels, as well as chronic inflam- 
matory exudations which are being absorbed slowly or not at all. When rapid absorption 
is necessary the water should be given hot, and in certain cases of dyspepsia these results 
are best obtained by its administration early in the morning, before breakfast. 

When it is desired to administer these waters, in ordinary cases, preference should be 
given to those springs charged with carbonic acid, as this gas greatly increases the palata- 
bility of this class of waters. 

These waters, as well as the alkaline earths, when carbonated, are especially valuable in 
many acute affections attended with fever, particularly when nourishment is taken in small 
amounts, as they supply the body with mineral substances absolutely needed. The proper 
supply of salines in disease is too often overlooked. 

The following analyses are good examples of these waters : — 

HALLECK SPRING, ONEIDA COUNTY, NEW YORK. 
(Analyst, Prof. Noyes.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Chloride of sodium, 624.00 grs. 

" calcium, ..... 104.00 " 

(i magnesium, . . . 32.00 " 

Sulphate of calcium, .... 40.00 " 

800.00 w 



68r> 



AKESION SPRING, SALINE 


COUNTY, MISSOURI 


(Analyst, C. P. Williams.) 


One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — ■ 




Chloride of sodium, . . . 


. 756.114 grs. 


" potassium, 




28.594 " 


11 lithium, . . 




0.294 " 


" magnesium, 




87-3I3 " 


" calcium, . 




74.791 " 


Bromide of magnesium, 




0.131 " 


Nitrate of magnesium, . 




0.178 " 


" ammonium, 




0.172 " 


Sulphide of sodium, . . 




2.609 " 


Sulphate of calcium, . . 




57-934 " 


" barium, . . 




0.150 " 


Phosphate of calcium, 




0.243 " 


Carbonate of calcium, . 




40.251 " 


" iron, (ferrous) . 


0.267 " 


" manganese, . . 


0.199 " 


" alumina, . . . 


0.167 " 


Organic matter, 


0.513 " 



SALT SPRING, NEAR ALBA, BRADFORD 
COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. 

(Analyst, Genth.) 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 



Chloride of sodium, . . 

" iron, . . . 

" calcium, 

" magnesium, 

Bicarbonate of iron, . . 

" calcium, 

Silicic acid, 

Bromine not determined. 



4693.608 grs. 
trace 

780.224 " 
IIO.960 " 

5,256 " 

I.752 " 

2.950 " 



1049.920 " 

WIESBADEN, THE KOCHBRUNNEN, NASSAU, 
GERMANY. 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — - 

Chloride of sodium, 419.92 grs. 

" potassium, . 

" lithium, . . 

" calcium, 

" magnesium, 

Bromide of magnesium, 
Sulphate of lime, . . . 
Carbonate of lime, . . 



8.96 

0.08 

, 28.88 

12.48 

0.16 

5-52 
25.68 
protoxide of iron, 0.32 



5594-75° 



502.00 " 

Temperature, 1 5 6° F. Carbonic acid, 52 
cubic inches. 

Akesion Spring, Brownville, Saline County, Missouri. NaCl 756, MgCl 2 87, CaCl 2 , 

CaS0 4 and CaC0 3 173. 
Albany Artesian Well, Ferry Street, Albany, New York. NaCl 504, FeC0 3 8, MgC0 3 

16, Na^CO^ 40, C0 2 224 cubic inches. 51 to 52 F. 
Ballston Condo Dentonean, Saratoga County, New York. NaCl 480, CaC0 3 123, MgC0 3 

93, C0 2 357 cubic inches. 
Ballston Spa, Saratoga County, New York. NaCl 144, CaC0 3 43, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 39. 
Bangor's Company's Well, Bangor, Michigan. NaCl 159, MgCl 09, CaS0 4 56, CaCl. 
Black Sulphur Spring, Bath County, Kentucky. 58 grains NaCl. 



686 

Blue Lick Springs (Lower), Nicholas County, Kentucky. NaCl 516, CaS0 4 41, MgCl 2 

40, CaC0 3 23, C0 2 98, H 2 S 17. 
Blue Lick Springs (Upper), Nicholas County, Kentucky. NaCl 516, CaS0 4 144, MgCl 2 

37, CaC0 3 25, C0 2 48 cubic inches, H 2 S 8 cubic inches. 
Borland Well, Wood County, West Virginia. NaCl 240, NaHC0 3 112, Na^SO^ 38. 
Boulder Spring Water, Colorado. NaCl 514, Ca 2 C0 3 125, MgC0 3 100, Na^SO^ 62, C0 2 . 
Brant's Spring, No. 4, Lincoln County, Kentucky. Na^SO^ 12, NaCl 54. 
Canon City Mineral Springs, Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado. 

Aqua Vida. NaCl 121, NS4CO3 73, MgC0 3 18. 

Big Ute. NaCl 132, CaC0 3 43, MgC0 3 15. 

Congress. NaCl 38, MgC0 3 18. 

Iron Duke. NaCl 80, Na^Oa 74, MgC0 3 15. 

Little Ute. NaCl 114, Na 2 C0 3 74, MgC0 3 14. 
Condo Dentonean Springs. See Ballston Springs. 

Des Chutes Hot Springs, Wasco County, Oregon. Na;C0 3 and NaCl 55. 143 to 145 F. 
East Clarion Salt Spring, Elk County, Pennsylvania. NaCl 337, CaCl 2 52, MgCl 2 15. 
East Saginaw Company's Well, Michigan. NaCl 103, MgCl 2 58, CaCl 2 14, CaS0 4 o,2. 
Halleck's Spring, Oneida County, New York. NaCl 624, CaCl 2 104, MgCl 2 32, CaS0 4 40. 
Highgate Springs, Franklin County, Vermont. NaCl 23, Na 2 C0 3 14. 
Iola Mineral Well, Kansas. NaCl 782, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 49, Mg(HC0 3 ) 21, KC1 14. 
Kanawha Saline Spring, Kanawha Valley, West Virginia. NaCl 240, NagHCOg 112, 

Na 2 S0 4 38. 
La Fayette Artesian Well, Tippecanoe County, Indiana. NaCl 325, MgC0 3 and MgCl 2 

59,CaS0,56. 55 F. 
Lansing Spring, Lansing, Ingham County, Michigan. NaCl 267, Na^COg 65, CaC0 3 62, 

C0 2 198 cubic inches. 53. 5 F. 
Liberty Hot Springs, or Wagon wheel Gap Springs, Morrison, 12 miles from Denver, 

Colorado. 
No. 1. Na 2 C0 3 41, NaCl 17. Temperature 150 F. 
No. 2. Na^Og 84, NaCl 19. Temperature 140 F. 
Livingston Artesian Well, Livingston, Sumter County, Alabama. NaCl 295 grains. 68° F. 
Lodi Artesian Well, Wabash County, Indiana. NaCl 502, CaCl 2 and CaS0 4 104, MgCl 2 54. 
Lower Blue Lick Springs. See Blue Lick Springs. 
Lubec Spring, Lubec Bay, Maine. NaCl 90, MgCl 2 60, NaS0 4 25. 
Mineral Spring, Walnut Hill, Fayette County, Kentucky. NaCl 234, MgCl 2 19. 
Mineral Water, Paint Lick, Madison County, Kentucky. NaCl 27, Na 2 C0 3 16. 
Ott's Well, Crawford County, Indiana. NaCl 3781, CaC0 3 323, MgC0 2 86, FeC0 3 12, 

MgS0 4 and Na2S0 4 58. 
Parnassus Springs, 12 miles southward of Pueblo,' Colorado. 
No. 1. Na 2 C0 3 74, NaCl 60. Temperature 66° F. 
No. 2. NajCOg 69, NaCl 61. Temperature 72.5 F. 
No. 3. Na 2 C0 3 43, NaCl 31. Temperature 59 F. 
Salina Spring (Mr. Peterson), near Tarentum, Pennsylvania. NaCl 1927, CaCl 2 501, 

MgCl 2 126, MgC0 3 80, CaC0 3 161. 
Salina Wells, Syracuse, New York. NaCl 90, MgCl 2 7, CaCl 2 14, CaS0 4 36. 
Salt Spring, near Alba, Bradford County, Pennsylvania. NaCl 4694, CaCl 2 780, MgCl 3 

in, Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 5. 



687 

Salt Sulphur, Bath County, Kentucky. NaCl 166, MgCl 55. 

Salt Water, near Conemaugh, near Saltzburg, Indiana County, Pennsylvania. NaCl 4165. 

CaCl 2 918, MgCl 2 232. 
Sheboygan Well, Sheboygan, Wisconsin. 307 grains of NaCl. 50 F. 
Siloam Springs, Garfield County, Colorado. NaCl 1137, Ca 2 S0 4 78. 103 F. 
South Park Springs, Colorado. NaCl 198, Na 2 C0 3 156. 
South Park Sulphur Springs, South Park, Colorado. NaCl 97, Na 2 C0 3 77. 
Steamboat Springs, Colorado. NaCl 240. 

St. Louis Artesian Well, St. Louis, Missouri. NaCl 347, MgCl 2 34, CaCl 2 27, C0 2 6, H 2 S 24. 
Sweet Springs, Saline County, Missouri. NaCl 90, MgCl 2 22. 
Syracuse Salt Wells, New York. NaCl 94, MgCl 2 85, CaCl 2 49, CaS0 4 32. 
Tarentum Salt Well. See Salina Springs. 
Terre Haute Spring, Clay County, Indiana. NaCl 316 grains. 
Thomas Well's Brine, Fountain County, Indiana. NaCl 4573, CaCl 2 215, CaC0 3 107, 

MgCl, 53. 
Upper Blue Lick Springs. See Blue Lick Springs. 

Verona Spring, Oneida County, New York, NaCl 720, CaS0 4 60, CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 68. 
Wagonwheel Gap Springs. See Liberty Hot Springs. 
Waterloo Well, Waterloo, Wisconsin. NaCl and NaN0 3 60. 
Williams Mineral Well, Woodford County, Kentucky. NaCl 137, MgCl 2 16. 
Yampa Spring, Glenwood, Colorado. 

VII. CALCAREOUS WATERS. 

The efficacy of these waters depends upon the presence of the sulphate and carbonate 
of calcium and other alkaline earths. They are generally produced as follows : The excess 
of carbonic acid in the water, resulting from the decomposition of the carbonate by means 
of sulphuric acid (this acid is produced by the addition of iron pyrites), acts upon the 
sulphates and carbonates of the alkaline earths to dissolve them. 

Most of the lime in these fountains exists in the form of a sulphate, which is popu- 
larly known as gypsum. It is this salt that gives these waters the property called 
hardness, i. e,, that peculiar reaction to soap and the special effect upon the palate. 

These springs have been used in cystitis and diabetes, but with doubtful results. 
Occasionally diuresis may be excited and in rachitic children favorable results may be 
obtained, though the constipating effect would be antagonized. It should be remembered 
that 10 grains of sulphate of lime to the gallon tends to retard digestion and causes con- 
stipation, and consequently they are often contra-indicated. In general, it may be said 
that springs of this class are of doubtful utility, except when they contain other more 
active mineral substances. 

I append a few examples of this class of water : — 

CATOOSA SPRINGS, CATOOSA COUNTY, GEORGIA. NO. I ALL-HEALING SPRING. 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Calcium sulphate, 39.000 grs. 

Magnesium sulphate, . . . 



carbonate, 
Carbonic acid, 4.422 

77.422 



688 



TATE EPSOM SPRINGS, GRANGER COUNTY, TENNESSEE. 
(Analyst, T. S. Anterelle.) 
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Sulphate of calcium, , 

" magnesium, 

" sodium, . 

" potassium, 

Chloride of sodium, . 

" iron, . . 

" manganese, 

Iodide of sodium, . . 
Phosphate of calcium, 
Carbonate of calcium, 

Silica, 

Nitric acid, .... 



160.66 


grs. 


31-97 


<< 


8.50 


u 


i-54 


<< 


40.27 


tt 


2.92 


tt 


0.69 


<( 


trace 




1. 14 


a 


21.56 


« 


2.70 


u 


0.02 


a 



Temperature 55 F. 



271.97 



Alleghany Springs, Montgomery County, Virginia. CaS0 4 96, MgS0 4 42. 53 F. 

Aurora Saline Springs, Aurora, Oregon. CaCl 474, NaCl 356. 

Beauty Spring. See Capon Springs. 

Beloit Iodo-magnesian Springs, Beloit, Wis. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 15, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 12. 48 F. 

Bishop's Well, New Brunswick, New Jersey. CaS0 4 149, MgS0 4 31. 

Blue Ridge Spring, Botetourt County, Virginia. CaS0 4 100, MgS0 4 48. 

Bordin's Well, Eaton Rapids, Michigan. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 85 grains. 

Butterworth Spring, Grand Rapids, Mich. CaS0 4 75, MgCl 41. 

Capon Springs (Beauty Spring), Hampshire Co., W. Va. CaC0 3 66, C0 2 68 cubic inches. 

6o° F. 
Capon Springs (Main Spring), Hampshire Co , W. Va. CaC0 3 66, C0 2 68 cubic inches. 

6o°F. 
Carlisle Spring, on Arkansas River, twenty miles above Pueblo, Colorado. CaC0 3 22, 

MgC0 3 11. 65 F. 
Catoosa Springs, Catoosa County, Georgia. 

All-Healing. CaS0 4 39, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 34. 

Alum. CaS0 4 41, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 36, Al I. 

Black Sulphur. CaS0 4 41, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 36. 

Buffalo. CaS0 4 45, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 42. 

Chalybeate. CaS0 4 42, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 35, FeC0 3 trace. 

Congress. CaS0 4 39, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 34. 

Cosmetic. CaS0 4 42, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 36. 

Magnesia. CaS0 4 42, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 36. 

Red Sweet. CaS0 4 44, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 38. 

White Sulphur. CaS0 4 45, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 40. 
Cave Spring. See Chittenango Spring. 
Chalybeate Spring, Estill County, Kentucky. CaS0 4 17, CaC0 3 9, MgS0 4 10, FeC0 3 2, 

C0 3 32 cubic inches. 
Cherry Valley North Spring, Otsego County, New York. CaS0 4 150, MgC0 3 10. 



689 

Chittenango Cave Spring, Madison County, New York. CaS0 4 106, MgCO s 14, C0 2 25.6 

cubic inches, H 2 S 3.2 cubic inches. 49 F. 
Chittenango Magnesia Spring, Madison County, New York. CaS0 4 81, MgC0 3 13, C0 2 

36 cubic inches. 49 F. 
Chittenango White Sulphur Spring, Madison Co., N. Y. CaS0 4 80, C0 2 36 cubic inches. 
Clifton Springs, Ontario County, New York. CaS0 4 and CaC0 3 79, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 30. 
Colorado or Manitou Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado. 

Iron Ute. CaC0 3 33, Na,C0 3 33, MgC0 3 8. 43.3 F. 

Little Chief. CaC0 3 42, Na. 2 S0 4 29, NaCl 27. 43 F. 

Manitou. CaC0 3 62, Na, C0 3 26, MgC0 3 12. 56 F. 

Navajoe. CaC0 3 72, Na 2 C0 3 70, MgC0 3 19. 50. 2 F. 

Shoshone. CaC0 3 61, Na^CX, 50. 48.5 F. 

Ute Soda. CaC0 3 22, Na. 2 C0 3 13. 
Eaton Rapids Well, Eaton Rapids in Eaton County, Michigan. 

Bordine Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 85 grains. 

Frost Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 42 grains. 

Mosher Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 65 grains. 

Shaw Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 69 grains. 

Stirling Well. CaS0 4 , 46 grains. 
East Clarion Spring, Elk County, Pennsylvania, NaCl 337, CaCl 2 52, MgCl 2 15, BaCl 2 \^. 
Frost Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 42 grains. 
Gettysburg Katalysine Spring, Adams County, Pennsylvania. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 16, MgS0 4 7. 

57° F. 

Greenbrier White Sulphur. See White Sulphur Spring. 

Guilford Spring, Guilford Centre, Windham County, Vermont. 15.18 grains CaC0 3 . 

Holston Springs, Scott County, Virginia. CaS0 4 20, MgS0 4 13. 68.5 F. 

Liberty Hot or Wagonwheel Gap Springs, Morrison, twelve miles from Denver, Colorado, 

No. 2. CaC0 3 18. 
Magnesia Springs. See Chittenango Spring. 
Main Spring. See Capon Springs. 

Manitou Springs, Manitou, Colorado. CaC0 3 135. 56 F. 
M'Carthy's Spring, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. 95 grains of CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 , 

42 grains MgS0 4 . 
Mineral Park Bitter Spring, Arizona. CaS0 4 69, MgS0 4 38. 
Montvale Spring, Blount County, Tennessee. 75 grains of CaS0 4 . 6o° F. 
Mosher Well, Eaton Rapids, Michigan. CaC0 3 and Ca S0 4 , 65 grains. 
Newburg Springs, Orange County, Vermont. 17.60 grains CaC0 3 . 
Red Sulphur, Estill County, Kentucky. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 22, C0 2 , 40 cubic inches, 

H 2 S, .56 cubic inches. 
Richfield Magnesia Spring, Otsego County, N. Y. CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 55, MgS0 4 

and Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 23, C0 2 , 5 cubic inches. 53 F. 
Saltillo Springs. See M'Vittey's and M'Carthy's Springs. 
Shaw Well, Eaton Rapids, Michigan. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 69 grains. 
Sterling Well, Eaton Rapids, Michigan. CaS0 4 , 46 grains. 
Tate Epsom Springs, Granger County, Tennessee. CaS0 4 , 161 grains. 55 F. 
Warm Spring, Bath County, Virginia. CaS0 4 15. 98 F. 
Warren Springs (cold sulphur), Warren County, North Carolina. CaS0 4 31. 
44 



690 

Waukesha Springs, Waukesha County, Wisconsin. 

Arcadian Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 16, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 II. 

Bethesda Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 17. 6o° F. 

Fountain Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 14. 

Glenn Mineral Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 1 6. 

Hygeia Spring. Ca(^HC0 3 ) 2 17. 

Silurian Spring. 

Waukesha Mineral Rock Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 10. 
White Sulphur Spring. See Chittenango Spring. 
White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier County, West Va. CaS0 4 74, MgS0 4 19, H 2 S 1. 54 

to 3.03 cubic inches. 62 F. 
Yellow Sulphur Springs, Montgomery County, Virginia. CaS0 4 63, MgS0 4 21. 55 F. 

VIII. SULPHURETTED AND HOT SPRINGS. 

These springs owe their properties to the presence of sulphuretted hydrogen and heat. 
The sulphurets of sodium and potassium are often present. Sulphuretted hydrogen, next 
to carbonic acid, occurs more frequently in mineral springs than any other gas. 

It frequently issues from the earth in the neighborhood of some active volcanoes, and is 
probably evolved through the decomposition of the sulphurets by hot water. When this 
gas is brought in contact with the air it is readily changed, the hydrogen combining with 
the oxygen and the sulphur is precipitated, giving to the water a milky appearance. 

This gas is irrespirable, and quickly produces death if inhaled in considerable quantities, 
and when employed for its local effect upon the respiratory mucous membrane must be 
largely diluted with air. The first S)"mptom of its poisonous action is a small, feeble 
pulse, with excessive weakness, and later pulse and respiration may both fail, with un- 
consciousness, followed by profuse perspiration. 

Internally, in moderate quantities, peristalsis and perspiration are both augmented. 
When the gas is locally applied to mucous membranes, it produces stimulation of secretion. 
A sulphur spring of moderate strength contains not less than 12 cu. in. of sulphuretted 
hydrogen in the gallon, though many springs contain so small an amount that therapeuti- 
cally they are inert, and the good effects observed are due to the influence of the increased 
use of water, change of scene and climate, cessation of work, regular meals, good hygiene 
and hope, all of which contribute strongly to restore health at all springs, especially the 
Diuretic Springs. 

Many of these waters are hot, though some are cold. A few contain an excess of car- 
bonic acid, and any member of the other classes may be charged with sulphuretted hydro- 
gen on an increase of temperature, and consequently many of these springs are also classi- 
fied under other heads. 

Frequently these springs are used as baths, and with good results, especially in chronic 
skin affections, as eczema, rheumatism and gout. 

Internally, they have been used for chronic mucous membrane inflammation, especially 
of bronchial tubes and upper respiratory tract, and also in hepatic congestion and catarrhal 
phthisis. The simple hot springs are largely used as baths, and are of unquestionable 
value in certain cases of lithaemia, chronic rheumatism and gout, as well as in dysmenor- 
rhea, syphilis and psoriasis, pityriasis and eczema. Given as a douche, good effects have 
been observed in neuralgias, paralyses and enlarged joints with contractured muscles or 
tendons. The principal hot springs are found in Virginia, Colorado and New Mexico. 



691 

The following analyses are types of sulphuretted and hot springs : — 

ALPENA SPRINGS, ALPENA COUNTY, SHARON WHITE SULPHUR SPRING, SCHO- 
MICHIGAN. HARIE COUNTY, NEW YORK. 

(Analyst Prof. S. P. Duffield.) Qne tj g Gallon , cu {n) contains _ 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Carbonate of potassium, . . . trace Bicarbonate of magnesium, . . 24.00 grs. 

sodium, .... 10.912 grs. Sul P hate of " 34-00 « 

magnesium, . . 37.288 « " caIcium ' ■ • • ■ S ^° " 

« iron j 6q „ Hydrosulphate of calcium and 

calcium, . . [ [ 38.296 « magnesium, 3.00 « 

Chloride of sodium, 68.256 « Chloride of sodium and magne- 

Sulphate of calcium, 30.056 « sium > 2 -7° " 

Alumina and silica, 3.088 " 

149.10 " 

189.256 " Sulphuretted hydrogen, 20.5 cu. in. 
Sulphuretted hydrogen, . . . 35.36 cu. in. Temperature, 48 F. 

Carbonic acid, 8.40 " 

Nitrogen, 0.24 " 

HAGERS SPRING, HAGERS COUNTY, 
TENNESSEE. 

One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 

Sulphate of calcium and hydro- 
chlorate of sodium, .... 38.00 grs. 
Sulphuretted hydrogen, . . . 51.52 cu. in. 
Carbonic acid, 6.72 " 



HOT SPRINGS. 

LAS VEGAS HOT SPRINGS, LAS VEGAS, HOT SPRINGS, GARLAND COUNTY, 

NEW MEXICO. ARKANSAS. 

(Analyst, Prof. F. V. Hayden, U. S. Geologist.) Qne tj. S . Gallon (23 1 cu. in.) contains— 

One U.S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) con tains — n , . c ■ T o 

v ° ' Carbonate of magnesium, . . .0.128 grs. 

No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. . . ,_ 

Grains. Grains. Grains. " " calcium, 3.968 " 

Carbonate of sodium, 1.72 1.17 5.00 Chloride of sodium, 0.008 " 

" calcium ^ Sulphate " potassium, .... 0.232 " 

" magne- L 1.08 10.63 11.43 « "sodium, 0.376 •' 

^^i ) « " calcium 0.112 " 

Sulphate of sodium, 14.12 iK.d.* 16.21 c . ., r . lt 

r ' ^ J ^° Sesquioxide 01 iron, 0.104 

Chloride of sodium, 27.26 24.37 27.37 t j- j u • * « 

' ' ^ J/ ' °' Iodine and bromine, trace " 

Potassium, .... trace, trace, trace. c,. v . , • r .. 

Silicate calcium, 0.464 " 

Lithium, trace, trace, trace. q.,. c,, a 

Silicic acid,. . . . 1.04 trace. 2.51 ^V [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ' Q '^g (t 

Iodine, trace, trace, trace. ^ . . . <■ , t , 

. Organic matter, 0.064 

Bromine, .... trace, trace, trace. 

45.22 51.60 62.49 7-7^8 " 

Temperature, . . 130 F. 123 F. 123 F. Temperature, 93-150 F. 



692 

HOT SPRINGS, BATH COUNTY, VA. 
(Analyst, Wm. B. Rogers.) 
One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — 
Sulphate of magnesium, . . . 3-534 grs. 
" " calcium, .... 3.007 " 

" " sodium, 3.148 " 

Chloride of magnesium, . . . 0.242 " 

Carbonate of calcium, .... 16.200 " 

" " magnesia, . . . 3.058 " 

" " iron, 0.221 ll 

Silica, 0.103 " 

29.513 « 
Temperature, 100-106 F. 

SULPHURETTED AND THERMAL WATERS. 
Alpena Well, Alpena County, Michigan. NaCl 68, MgC0 3 37, CaC0 3 38, H 2 S 35 cubic 

inches. 52 F. 
Arkansas Hot Springs. See Hot Springs of Arkansas. 

Arrowhead Springs, San Bernardino, California. H 2 S .644 grain, NaS0 4 42. 
Auburn Spring, 4 miles west of Auburn, New York. CaSC^ 120, MgSO± 26, H 2 S 12 

cubic inches. 
Avon Lower Spring, Livingston County, New York. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 87, MgS0 4 50. 

H 2 S 10 cubic inches. 45 to 47 F. 
Avon Sylvan Spring, Livingston County, New York. NaCl 97, CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 107, 

and MgCl 2 and MgC0 3 and MgS0 4 91, H 2 S 20.64 cubic inches. 
Avon Upper Spring, Livingston County, New York. CaS0 4 §4, Na^SC^ and NaCl 34, 

MgS0 4 10, H 2 S 12 cubic inches. 51 F. 
Bath Spring, Steamboat Springs, Colorado. 103 F. 
Blount Springs, Blount County, Alabama. H 2 S 30.67 cubic inches. 
Calistoga Hot Sulphuretted Spring, at the terminus of the Napa branch of the Pacific 

Railroad. NaCl 22, H 2 S 10 cubic inches. 97 F. 
Castilian Spring, Sumner County, Tennessee. 52 cubic inches H 2 S. 
Chalk Creek Hot Springs, Chalk Creek, Colorado. 130 F. 
Chittenango White Sulphur Spring, Madison County, New York. CaS0 4 115, MgC0 3 12, 

H 2 S 12.8 cubic inches, C0 2 18.4 cubic inches. 49 F. 
Delaware Sulphur Spring, Delaware County, Ohio. H 2 S 96 cubic inches. 
Des Chutes Hot Springs, Wasco County, Oregon. Na«,C0 3 and NaCl 55. 143-145 F. 
French Lick Springs, Orange County, Indiana. NaCl 141, CaS0 4 61, Na^O^ 23, 

MgS0 4 18, H 2 S 25^ cubic inches. 
Gardner Magnesia Spring. See Sharon Spring. 

Gentlemen's Pleasure Bath. See Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia. 78 F. 
Hager's Spring, Hagers County, Tennessee. H 2 S 52 cubic inches. 
Healing Springs, Bath County, Virginia. CaC0 3 18, C0 2 5. 88° F 
Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia — 

1. Ladies' Boiler Bath, no F. 

2. Ladies' Sulphur Bath. 102 F. 

3. Gentlemen's Pleasure Bath. 78 F. 



693 

Hot Springs, Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado. CaC0 3 32, MgC0 3 12, NaCl 18. 

Temp. 95-102 F. 
Hot Springs, Garland County, Arkansas. 93-105° F. 
Hot Sulphur Springs, Middle Park, 90 miles from Denver, Colorado. Na 2 S0 4 25, 

Na 2 C0 3 22. Temp. 110-117° F. 
Idaho Warm Spring Clear Creek County, California. NagCOg 31, Na 2 S0 4 29. 106° F. 
Jordan's White Sulphur, Frederick County, Virginia. H 2 S 2 cubic inches. 57° F. 
Ladies' Boiler Bath. See Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia. 110° F. 
Ladies' Sulphur Bath. See Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia. 102° F. 
Liberty Hot Springs, Morrison, 12 miles from Denver, Colorado. Temp. 1 40-150. 
Main Spring. See Paso Robles Springs. 
Massena Springs, St. Lawrence County, New York. NaCl 80, CaS0 4 61, MgCl 2 30, H 2 S 

5 cubic inches. 
Middle Park Springs, Colorado — 

1. Bath Spring, Na^C^ 51, Na^C^ 46, NaCl 26. 117° F. 

2. Red Sulphur, NajCOg 120, NaCl 30, CaC0 3 20. 109.5° F. 

3. Saline, Na^Og 103, Na 2 S0 4 18. 91° F. 
Mud Spring. See Paso Robles Springs. 

Ojo Caliente Spring, Ojo Caliente, New Mexico, Na 2 C0 3 1 15, NaCl 32, F. C0 3 6, C0 2 ? 

Temp. ioo° F. 
Orkney Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia. H 2 S 4.88 cubic inches. 59. 7 F. 
Pagosa Hot Springs, 20 miles from headwater of San Juan River, Colorado — 

No. 1. Na 2 S0 4 129. No. 2. Na 2 S0 4 129. 

No. 3. Na^C^ 131. No. 4. Na 2 S0 4 131. 

Paroquet Springs, Bullitt County, Kentucky. NaCl 310, MgCl 2 48, H 2 S 30 cubic inches. 
Paso Robles Hot Sulphur Springs, San Luis, Obispo County, California — 

1. Main Spring, NaCl and Na^O,, 49, C0 2 47. 112° F. 

2. Mud Spring, NaCl and Na 2 C0 3 108, C0 2 79. 122° F. 
Pluto's Well. See French Lick Springs. 

Proserpine Spring. See French Lick Spring. 

Rochester or Longmuir's Sulphur Well, Rochester, New York. Na 2 S0 4 56, NaCl 52, 

H 2 S 17.26 cubic inches. 52° F. 
Salt Lake Hot Spring, Utah. Temp. ? 
Salt Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, West Virginia. CaS0 4 68, CaC0 3 33, MgS0 4 and 

Na2S0 4 44, H 2 S 19.12 cubic inches. 65. 5 F. 
Sharon Gardner Magnesia Spring, Schoharie County, New York. CaS0 4 93^, MgS0 4 

20, H 2 S 6 cubic inches. 48° F. 
Sharon Red Spring, Schoharie County, New York. CaS0 4 and CaC0 3 1 86, MgS0 4 1 9, 

H 2 S 10.5 cubic inches. 48° F. 
Sharon White Sulphur Springs, Schoharie County, New York. CaS0 4 85, MgS0 4 34, 

Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 24, H 2 S 20.5 cubic inches. 48° F. 
Siloam Springs, Bath Springs, Colorado, NaCl 1100. 103° F. 
St. Helena, White Sulphur, Napa County, California. 

No. 2. NaCl 22, H 2 S 6.15 cubic inches. 64^° to 97° F. 
No. 6. NaCl 23, Na 2 S0 4 11, H 2 S 4.25 cubic inches. 64^° to 97° F. 
Unnamed Springs, Glenwood, Colorado, NaCl 2200. 124.2° F. 
Wagonwheel Gap Springs. See Liberty Hot Springs. 



694 

Yampa Springs, Glenwood, Colorado, NaCl 2244. 124.2 F. 

Ypsilanti Mineral Spring, Ypsilanli, Michigan. NaCl 832, CaS0 4 180, MgS0 4 68, MgCL 2 
58, Mg 2 Br 4, H 2 S 21 cubic inches. 58 F. 

UNANALYZED THERMAL SPRINGS. 

Bear River Hot Springs, near Bear River, Utah. 134 F. 

Cabello Springs, five and a half miles from Fort McRae, New Mexico. 136 F. 

Canon Creek Springs, Colorado. Temperature, 136 to 158 F. 

Genoa Hot Springs, Washoe County, Nevada. 

Heartsell's Hot Sulphur Spring, South Park, Colorado. 

Hine*s Hot Springs, Lyons County, Nevada. 

Hot and Cold Springs in Animas Valley, Colorado. 

Hot Springs, near Boise City, Idaho. 196 F. 

Hot Springs, near Idaho City, Idaho. 

Hot Springs, near Pyramid Lake, Nevada. 208 F. 

Hot Spring, near Utah Central Railroad, Utah. 175 F. 

Hot Sulphuretted Spring, on Gila River, Arizona. 

Jemez Spring, in San Diego Cafion, fifty miles west of Santa Fe, New Mexico. 140 F. 

Lake Tahoe Hot Springs, on border of Lake Tahoe, California. 

Malhuer River Springs, Baker County, Oregon. 193 F. 

Monroe Hot Springs, Castle Creek, sixty miles south of Prescott, Arizona. 150 F. 

Ouray Mineral Springs, Ouray, Colorado. Temperature, 120° to 134 F. 

Ouray Mineral Spring in Uncomphagre Park, Colorado. 120 to 140 F. 

Ouray Spring, Uncomphagre Park, 9 miles northwest of Ouray, Colorado. Temperature, 

140 F. 
Platte Springs, near Fort Steele, Wyoming. 115 F. 
Puncha Springs, 60 miles west of Cafion City, Colorado. 120 F. 
San Bernardino Hot Springs, San Bernardino County, California. 
South Arkansas Mineral or Poncho Hot Springs, Lake County, Colorado. 120 F. 
Thermal Springs in Arizona. 

Warm Springs, n miles from Ogden City, Utah. 129 F. 
Warm Sulphur Springs, Elko, Elko County, Nevada. 

UNANALYZED SPRINGS. 
The following list of more than 300 unanalyzed springs shows clearly how much work 
yet remains before we shall possess a full knowledge of our wealth of mineral waters. It is 
highly probable that many of these springs are of great value, and only await chemical 
analysis to demonstrate their usefulness. When this is accomplished the medical profession 
will be quick to recognize their worth and make use of them in combating disease. 

Abenquis Springs, Walpole, Cheshire County, New Hampshire. 
Addison Mineral Spring, Addison Point, Washington County, Maine. 
Alagone Spring, Western Springs, Cook County, Illinois. 
Alkaline Spring. Yazoo County, Mississippi. 62 F. 
Allen's Springs, Lake County, California, 
Alum Spring, Lafayette County, Mississippi. 
Alum Spring, Lewis County, Kentucky. 
Alum Spring, Madison County, Mississippi. 



695 

Alum Spring, Marion County, Mississippi. 

Alum Spring, Marshall County, Mississippi. 

Alum Spring, Pike County, Mississippi. 

Amherst Spring, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. 

Anchosa Spring, Anchosa Creek, near Quitman, Mississippi. 

Aqua Caliente, or Warner's Ranch Springs, San Diego County, California. 

Azule Mineral Spring, San Jose, Santa Clara County, California. 

Armstrong Spring, eight miles west of Searcy, Arkansas. 

Aspinock Mineral Springs, Windham County, Connecticut. 

Auburn Mineral Spring, Auburn, Androscoggin County, Maine. 

Bailey Springs, Lauderdale County, Alabama. 7 2° to 8o° F. 

Bartlett Springs, Lake County California. 

Bath Chalybeate Spring, Bristol, Pennsylvania. 

Bedford Spring, Trimble County, Kentucky. 

Beersheba Springs, Grundy County, Tennessee. 

Bellbrook Magnesic Springs, Bellbrook, Greene County, Ohio. 

Belle Cheney Springs, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana. 

Belmont Lithia Springs, New White House Station, New Kent County, Virginia 

Berkshire Soda Springs, near Great Barrington, Massachusetts. 

Big Bone Springs, Boone County, Kentucky. 

Big Lick, Gallatin County, Kentucky. 

Birchdale Medical Springs, Bradford, Merrimack County, New Hampshire. 

Black Earth Mineral Spring, Black Earth, Dane County, Wisconsin. 

Black Sulphur Springs in Alabama. 

Black Sulphur Springs, Van Buren County, Arkansas. 

Blossburg Spring, Tioga County, Pennsylvania. 

Blue Spring, near New Amsterdam, Harrison County, Indiana. 

Bogard's Springs, Bogards Valley, Indiana. 

Box Mountain Sulphur, west of Todd's Gap, Kentucky. 63 F. 

Bozrah Mineral Spring, New London County, Connecticut. 

Bradford Spring, Merrimac County, New Hampshire. 

Brandywine Spring, Claiborne County, Mississippi. 

Brunswick Springs, Brunswick, Essex County, Vermont. 

Buenoventer Springs, Kentucky. 

Burdell's Well, Caldwell County, Texas. 

Burner's or Seven Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia. 

Burning Spring, Washington County, Alabama. 

Byron Acid Spring, Genesee County, New York. 

Catalytic Springs, one-half mile from Catalytic, Georgia. 

Caledonia Spring, Franklin County, Pennsylvania. 

Campbellsville Sulphur Water. 

Campo Chalybeate Spring, California. 

Carlisle Springs, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. 

Carroll White Sulphur Springs, Alleghany County, Maryland. 48° F 

Cascado Spring, Michigan. 

Castalian Mineral Water, Olancha, Ingo County, California. 

Castilian Springs, Holmes County, Mississippi. 



696 

Castle Rock Spring, near base of Mt. Shasta, California. 

Cayner's Sulphur Springs, Botetourt County, Virginia. 

Cemlian Springs, Kentucky. 

Chameleon Springs, Edmonson County, Kentucky. 

Chalybeate Spring, Rochester, Fulton County, Indiana. 

Chalybeate Springs, in Van Buren County, Arkansas. 

Chalybeate and Saline Springs are found in Putnam, Warren, Jackson, Clarke, Floyd, and 

Scott Counties, Indiana. 
Chalybeate Springs south of Williamsport, Indiana. 
Chalybeate Spring at Leacher's Court House, Kentucky. 
Chalybeate Springs abundant in Perry County, Kentucky. 
Chalybeate Springs in Pulaski County, Kentucky. 
Chalybeate Springs, several on Rockcastle River, Kentucky. 
Chalybeate Spring, Webster County, Kentucky. 
Chalybeate Springs, Whitley County, Kentucky. 
Chalybeate Springs, Clark County, Mississippi. 
Chalybeate Spring, near Enterprise, Mississippi. 64.4 F. 
Chalybeate Springs, Itawamba County, Mississippi. 
Chalybeate Spring, near Warren's Mill, on Mackay's Creek, Mississippi. 
Chalybeate Spring, Winston County, Mississippi. 
Chalybeate Spring, Yallabusha County, Mississippi. 75. 2° F. 
Chalybeate Spring in Amherst, New Hampshire. 

Chalybeate Spring, four miles from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Temperature, 54 F. 
Chappaqua Spring, Rensselaer County, New York. 
Chase City Mineral Water, Chase City, Mecklenburgh County, Virginia. 
Cheltenham Spring, St. Louis County, Missouri. 
Chick's Springs, Greenville District, South Carolina. 
Choteau Spring, Cooper County, Missouri. 

Chrystal Mineral Spring, Stoneham, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 
Clear Creek Sulphur Spring, Kentucky. 
Cold Sulphur Springs, Rockbridge County, Virginia. 
Coleman's Well, Jackson County, Mississippi. 
Colfax Springs, Colfax, Jasper County, Iowa. 
Columbia Springs, Marion County, Mississippi. 

Commonwealth Mineral Spring, Waltham, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 
Corydon Artesian Well, Harrison County, Indiana. 

Corydon Saline Sulphur Well, half a mile east of Corydon, Harrison County, Indiana. 
Cotton Wood Hot Springs, ninety miles west of Colorado Springs, Colorado. 
Crabtree Sour Wei Is. Sulphur, Hopkins County, Texas. 
Crittenden Springs, Crittenden County, Kentucky. 
Crystal Spring, Napa County, California. 
Cullum Springs, Bladen Springs, Choctaw County, Alabama. 
Curdwell's Springs, Caldwell County, Texas. 
Daggar's Spring, Botetourt County, Virginia. 
Da Gonia Springs, Warwick County, Indiana. 
De Soto Spring, De Soto Parish, Louisiana. 
Doubling Gap Springs, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. 



697 

Dovepark Springs, Dovepark, Clark County, Arkansas. 

Drennon Spring, Heniy County, Kentucky. 

Dryden Springs, Tompkins County, New York. 

Dunbar's Mineral Springs, College Springs, Page County, Iowa. 

Eggleton's Springs, Giles County, Virginia. 

Electro-magnesic Springs (Fountain Park), Woodstock, Champaign County, Ohio. 

Elk Spring, Pike County, Missouri. 

Elkmont Springs, Giles County, Tennessee. 5 8° F. 

Elko Warm Spring, Idaho. 

Elgin Springs, Addison County, Vermont. 

Englewood Spring, Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota. 

Ephrata Spring, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 

Epsom Spring, Trimble County, Kentucky. 

Esculapia Springs, Lewis County, Kentucky. 

Eureka Springs, Eureka Springs, Carroll County, Arkansas. 

Excelsior Spring, Syracuse, New York. 

Everett Crystal Spring, Everett, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 

Fairchilds Potash Sulphur Springs, Potash Sulphur, Garland County, Arkansas. 

Fauquier White Sulphur Springs, Fauquier County, Virginia. 

Fergusen's Chalybeate Spring, on southwest quarter of section 21, township 11, range 6. 

Flint's Springs, St. Joseph County, Michigan. 

Fox Spring, Fleming County, Kentucky. 

Frankfort Springs, Beaver County, Pennsylvania. 

Franklin Spring, at head of Well's Creek, Mississippi. 64° F. 

Garnet Springs, near Toccoa Falls, Georgia. 

Garrett Spring, one and a half miles from Spartanburg, South Carolina. 

Geron's Spring, in Northern Alabama. 

Geuda Springs, Geuda Springs, Sumner County, Kansas. 

Geyser Springs, Sonoma County, California. 

Gihon Mineral Spring, Delavan, Walworth County, Wisconsin. 

Glen Flora Mineral Springs, Waukegan, Lake County, Illinois. 

Gower's Spring, Gainesville, Georgia. 

Grand Ledge Spring, Eaton County, Michigan. 

Grayson Springs, Grayson County, Kentucky. 

Grayson Sulphur Springs, Carroll County, Virginia. 

Green Spring, Green Spring, Seneca County, Ohio. 

Green's Spring, Jefferson County, Illinois. 

Greenwood Spring, Monroe County, Mississippi. 

R. B. Grigsby's White Sulphur Mineral Water, Nelson County, KentucKy. 

Harbon Springs, twenty miles from Calistoga, California. 

Hardinsville Sulphur Spring, Franklin County, Kentucky. 

Hartford Cold Spring, Hartford, Oxford County, Maine. 

Healing Springs, Washington County, Alabama. 

Highland Rock Spring, Hartford County, Connecticut. 

Highland Tonica Spring, Hartford County, Connecticut. 

Holly Spring, Woonsocket, Providence County, Rhode Island. 

Hopkinton Springs, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 



698 

Horn's Mineral Spring, Lebanon, Wilson County, Tennessee. 

Horeb Mineral Spring, Waukesha, Waukesha County, Wisconsin. 

Howard's Springs, California. 

Howell Mineral Water, Hardin County, Kentucky. 

Huguenot Springs, Powhatan County, Virginia. 

Hurricane Spring, Tullahoma, Coffee County, Tennessee. 

Hyson's Iron Mountain Spring, Marshall, Harrison County, Texas. 

Irondale Springs, Raccomy, Preston County, West Virginia. 

Iron Lake Spring, near Silverton Pass, Colorado. 

lrvin Sulphur Springs, Kentucky. 

Jackson Springs, Clarke County, Alabama. 

Johnson's Wells, near Meridianville, Alabama. 

Jones' White Sulphur and Chalybeate Springs, eleven miles from Warrenton, North 

Carolina. 
Kansas Artesian Mineral Wells, Manhattan, Riley County, Kansas. 
Kellum Sulphur, Grimes County, Texas. 

King's Mineral Springs, Muddy Fork, Clark County, Indiana. 
Kirk Spring, Lewis County, Kentucky. 
Kittrell's Springs, Granville County, North Carolina. 
Knightstown Spring, Henry County, Indiana. 
Lampasas Springs, Lampasas, Lampasas County, Texas. 
Lauderdale Spring, Mississippi. 
Lane's Spring, Stanislaus County, California. 
Lava Springs in Grand Canon of Colorado, Arizona. 
Leinster Poison Springs, Statesville, Iredell County, North Carolina. 
Lee's Springs, twenty miles northeast from Knoxville, Tennessee. 
Lena-pi Magnesic Springs, Delaware, Delaware County, Ohio. 
Limestone Springs, twenty-one miles from Spartansburg, South Carolina. 
Little Geyser Springs, Lononia County, California. 
Litton's Seltzer Spring, Litton's Station, Sonoma County, California. 
Liverpool Well, New York. 
Lower Soda Springs, Linn County, Oregon. 
Low's Well, Saratoga County, New York. 
Lunenburg Spring, Lunenburg, Essex County, Vermont. 
Magnesia Spring, Tallulah Falls, Georgia. 
Mammoth Spring, Fulton County, Arkansas. 6o° F. 
Mammoth Well, Nelson County, Kentucky. 
Manasquan Spring, Point Pleasant, Ocean County, New Jersey. 
Massie's or Red Sulphur Spring, Chillicothe, Georgia. 54. 5 F. 
McCallister's Soda Springs, 35 miles east of Jacksonville, Jackson County, Oregon. 
Mershon or White Sulphur Spring, Georgia. 55° F. 
Middleton Springs, Middleton, Rutland County, Vt. 

Milford or Ponemah Springs, Milford, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. 
Miller's Mineral Spring, Knox County, Kentucky. 
Mineral Springs in Toccoa, Georgia. 
Mineral Springs, ten in number, at Waha, Idaho. 
Mineral Springs, Pike County, Illinois. 



699 

Mineral Springs, Washington County, Illinois. 

Mineral Springs at Cowpens Furnace, near Pacolet, South Carolina. 

Mineral Springs at the base of Henry's Knob, South Carolina. 

Mineral Spring near Parson's Mountains, Abbeville, South Carolina. 

Mineral Spring on the Soluda, near Pinson's Ford, South Carolina. 

Mineral Springs near Bingham City, Utah. 

Mineral Water, two miles from Dowlingsville, Grant County, Kentucky. 

Mineral W T ells, Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto County, Texas. 

Mineral Wells, Parkersburg, Wood County, West Virginia. 

Mississippi Springs, Hinds County, Mississippi. 

Missisquoi Springs, viz.: Central, Missisquoi, Vermont, and Sheldon, are in Franklin 

County, Vermont. 
Monagaw Sulphuretted Springs, St. Clair County, Missouri. 
Montgomery White Sulphur Springs, Montgomery County, Virginia. 
Mooresville Mineral Spring, Mooresville, Livingstone County, Missouri. 
Morrison Springs, Morrison, twelve miles from Denver, Colorado. 
Moultonborough Mineral Springs, Moultonborough, Carroll County, New Hampshire. 
Mountain Valley Springs, io miles north of Hot Springs, Arkansas. 
Mt. Clemens Spring, Macombe County, Michigan. 
New Point Comfort Springs, Blue Lick, Clark County, Indiana. 
Ochu Mineral Springs, Providence, Providence County, Rhode Island. 
Oliver Springs, Daviess County, Kentucky. 
Oliver Springs, Anderson County, Tennessee. 
Ottumwa Mineral Springs, Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa. 
Oxford Mineral Spring, New Haven County, Connecticut. 
Panacea Springs, Panacea Springs, Halifax County, North Carolina. 
Parkersburg Mineral Wells, Wood County, Virginia. 
Pearson Springs, California. 

Perry County Springs, II miles from Carlisle, Pennsylvania. 72 F. 
Piedmont Sulphur Springs, 10 miles north-northeast of Navasota, Texas. 
Ponce de Leon Spring, Fulton County, Georgia. 

Powhatan Lithia, and Alum Springs, Ballsville, Powhatan County, Virginia. 
Pulaski Alum Springs, Pulaski County, Virginia. 
Quitman Red Sulphur, near Quitman, Missouri. 
Randolph Mineral Springs, Randolph, Randolph County, Missouri. 
Reed's Mineral Spring, Washington County, New York. 
Reuben Jesse's Mineral Water, Woodford County, Kentucky. 
Rockbridge Baths, Rockbridge County, Virginia. 
Rockingham Springs, Rockingham, Rockingham County, Virginia. 
Rinnah Wells Spring, Andalusia, Rock Island County, Illinois. 
Roanoke Red Sulphur Springs, Roanoke County, Virginia. 
Robinson ; s Spring, 20 miles from Nashville, Tennessee. 
Rob's Chalybeate Spring, McCracken County, Kentucky. 
Rochester Spring, 12 miles from Harrodville, Boyle County, Kentucky. 
Roper's Wells, Butler County, Alabama. 
Russell Chalybeate Spring, Kentucky. 
Russell Sulphur Spring, Kentucky. 



700 

Riiger Springs, Mercer County, Missouri. 
Saline Chalybeate, Colfax, Jasper County, Iowa. 
Salt Springs at Geddes, New York. 
Salt Springs, Lincoln, Nebraska. 

Scarborough Mineral Spring, Scarborough, Cumberland County, Maine. 
Schooley's Mountain Spring, Morris County, New Jersey. 50 F. 
Searcy Springs, White County, Arkansas. 
Sebra Springs, Kentucky. 
Seigler Springs, Lake County, California. 

Seven Springs, Seven Springs, Wayne County, North Carolina (ditto for Virginia, Wash- 
ington County). 
Shannondale Springs, Jefferson County, Virginia. 
Sheathil Rock Spring, Waukesha County, Wisconsin. 
Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia. 
Shelby Springs, Shelby County, Alabama. 
Shocco Springs, Warren County, North Carolina. 
Siloam Springs, Siloam Springs, Benton County, Arkansas 
Skaggs Springs, California. 

Slatersville Magnesic Spring, Slatersville, Tompkins County, New York. 
Social Hill Mineral Water, Kentucky. 
Sour Lake Springs, Sour Lake, Hardin County, Texas. 
Springdale Seltzer Springs, Boulder County, Colorado. 
St. Croix Mineral Spring, East Farmingham, Polk County, Wisconsin. 
Steamboat Springs, 10 miles from Carson City, Washoe County Nevada. 
Stone Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky. 
Stoveall's Spring, Marion County, Mississippi. 
Sudduth or Mud Spring, Kentucky. 

Sulphuretted Chalybeate Spring, half mile northeast of Pittsfield, New Hampshire. 
Sulphuretted Springs are found in Jasper, Lawrence and Pike Counties, Indiana. 
Sulphur Spring, Tallulah Falls, Georgia. 
Sulphur Spring, I y^ miles east of Zoar, Georgia. 
Sulphur Spring, southwest center of section 15, Illinois. 
Sulphur Spring, Allen County, Kansas. 
Sulphur Spring, Union County, Kentucky. 
Sulphur Spring, in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana. 
Sulphur Spring, near Covington, Louisiana. 
Sulphur Spring, near Enterprise, Mississippi. 
Sulphur Springs, St. Clair County, Alabama. 
Sulphur Springs, near Philadelphia, Mississippi. 
Swayne's Mammoth Springs, Henry County, Tennessee. 
Sweeney's Chalybeate Spring, Kentucky. 
Syracuse Salt Well, Syracuse, New York. 
Talladega Spring, Talladega County, Alabama. 
Tea Spring, Bath County, Kentucky. 
Texas Sour Springs, Luling, Caldwell County, Texas. 
Thermal Spring, near Fort Laramie, Nebraska. 74 F. 
Thompson's Bromine Arsenic Springs, Seven Mile Ford, Smyth County, Virginia. 



701 

Tipton Well, Jackson County, Mississippi. 

Tolenas Soda Springs, near Suisun City, Solano County, California. 

Topek Mineral Wells, Topek, Shawnee County, Kansas. 

Trinity Springs, Martin County, Indiana. 57 F. 

Tuscan or Lick Springs, near Red Bluff, Tehama County, California. 

Unity Springs, Newport, Sullivan County, New Hampshire. 

Valhermoso Springs, 18 miles from Huntsville, Alabama. 

Victor Spring, Genesee County, New York. 

Volcano Springs, Lander County, Nevada. 

Wallawhatoola Alum Springs, Millboro Depot, Bath County, Virginia. 

Warren White Sulphur Springs, Warren County, North Carolina. 

Washington Bell's Sulphur Water, Marion County, Kentucky. 

Weldon Spring, St. Alban's, Franklin County, Vermont. 

West Baden Springs, West Baden, Orange County, Indiana. 

Western Saratoga, Union County, Illinois. 

White Rock Mineral Spring, Waukesha, Waukesha County, Wisconsin. 

White Sulphur Springs, Sulphur Springs, De Kalb County, Alabama. 

White Sulphur Mineral Water, Marion County, Kentucky. 

White Sulphur, 6 miles east of Gower Springs, Georgia. 

White Sulphur Spring, Catawba County, North Carolina. 

White Sulphur Spring, Neshoba County, Mississippi. 

White Sulphur Spring of San Juan Capitraus, 40 miles north of San Diego, California. 

White Sulphur Springs, Breckenridge County, Kentucky. 

White Sulphur Springs, Greene County, New York. 

White Sulphur Springs, Ohio County, Kentucky. 

White Sulphur Wells, Metcalf County, Kentucky. 

Wilbur Springs, near Colusa, California. 

Williamstown Springs, Anderson County, South Carolina. 

Wilson's Springs, Spartanburg District, South Carolina. 

Winchester Springs, Franklin County, Tennessee. 

Wolf Trap Lithia Springs, Wolf Trap, Halifax County, Virginia. 

Wooley's Springs, Limestone County, Alabama. 

Wootan Wells, Wootan Wells, Robertson County, Texas. 

Wyandotte Spring, Wayne County, Michigan. 

Yates Mineral Spring, Boyle County, Kentucky. 

Yellow Spring, Chester County, Pennsylvania. 

Yelvington Spring, Daviess County, Kentucky. 

Ypsilanti Mineral Spring, Washtenaw County, Michigan. 

York Springs, Adams County, Pennsylvania. 

Zonian Springs, near Elgin, Kane County, Illinois. 

In preparing this article, the following works have been freely consulted : " Report on 
Mineral Springs," by Committee of American Medical Association, 1880; Dr. William 
Pepper, Reporter; Moorman and Walton's "Mineral Springs of me United States;" 
Peak's " Mineral Waters," 1887, Braun's " Curative Effects of Baths and Waters," 1875; 
U. S. Dispensatory, 1884; " Mineral Springs of Colorado," by Charles Denison, M.D., and 
Thesis on Mineral Springs of the United States, 1882, by Judson Daland, M.D. 



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POTTER'S HANDBOOK. 

Materia Medica, Pharmacy 

AND THERAPEUTICS. 

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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY. 

By LANDOIS and STIRLING. 

FOURTH AMERICAN, FROM THE SEVENTH GERMAN EDITION. 
A Text-Book of Human Physiology, including Histology and Micro- 
scopical Anatomy, with special reference to the requirements 
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Thoroughly Revised and Enlarged. In Press. 

From the Prefaces to the English Edition. 
The fact that Prof. Landois' book has passed through four large editions in the 
original, and that in barely six months' time a second edition of the English has been 
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which has thus commended the work will be found mainly to lie in its eminent practica- 
bility; and it is this consideration which has induced me to undertake the task of putting 
it into English. Landois' work, in fact, forms a Bridge between Physiology and the 
Practice of Medicine. It never loses sight of the fact that the student of to-day is the 
practicing physician of to morrow. In the same way, the work offers to the busy physi- 
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PRESS NOTICES. 

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ever been written." — New York Medical Record. 

" The chapter on the Brain and Spinal Cord will be a most valuable one for the general reader, the 
translator's notes adding not a little to its importance. The sections on Sight and Hearing are exhaus- 
tive. . . . The Chemistry of the Urine is thoroughly considered. . . . The text is smooth, accurate, and 
unusually free from Germanisms; in fact, it is good English." — New York Medical Journal. 

P. BLAK1STON, SON & CO., PUBLISHERS, 
1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 



"AN EMINENTLY PRACTICAL BOOK." 

MOULLIN'S SURGERY, 

SECOND EDITION, ENLARGED. 

A Complete Practical Treatise on Surgery, with Special Reference to Treatment. 

By C. W. Mansell Moullin, m.a., m.d. oxon., f.r.c.s., 

Surgeon and Lecturer on Physiology to the London Hospital, etc. 



THIRD AMERICAN EDITION, 

Edited by JOHN B. HAMILTON, M.D., LL.D., 

Professor of the Principles of Surgery and Clinical Surgery, Rush Medical College, Chicago ; Professor of 

Surgery, Chicago Polyclinic ; Formerly Supervising Surgeon-General, U. S. Marine 

Hospital Service ; Surgeon to Presbyterian Hospital, St. Joseph's 

Hospital, and Central Free Dispensary, Chicago, etc. 

About Six Hundred Illustrations, 

Two hundred of which are original with this work, and many of which are 

printed in several colors. 

Royal Octavo. 1200 Pages. Handsome Cloth, $6.co; Leather, Raised Bands, 
$7.00 ; Half Russia, Crushed, Marble Edges, $8.00. 

These Prices are Absolutely Net. 



This new edition has been very thoroughly revised, important additions have been 
incorporated, — including a chapter on military surgery, — many of the old illustrations have 
been recut, and about one hundred new figures added. 

Our claim that Moullin's Surgery is the best text-book for the student and 
general work of reference for the practitioner is based upon the reviews of a large number 
of journals that have pronounced it eminently practical, and upon the fact that so many 
teachers have seen fit to recommend it. But beyond this we may say that broad principles 
are stated in a clear, authoritative manner, that the relative value of the different subjects 
has been carefully considered, and that about the whole there is an air of responsibility 
that renders plain the fact that the author knows whereof he speaks, not only from his own 
experience, but from a large acquaintance with American and foreign literature. There is 
also a uniformity of style, an elegance of diction, that attracts and interests the reader, 
while it makes plain the subject under discussion. 

"The aim to make this valuable treatise practical by giving special attention to questions of treat- 
ment has been admirably carried out. Many a reader will consult the work with a feeling of satisfaction 
that his wants have been understood, and that they have been intelligently met. He will not look in vain 
for details, without proper attention to which he well knows that the highest success is impossible." — 
'J he American Journal of Medical Sciences, Philadelphia. 

fi^* A complete circular, with sample pages, press notices, etc., will be sent free 
upon application. 

P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., PUBLISHERS, 
1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 



JUST READY. 



Morris's Human Anatomy 

A NEW TEXT-BOOK. 

791 Illustrations, 214 of which are Printed in Several Colors, and most 
of which are original. OCTAVO. 1286 PAGES. 



Handsome Cloth, net, $6.00 ; Full Sheep, net, $7.00 ; Half Russia, Marbled 

Edges, net, $8.00. 



" While it must be admitted that there can be scarcely anything new in descriptive 
anatomy, it is refreshing to notice a departure in the arrangement and treatment of this 
subject which is 'practical, useful, and interesting. In a word, the natural method 
is adopted, and several new features of illustration are introduced. For instance, the origin 
and insertion of muscles with exact areas of attachment are noted in different colored 
outlines, red for the former and blue for the latter. Thus the reader is enabled at a glance 
to discriminate in the case of a given bone the difference between the two points, and 
obtain thereby the direction and extent of action of each muscle. A similar principle is 
carried out in other parts of the work, which makes the illustrations for the most part 
unique and invaluable, the schematic drawings especially demanding attention and com- 
mendation in this connection. The work as a whole is rilled with practical ideas, and the 
salient points of the subjects are properly emphasized. The surgeon will be particularly 
edified by the section on the topographical anatomy, which is full to repletion of excellent 
and useful illustrations." — Medical Record, New York. 

"The accuracy of description and thoroughness of detail in the work before us is no 
doubt due, in a large measure, to the fact that the editor in preparing the book has availed 
himself of the valuable services of many eminent authors, who are known to have devoted 
special attention to the subjects allotted to them. In looking over the arrangements of 
authors and subjects, we find many names which afford us an insight into the character of 
the work. ... A glance at these names, of ten of the foremost anatomists and 
surgeons of the English-speaking world, impresses one with the conviction that Professor 
Morris knew his men, and that their combined efforts have given us a treatise on anatomy 
which for a long time to come, we believe, is destined to fill an important place as a 
students' text book and work of reference. 

" The value of the book is greatly enhanced by the numerous illustrations which 
adorn its pages, over two hundred of which are printed in colors from drawings made 
expressly for this work by special artists, who have spared no pains to make each cut clear 
and representative of the normal structures and relations. ... A feature of the book 
which will undoubtedly facilitate the work of students is found in the illustrations of the 
bones, where the origin of the muscles are indicated by red lines, the insertions by blue 
lines, and the attachment of ligaments by dotted black lines. So far as type, paper, and 
size is concerned, the book is all that could be desired, and, taken all in all, the production 
is one which reflects much credit on both its authors and publishers." — Buffalo Medical 
and Surgical Journal, Buffalo, N. Y. 



Descriptive circular with samples of pages and illustrations sent free upon 
application. 

P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO., PUBLISHERS, 

1012 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. 



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